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transgenic organisms expressing genes from bacillus thuringiensis to combat insect pests.various subspecies (ssp.) of bacillus thuringiensis (bt) are considered the best agents known so far to control insects, being highly specific and safe, easily mass produced and with long shelf life.1 the para-crystalline body that is produced during sporulation in the exosporium includes polypeptides named δ-endotoxins, each killing a specific set of insects. the different entomopathogenic toxins of various bt ssp. can be manipulated genetically in an educated way to construct more efficient tr ...201021326834
bt-engineered bugs versus insect pests. 201021326839
bacillus thuringiensis: a genomics and proteomics perspective.bacillus thuringiensis (bt) is a unique bacterium in that it shares a common place with a number of chemical compounds which are used commercially to control insects important to agriculture and public health. although other bacteria, including b. popilliae and b. sphaericus, are used as microbial insecticides, their spectrum of insecticidal activity is quite limited compared to bt. importantly, bt is safe for humans and is the most widely used environmentally compatible biopesticide worldwide. ...201021327125
use of an innovative t-tube maze assay and the proboscis extension response assay to assess sublethal effects of gm products and pesticides on learning capacity of the honey bee apis mellifera l.transgenic cry1ac+cpti cotton (ccri41) is a promising cotton cultivar throughout china but side effects and especially sublethal effects of this transgenic cultivar on beneficial insects remain poorly studied. more specifically potential sublethal effects on behavioural traits of the honey bee apis mellifera l. have not been formally assessed despite the importance of honey bees for pollination. the goal of our study was to assess potential effects of ccri41 cotton pollen on visual and olfactory ...201020872243
occurrence of maize detritus and a transgenic insecticidal protein (cry1ab) within the stream network of an agricultural landscape.widespread planting of maize throughout the agricultural midwest may result in detritus entering adjacent stream ecosystems, and 63% of the 2009 us maize crop was genetically modified to express insecticidal cry proteins derived from bacillus thuringiensis. six months after harvest, we conducted a synoptic survey of 217 stream sites in indiana to determine the extent of maize detritus and presence of cry1ab protein in the stream network. we found that 86% of stream sites contained maize leaves, ...201020876106
the role of β20-β21 loop structure in insecticidal activity of cry1ac toxin from bacillus thuringiensis.the β20-β21 loop is a unique structure in the domain iii of bacillus thuringiensis cry proteins. in this study, the role of β20-β21 loop on insecticidal activity of cry1ac toxin was investigated. 10 residues in β20-β21 loop were substituted with alanine using pcr-based site-directed mutagenesis. all mutants were capable of producing diamond-shaped crystal and expressing a protein sized 130 kda. the mutants s581a and i585a enhanced toxicity against helicoverpa armigera larvae dramatically, while ...201020878161
monitoring the commercial cultivation of bt maize in europe--conclusions and recommendations for future monitoring practice.genetically modified (gm) maize expressing the insecticidal protein cry1ab from bacillus thuringiensis (bt maize) is the only gm crop planted commercially in the european union (eu). cultivation in accordance with directive 2001/18/ec demands post-market environmental monitoring (pmem) to ensure the detection and prevention of adverse effects on the environment possibly deriving from commercial cultivation. based on a seminar organized in berlin, germany, in april 2008 by the eu-funded biosafene ...201020883660
participation of valine 171 in alpha-helix 5 of bacillus thuringiensis cry1ab delta-endotoxin in translocation of toxin into lymantria dispar midgut membranes.the cry1ab δ-endotoxin v171c mutant protein exhibits a 25-fold increase in toxicity against lymantria dispar, which correlates with a faster rate of partitioning into the midgut membrane and slightly decreased protein stability. this is an insect-specific mechanism; similar results were not observed in manduca sexta, another cry1ab δ-endotoxin-susceptible insect.201020889788
homology modeling of cry10aa toxin from b. thuringiensis israelensis and b. thuringiensis subsp. ldc-9.a three dimensional model was developed for cry10aa protein sequence of b. thuringiensis ldc-9 and b. thuringiensis israelensis that has not been solved empirically by x-ray crystallography or nmr. homology modeling was employed for the structure prediction using cry2aa as template protein, a high-resolution x-ray crystallography structure. the model predicted for the b. thuringiensis ldc-9 cry10aa protein reveals a partial n-terminal domain only due to its partial sequence of 104 amino acids. b ...201020919752
plant science. communal benefits of transgenic corn. 201020929767
areawide suppression of european corn borer with bt maize reaps savings to non-bt maize growers.transgenic maize engineered to express insecticidal proteins from the bacterium bacillus thuringiensis (bt) has become widely adopted in u.s. agriculture. in 2009, bt maize was planted on more than 22.2 million hectares, constituting 63% of the u.s. crop. using statistical analysis of per capita growth rate estimates, we found that areawide suppression of the primary pest ostrinia nubilalis (european corn borer) is associated with bt maize use. cumulative benefits over 14 years are an estimated ...201020929774
stability of the mon 810 transgene in maize.we analysed the dna variability of the transgene insert and its flanking regions in maize mon 810 commercial varieties. southern analysis demonstrates that breeding, since the initial transformation event more than 10 years ago, has not resulted in any rearrangements. a detailed analysis on the dna variability at the nucleotide level, using dna mismatch endonuclease assays, showed the lack of polymorphisms in the transgene insert. we conclude that the mutation rate of the transgene is not signif ...201020936423
recommendations for the design of laboratory studies on non-target arthropods for risk assessment of genetically engineered plants.this paper provides recommendations on experimental design for early-tier laboratory studies used in risk assessments to evaluate potential adverse impacts of arthropod-resistant genetically engineered (ge) plants on non-target arthropods (ntas). while we rely heavily on the currently used proteins from bacillus thuringiensis (bt) in this discussion, the concepts apply to other arthropod-active proteins. a risk may exist if the newly acquired trait of the ge plant has adverse effects on ntas whe ...201020938806
inheritance patterns, dominance, stability, and allelism of insecticide resistance and cross-resistance in two colonies of culex quinquefasciatus (diptera: culicidae) selected with cry toxins from bacillus thuringiensis subsp, israelensis.mendelian crosses were used to analyze the patterns of inheritance of cry-toxin resistance in two colonies of culex quinquefasciatus say larvae resistant to bacterial toxins produced by bacillus thuringiensis subsp. israelensis de barjac. resistance levels exceeded 1000-fold at 95% lethal concentration of the cryllaa-resistant colony (cq11a). f1 offspring of reciprocal crosses to a susceptible colony revealed autosomal inheritance and offspring were intermediate in resistance to the susceptible ...201020939376
