Publications

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antifungal and antibacterial activities of pentanema divaricatum and its active constituent.the antimicrobial activity of ethanol and chloroform extracts of pentanema divaricatum cass. was studied using the conventional disk diffusion method. the extracts' highest antimicrobial activity was observed against aspergillus niger. bioassay-guided fractionation of the crude extract by preparative thin layer chromatography (ptlc) showed one antimicrobial fraction which was especially effective against aspergillus niger. by conventional spectroscopy the active fraction was identified as 4alpha ...200819040101
physiological response of bacillus cereus vegetative cells to simulated food processing treatments.vegetative cells of the spore-former bacillus cereus were exposed to a number of treatments commonly used in commercial food preparation or during equipment cleaning and decontamination. treated suspensions were then analyzed for reductions (cfu per milliliter) by plate counting and changes in levels of atp and adp released from cells with a bioluminescence-based assay. with the use of flow cytometry (fcm), the physiological status of individual cells before and after exposure to treatments was ...200819044257
stability and antibacterial activity of bacteriocins produced by bacillus thuringiensis and bacillus thuringiensis ssp. kurstaki.bacteriocins are antimicrobial peptides that are produced by bacteria and toxic to bacterial strains closely related to the producer strain. it has previously been reported that bacillus thuringiensis strain neb17 and bacillus thuringiensis subsp. kurstaki bupm4 produce the bacteriocins thuricin 17 (3,162 da) and bacthuricin f4 (3,160.05 da), respectively. here, we demonstrate that these bacteriocins have functional similarities and show a similar spectrum of antimicrobial activities against ind ...200819047829
discrimination between biothreat agents and 'near neighbor' species using a resequencing array.timely identification of biothreat organisms from large numbers of clinical or environmental samples in potential outbreak or attack scenario is critical for effective diagnosis and treatment. this study aims to evaluate the potential of resequencing arrays for this purpose. albeit suboptimal, this report demonstrated that respiratory pathogen microarray version 1 can identify bacillus anthracis, francisella tularensis, yersinia pestis and distinguish them from benign 'near neighbor' species in ...200819049648
characterization of a bacillus anthracis spore coat-surface protein that influences coat-surface morphology.bacterial spores are encased in a multilayered proteinaceous shell, called the coat. in many bacillus spp., the coat protects against environmental assault and facilitates germination. in bacillus anthracis, the spore is the etiological agent of anthrax, and the functions of the coat likely contribute to virulence. here, we characterize a b. anthracis spore protein, called cotbeta, which is encoded only in the genomes of the bacillus cereus group. we found that cotbeta is synthesized specificall ...200819054101
antibacterial and cytotoxic activity of kenyan medicinal plants.seven medicinal plant extracts traditionally used in kenya, mainly for management of infectious conditions, were chosen and screened for their antibacterial activity against gram-negative (pseudomonas aeruginosa and escherichia coli) and gram-positive (bacillus cereus and staphylococcus aureus) bacteria. antibacterial activity was tested using the broth dilution method. harrisonia abyssinica and terminalia kilimandscharica extracts showed significant activity against gram+ and gram- bacteria. th ...200819057813
kinetics of bacterial phospholipase c activity at micellar interfaces: effect of substrate aggregate microstructure and a model for the kinetic parameters.activity at micellar interfaces of bacterial phospholipase c from bacillus cereus on phospholipids solubilized in micelles was investigated with the goal of elucidating the role of the interface microstructure and developing further an existing kinetic model. enzyme kinetics and physicochemical characterization of model substrate aggregates were combined, thus enabling the interpretation of kinetics in the context of the interface. substrates were diacylphosphatidylcholine of different acyl chai ...200819367944
antimicrobial activity of some macrophytes from lake manzalah (egypt).the antimicrobial activities of aqueous and organic solvents (chloroform, ethanol and methanol) extracts of four plants ceratophyllum demersum l., eichhornia crassipes, potamogeton crispus and potamogeton pectinatus were tested in vitro against seventeen different microorganisms including gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria and fungi. nine of these identified organisms were obtained from different sources, bacillus subtilis 1020, bacillus cereus 1080, staphylococcus aureus, erwinia carotovo ...200819205264
two new antibacterial norabietane diterpenoids from cyanobacteria, microcoleous lacustris.two abietane diterpenes were isolated from cyanobacteria microcoleous lacustris, 20-nor-3alpha-acetoxyabieta-5,7,9,11,13-pentaene and 20-nor-3alpha-acetoxy-12-hydroxy-abieta-5,7,9,11,13-pentaene. these compounds were assayed against staphylococcus aureus, staphylococcus epidermidis, salmonella typhi, vibrio cholerae, bacillus subtilis, bacillus cereus, escherichia coli, and klebsiella pneumoniae. both compounds showed activity against s. aureus, s. epidermidis, s. typhi, and v. cholerae, but not ...200818404301
comparative analysis of the diversity of aerobic spore-forming bacteria in raw milk from organic and conventional dairy farms.bacterial contamination of raw milk can originate from different sources: air, milking equipment, feed, soil, faeces and grass. it is hypothesized that differences in feeding and housing strategies of cows may influence the microbial quality of milk. this assumption was investigated through comparison of the aerobic spore-forming flora in milk from organic and conventional dairy farms. laboratory pasteurized milk samples from five conventional and five organic dairy farms, sampled in late summer ...200818406093
assessment of ccpa-mediated catabolite control of gene expression in bacillus cereus atcc 14579.the catabolite control protein ccpa is a transcriptional regulator conserved in many gram-positives, controlling the efficiency of glucose metabolism. here we studied the role of bacillus cereus atcc 14579 ccpa in regulation of metabolic pathways and expression of enterotoxin genes by comparative transcriptome analysis of the wild-type and a ccpa-deletion strain.200818416820
wst-1-based cell cytotoxicity assay as a substitute for mtt-based assay for rapid detection of toxigenic bacillus species using cho cell line.bacillus cereus continues to be one of the important foodborne pathogens due to its ability to produce various heat-labile and -stable toxins. several methods have been developed to assess the pathogenicity of the b. cereus strains; however, most of these take more than 2-3 days to provide confirmatory results. in this study we standardized a one-step cytotoxicity assay using wst-1 (4-[3-(4-iodophenyl)-2-(4-nitrophenyl)-2h-5-tetrazolio]-1,3-benzene disulfonate) and compared with the traditional ...200818417231
