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evidence for the possible existence of a remnant l-gulono-gamma-lactone oxidase (gulo) gene in a teleost genome.dna fragments related to the cloudy catshark scyliorhinus torazame l-gulono-gamma-lactone oxidase (gulo) cdna were detected in a distant fish species. although the southern hybridization pattern was more distinct in species with active gulo, dna fragments related to the gulo gene were also discovered in the common carp cyprinus carpio. additionally, in the common carp, inter-individual variation of the hybridization pattern was observed. regular screening of available teleost fish gene libraries ...201020420195
hybrid elisas for vitellogenins of the endangered copper redhorse moxostoma hubbsi and the shorthead redhorse moxostoma macrolepidotum (cypriniformes, catostomidae).the shorthead redhorse (sr) moxostoma macrolepidotum is endemic in north america, while in canada the copper redhorse (cr) moxostoma hubbsi is classified as endangered. a commercial heterologous carp vitellogenin (vtg) sandwich elisa underestimates vtgs in these species. hybrid elisas, using anti-carp vtg antibodies and purified sr- and cr-vtgs as standards, were validated to measure vtgs in plasma and surface mucus of redhorse species. the hybrid elisas showed good precision, sensitivity and ac ...201020398938
comparative toxicological studies of distillery effluent treatments such as uasb reactor followed by an oxidizer unit using cyprinus carpio fish.the aim of the present study was to evaluate the acute toxicity of anaerobically treated distillery effluent and oxidized effluent on freshwater fish, cyprinus carpio. the untreated distillery effluent (sample a) was treated with up-flow anaerobic sludge blanket (uasb) reactor (sample b) and followed by an oxidizer system (sample c and d) under optimized conditions. the comparative acute toxicity of sample a and treated effluents (sample b, c and d) was studied using cyprinus carpio (common carp ...201020391803
dietary inclusion of detoxified jatropha curcas kernel meal: effects on growth performance and metabolic efficiency in common carp, cyprinus carpio l.jatropha curcas is a multipurpose and drought-resistant shrub or small tree widespread all over the tropics and subtropics. its seeds are rich in oil, and the jatropha kernel meal obtained after oil extraction is rich in protein. however, presence of toxic and antinutritional constituents restricts its use in fish feed. jatropha kernel meal was detoxified. common carp, cyprinus carpio, fingerlings (15; av. body mass 10.9±0.65 g) were randomly distributed in three groups with five replicates. a 6 ...201020369288
application of a modified enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for 3-amino-2-oxazolidinone residue in aquatic animals.furazolidone has been banned from use in food animals because of its carcinogenicity and mutagenicity, but its continued misuse is widespread in aquacultures. therefore, there is an urgent need for a simple, reliable, and rapid method for the detection of its marker residue, 3-amino-2-oxazolidinone (aoz), in aquatic products. in this regard, we modified a simplified indirect competitive enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ic-elisa) to address this need. a good linearity was achieved over a concen ...201020363397
purification and characterization of parvalbumins from silver carp (hypophthalmichthy molitrix).as the largest producer and consumer of freshwater fish in the world, many people suffer from allergy for consuming freshwater fish in china. however, the allergen profiles of freshwater fish are rarely known.201020355144
developmental expression of steroidogenic factor-1, cyp19a1a and cyp19a1b from common carp (cyprinus carpio).steroidogenic factor-1 (sf-1), cyp19a1a and cyp19a1b play pivotal roles in vertebrate steroidogenesis and reproduction. in this study, a sf-1 cdna (eu022463) was cloned from common carp (cyprinus carpio). the transcript contains a 1509 base pair (bp) open reading frame (orf) encoding a 503 amino acid sequence. comparisons of deduced amino acid sequences demonstrated that carp sf-1 is highly homologous with those of other vertebrates. tissue specific expressions of sf-1, cyp19a1a and cyp19a1b mrn ...201020338172
construction of a genetic linkage map for silver carp (hypophthalmichthys molitrix).for silver carp (hypophthalmichthys molitrix), a combined microsatellite (or simple sequence repeat) and amplified fragment length polymorphism (aflp) sex average linkage map was constructed. a total of 483 markers (245 microsatellites and 238 aflps) were assigned to 33 linkage groups. the map spanned 1352.2 cm, covering 86.4% of the estimated genome size of silver carp. the maximum and average spaces between 420 loci were 21.5 cm and 3.2 cm, respectively. the length of linkage groups ranged fro ...201020331598
peptidergic modulation of serotonin and nerve elicited responses of the salivary duct muscle in the snail, helix pomatia.in the present study, the ability of a range of endogenous neuropeptides to modulate neuromuscular transmission was examined in the salivary duct neuromuscular preparation of the terrestrial snail, helix pomatia. immunohistochemical and physiological techniques were used to localize the neuropeptides (gspyfvamide, carp, fmrfamide and apgwamide) and to investigate whether contractions elicited by the stimulation of the salivary nerve or by exogenously applied 5-ht are subject to peptidergic modul ...201020307609