impacts of bt transgenic cotton on integrated pest management.transgenic cotton that produced one or more insecticidal proteins of bacillus thuringiensis (bt) was planted on over 15 million hectares in 11 countries in 2009 and has contributed to a reduction of over 140 million kilograms of insecticide active ingredient between 1996 and 2008. as a highly selective form of host plant resistance, bt cotton effectively controls a number of key lepidopteran pests and has become a cornerstone in overall integrated pest management (ipm). bt cotton has led to larg ...201020942488
acute oral, pulmonary and intravenous toxicity/pathogenicity testing of a new formulation of bacillus thuringiensis var israelensis sh-14 in rats.during the last decades, efforts are being made to develop microbial insecticides as biological control agents. bacillus thuringiensis has been one of the most consistent and significant biopesticides for using on crops as an insecticidal spray. the aim of this study was to assess and to compare the pathogenicity of a new formulation of b.thuringiensis var israelensis sh-14 in rats through oral, intranasal and intravenous single dosing. through 21 days after administration, clinical examinations ...201020946931
enhanced yield performance of bt rice under target-insect attacks: implications for field insect management.the rapid development of transgenic biotechnology has greatly promoted the breeding of genetically engineered (ge) rice in china, and many ge rice lines are in the pipeline for commercialization. to understand field performances of ge rice, key agronomic traits of two insect-resistant bt rice lines that have been granted biosafety certificates for commercial production in china were evaluated together with their nontransgenic counterparts under environmental conditions with significant differenc ...201020949317
natural refuge crops, buildup of resistance, and zero-refuge strategy for bt cotton in china.in the context of genetically modified crops expressing the bacillus thuringiensis (bt) toxin, a 'refuge' refers to a crop of the same or a related species that is planted nearby to enable growth and reproduction of the target pest without the selection pressure imposed by the bt toxin. the goal of this study is to discuss the role of natural refuge crops in slowing down the buildup of resistance of cotton bollworm (cbw), and to evaluate china's no-refuge policy for bt cotton. we describe in det ...201020953946
characterization of vegetative insecticidal protein vip genes of bacillus thuringiensis from sichuan basin in china.vegetative insecticidal proteins (vip), the second generation of insecticides, are produced during the vegetative growth stage of bacillus thuringiensis (bt). to perform a systematic study of vip genes in bt strains from different ecological regions of sichuan basin, 1,789 soil samples were collected from this basin, which is situated in the western region of china. the basin has a complicated geomorphology and contains mountains, forests, highlands, hursts, and plains. a total of 2,134 bt strai ...201020963416
study of the bacillus thuringiensis vip3aa16 histopathological effects and determination of its putative binding proteins in the midgut of spodoptera littoralis.the bacterium bacillus thuringiensis produces, at the vegetative stage of its growth, vip3a proteins with activity against a broad spectrum of lepidopteran insects. the egyptian cotton leaf worm (spodoptera littoralis) is an important agricultural pest that is susceptible to the vip3aa16 protein of bacillus thuringiensis kurstaki strain bupm95. the midgut histopathology of vip3aa fed larvae showed vacuolization of the cytoplasm, brush border membrane destruction, vesicle formation in the apical ...201020965198
mega assemblages of oligomeric aerolysin-like toxins stabilized by toxin-associating membrane proteins.most β pore-forming toxins need to be oligomerized via receptors in order to form membrane pores. though oligomerizing toxins frequently form sds-resistant oligomers, it was questionable whether sds-resistant oligomers reflected native functional toxin complexes. in order to elucidate the essence of the cytocidal assemblages, oligomers of aerolysin-like toxins, aerolysin, parasporin-2 and epsilon toxin, were examined with or without sds. on blue native page, each toxin, which had been solubilize ...201020971989
rapid topology probing using fluorescence spectroscopy in planar lipid bilayer: the pore-forming mechanism of the toxin cry1aa of bacillus thuringiensis.pore-forming toxins, many of which are pathogenic to humans, are highly dynamic proteins that adopt a different conformation in aqueous solution than in the lipid environment of the host membrane. consequently, their crystal structures obtained in aqueous environment do not reflect the active conformation in the membrane, making it difficult to deduce the molecular determinants responsible for pore formation. to obtain structural information directly in the membrane, we introduce a fluorescence ...201020974771
filament structure of bacterial tubulin homologue tubz.low copy number plasmids often depend on accurate partitioning systems for their continued survival. generally, such systems consist of a centromere-like region of dna, a dna-binding adaptor, and a polymerizing cytomotive filament. together these components drive newly replicated plasmids to opposite ends of the dividing cell. the bacillus thuringiensis plasmid pbtoxis relies on a filament of the tubulin/ftsz-like protein tubz for its segregation. by combining crystallography and electron micros ...201020974911
persistence of bacillus thuringiensis israelensis (bti) in the environment induces resistance to multiple bti toxins in mosquitoes.background: the simultaneous production of six different toxins by bacillus thuringiensis israelensis (bti) is thought to delay the evolution of resistance in treated mosquito populations. recent studies have shown that bti can persist and proliferate in the environment, thereby imposing continuous selective pressure on mosquito populations, raising concerns about the long-term effectiveness of this bioinsecticide. in order to evaluate the effect of bti persistence on the evolution of resistance ...201020981724
discovery and characterization of field resistance to bt maize: spodoptera frugiperda (lepidoptera: noctuidae) in puerto rico.transgenic maize, zea mays l., event tc1507 produces the cry1f protein to provide protection from feeding by several important lepidopteran pests, including spodoptera frugiperda (j.e. smith) (lepidoptera: noctuidae). reports of reduced field performance against this species in puerto rico were investigated, and laboratory bioassays showed that s. frugiperda collected from the affected area exhibited lower sensitivity to the cry1f protein compared with typical colonies from other regions. the re ...201020857709
potential impact of differential production of the cry2ab and cry1ac proteins in transgenic cotton in response to cold stress.transgenic bollgard ii cotton, gossypium hirsutum l., expresses cry1ac and cry2ab proteins that provide control of lepidopteran larvae, including helicoverpa and heliothis species (lepidoptera: noctuidae) worldwide. experiments conducted at katherine, northern territory, australia evaluated the impact of night minimum temperatures on cry1ac and cry2ab protein levels in bollgard ii cotton. in both 2003 and 2004, potted plants were either grown outside continuously or protected from cold in a glas ...201020857729