oleanane-type triterpenes from the flowers and roots of saussurea muliensis.six new oleanane-type triterpenes (1- 6), along with five known compounds, were isolated from the flowers and roots of saussurea muliensis. on the basis of spectroscopic methods, with special emphasis on 1d and 2d nmr techniques, the structures of the new compounds were characterized as 3beta,22alpha-dihydroxyolean-12-en-30-oic acid (1), 3alpha-(e)-caffeoyloxyolean-12-en-30-oic acid (2), 3alpha-(e)-coumaroyloxyolean-12-en-30-oic acid (3), 3alpha,22alpha-diacetoxy-20beta,21alpha,29-trihydroxy-30- ...200818419156
from soil to gut: bacillus cereus and its food poisoning toxins.bacillus cereus is widespread in nature and frequently isolated from soil and growing plants, but it is also well adapted for growth in the intestinal tract of insects and mammals. from these habitats it is easily spread to foods, where it may cause an emetic or a diarrhoeal type of food-associated illness that is becoming increasingly important in the industrialized world. the emetic disease is a food intoxication caused by cereulide, a small ring-formed dodecadepsipeptide. similar to the virul ...200818422617
apofnr binds as a monomer to promoters regulating the expression of enterotoxin genes of bacillus cereus.bacillus cereus fnr is a member of the crp/fnr (cyclic amp-binding protein/fumarate nitrate reduction regulatory protein) family of helix-turn-helix transcriptional regulators. it is essential for the expression of hbl and nhe enterotoxin genes independently of the oxygen tension in the environment. we studied aerobic fnr binding to target sites in promoters regulating the expression of enterotoxin genes. b. cereus fnr was overexpressed and purified as either a c-terminal his-tagged (fnr(his)) f ...200818424517
degradation of raw feather by a novel high molecular weight extracellular protease from newly isolated bacillus cereus dcuw.biotreatment of feather wastes and utilization of the degraded products in feed and foodstuffs has been a challenge. in the present study, we have demonstrated the degradation of feather waste by bacillus cereus dcuw strain isolated during a functional screening based microbial diversity study on east calcutta wetland area. a high molecular weight keratinolytic protease from feather degrading dcuw strain was purified and characterized. moreover, utilization of degraded products during feather hy ...200818427848
bacillus cereus endophthalmitis following intravitreous bevacizumab injection.the first case of bacillus cereus endophthalmitis following an intravitreous injection of bevacizumab is described. a 77-year-old man presented to a retina specialist with an active choroidal neovascularization related to age-related macular degeneration for which he received intravitreous bevacizumab (1.25 mg) and post-injection topical gatifloxacin. eight hours later, the patient woke up with excruciating pain and a decline in vision associated with nausea and vomiting. a vitreous biopsy was p ...200818435343
a small-scale, low-cost isolation system for the incubation and rearing of low bacterial load chicks as a model to study microbial-intestinal interactions.a small-scale, economical isolator system was adapted to hatch and raise chicks in a bacteria-free environment as a means to observe bacterial interactions with the intestinal mucosa during early development. the design and construction of flexible plastic isolators for incubation and brooding are described along with methodologies for preparation of eggs for entry into the isolators, incubation and hatching. two trials were conducted, the first in august 2005 and the second in march 2006. resul ...200818435876
n-acyl homoserine lactonase promotes prevention of erwinia virulence with zwittermicin a-producing strain bacillus cereus.zwittermicin a (zwa), a hybrid polyketide- peptide antibiotic, and n-acyl -homoserine-lactonase (ahl-lactonase), a kind of quorum-quenching enzyme, have the potential to prevent the virulence of erwinia carotovora, which is a major pathogen of soft rot. the purpose of this study was to combine the two agents in one host to improve their prevention efficacy. ahl-lactonase was over-expressed in the zwa-producing strain bacillus cereus and derivates were identified to create genetically modified (g ...200818438870
the bacillus cereus containing sub-branch most closely related to bacillus anthracis, have single amino acid substitutions in small acid-soluble proteins, while remaining sub-branches are more variable.hoffmaster et al. [hoffmaster ar, ravel j, rasko da, chapman gd, chute md, marston ck, et al. identification of anthrax toxin genes in bacillus cereus associated with illness resembling inhalation anthrax. proc natl acad sci u s a 2004;101:8449-54; hoffmaster ar, hill kk, gee je, marston ck, de bk, popovic t, et al. characterization of bacillus cereus isolates associated with fatal pneumonias: strains are closely related to bacillus anthracis and harbor b. anthracis virulence genes. j clin micro ...200818439962
[biosorption of ag+ by heavy metals hyperresistant bacillus cereus strain hq-1].a newly isolated bacillus cereus strain hq-1 was found to possess high capability to absorb silver ions. the study showed that the biosorption process could be described well by pseudo-second-order kinetic model and freundlich isotherm model. higher cell concentration was favorable to the biosorption. temperature's effect on the biosorption was not obvious. the oxygenous and nitrogenous functional groups on the cell wall played a very important role in the process of biosorption. microdeposits w ...200818441945
relationship between bacterial load, species virulence, and transfusion reaction with transfusion of bacterially contaminated platelets.bacterial contamination is currently the major infectious hazard of platelet transfusion, but associations between bacterial species and quantity and transfusion reactions have not been characterized.200818444858
loss of enzyme activity during turnover of the bacillus cereus beta-lactamase catalysed hydrolysis of beta-lactams due to loss of zinc ion.metallo-beta-lactamases are zinc-ion-dependent and are known to exist either as mononuclear or as dinuclear enzymes. the kinetics and mechanism of hydrolysis of the native zinc bacillus cereus metallo-beta-lactamase (bcii) have been investigated under pre-steady-state conditions at different phs and zinc-ion concentrations. biphasic kinetics are observed for the hydrolysis of cefuroxime and benzylpenicillin with submicromolar concentrations of enzyme and zinc. the initial burst of product format ...200818449576
the role of a purine-specific nucleoside hydrolase in spore germination of bacillus thuringiensis.a homologous gene (iunh) of a putative nucleoside hydrolase (nh), which had been identified from the exosporia of bacillus cereus and bacillus anthracis spores, was cloned from bacillus thuringiensis subsp. kurstaki. disruption of iunh did not affect the vegetative growth and sporulation of bacillus thuringiensis, but promoted both inosine- and adenosine-induced spore germination. the inosine- or adenosine-induced germination rate decreased when the wild-type iunh gene was overexpressed in bacil ...200818451042