histological study of the dynamics in epidermis regeneration of the carp tail fin (cyprinus carpio, linnaeus, 1758).teleostean fins when partially amputated suffer a regenerative process called epimorphic regeneration, characterized by the following stages: healing, based on the formation of a multistratified epidermal layer, the formation of a mass of pluripotent cells known as blastema, the differentiation of these cells, the synthesis and disposition of the extracellular matrix, morphological growth and restoration. the epidermis has a fundamental role in the regenerative process of fish fins, as the heali ...201020231981
isolation and characterization of transferrin from common carp (cyprinus carpio l) seminal plasma.transferrin (tf) in fish is recognized as a component of non-specific humoral defense mechanisms against bacteria. it is a major protein of common carp seminal plasma but its structure and localization in carp testis is unknown. in this study we developed a simple and efficient three-step purification procedure consisting of affinity chromatography (con a-sepharose), hydrophobic interaction chromatography (phenyl sepharose) and gel filtration (superdex 200). the molecular mass of tf has been det ...201020219684
generic parameterization for a pharmacokinetic model to predict cd concentrations in several tissues of different fish species.in the present work, a set of generic parameters was proposed for a pharmacokinetic model, with the objective of predicting cd concentration in the tissues of diverse fish species under different environmental conditions. cd concentrations in a number of tissues of oncorhynchus mykiss and cyprinus carpio were estimated by a structurally identifiable multicompartmental model (unique solution). the 13 generic parameters of the model comprised exchange rates, tissue-blood partition coefficients, an ...201020202672
tailfin clipping, a painful procedure: studies on nile tilapia and common carp.the fish welfare debate is intensifying. consequently, more research is carried out to further our knowledge on fish welfare in aquaculture. we define here a series of key parameters to substantiate an acute response to a supposedly painful stimulus: a standardized tailfin clip. ultrastructural analysis of common carp (cyprinus carpio) tailfin indicates the presence of a-δ and c-type axons, which are typical for transmitting nociceptive signals in (higher) vertebrates. in nile tilapia (oreochrom ...201020705079
hbcd stereoisomer pattern in mirror carps following dietary exposure to pure gamma-hbcd enantiomers.1,2,5,6,9,10-hexabromocyclododecane (hbcd) is a brominated flame retardant consisting of a mixture of diastereomeric pairs of enantiomers that is a known omnipresent, environmental contaminant. the present study investigated the possibility of bioisomerization of hbcd stereoisomers. therefore, mirror carps (cyprinus carpio morpha noblis) were exposed to pure (+)- and (-)-gamma-hbcd, randomly sampled biweekly over a period of three and a half months and the fillets were subjected to enantiomer-sp ...201020698553
alterations in mrna expression of acetylcholinesterase in brain and muscle of common carp exposed to atrazine and chlorpyrifos.the uses of pesticides and herbicides have become an integral part of modern agricultural systems. the intensive use of pesticides chlorpyrifos (cpf) and herbicides atrazine (atr) has resulted in serious environmental problems. herein, we have developed real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction assays for common carp (cyprinus carpio l.) mrna. the levels of ache mrna were evaluated in brain and muscle collected from common carp by treatment of atr, cpf, and their mixture. the decreased tr ...201020696475
mercury and polychlorinated biphenyls in asian market fish: a response to results from mercury biomonitoring in new york city.in 2004, the new york city (nyc) health and nutrition examination survey measured the highest blood mercury levels in asian and foreign-born chinese demographic groups. fish consumption was the strongest predictor of exposure. the survey did not inquire about consumption of individual species, and subsequent visits to fish markets serving the asian community suggested that many popular species lack contaminant data. our objective was to supplement existing information on contaminants in commerci ...201020691969
experimental xylazine-ketamine anesthesia in the common carp (cyprinus carpio).the potential anesthetic effect of ketamine in combination with xylazine was examined in the common carp (cyprinus carpio). anesthesia (indicated by cessation of voluntary swimming and loss of responses to pinching the skin with forceps and pricking the tail with a needle) was induced by mixing 14.4 ml of ketamine (5% solution), or 11.4 ml of xylazine (2% solution), or both, in 10 l of water containing 10 fish/group. xylazine alone induced sedation and anesthesia in 5-12.3 min with a mean durati ...201020688657
percoll gradient separation of cryopreserved common carp spermatozoa to obtain a fraction with higher motility, velocity and membrane integrity.we attempted to select a fraction of common carp, cyprinus carpio spermatozoa that best survived a conventional freeze/thaw procedure, by centrifugation of frozen/thawed sperm through a percoll gradient (45% and 90%). the proportion of motile spermatozoa (65.81 ± 5.19%), their velocity (77.58 ± 31.07 μm/sec), and membrane integrity (83.66 ± 4.38% intact) were significantly higher in separated sperm than in whole samples (motility 23.36 ± 2.98%, velocity 55.55 ± 19.03 μm/sec, and membrane integri ...201020688378