fitness costs of cry1ab resistance in a field-derived strain of ostrinia nubilalis (lepidoptera: crambidae).the study of fitness costs associated with resistance to toxins from bacillus thuringiensis berliner (bt) in ostrinia nubilalis (hübner) (lepidoptera: crambidae) is important for understanding resistance evolution and for evaluating resistance management practices that prevent or mitigate resistance to transgenic corn, zea mays l. resistant individuals identified from a field collection in kandiyohi, mn, were used to generate a cry1ab-resistant strain. we used susceptible and resistant strains w ...201020857752
transgenic rice plants expressing a fused protein of cry1ab/vip3h has resistance to rice stem borers under laboratory and field conditions.six transgenic rice, oryza sativa l., lines (g6h1, g6h2, g6h3, g6h4, g6h5, and g6h6) expressing a fused cry1ab/vip3h protein, were evaluated for resistance against the asiatic rice borer, chilo suppressalis (walker) (lepidoptera: crambidae), and the stem borer sesamia inferens (walker) (lepidoptera: noctuidae) in the laboratory and field. the bioassay results indicated that the mortality of asiatic rice borer and s. inferens neonate larvae on six transgenic lines from seedling to filling stage w ...201020857760
toxicity of seven bacillus thuringiensis cry proteins against cylas puncticollis and cylas brunneus (coleoptera: brentidae) using a novel artificial diet."sweetpotato weevils" cylas puncticollis (boheman) and cylas brunneus f. (coleoptera: brentidae) are the most important biological threat to sweetpotato, ipomoea batatas l. (lam), productivity in sub-saharan africa. sweetpotato weevil control is difficult due to their cryptic feeding behavior. expression of cylas-active bacillus thuringiensis (bt) cry proteins in sweetpotato could provide an effective control strategy. unfortunately, bt cry proteins with relatively high toxicity against cylas sp ...201020857765
constitutive activation of the midgut response to bacillus thuringiensis in bt-resistant spodoptera exigua.bacillus thuringiensis is the most effective microbial control agent for controlling numerous species from different insect orders. the main threat for the long term use of b. thuringiensis in pest control is the ability of insects to develop resistance. thus, the identification of insect genes involved in conferring resistance is of paramount importance. a colony of spodoptera exigua (lepidoptera: noctuidae) was selected for 15 years in the laboratory for resistance to xentari™, a b. thuringien ...201020862260
short-term evaluation in growing rats of diet containing bacillus thuringiensis cry1ia12 entomotoxin: nutritional responses and some safety aspects.the cry1ia12 entomotoxin from a brazilian bacillus thuringiensis strain is currently being expressed in cotton cultivars to confer resistance to insect-pests. the present study aimed to assess the effects of a diet containing cry1ia12 protein on growing rats. a test diet containing egg white and cry1ia12 (0.1% of total protein) as a protein source was offered to rats for ten days. in addition, an acute toxicity bioassay was performed in rats with a single oral dose of the entomotoxin (12 mg/anim ...201020862341
genome-wide screening reveals the genetic determinants of an antibiotic insecticide in bacillus thuringiensis.thuringiensin is a thermostable secondary metabolite in bacillus thuringiensis and has insecticidal activity against a wide range of insects. until now, the regulatory mechanisms and genetic determinants involved in thuringiensin production have remained unclear. here, we successfully used heterologous expression-guided screening in an escherichia coli-bacillus thuringiensis shuttle bacterial artificial chromosome library, to clone the intact thuringiensin synthesis (thu) cluster. then the thu c ...201020864531
the influence of fertilizer level and spore density on arbuscular mycorrhizal colonization of transgenic bt 11 maize (zea mays) in experimental microcosms.crop plants genetically modified for the expression of bacillus thuringiensis (bt) insecticidal toxins have broad appeal for reducing insect damage in agricultural systems, yet questions remain about the impact of bt plants on symbiotic soil organisms. here, arbuscular mycorrhizal fungal (amf) colonization of transgenic maize isoline bt 11 (expressing cry1ab) and its non-bt parental line (providence) was evaluated under different fertilizer level and spore density scenarios. in a three-way facto ...201021198682
field efficacy of granular formulations of bacillus thuringiensis israelensis--strain am65-52 against floodwater mosquitoes in poland and germany.this paper presents results of studies evaluating the efficacy of various granular formulations of vectobac (bacillus thuringiensis israelensis de barjac [bti] h-14 strain am65-52) against immature mosquitoes in 2 distinct habitats in poland and germany. meadows intermittently flooded with sewage water in the city of wroclaw, poland, provide ideal habitats for immature stages of aedes caspius, ae. vexans, and culex pipiens pipiens. helicopter applications of vectobac g and vectobac tp sand granu ...201021033056
adsorption of transgenic insecticidal cry1ab protein to sio2. 2. patch-controlled electrostatic attraction.adsorption governs the fate of cry proteins from genetically modified bt crops in soils. the effect of ionic strength (i) on the adsorption of cry1ab (isoelectric point iep(cry1ab) ≈ 6) to negatively charged quartz (sio(2)) and positively charged poly-l-lysine (pll) was investigated at ph 5 to 8, using quartz crystal microbalance with dissipation monitoring and optical waveguide lightmode spectroscopy. cry1ab adsorbed via positively and negatively charged surface patches to sio(2) and pll, respe ...201021033744
adsorption of transgenic insecticidal cry1ab protein to sio2. 1. forces driving adsorption.genetically modified bt crops express insecticidal cry proteins (bt toxins) that may enter agricultural soils. a mechanistic understanding of cry protein adsorption to soils is critical for risk assessment, as this process governs cry protein fate and bioavailability. we used quartz crystal microbalance and optical waveguide lightmode spectroscopy to elucidate the driving forces of the adsorption of monomeric cry1ab to negatively charged quartz (sio(2)) and positively charged poly-l-lysine (pll) ...201021033745
bt-toxin uptake by the non-target herbivore, myzus persicae (hemiptera: aphididae), feeding on transgenic oilseed rape in laboratory conditions.the potential non-target effects of genetically modified crops are some of the more debated topics within applied biotechnologies in agriculture and environmental risk assessment. the objective of the present research was to study the potential bt-toxin uptake by the non-target herbivore myzus persicae sulzer (hemiptera: aphididae) feeding on transgenic oilseed rape plants (brassica napus cv. 'westar' lines gt 2-4) expressing the cry1ac endotoxin. a specific aim was to replicate our previous exp ...201021034523
effects of transgenic bt cotton on overwintering characteristics and survival of helicoverpa armigera.the effects of transgenic bt cotton on the overwintering generation of the cotton bollworm, helicoverpa armigera (hübner) (lepidoptera: noctuidae), are unknown. we hypothesized that a bt cotton diet may adversely affect fitness of this generation and examined fresh weight, lipids, glycogens, low-molecular-weight sugars and scps (supercooling points) of pupae, as well as survival of larvae, diapausing pupae and adult emergence in comparison with controls. field and laboratory experiments showed t ...201021034745