the members of the bacillus cereus group are commonly present contaminants of fresh and heat-treated milk.to determine the level of milk contamination by bacillus cereus sensu lato, 44 samples were collected from a dairy farm and two independent dairies in northeastern poland. a total of 680 b. cereus sensu lato isolates were recovered. based on spore counts, their highest level in milk was found during the spring and summer months. although significant variations in chromosomal dna polymorphisms among b. cereus sensu lato isolates were noted based on repetitive element sequence polymorphism (rep-pc ...200818456114
identification of a non-pathogenic surrogate organism for chlorine dioxide (clo2) gas treatment.the identification of non-pathogenic surrogate microorganisms is beneficial for determining and validating the efficacy of antimicrobial treatments in food manufacturing environments. a surrogate organism was identified to aid in the decontamination process of fresh produce when treated with chlorine dioxide (clo(2)) gas. thirty-two known strains of pathogenic and non-pathogenic microorganisms and seven unknown microbial isolates from mushroom, tomatoes, and strawberries were evaluated. the prim ...200818456115
participation of oxygen in the bacterial transformation of 2,4,6-trinitrotoluene.the exposure of bacillus cereus zs18 cell suspensions to 2,4,6-trinitrotoluene (tnt) in the absence of other oxidizable substrates increases oxygen uptake, exceeding the basal level of respiration of the bacterium 1.5- and 2-fold with 50 and 100 mg/liter of tnt, respectively. the interaction of both living and to less extent dead bacterial cells with tnt results in the accumulation of superoxide anion (o2*-) in the extracellular medium, which was revealed by the epr spectroscopy. the accumulatio ...200818457577
petrobactin is produced by both pathogenic and non-pathogenic isolates of the bacillus cereus group of bacteria.petrobactin is the primary siderophore synthesized by bacillus anthracis str sterne and is required for virulence of this organism in a mouse model. the siderophore's biosynthetic machinery was recently defined and gene homologues of this operon exist in several other bacillus strains known to be mammalian pathogens, but are absent in several known to be harmless such as b. subtilis and b. lichenformis. thus, a common hypothesis regarding siderophore production in bacillus species is that petrob ...200818459058
effects of bacillus cereus var. toyoi as probiotic feed supplement on intestinal transport and barrier function in piglets.the objective of the study was to assess the effects of feed supplementation with the probiotic bacillus cereus var. toyoi on transport and barrier properties of pig jejunum. sows and their respective piglets were randomly assigned to two feeding groups: a control group and a probiotic group in which the standard diet was supplemented with bacillus cereus var. toyoi. at the age of 14, 28, 35 and 56 days, 5 piglets per subgroup were killed and tissue samples from the mid jejunum were mounted in c ...200818459534
biosynthesis of enantiopure (s)-3-hydroxybutyric acid in metabolically engineered escherichia coli.a biosynthetic pathway for the production of (s)-3-hydroxybutyric acid (s3hb) from glucose was established in recombinant escherichia coli by introducing the beta-ketothiolase gene from ralstonia eutropha h16, the (s)-3-hydroxybutyryl-coa dehydrogenase gene from r. eutropha h16, or clostridium acetobutylicum atcc824, and the 3-hydroxyisobutyryl-coa hydrolase gene from bacillus cereus atcc14579. artificial operon consisting of these genes was constructed and was expressed in e. coli bl21 (de3) co ...200818461320
a structure-activity study of antibacterial diterpenoids.an analysis of the antibacterial activities of 15 terpenoids, eleven of which were previously described by us and four were extracted from the literature, suggested two structural requirements for activity of these and related compounds: a hydrophobic moiety,consisting of a substituted decalin skeleton, and a hydrophilic region possessing one hydrogen-bond-donor group. these structural requirements are responsible for an optimal insertion of these and related compounds into cell membranes, as su ...200818463590
accurate localization of the integration sites of two genomic islands at single-nucleotide resolution in the genome of bacillus cereus atcc 10987.we have identified two genomic islands, that is, bcegi-1 and bcegi-2, in the genome of bacillus cereus atcc 10987, based on comparative analysis with bacillus cereus atcc 14579. furthermore, by using the cumulative gc profile and performing homology searches between the two genomes, the integration sites of the two genomic islands were determined at single-nucleotide resolution. bcegi-1 is integrated between 159705 bp and 198000 bp, whereas bcegi-2 is integrated between the end of orf bce4594 an ...200818464912
absolute configuration and antimicrobial activity of acylhomoserine lactones.(s)-n-heptanoylhomoserine lactone is an uncommon acyl odd-chain natural product employed by many gram-negative bacteria as a signaling substance in chemical communication mechanisms known as quorum sensing. the absolute configuration determination of the metabolite produced by the phytopathogen pantoea ananatis serrano is reported herein. as with all other substances of this class, the lactone moiety possesses s configuration, corroborating the hypothesis that it shares the same biosynthetic pat ...200818465897
synergistic interactions between chitinase chicw and fungicides against plant fungal pathogens.antifungal activity of chicw and synergistic interactions between chicw with fungicides were investigated. conidial germinations of phytopathogenic fungi, alternaria brassicicola, botrytis elliptica, and colletotrichum gloeoporioides, were inhibited by chicw but a. longipes was not. in addition, chicw showed synergistic effect with fungicides switch (cyprodinil+fludioxonil) and tebuconazole to inhibit fungal conidial germinations. the level of synergism of chicw with tebuconazole was higher than ...200818467877
enterotoxins and emetic toxins production by bacillus cereus and other species of bacillus isolated from soumbala and bikalga, african alkaline fermented food condiments.the ability of various species of bacillus from fermented seeds of parkia biglobosa known as african locust bean (soumbala) and fermented seeds of hibiscus sabdariffa (bikalga) was investigated. the study included screening of the isolates by haemolysis on blood agar, detection of toxins in broth and during the fermentation of african locust bean using the bacillus cereus enterotoxin reverse passive latex agglutination test kit (bcet-rpla) and the bacillus diarrhoeal enterotoxin visual immunoass ...200818474404
synthesis, characterization and biological aspects of novel five-coordinated dimeric-cu(ii) systems.the structural and spectroscopic properties of novel five-coordinated dimeric-cu(ii) system have been investigated. the biocidal activities of all eight compounds, ligands, cupric nitrate and standard drugs against six bacteria and three fungi were determined. the dna interaction activity of complexes was studied using spectrophotometry and electrophoresis. the superoxide dismutase (sod)-like activity of the complexes was compared with previously reported monomeric- and dimeric copper complexes. ...200818341262