cadherin, alkaline phosphatase, and aminopeptidase n as receptors of cry11ba toxin from bacillus thuringiensis subsp. jegathesan in aedes aegypti.cry11ba is one of the most toxic proteins to mosquito larvae produced by bacillus thuringiensis. it binds aedes aegypti brush border membrane vesicles (bbmv) with high affinity, showing an apparent dissociation constant (k(d)) of 8.2 nm. we previously reported that an anticadherin antibody competes with cry11ba binding to bbmv, suggesting a possible role of cadherin as a toxin receptor. here we provide evidence of specific cadherin repeat regions involved in this interaction. using cadherin frag ...201021037295
identification of the minimal active fragment of the cry1ah toxin.cry1ah1, a novel holo-type gene cloned from bacillus thuringiensis strain bt-8, encoded a protein exhibiting strong insecticidal activity against lepidopteran insects. to identify the minimal active fragment of the cry1ah toxin, 9 pairs of primers were designed to generate different pcr products. seven pcr products were amplified by different primers using the cry1ah1 gene as a template and cloned into a pet-21b vector. these positive clones were separately transformed into escherichia coli. ins ...201021046197
transgenic sugarcane plants expressing high levels of modified cry1ac provide effective control against stem borers in field trials.to improve transgene expression level, we synthesized a truncated insecticidal gene m-cry1ac by increasing its gc content from 37.4 to 54.8%, based on the codon usage pattern of sugarcane genes, and transferred it into two sugarcane cultivars (roc16 and yt79-177) by microprojectile bombardment. the integration sites and expression pattern of the transgene were determined, respectively, by southern, northern and western blot analyses. the transgenic sugarcane lines produced up to 50 ng cry1ac pro ...201021046242
genetic diversity of cry gene sequences of bacillus thuringiensis strains analyzed by denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis.pcr has been widely used to identify cry-type genes, to determine their distribution, to detect new such genes and to predict insecticidal activities. we describe here a molecular approach to analyze the genetic diversity of b. thuringiensis cry-like genes based on denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (dgge). this analysis demonstrated that different b. thuringiensis isolates can be distinguished according to its pcr-dgge profile of cry-like genes. identification of the resolvable dna fragmen ...201021046400
control of pine processionary moth, thaumetopoea pityocampa with bacillus thuringiensis in antalya, turkey.taumetopoea pityocampa (den. and schiff) is one of the most common defoliator insects found in turkey. although several methods have been used in attempting to control this major forest pest up to now but the problem still remains largely unsolved in turkey. there is an urgent need to control and minimize the damages caused by these defoliating caterpillars. therefore, we planned and applied field treatments using by foray 76b and vbc 60074 to put forward to the efficiency of these bioinsecticid ...201021047011
responses of stream macroinvertebrates to bt maize leaf detritus.in the midwestern united states, maize detritus enters streams draining agricultural land. genetically modified bt maize is commonly planted along streams and can possibly affect benthic macroinvertebrates, specifically members of the order trichoptera, which are closely related to target species of some bt toxins and are important detritivores in streams. the significance of inputs of bt maize to aquatic systems has only recently been recognized, and assessments of potential nontarget impacts o ...201021049882
trna 5'-end repair activities of trnahis guanylyltransferase (thg1)-like proteins from bacteria and archaea.the trna(his) guanylyltransferase (thg1) family comprises a set of unique 3'-5' nucleotide addition enzymes found ubiquitously in eukaryotes, where they function in the critical g(-1) addition reaction required for trna(his) maturation. however, in most bacteria and archaea, g(-1) is genomically encoded; thus post-transcriptional addition of g(-1) to trna(his) is not necessarily required. the presence of highly conserved thg1-like proteins (tlps) in more than 40 bacteria and archaea therefore su ...201021051361
survival of betta splendens fish (regan, 1910) in domestic water containers and its effectiveness in controlling aedes aegypti larvae (linnaeus, 1762) in northeast brazil.objective: in northeast brazil, large domestic containers used to store water are important breeding sites of aedes aegypti, the main vector of dengue fever. the objective of this study was to estimate the survival of betta splendens (perciformes: osphronemidae) fish in domestic containers in fortaleza (ceará state), as well as its effectiveness in the control of premature a. aegypti stages. methods: the use of b. splendens was compared to bacillus thuringiensis israelensis (bti) in domestic con ...201021054694
molecular identification and pectate lyase production by bacillus strains involved in cocoa fermentation.we have previously reported the implication of bacillus in the production of pectinolytic enzymes during cocoa fermentation. the objective of this work was to identify the bacillus strains isolated from cocoa fermentation and study their ability to produce pectate lyase (pl) in various growth conditions. ninety-eight strains were analyzed by amplified ribosomal dna restriction analysis (ardra). four different banding patterns were obtained leading to the clustering of the bacterial isolates into ...201021056768
suppressing resistance to bt cotton with sterile insect releases.genetically engineered crops that produce insecticidal toxins from bacillus thuringiensis (bt) are grown widely for pest control. however, insect adaptation can reduce the toxins' efficacy. the predominant strategy for delaying pest resistance to bt crops requires refuges of non-bt host plants to provide susceptible insects to mate with resistant insects. variable farmer compliance is one of the limitations of this approach. here we report the benefits of an alternative strategy where sterile in ...201021057498
when cytoskeletal worlds collide. 201021059902
enhanced toxicity of bacillus thuringiensis japonensis strain buibui toxin to oriental beetle and northern masked chafer (coleoptera: scarabaeidae) larvae with bacillus sp. nfd2.bacillus thuringiensisjaponensis strain buibui (btj) has the potential to be an important control agent for pest scarabs. bioassays using autoclaved and nonautoclaved soil showed there were always lower lc, values associated with nonautoclaved soil. we identified five other bacteria found in the hemolymph of insects killed by btj and used them in bioassays to see whether we could enhance the control achieved with btj alone. one bacterium, designated nfd2 and later identified as a bacillus sp., s ...201021061952
activity of broad-spectrum and reduced-risk insecticides on various life stages of cranberry fruitworm (lepidoptera: pyralidae) in highbush blueberry.laboratory and semifield bioassays were conducted to determine the life-stage activity of insecticides for controlling cranberry fruitworm, acrobasis vaccinii riley (lepidoptera: pyralidae), a key lepidopteran pest of highbush blueberry, vaccinium corymbosum l. the organophosphates azinphosmethyl and phosmet, the pyrethroid esfenvalerate, and the carbamate methomyl were lethal to all life stages. the neonicotinoids thiacloprid and acetamiprid demonstrated strong larvicidal and ovicidal activity ...201021061972
evaluating resistance to bt toxin cry1ab by f2 screen in european populations of ostrinia nubilalis (lepidoptera: crambidae).the large-scale cultivation of transgenic crops producing bacillus thuringiensis (bt) toxins have already lead to the evolution of bt resistance in some pest populations targeted by these crops. we used the f2 screening method for further estimating the frequency of resistance alleles of the european corn borer, ostrinia nubilalis (hübner) (lepidoptera: crambidae), to bt maize, zea mays l., producing the cry1ab toxin. in france, germany, and italy, 784, 455, and 80 lines of european corn borer w ...201021061983
effects of four nematode species on fitness costs of pink bollworm resistance to bacillus thuringiensis toxin cry1ac.evolution of resistance by pests can reduce the efficacy oftransgenic crops that produce insecticidal toxins from the bacterium bacillus thuringiensis berliner (bt). in conjunction with refuges of non-bt host plants, fitness costs can delay the evolution of resistance. furthermore, fitness costs often vary with ecological conditions, suggesting that agricultural landscapes can be manipulated to magnify fitness costs and thereby prolong the efficacy of bt crops. in the current study, we tested th ...201021061986
evaluation of bacillus thuringiensis pathogenicity for a strain of the tick, rhipicephalus microplus, resistant to chemical pesticides.the pathogenicity of four native strains of bacillus thuringiensis against rhipicephalus (boophilus) microplus (canestrine) (acari: ixodidae) was evaluated. a r. microplus strain that is resistant to organophosphates, pyrethroids, and amidines, was used in this study. adult r. microplus females were bioassayed using the immersion test of drummond against 60 b. thuringiensis strains. four strains, gp123, gp138, gp130, and gp140, were found to be toxic. for the immersion test, the total protein co ...201021062139
spinosad as an effective larvicide for control of aedes albopictus and aedes aegypti, vectors of dengue in southern mexico.background: field trials were conducted during the wet and dry seasons in periurban and semi-rural cemeteries in southern mexico to determine the efficacy of a suspension concentrate formulation of spinosad (tracer 480sc) on the inhibition of development of aedes albopictus l. and ae. aegypti skuse. for this, oviposition traps were treated with spinosad (1 or 5 mg l(-1)), bacillus thuringiensis israelensis (bti, vectobac 12as), a sustained release formulation of temephos and a water control.resu ...201021064145
a novel l-isoleucine metabolism in bacillus thuringiensis generating (2s,3r,4s)-4-hydroxyisoleucine, a potential insulinotropic and anti-obesity amino acid.4-hydroxyisoleucine (hil) found in fenugreek seeds has insulinotropic and anti-obesity effects and is expected to be a novel orally active drug for insulin-independent diabetes. here, we show that the newly isolated strain bacillus thuringiensis 2e2 and the closely related strain b. thuringiensis atcc 35646 operate a novel metabolic pathway for l-isoleucine (l-ile) via hil and 2-amino-3-methyl-4-ketopentanoic acid (amkp). the hil synthesis was catalyzed stereoselectively by an α-ketoglutaric aci ...201021069315
aedes albopictus control with spray application of bacillus thuringiensis israelensis, strain am 65-52.a bacillus thuringiensis israelensis (bti) formulation, vectobac wg (strain am 65-52), was evaluated for mosquito control in a training area with dense vegetation. bti was spray applied to target aedes albopictus larval habitats of 130 ha once every 2 weeks using a motorized back pack mist blower, stihl sr420, and a vehicle mounted ultra low volume generator (ulv), igeba u40. ovitrap index (oi) and larval density (ld) were used to measure the efficacy of larviciding. in the bti treated area the ...201021073027
identification of glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (gapdh) as a binding protein for a 68-kda bacillus thuringiensis parasporal protein cytotoxic against leukaemic cells.bacillus thuringiensis (bt), an ubiquitous gram-positive spore-forming bacterium forms parasporal proteins during the stationary phase of its growth. recent findings of selective human cancer cell-killing activity in non-insecticidal bt isolates resulted in a new category of bt parasporal protein called parasporin. however, little is known about the receptor molecules that bind parasporins and the mechanism of anti-cancer activity. a malaysian bt isolate, designated bt18 produces parasporal prot ...201021073742
mode of action of parasporin-4, a cytocidal protein from bacillus thuringiensis.parasporin-4 (ps4) is a cytotoxic protein produced by bacillus thuringiensis strain a1470. it exhibits specific cytotoxicity against human cancer cell lines, caco-2, sawano, and molt-4 cells, in particular. when cells were administrated with ps4, cell swelling and nuclear shrinkage were induced, and, the ballooned cells burst within 24 h. psi-blast search showed that the protein shared homology not only with b. thuringiensis cry toxins but also with aerolysin-type β-pore-forming toxins. circular ...201021073856
characterization of bacillus thuringiensis isolates and their differential toxicity against helicoverpa armigera populations.bacillus thuringiensis isolates were characterized in rhizospheric cotton soils by using acetate selection process from eight different locations in south india. the fact that b. thuringiensis indices were higher in proportion in soil samples taken from tamil nadu and karnataka than from andhra pradesh, indicates the abundance of b. thuringiensis populations in the cotton rhizosphere. biochemical typing of the isolates designated eight local isolates (btng13, btco1, bthyb7, btam2, btrm5, btwr3, ...201021077117
bioinformatic analysis for allergenicity assessment of bacillus thuringiensis cry proteins expressed in insect-resistant food crops.the novel proteins introduced into the genetically modified (gm) crops need to be evaluated for the potential allergenicity before their introduction into the food chain to address the safety concerns of consumers. at present, there is no single definitive test that can be relied upon to predict allergic response in humans to a new protein; hence a composite approach to allergic response prediction is described in this study. the present study reports on the evaluation of the cry proteins, encod ...201021078358
formation of macromolecule complex with bacillus thuringiensis cry1a toxins and chlorophyllide binding 252-kda lipocalin-like protein locating on bombyx mori midgut membrane.p252, a 252-kda bombyx mori protein located on the larval midgut membrane, has been shown to bind strongly with bacillus thuringiensis cry1a toxins (hossain et al. appl environ microbiol 70:4604-4612, 2004). p252 was also shown to bind chlorophyllide (chlide) to form red fluorescence-emitting complex bm252rfp with significant antimicrobial activity (pandian et al. appl environ microbiol 74:1324-1331, 2008). in this article, we show that cry1a toxin bound with bm252rfp and bm252rfp-cry1a macrocom ...201021079938