qnr-like pentapeptide repeat proteins in gram-positive bacteria.to study the role of qnr-like pentapeptide repeat proteins (prps) from several gram-positive species with quinolone resistance in vitro.200818343805
iron(iii) complexes: preparation, characterization, antibacterial activity and dna-binding.iron(iii) have been combined to well known quinolones (ciprofloxacin) and some schiff bases with the help of coordination approach. characterization of these compounds have been done using elemental analysis, magnetic measurements, thermogravimetric analysis, ir, uv-vis, (1)h nmr and (13)c nmr spectral investigation. analytical studies suggest that the iron(iii)-quinolone complexes assume a six-coordinated dimeric distorted octahedral geometry. all the compounds show a good antibacterial activit ...200818343909
physico-chemical and hygienic property modifications of stainless steel surfaces induced by conditioning with food and detergent.the effect of repeated conditioning procedures (25 runs), consisting of soiling (milk and meat products) and cleaning steps, on the hygienic status, physico-chemical properties and surface chemical composition of stainless steel (ss) surfaces, was investigated. five sss differing in grade and finish were used. both soiling and surface cleaning/conditioning procedures resulted in a similar increase in the surface contamination with carbon, while the changes in the basic component of the surface f ...200818348006
dissemination of bacillus cereus in a paediatric intensive care unit traced to insufficient disinfection of reusable ventilator air-flow sensors.over a two-week period in november 2006, vancomycin-resistant bacillus cereus was isolated from respiratory samples from six ventilated paediatric intensive care unit (picu) patients. to investigate the possibility of a common source and extent of the dissemination, all procedures related to mechanical ventilation were monitored and surveillance cultures performed. b. cereus was isolated from reusable air-flow sensors, before and after on-site disinfection with 70% alcohol. the organism was also ...200818358564
antimicrobial activity of miconia species (melastomataceae).this work evaluated the antimicrobial activity of the methanol and chloroform extracts of the leaves of miconia cabucu, miconia rubiginosa, and miconia stenostachya using the disc-diffusion method. the results obtained showed that the methanol extracts of the leaves of m. rubiginosa and m. stenostachya and the chloroform extract of the leaves of m. cabucu presented antimicrobial activity against the tested microorganisms.200818361747
bacillus cereus peritonitis after cesarean section. 200818363475
heat resistance of bacillus cereus emetic toxin, cereulide.the study describes the effects of heating temperature and exposure time on the thermal stability of cereulide under different conditions (ph, presence/absence of oil phase and cereulide concentration).200818363653
the electrostatic driving force for nucleophilic catalysis in l-arginine deiminase: a combined experimental and theoretical study.l-arginine deiminase (adi) catalyzes the hydrolysis of l-arginine to form l-citrulline and ammonia via two partial reactions. a working model of the adi catalytic mechanism assumes nucleophilic catalysis by a stringently conserved active site cys and general acid-general base catalysis by a stringently conserved active site his. accordingly, in the first partial reaction, the cys attacks the substrate guanidino c zeta atom to form a tetrahedral covalent adduct, which is protonated by the his at ...200818366187
rapid polymerase chain reaction-based screening assay for bacterial biothreat agents.to design and evaluate a rapid polymerase chain reaction (pcr)-based assay for detecting eubacteria and performing early screening for selected class a biothreat bacterial pathogens.200818370996
in vitro toxicity of cereulide on porcine pancreatic langerhans islets.cereulide is a k(+) ionophore cytotoxic and mitochondriotoxic to primary cells and cell lines of human and other mammalian origins. it is a heat-stable, highly lipophilic (logk(ow) 5.96) peptide (1152 g mol(-1)) produced by certain strains of bacillus cereus, a bacterium connected to emetic food poisonings. in this study the pancreatic toxicity of purified cereulide, and cereulide-containing bacterial extracts, was studied using fetal porcine langerhans islets in culture. exposure to 1ngml(-1) o ...200818374382
the antimicrobial efficacy of plant essential oil combinations and interactions with food ingredients.the objective of this study was to evaluate the efficacy of plant essential oils (eos) in combination and to investigate the effect of food ingredients on their efficacy. the eos assessed in combination included basil, lemon balm, marjoram, oregano, rosemary, sage and thyme. combinations of eos were initially screened against bacillus cereus, escherichia coli, listeria monocytogenes and pseudomonas aeruginosa using the spot-on-agar test. the influence of varying concentrations of eo combinations ...200818378032
toward improving therapeutic regimens for bacillus endophthalmitis.bacillus cereus causes the most virulent and refractory form of endophthalmitis. the authors analyzed the effectiveness of early treatment with vancomycin or gatifloxacin, with or without dexamethasone, for experimental b. cereus endophthalmitis.200818385066
identification of novel hora-harbouring bacteria capable of spoiling beer.an atp-binding cassette (abc) multi-drug resistance (mdr) gene was found in 4 gram-positive bacterial isolates of environmental origin and found capable of spoiling beer. the bacteria isolated were bacillus cereus, bacillus licheniformis, paenibacillus humicus, and staphylococcus epidermidis; all of which were previously unappreciated as beer-spoilage bacteria. the mdr gene found in these bacteria has less than 37% similarity to known abc mdr proteins described for bacillus and staphylococcus, a ...200818389005
decontamination of fluid milk containing bacillus spores using commercial household products.although commercial sanitizers can inactivate bacterial spores in food processing environments, relatively little data exist as to the decontamination of products and surfaces by consumers using commercial household products. should a large scale bioterrorism incident occur in which consumer food products were contaminated with a pathogenic sporeformer such as bacillus anthracis, there may be a need to decontaminate these products before disposal as liquid or solid waste. studies were conducted ...200818389688
potential sources of microbial contamination of satsuma mandarin fruit in japan, from production through packing shed.potential sources of microbial contamination of satsuma mandarin fruit were investigated from production through the packing shed in the 2005 season. microbial counts in the peel and flesh during the fruit development stage were below 2.4 log cfu/g for bacteria and 3 log cfu/g for fungi, except for the peel in august and september. in the field environment, the highest microbial counts were found in fallen leaves on the ground, followed by soil, organic fertilizer, and agricultural water. only t ...200818389696