effects of mutations within surface-exposed loops in the pore-forming domain of the cry9ca insecticidal toxin of bacillus thuringiensis.the pore-forming domain of bacillus thuringiensis insecticidal cry toxins is formed of seven amphipathic α-helices. because pore formation is thought to involve conformational changes within this domain, the possible role of its interhelical loops in this crucial step was investigated with cry9ca double mutants, which all share the previously characterized r164a mutation, using a combination of homology modeling, bioassays and electrophysiological measurements. the mutations either introduced, n ...201021082167
influence of mutagenesis of bacillus thuringiensis cry1aa toxin on larvicidal activity.domain iii of bacillus thuringiensis cry δ-endotoxins are considered to be related to the stability of the structure and avoidance of overdigestion by proteases. in this study, some residues of potential chymotrypsin and trypsin sites in domain iii of b. thuringiensis cry1aa were replaced individually with alanine by site-directed mutagenesis, in order to investigate their functional roles. except f574a, all mutants f536a, r543a, f550a, f565a, r566a, f570a, f576a, f583a, and f590a were highly ex ...201021082182
interaction of allium sativum leaf agglutinin with midgut brush border membrane vesicles proteins and its stability in helicoverpa armigera.allium sativum leaf agglutinin (asal) binds to several proteins in the midgut of helicoverpa armigera and causes toxicity. most of these were glycosylated. six asal-binding proteins were selected for identification. pmf and ms/ms data showed their similarity with midgut aminopeptidase apn2, polycalins and alkaline phosphatase of h. armigera, cadherin-n protein (partial agap009726-pa) of acyrthosiphon pisum, cytochrome p450 (cyp315a1) of manduca sexta and alkaline phosphatase of heliothis viresce ...201021082761
introduction and control of three invasive mosquito species in the netherlands, july-october 2010.in july 2010, during routine mosquito surveillance inspections at companies that import used tires, three invasive species were found at five locations in the netherlands: the yellow fever mosquito (aedes aegypti), the asian tiger mosquito (ae. albopictus), and the american rock-pool mosquito (ae. atropalpus). this is the first time that ae. aegypti is reported from the netherlands. mosquito control was initiated one week after the first invasive mosquito was found, using adulticides and larvici ...201021087591
haematology, blood biochemistry and tissue histopathology of lambs maintained on diets containing an insect controlling protein (cry1ac) in bt-cottonseed.this experiment assessed the effect of feeding genetically modified cottonseed (bt) containing an insect controlling protein (cry1ac) on haematology, blood biochemistry and histopathology of lambs. haemato-biochemicals were estimated at periodic intervals, and histopathology at termination of experiment. thirty three weaner lambs were fed a composite feed mixture (cfm) ad libitum individually, in three groups for 123 days. the isonitrogenous cfm had roughage (perl millet stover) and concentrate ...201021091548
effect of ultrasonication and fenton oxidation on biodegradation of bis(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (dehp) in wastewater sludge.the presence of bis(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (dehp) and its metabolites, i.e. 2-ethylhexanol, 2-ethylhexanal, and 2-ethylhexanoic acid in wastewater sludge (wws) were investigated during aerobic digestion and bacillus thuringiensis (bt)-based fermentation of wws. ultrasonication and fenton oxidation pre-treatment was applied to improve biodegradability of wws and bioavailability of the target compounds for digestion and fermentation. dehp and 2-ethylhexanoic acid were observed at higher concentra ...201021094970
self-assembly and recrystallization of bacterial s-layer proteins of bacillus sphaericus and bacillus thuringiensis on silicone, mica and quartz crystal supports.the oriented architecture of macromolecules plays a critical role in many aspects of nanobiotechnology such as in the development of biosensors. to this regard, s-layers which constitute the outermost cell envelope component of many prokaryotic organisms, represent unique self assembled systems with the capability to rearrange into monomolecular and oriented arrays. these properties can be exploited to promote their crystallization on surfaces (e.g. silicone) which is pivotal for the subsequent ...201021096866
developmental and photosynthetic regulation of δ-endotoxin reveals that engineered sugarcane conferring resistance to 'dead heart' contains no toxins in cane juice.the phosphoenolpyruvate (pep) carboxylase is regulated at the levels of transcription and post-translation in c4 plants in light and abundantly accumulates in leaf mesophyll cells. we report here developmental and photosynthetic regulation of stably accumulated bacillus thuringiensis δ-endotoxin under the control of pep-c promoter in transgenic sugarcane. in young leaves of plants, the transprotein is accumulated to 39% of the levels in mature leaves (135 ng mg(-1)), and is induced with the cell ...201021104030
in vivo fluorescence observation of parasporal inclusion formation in bacillus thuringiensis.a recombinant gene expressing a cry1ac-gfp fusion protein with a molecular mass of approximately 160 kd was constructed to investigate the expression of cry1ac, the localization of its gene product cry1ac, and its role in crystal development in bacillus thuringiensis. the cry1ac-gfp fusion gene under the control of the cry1ac promoter was cloned into the plasmid pht304, and this construct was designated phtcry1ac-gfp. phtcry1ac-gfp was transformed into the crystal-negative strain, hd-73 cry(-), ...201021104371
[hypothetical link between endometriosis and xenobiotics-associated genetically modified food].endometriosis is an oestrogen-dependent inflammatory disease affecting 10 % of reproductive-aged women. often accompanied by chronic pelvic pain and infertility, endometriosis rigorously interferes with women's quality of life. although the pathophysiology of endometriosis remains unclear, a growing body of evidence points to the implication of environmental toxicants. over the last decade, an increase in the incidence of endometriosis has been reported and coincides with the introduction of gen ...201021111655
novel microbial route to synthesize silver nanoparticles using spore crystal mixture of bacillus thuringiensis.metallic nanoparticles are traditionally synthesized by wet chemical techniques, where the chemicals used are often toxic and flammable. in the present study, the spore crystal mixture of bacillus thuringiensis was used for the synthesis of silver nanoparticles. nanoparticles were characterized using uv-vis absorption spectroscopy, xrd and tem. x-ray diffraction and tem analysis showed the average particle size of 15 nm and mixed (cubic and hexagonal) structure. this is for the first time that a ...201021117457
bacillus cereus cytotoxins hbl, nhe and cytk are secreted via the sec translocation pathway.bacillus cereus and the closely related bacillus thuringiensis are gram positive opportunistic pathogens that may cause food poisoning, and the three secreted pore-forming cytotoxins hbl, nhe and cytk have been implicated as the causative agents of diarrhoeal disease. it has been proposed that the hbl toxin is secreted using the flagellar export apparatus (fea) despite the presence of sec-type signal peptides. as protein secretion is of key importance in virulence of a microorganism, the mechani ...201021118484
[toxic activity of bacillus thuringiensis isolates to aedes aegypti (l.) (diptera: culicidae) larvae].aedes aegypti (l.), the main vector of dengue fever in brazil, has been controlled with the use of massive chemical products, contributing to the development of resistance and decreasing the insect control efficiency. the control of dipterans with bioinsecticides based on bacillus thuringiensis has been satisfactory, due to the production of insecticidal proteins denominated cry (crystal), cyt (cytolytic) toxins and chi (chitinase), and to the synergistic effects among them. the present work aim ...201021120386
characterization of an argentine isolate of bacillus thuringiensis similar to the hd-1 strain.we report the characterization of an argentine isolate of bacillus thuringiensis (inta ta24-6) similar to the hd-1 strain, which harbors a cryptic cry2ab gene that apparently is transcribed but not translated into a protein. inta ta24-6 showed a rep-pcr pattern identical to the hd-1 strain, a plasmid pattern that resembled that of this strain and cry1 and cry2 genes as hd-1. screening of cry1 and cry2 genes showed that inta ta24-6 harbors only cry1ac and cry2ab genes. furthermore, crystalline in ...201021120387
effect of bt-176 maize pollen on first instar larvae of the peacock butterfly (inachis io) (lepidoptera; nymphalidae).more than 10 years after registration of the first bt maize cultivar in europe, there still exists a remarkable lack of data on effects on lepidoptera which would be necessary for a complete and comprehensive environmental risk assessment. so far only very few european butterfly species have been tested in this aspect. in our study the effect of transgenic bacillus thuringiensis (bt) maize pollen (event bt-176) on the development and survival of neonate larvae of the peacock butterfly, inachis i ...201021122482
interaction of allium sativum leaf agglutinin with midgut brush border membrane vesicles proteins and its stability in helicoverpa armigera.allium sativum leaf agglutinin (asal) binds to several proteins in the midgut of helicoverpa armigera and causes toxicity. most of these were glycosylated. six asal-binding proteins were selected for identification. pmf and ms/ms data showed their similarity with midgut aminopeptidase apn2, polycalins and alkaline phosphatase of h. armigera, cadherin-n protein (partial agap009726-pa) of acyrthosiphon pisum, cytochrome p450 (cyp315a1) of manduca sexta and alkaline phosphatase of heliothis viresce ...201021136596
no refuge for insect pests. 201021139612
agroinfiltration as a technique for rapid assays for evaluating candidate insect resistance transgenes in plants.functional analysis of candidate transgenes for insect resistance in stably transformed plants is a time-consuming task that can take months to achieve in even the fastest of plant models. in this study, a rapid screening technique is described, which employs candidate transgene transient expression using agroinfiltration in nicotiana benthamiana combined with a simple insect bioassay. using this system the known insecticidal protein cry1ac is demonstrated to effectively control helicoverpa zea. ...201021140154
the amino- and carboxyl-terminal fragments of the bacillus thuringensis cyt1aa toxin have differential roles in toxin oligomerization and pore formation.the cyt toxins produced by the bacteria bacillus thuringiensis show insecticidal activity against some insects, mainly dipteran larvae, being able to kill mosquitoes and black flies. however, they also possess a general cytolytic activity in vitro, showing hemolytic activity in red blood cells. these proteins are composed of two outer layers of α-helix hairpins wrapped around a β-sheet. with regard to their mode of action, one model proposed that the two outer layers of α-helix hairpins swing aw ...201021142020
functional expression in insect cells of glycosylphosphatidylinositol-linked alkaline phosphatase from aedes aegypti larval midgut: a bacillus thuringiensis cry4ba toxin receptor.bacillus thuringiensis produces insecticidal crystal (cry) proteins which bind to cell surface receptors on the brush border membrane of susceptible midgut larvae. the toxin-receptor interaction generates pores in midgut epithelial cells resulting in cell lysis. here, a cdna encoding membrane-bound alkaline phosphatase from aedes aegypti (aa-malp) midgut larvae, based on the sequence identity hit to bombyx mori membrane-bound alp, was amplified by rt-pcr and transiently expressed in spodoptera f ...201021146607
hemocytes of rhynchophorus ferrugineus (olivier) (coleoptera: curculionidae) and their response to saccharomyces cerevisiae and bacillus thuringiensis.originally from tropical asia, the red palm weevil (rpw rhynchophorus ferrugineus (olivier)) is the most dangerous and deadly pest of many palm trees, and there have been reports of its recent detection in france, greece and italy. at present, emphasis is on the development of integrated pest management based on biological control rather than on chemical insecticides, however the success of both systems is often insufficient. in this regard, rpw appears to be one pest that is very difficult to c ...201021147119
decomposition rates and residue-colonizing microbial communities of bacillus thuringiensis insecticidal protein cry3bb-expressing (bt) and non-bt corn hybrids in the field.despite the rapid adoption of crops expressing the insecticidal cry protein(s) from bacillus thuringiensis (bt), public concern continues to mount over the potential environmental impacts. reduced residue decomposition rates and increased tissue lignin concentrations reported for some bt corn hybrids have been highlighted recently as they may influence soil carbon dynamics. we assessed the effects of mon863 bt corn, producing the cry3bb protein against the corn rootworm complex, on these aspects ...201021148693
pollen- and seed-mediated transgene flow in commercial cotton seed production fields.characterizing the spatial patterns of gene flow from transgenic crops is challenging, making it difficult to design containment strategies for markets that regulate the adventitious presence of transgenes. insecticidal bacillus thuringiensis (bt) cotton is planted on millions of hectares annually and is a potential source of transgene flow.201021152426
spinosad as an effective larvicide for control of aedes albopictus and aedes aegypti, vectors of dengue in southern mexico.field trials were conducted during the wet and dry seasons in periurban and semi-rural cemeteries in southern mexico to determine the efficacy of a suspension concentrate formulation of spinosad (tracer 480sc) on the inhibition of development of aedes albopictus l. and ae. aegypti skuse. for this, oviposition traps were treated with spinosad (1 or 5 mg l(-1)), bacillus thuringiensis israelensis (bti, vectobac 12as), a sustained release formulation of temephos and a water control.201021162151
persistence of bacillus thuringiensis israelensis (bti) in the environment induces resistance to multiple bti toxins in mosquitoes.the simultaneous production of six different toxins by bacillus thuringiensis israelensis (bti) is thought to delay the evolution of resistance in treated mosquito populations. recent studies have shown that bti can persist and proliferate in the environment, thereby imposing continuous selective pressure on mosquito populations, raising concerns about the long-term effectiveness of this bioinsecticide. in order to evaluate the effect of bti persistence on the evolution of resistance, the author ...201021162152