microbiological evaluation of stuffed mussels.stuffed mussel is a traditional food, sold by street vendors in coastal parts of turkey and other mediterranean countries. in the present study, the microbiological quality of not only the stuffing mixture, but also the outer surface of the stuffed mussels was evaluated for 1 year, and the effect of the ambient temperatures on the prevalence and the count levels of the microorganisms were evaluated. fifty samples (750 stuffed mussels in total) were collected periodically, and microbiological ana ...200818389710
structure of the exosporium and sublayers of spores of the bacillus cereus family revealed by electron crystallography.we report on the first step in mapping out the spatial location of structural proteins within the exosporium, namely a description of its three-dimensional architecture. using electron microscopy and image analysis, we have characterized crystalline fragments from the exosporium of bacillus cereus, b. thuringiensis and b. anthracis strains and identified up to three distinct crystal types. type i and type ii crystals were examined in three dimensions and shown to form arrays of interlinked crown ...200818399937
interactions of some common pathogenic bacteria with acanthamoeba polyphaga.protozoan grazing is a major trophic pathway whereby the biomass re-enters the food web. nonetheless, not all bacteria are digested by protozoa and the number known to evade digestion, resulting in their environmental augmentation, is increasing. we investigated the interactions of bacillus cereus, enterococcus faecalis, enteropathogenic escherichia coli (epec), listeria monocytogenes, salmonella enterica serovar typhimurium, and methicillin-sensitive staphylococcus aureus (mssa), with the amoeb ...200818399997
the antibacterial activity against mrsa strains and other bacteria of a <500da fraction from maggot excretions/secretions of lucilia sericata (diptera: calliphoridae).the application of lucilia sericata larvae to chronic, infected wounds results in the rapid elimination of infecting microorganisms, including mrsa. previously, we demonstrated in vitro antibacterial activity of native excretions/secretions (nes) from l. sericata and partially purified two low mass antibacterial compounds with masses of 0.5-10kda and <500da. the present study reports the antibacterial effects of the <500da fraction (es<500) on the growth and morphology of a range of bacteria, in ...200818400544
self-transfer and mobilisation capabilities of the pxo2-like plasmid pbt9727 from bacillus thuringiensis subsp. konkukian 97-27.recent characterisations of plasmids related to the anthrax virulence plasmids pxo1 and pxo2 in clinical isolates of bacillus cereus and bacillus thuringiensis have contributed to the emerging picture of a virulence-associated plasmid pool in the b. cereus sensu lato group. the family of pxo2-like plasmids includes the conjugative plasmid paw63 from the biopesticide strain b. thuringiensis subsp. kurstaki hd73 and the heretofore cryptic plasmid pbt9727 from the clinical strain b. thuringiensis s ...200818272219
defensive and simultaneous actions of glycoconjugates during spore decontamination.an estimated $1 billion was lost in decontaminating areas exposed to anthrax in the 2001 attacks. to counter the threat of biological attacks, an effective 'green' decontaminant is vital to minimize the consequences of such attacks. the objective of our research was to study the ability of glycoconjugate ligands to decontaminate bacillus cereus spores on hard surfaces. polyvalent glycoconjugates (also known as neoglycoconjugates) were tested during decontamination of b. cereus spores. resulting ...200818490004
isolation and characterization of zh14 with antiviral activity against tobacco mosaic virus.a large number of bacteria were isolated from plant samples and screened for antiviral activity against the tobacco mosaic virus (tmv). the bacterium zh14, which was isolated from chinese anxi oolong tea, secreted the antiviral substances, having 94.2% virus inhibition when the bacterial culture filtrate and tmv extract were mixed at a ratio of 1:1. the zh14 strain is a gram-positive, spore-forming rod and has the ability to degrade ribonucleic acid. based on its effectiveness on virus inhibitio ...200818535629
the succinate:menaquinone reductase of bacillus cereus: characterization of the membrane-bound and purified enzyme.utilization of external succinate by bacillus cereus and the properties of the purified succinate:menaquinone-7 reductase (sqr) were studied. bacillus cereus cells showed a poor ability for the uptake of and respiratory utilization of exogenous succinate, thus suggesting that b. cereus lacks a specific succinate uptake system. indeed, the genes coding for a succinate-fumarate transport system were missing from the genome database of b. cereus. kinetic studies of membranes indicated that the redu ...200818535631
antimicrobial activity of bacterial isolates from different floral sources of honey.more than two thousand bacterial strains isolated from six us domestic honeys and two manuka honeys from new zealand were screened for production of antimicrobial compounds. a high incidence of antimicrobial inhibition determined by deferred inhibition assays was observed with the bacterial isolates from all eight honey samples. in total, 2217 isolates out of 2398 strains (92.5% of total isolates) exhibited antimicrobial activity against at least one of the tested microorganisms. antifungal acti ...200818538876
effective chemical control of psychrotrophic bacillus cereus epso-35as and inra tz415 spore outgrowth in carrot broth.the growth kinetic parameters of germinated cells from heat-activated spores of the psychrotrophic bacillus cereus epso-35as strain in nutrient broth (nb) and in tyndallized carrot broth (tcb) were evaluated at different temperatures (8, 12, and 16 degrees c) for control samples and for samples acidified with citric acid or lemon juice at ph values between 4.7 and 5.5. lowering the ph from 7.4 or 6.2 to 5.2 inhibited bacterial growth in both tested media after 60 days at 12 degrees c and lower t ...200818541171
a bacillus thuringiensis strain producing a polyglutamate capsule resembling that of bacillus anthracis.bacillus thuringiensis serovar monterrey strain bgsc 4aj1 produced a microscopically visible capsule that reacted with a fluorescent antibody specific for the poly-gamma-d-glutamic acid (pga) capsule of bacillus anthracis. pga capsule biosynthesis genes with 75%, 81%, 72%, 65% and 63% similarity, respectively, to those of the b. anthracis capbcade cluster were present on a plasmid (paj1-1). strain bgsc 4aj1, together with five strains of bacillus cereus that hybridized to a pga cap gene probe, w ...200818549401
the 1.25 a resolution structure of phosphoribosyl-atp pyrophosphohydrolase from mycobacterium tuberculosis.phosphoribosyl-atp pyrophosphohydrolase is the second enzyme in the histidine-biosynthetic pathway, irreversibly hydrolyzing phosphoribosyl-atp to phosphoribosyl-amp and pyrophosphate. it is encoded by the hise gene, which is present as a separate gene in many bacteria and archaea but is fused to hisi in other bacteria, fungi and plants. because of its essentiality for growth in vitro, hise is a potential drug target for tuberculosis. the crystal structures of two native (uncomplexed) forms of h ...200818560150
saccharides cross-reactive with bacillus anthracis spore glycoprotein as an anthrax vaccine component.bacillus anthracis is a spore-forming bacterium that causes anthrax in humans and in other mammals. the glycoprotein bcla (bacillus collagen-like protein of anthracis) is a major constituent of the exosporium, the outermost surface of b. anthracis spores. the glycosyl part of bcla is an oligosaccharide composed of 2-o-methyl-4-(3-hydroxy-3-methylbutanamido)-4,6-dideoxy-d-glucose, referred to as anthrose, and three rhamnose residues. a structure similar to anthrose, 4-(3-hydroxy-3-methylbutanamid ...200818562275
evaluation and control of the risk of foodborne pathogens and spoilage bacteria present in awa-uirou, a sticky rice cake containing sweet red bean paste.the risk of food poisoning and growth of spoilage bacteria in awa-uirou, a sticky rice cake containing sweet red bean paste, was evaluated. toxin-producing bacteria such as staphylococcus aureus and bacillus cereus are the main causes of food poisoning linked to this kind of food. the water activity in this product is in the range suitable for growth of s. aureus, b. cereus, and b. subtilis. the viable count of s. aureus or b. cereus spore cocktail was significantly reduced to 2.3 log colony-for ...200818564913
challenge testing the lactoperoxidase system against a range of bacteria using different activation agents.lactoperoxidase (lp) exerts antimicrobial effects in combination with h(2)o(2) and either thiocyanate (scn(-)) or a halide (e.g., i(-)). garlic extract in the presence of ethanol has also been used to activate the lp system. this study aimed to determine the effects of 3 lp activation systems (lp+scn(-)+h(2)o(2); lp+i(-)+h(2)o(2); lp + garlic extract + ethanol) on the growth and activity of 3 test organisms (staphylococcus aureus, pseudomonas aeruginosa, and bacillus cereus). sterilized milk was ...200818565914
antagonism between bacillus cereus and pseudomonas fluorescens in planktonic systems and in biofilms.in the environment, many microorganisms coexist in communities competing for resources, and they are often associated as biofilms. the investigation of bacterial ecology and interactions may help to improve understanding of the ability of biofilms to persist. in this study, the behaviour of bacillus cereus and pseudomonas fluorescens in the planktonic and sessile states was compared. planktonic tests were performed with single and dual species cultures in growth medium with and without supplemen ...200818576180
the combined effects of high pressure and nisin on germination and inactivation of bacillus spores in milk.the aim of this work was to investigate the germination and inactivation of spores of bacillus species in buffer and milk subjected to high pressure (hp) and nisin.200818248377
alkyl deoxy-arabino-hexopyranosides: synthesis, surface properties, and biological activities.octyl and dodecyl glycosides possessing 2-deoxy-arabino-hexopyranoside moieties belonging to the d- and l-series in their alpha- and beta-forms were synthesized by reaction of an acetyl protected glycal with octanol or dodecanol, catalyzed by triphenylphosphine hydrobromide, followed by deprotection. their surface properties were studied and discussed in terms of the adsorption and aggregation parameters, pc(20), cmc, and gamma(cmc). the antimicrobial activities were assessed using the paper dis ...200818249550
evaluation of in vitro cr(vi) reduction potential in cytosolic extracts of three indigenous bacillus sp. isolated from cr(vi) polluted industrial landfill.three efficient cr(vi) reducing bacterial strains were isolated from cr(vi) polluted landfill and characterized for in vitro cr(vi) reduction. phylogenetic analysis using 16s rrna gene sequencing revealed that the newly isolated strains g1dm20, g1dm22 and g1dm64 were closely related to bacillus cereus, bacillus fusiformis and bacillus sphaericus, respectively. the suspended cultures of all bacillus sp. exhibited more than 85% reduction of 1000 microm cr(vi) within 30 h. the suspended culture of ...200818255287
antibacterial and antifungal activities of different parts of tribulus terrestris l. growing in iraq.antimicrobial activity of organic and aqueous extracts from fruits, leaves and roots of tribulus terrestris l., an iraqi medicinal plant used as urinary anti-infective in folk medicine, was examined against 11 species of pathogenic and non-pathogenic microorganisms: staphylococcus aureus, bacillus subtilis, bacillus cereus, corynebacterium diphtheriae, escherichia coli, proteus vulgaris, serratia marcescens, salmonella typhimurium, klebsiella pneumoniae, pseudomonas aeruginosa and candida albica ...200818257138
expression and characterization of aiia gene from bacillus subtilis bs-1.ahl-lactonase (aiia), a metallo-beta-lactamase produced by bacillus thuringiensis, bacillus cereus and bacillus anthracis, specifically hydrolyzes n-acyl-homoserine lactones (ahls) secreted by gram-negative bacteria and thereby attenuates the symptoms caused by plant pathogens. in this study, an aiia gene was cloned from bacillus subtilis bs-1 by pcr with a pair of degenerate primers. the deduced 250 amino acid sequence contained two small conserved regions, 103shlhfdh109 and 166tpghtpgh173, whi ...200818261893
bacillus cereus induces permeability of an in vitro blood-retina barrier.most bacillus cereus toxin production is controlled by the quorum-sensing-dependent, pleiotropic global regulator plcr, which contributes to the organism's virulence in the eye. the purpose of this study was to analyze the effects of b. cereus infection and plcr-regulated toxins on the barrier function of retinal pigment epithelium (rpe) cells, the primary cells of the blood-retina barrier. human arpe-19 cells were apically inoculated with wild-type or quorum-sensing-deficient b. cereus, and cyt ...200818268029
glycoconjugates enhanced the intracellular killing of bacillus spores, increasing macrophage viability and activation.infections caused by bacillus spores can be attenuated if the intracellular killing of the organism by macrophages can be enhanced. glycoconjugate-bearing polymers, which selectively bind to bacillus spores, were tested for modulation of intracellular killing when added prior to, during, and following macrophage exposure to b. cereus spores. in the absence of glycoconjugates, murine macrophages were ineffective at killing bacillus spores. in presence of glycoconjugates, however, macrophages effi ...200818270686
molecular basis for group-specific activation of the virulence regulator plcr by papr heptapeptides.the transcriptional regulator plcr and its cognate cell-cell signalling peptide papr form a quorum-sensing system that controls the expression of extra-cellular virulence factors in various species of the bacillus cereus group. plcr and papr alleles are clustered into four groups defining four pherotypes. however, the molecular basis for group specificity remains elusive, largely because the biologically relevant papr form is not known. here, we show that the in vivo active form of papr is the c ...200818492723