modular columns to study depth-dependence behavior of mosquito larvae and toxicity of bacillus thuringiensis subsp. israelensis.modular transparent column system was designed to study depth-dependence behavior of mosquito larvae. the system was used in preliminary experiments to evaluate the effect of water depth on the larvicidal activity of bacillus thuringiensis subsp. israelensis de barjac against bottom feeder larvae of aedes aegypti (linn.) (diptera: culicidae), and suggestions for increasing the efficiency of the device are discussed.201021167119
developmental penalties associated with inducible tolerance in helicoverpa armigera to insecticidal toxins from bacillus thuringiensis.exposure of insect larvae to sublethal concentrations of crystal toxins from the soil bacterium bacillus thuringiensis (bt toxins) causes the induction of immune and metabolic responses that can be transmitted to offspring by epigenetic inheritance mechanisms. given that the elevated immune status carries significant developmental penalties, we wanted to establish the relationships between immune induction, tolerance to the toxin and developmental penalties. a laboratory culture of helicoverpa a ...201021169448
sero-biochemical studies in sheep fed with bt cotton plants.an experimental study was conducted to evaluate the toxicological effects, if any, due to feeding of bt (bacillus thuringiensis) cotton plants to sheep. a total of 32 sheep of one year of age belonging to deccani breed were randomly divided into four groups, consisting of eight sheep in each group. group 1 was maintained on basal diet (concentrate feed at the rate of 300 g + green fodder at the rate of 3 kg/sheep/day), group 2 on non-bt cotton plant at the rate of 1.5 kg + green fodder at the ra ...201021170255
bacillus thuringiensis isolates entomopathogenic for culex quinquefasciatus (diptera: culicidae) and anticarsia gemmatalis (lepidoptera: noctuidae).samples of the bacillus thuringiensis (bt) were collected from soil and insects. eight isolates were selected from rural soil, 15 from urban soil and 11 from insects. these were evaluated for entomopathogenicity against larvae of anticarsia gemmatalis and culex quinquefasciatus. the pathogenicity tests showed that a higher percentage of isolates were active against a. gemmatalis (60%) compared to c. quinquefasciatus (31%). probit analysis (lc₅₀) indicated that against a. gemmatalis four of the i ...201021180911
evaluation of a new formulation of bacillus thuringiensis israelensis.the aim of this study was to determine the potency (itu) and efficacy of a liquid formulation of bacillus thuringiensis israelensis developed by the state university of londrina named biouel, against early fourth instar larvae of aedes aegypti and culex quinquefasciatus. the itu/mg of biouel was 960, the lc₅₀ was of 0.271 (± 0.39) ppm, and the lc₉₅ was 0.634 (± 0.099) ppm, in larvae of c. quinquefasciatus. in a. aegypti larvae, lc₅₀ was 0.332 (± 0.042) ppm and lc₉₅ was 0.694 (± 0.073) ppm. the i ...201021180922
[the reemergence of the chikungunya virus in réunion island on 2010: evolution of the mosquito control practices.]the re-emergence of local transmission of chikungunya virus caused by aedes albopictus since march 2010 in the réunion island, french territory in the southwest indian ocean, calls for better epidemiological surveys, vector control, and community-based chikungunya control. this paper describes the strategy and the new ways of vector control applied since the last major chikungunya virus outbreak in 2005-2007, and the high levels of collaboration with mayors and local associations for community i ...201021181327
effect of bt broccoli and resistant genotype of plutella xylostella (lepidoptera: plutellidae) on development and host acceptance of the parasitoid diadegma insulare (hymenoptera: ichneumonidae).the ecological implications on biological control of insecticidal transgenic plants, which produce crystal (cry) proteins from the soil bacterium bacillus thuringiensis (bt), remain a contentious issue and affect risk assessment decisions. in this study, we used a unique system of resistant insects, bt plants and a parasitoid to critically evaluate this issue. the effects of broccoli type (normal or expressing cry1ac protein) and insect genotype (susceptible or cry1ac-resistant) of plutella xylo ...201021181494
microfluidic module for automated isolation and purification of nucleic acids from biological samples. 201021184296
bioefficacy of insecticides against leucinodes orbonalis on brinjal.studies on bioefficacy of insecticides against brinjal shoot and fruit borer, leucinodes orbonalis guenee on brinjal were carried out during 2007 and 2008. the results on bioefficacy of insecticides showed that in terms of shoot infestation, emamectin benzoate (0.002%), endosulfan (0.05%), novaluron (0.01%) and lambda-cyhalothrin (0.004%) were found superior. the total number of drooping shoots was minimum (4.17) in emamectin benzoate followed by endosulfan (6.83) and novaluron (7.00), as compar ...201021186709
an abc transporter mutation is correlated with insect resistance to bacillus thuringiensis cry1ac toxin.transgenic crops producing insecticidal toxins from bacillus thuringiensis (bt) are commercially successful in reducing pest damage, yet knowledge of resistance mechanisms that threaten their sustainability is incomplete. insect resistance to the pore-forming cry1ac toxin is correlated with the loss of high-affinity, irreversible binding to the mid-gut membrane, but the genetic factors responsible for this change have been elusive. mutations in a 12-cadherin-domain protein confer some cry1ac res ...201021187898
evaluation of phenotypic and pcr-based approaches for routine analysis of bacillus cereus group foodborne isolates.identification of bacillus cereus sensu stricto is a challenge for the food industry since it is being increasingly reported as implicated in many foodborne outbreaks. so far no conclusive microbiological or biochemical traits have been described for their specific differentiation. here a polyphasic approach aiming at identification of new isolates is presented. it was conducted on a total of 75 strains, 59 bacillus cereus group (29 reference strains and 30 food and environmental isolates) and 1 ...201021191654
viability of bacillus licheniformis and bacillus thuringiensis spores as a model for predicting the fate of bacillus anthracis spores during composting of dead livestock.safe disposal of dead livestock and contaminated manure is essential for the effective control of infectious disease outbreaks. composting has been shown to be an effective method of disposal, but no information exists on its ability to contain diseases caused by spore-forming bacteria, such as bacillus anthracis. duplicate composters (east and west), each containing 16 dead cattle, were constructed (final capacity, 85,000 kg). spores (10(7) cfu/g manure) of bacillus licheniformis and bacillus t ...201021193674
feed intake, milk production and composition of crossbred cows fed with insect-protected bollgard ii® cottonseed containing cry1ac and cry2ab proteins.twenty crossbred lactating multiparous cows were used in a 28-day study to compare dry matter intake (dmi), milk yield, milk composition and bacillus thuringiensis (bt) protein concentrations in plasma when fed diets containing bollgard ii(®) cottonseed (bgii) or a control non-genetically modified isogenic cottonseed (con). bollgard ii cottonseed contains the cry1ac and cry2ab insecticidal proteins that protect cotton plants from feeding damage caused by certain lepidopteran insects. cows were a ...201122440417
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