response of endophytic bacterial communities in banana tissue culture plantlets to fusarium wilt pathogen infection.endophytic bacteria reside within plant hosts without having pathogenic effects, and various endophytes have been found to functionally benefit plant disease suppressive ability. in this study, the influence of banana plant stress on the endophytic bacterial communities, which was achieved by infection with the wilt pathogen fusarium oxysporum f. sp. cubense, was examined by cultivation-independent denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis analysis of 16s ribosomal dna directly amplified from plan ...200818497482
diversity of spore germination in response to inosine and l-alanine and its interaction with nacl and ph in the bacillus cereus group.our aim was to assess the diversity of the nutrient germination response of bacillus cereus spores.200818498350
pah-degrading microbial consortium and its pyrene-degrading plasmids from mangrove sediment samples in huian, china.pah-degrading microbial consortium and its pyrene-degrading plasmids were enriched from the sediment samples of huian mangroves. the consortium yl showed degrading abilities of 92.1%, 87.6%, 92.3%, and 95.8% for pyrene, fluoranthene, phenanthrene, and fluoene at 50 mg l(-1) after 21 days incubation, respectively. the dynamics of ph changes in the cultures was consistent with that of pah concentration change. bacillus cereus py5 and bacillus megaterium py6 were isolated from the consortium and ob ...200818501387
sphingomyelinase acts by an area-activated mechanism on the liquid-expanded phase of sphingomyelin monolayers.we describe the localization of alexa-488-labeled smase in sm/ceramide (cer) lipid monolayers containing segregated liquid-condensed (lc) cer-enriched domains surrounded by a continuous liquid-expanded (le) sm-enriched phase. langmuir-schaefer films were made in order to visualize the labeled enzyme. independently of initial conditions alexa-smase is preferably localized in the sm-enriched le phase and it is not enriched at the domain boundaries. a novel mechanism is proposed for the action of s ...200818509194
antimicrobial protein from streptomyces fulvissimus inhibitory to methicillin resistant staphylococcus aureus.fermented culture of streptomyces fulvissimus was found to secrete an antibacterial protein inhibitory to micrococcus luteus, bacillus subtilis, bacillus cereus and methicillin resistant staphylococcus aureus (mrsa) strains. the extracellular protein from the fermented culture on concentration revealed a high molecular weight peptide of 63kda on sds-page gel and the region on gel displayed inhibitory activity against methicillin resistant staphylococcus aureus. bioactivity of the extra cellular ...200818512335
collagen's triglycine repeat number and phylogeny suggest an interdomain transfer event from a devonian or silurian organism into trichodesmium erythraeum.two competing effects at two vastly different scales may explain collagen's current translation length. the necessity to have long molecules for maintaining mechanical integrity at the organism and supraorganism scales may be limited by the need to have small molecules capable of robust self-assembly at the nanoscale. the triglycine repeat regions of all 556 currently cataloged organisms with collagen-like genes were ranked by length. this revealed a sharp boundary in the gxy transcript number a ...200818521530
ecological consequences of ingestion of bacillus cereus on bacillus thuringiensis infections and on the gut flora of a lepidopteran host.the bacillus cereus group comprises a diverse array of non-pathogenic bacteria as well as pathogens such as bacillus thuringiensis. their spores are found together in soil and leaves and are therefore likely to commonly interact within hosts. mixed infections of pathogenic b. thuringiensis and non-pathogenic strains have been little studied, despite their potential impact on biological control and the evolutionary ecology of virulence. antibiotic secreting strains of b. cereus have been shown to ...200818533180
riboswitches in eubacteria sense the second messenger cyclic di-gmp.cyclic di-guanosine monophosphate (di-gmp) is a circular rna dinucleotide that functions as a second messenger in diverse species of bacteria to trigger wide-ranging physiological changes, including cell differentiation, conversion between motile and biofilm lifestyles, and virulence gene expression. however, the mechanisms by which cyclic di-gmp regulates gene expression have remained a mystery. we found that cyclic di-gmp in many bacterial species is sensed by a riboswitch class in messenger r ...200818635805
the in vitro pharmacological activities of 12 south african hermannia species.hermannia species are widely used in traditional medicine in southern africa, however no extensive study has been conducted on this genus. the acetone extracts of 12 indigenous hermannia species (flowers, stems and leaves combined) were evaluated for various pharmacological activities. all investigated species displayed promising antimicrobial activity, with hermannia saccifera being the most active against staphylococcus aureus (mic=19.5 microg/ml), bacillus cereus (mic=19.5 microg/ml) and ente ...200818640257
the bacillus cereus gern and gert protein homologs have distinct roles in spore germination and outgrowth, respectively.the gert protein of bacillus cereus shares 74% amino acid identity with its homolog gern. the latter is a na(+)/h(+)-k(+) antiporter that is required for normal spore germination in inosine. the germination properties of single and double mutants of b. cereus atcc 10876 reveal that unlike gern, which is required for all germination responses that involve the geri germinant receptor, the gert protein does not have a significant role in germination, although it is required for the residual geri-me ...200818641133
enteric bacteria isolated from acute diarrheal patients in the republic of korea between the year 2004 and 2006.in an epidemiological survey of human enterobacterial infections in the republic of korea during three years from 2004 to 2006, we isolated 1,784 (6.2%, isolation rate of enteropathogens from stool samples) in 2004, 2,547 (9.5%) in 2005 and 3,506 bacteria (12.3%) from people who visited clinics. among the isolated bacteria, pathogenic escherichia coli, especially, eaec was the most frequently identified pathogen in both urban and rural regions followed by staphylococcus aureus, salmonella specie ...200818604503
crystallization and preliminary x-ray crystallographic studies of a pduo-type atp:cob(i)alamin adenosyltransferase from bacillus cereus.cobalamin adenosyltransferases transfer a 5'-deoxyadenosyl moiety from atp and covalently attach it to the cobalt(i) ion of the corrin ring of cobalamin to generate adenosylcobalamin. the pduo-type adenosyltransferase from bacillus cereus was overexpressed in escherichia coli, purified and crystallized as the apoenzyme as well as in complex with mg(2+) and atp (mgatp). diffraction data were collected to 1.9 a resolution for the native crystals and 2.0 a resolution for the complexed crystals. bot ...200818607099
synthesis and antimicrobial studies of novel 1-benzhydryl-piperazine sulfonamide and carboxamide derivatives.a series of novel substituted 1-benzhydryl-piperazine sulfonamide 8(a-f) and benzamides 9(a-h) were synthesized and their antimicrobial activities evaluated in vitro by paper disc diffusion and micro dilution method against standard strains of gram-positive (staphylococcus aureus atcc 25953, staphylococcus epidermis 25212, bacillus cereus 11778, bacillus substilis 6051) and gram-negative (escherichia coli atcc 25922, pseudomonas aeruginosa atcc 2853, proteus vulgaris atcc 2853 and salmonella typ ...200818608768
bacteriocin-producing lactobacillus strains isolated from poto poto, a congolese fermented maize product, and genetic fingerprinting of their plantaricin operons.thirty one bacteriocin-producing lactobacillus isolates were identified among 135 lactobacilli isolated from the congolese fermented maize product poto poto, during the preparation and from the finished product. using species-specific pcr and 16s rrna gene sequencing, 28 and 3 isolates were identified as l. plantarum and l. fermentum, respectively. cluster analysis of rapd-pcr fingerprints revealed two main groups (g1 and g2) plus the l. fermentum isolate c4-13. group g1 contained 23 isolates wi ...200818620772
inhibition of bacillus cereus and bacillus weihenstephanensis in raw vegetables by application of washing solutions containing enterocin as-48 alone and in combination with other antimicrobials.enterocin as-48 is a broad-spectrum cyclic antimicrobial peptide produced by enterococcus faecalis. in the present study, the bacteriocin was tested alone and in combination with other antimicrobials for decontamination of bacillus inoculated on alfalfa, soybean sprouts and green asparagus. washing with enterocin as-48 solutions reduced viable cell counts of bacillus cereus and bacillus weihenstephanensis by 1.0-1.5 and by 1.5-2.38 log units right after application of treatment, respectively. in ...200818620967
amide bonds assemble pili on the surface of bacilli.pilin precursors are the building blocks of pili on the surface of gram-positive bacteria; however, the assembly mechanisms of these adhesive fibers are unknown. here, we describe the chemical bonds that assemble bcpa pilin subunits on the surface of bacillus cereus. sortase d cleaves bcpa precursor between the threonine (t) and the glycine (g) residues of its lpxtg sorting signal and catalyzes formation of an amide bond between threonine (t) of the sorting signal and lysine (k) in the ypkn moti ...200818621716
antibacterial activity of labdane diterpenoids from stemodia foliosa.as part of a continuing interest in exploring the chemistry of brazilian medicinal plants, three new labdane diterpenoids, 6alpha-acetoxymanoyl oxide (1), 6alpha-malonyloxymanoyl oxide (2), and 6alpha-malonyloxy-n-butyl ester manoyl oxide (3), together with the known betulinic acid, lupeol, sitosterol, and stigmasterol, were isolated from the aerial parts of stemodia foliosa. the structures of 1-3 were established on the basis of interpretation of spectroscopic data, including hresims, and 1d an ...200818582112
screening of some tanzanian medicinal plants from bunda district for antibacterial, antifungal and antiviral activities.extracts from 50 plant parts obtained from 39 different plants belonging to 22 families used to treat infectious diseases in bunda district, tanzania, were screened against twelve microorganisms, including the bacteria bacillus cereus, staphylococcus aureus, escherichia coli, pseudomonas aeruginosa, klebsiella pneumoniae and salmonella typhimurium, the fungi aspergillus niger, candida albicans, and the viruses herpes simplex virus type 1, vesicular stomatitis virus t2, coxsackie b2 and semliki f ...200818582554
evaluation of the plasmid copy number in b. cereus spores, during germination, bacterial growth and sporulation using real-time pcr.only a small number of studies have measured the plasmid copy number (pcn) variation during bacterial growth. besides, information about the pcn in spores is still rare. in this work, we utilized a real-time pcr assay to evaluate the pcn of four different plasmids in bacillus cereus. the pcn was measured in spores as well as during germination, active bacterial growth, and sporulation. plasmid stability was also evaluated to ensure that plasmid loss does not affect the accuracy of the pcn measur ...200818582938
a new protein architecture for processing alkylation damaged dna: the crystal structure of dna glycosylase alkd.dna glycosylases safeguard the genome by locating and excising chemically modified bases from dna. alkd is a recently discovered bacterial dna glycosylase that removes positively charged methylpurines from dna, and was predicted to adopt a protein fold distinct from from those of other dna repair proteins. the crystal structure of bacillus cereus alkd presented here shows that the protein is composed exclusively of helical heat-like repeats, which form a solenoid perfectly shaped to accommodate ...200818585735
a role for tumor necrosis factor-alpha in experimental bacillus cereus endophthalmitis pathogenesis.to determine the contribution of tumor necrosis factor-alpha (tnfalpha) in the pathogenesis of experimental bacillus cereus endophthalmitis.200818586878
survey of group i and group ii introns in 29 sequenced genomes of the bacillus cereus group: insights into their spread and evolution.group i and group ii introns are different catalytic self-splicing and mobile rna elements that contribute to genome dynamics. in this study, we have analyzed their distribution and evolution in 29 sequenced genomes from the bacillus cereus group of bacteria. introns were of different structural classes and evolutionary origins, and a large number of nearly identical elements are shared between multiple strains of different sources, suggesting recent lateral transfers and/or that introns are und ...200818587153
[cloning and characterization of ectabc cluster from bacillus alcalophilus dty1].bacillus alcalophilus dty1, one moderate halophytic bacterium isolated from saline soil in loess plateau of china, was characterized with efficient production of ectoine. in this study, the gene cluster ectabc taking in charge of biosynthesizing ectoine was cloned from the genomic library of strain dty1. nucleotide sequencing indicated that ecta, ectb and ectc were predicted to encode peptides of 169, 428 and 132 amino acids, respectively. the deduced amino acid sequences of ecta, ectb and ectc ...200818589814
levels and toxigenicity of bacillus cereus and clostridium perfringens from retail seafood.for the period 1990 through 2003, seafood was the most commonly identified food linked to foodborne outbreaks in the united states. fish as a commodity has rarely been examined for the presence of bacillus cereus in particular. for the present study, 347 fresh and processed retail seafood samples were examined for the presence of clostridium botulinum, clostridium perfringens, and b. cereus. the presence of c. botulinum was not confirmed in any of the isolates, but c. perfringens was confirmed i ...200818592743
[markers for species-specific detection of bacteria from bacillus cereus group].rpob and gyr genes (and their fragments) of chromosomal dna of bacteria from bacillus cereus group - b. anthracis, b. cereus, and b. thuringiensis - which are the potential markers for their genotyping were sequenced and phylogenetic trees were constructed. sets of primers for species-specific detection of b. anthracis, b. cereus, and b. thuringiensis by multiplex polymerase chain reaction were designed. also primers sets, which allow to differentiate strains of b. anthracis with various plasmid ...200818595460
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