diagnostic techniques and treatments for internal disorders of koi (cyprinus carpio).the most common problems that occur in koi involve external pathogens and environmental conditions. techniques for external fish examination and water quality analysis have been well described in the veterinary literature. however, there are also some internal disorders of koi, such as gas bladder abnormalities affecting the fish's buoyancy, neoplasia, egg binding (roe retention), and spinal disorders that can be diagnosed with common veterinary medical procedures. diagnostic techniques along wi ...201020682423
fibular dimelia and mirror polydactyly of the foot in a girl presenting additional features of the vacterl association.the association between fibular dimelia and mirror polydactyly of the foot is considered to be a very rare lower-limb abnormality. on the other hand, vacterl is an acronym for a nonrandom association of congenital anomalies for which the etiology is still poorly understood.201020676578
impacts of manipulated regime shifts in shallow lake model ecosystems on the fate of hydrophobic organic compounds.regime shifts in shallow lakes may significantly affect partitioning of sediment-bound hydrophobic organic chemicals (hocs) such as polychlorobiphenyls (pcb) and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (pah). in replicated experimental model ecosystems mimicking the alternative stable states 'macrophyte-dominated' and 'suspended solid - phytoplankton dominated', we tested the effects of macrophytes and benthivorous fish presence on mass distribution and bioaccumulation of hexachlorobenzene, pcbs and pa ...201020673943
evaluation of isoeugenol for anesthesia in koi carp (cyprinus carpio).to evaluate isoeugenol as an anesthetic agent in koi carp.201020673083
macroh2a subtypes contribute antagonistically to the transcriptional regulation of the ribosomal cistron during seasonal acclimatization of the carp fish.incorporation of histone variants into chromatin is one of the epigenetic mechanisms used for regulation of gene expression. macro (m)h2a is a histone variant that has two different subtypes in vertebrates: mh2a1 and mh2a2. it is known that mh2a is associated with gene silencing, but recent studies indicate that these mh2a subtypes could contribute more widely to transcriptional regulation. we have previously demonstrated that the gene-reprogramming response mediates adaptation of the carp fish ...201020670405
evaluating the impacts of osmotic and oxidative stress on common carp (cyprinus carpio, l.) sperm caused by cryopreservation techniques.cryopreservation causes osmotic changes and oxidative damage that have sublethal and lethal effects on spermatozoa. we examined these osmotic and oxidative effects on common carp spermatozoa motility; membrane integrity; levels of thiobarbituric-acid-reactive substance (tbars) and carbonyl groups (cp); and the activity of superoxide dismutase (sod), glutathione reductase, and glutathione peroxidase (gpx). sperm was diluted in dimethyl sulfoxide (dmso) and ethylene glycol-based extenders, followe ...201020668258
contribution of fecal egestion to the whole body elimination of polychlorinated biphenyls by japanese koi (cyprinus carpio).this research investigated dose-dependent whole body and fecal elimination of 39 polychlorinated biphenyl (pcb) congeners spanning a range of chemical hydrophobicities (log kow) by the japanese koi (cyprinus carpio). both whole body (ktot) and fecal (keg) pcb congener elimination rate coefficients were negatively correlated with log kow and observed to be dose independent. pcb congener ktot values determined for koi were representative of those generated for fish species of similar size and rear ...201020666556
identification of parvalbumin-like protein as a major protein of common carp (cyprinus carpio l) spermatozoa which appears during final stage of spermatogenesis.parvalbumin is well known as the major fish allergen that is typically present in high amounts in muscles, where it functions in calcium buffering and is involved in the relaxation process in fast-twitch muscles. we show in our current study that parvalbumin-like protein is present in high amounts in carp spermatozoa. it is the first report to demonstrate the presence of parvalbumin-like protein in fish spermatozoa. using antibodies produced against purified carp parvalbumin-like protein, we loc ...201020601062
statistical evaluation of fatty acid profile and cholesterol content in fish (common carp) lipids obtained by different sample preparation procedures.studies performed on lipid extraction from animal and fish tissues do not provide information on its influence on fatty acid composition of the extracted lipids as well as on cholesterol content. data presented in this paper indicate the impact of extraction procedures on fatty acid profile of fish lipids extracted by the modified soxhlet and ase (accelerated solvent extraction) procedure. cholesterol was also determined by direct saponification method, too. student's paired t-test used for comp ...201020579492
color encoded microbeads-based flow cytometric immunoassay for polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in food.food contamination caused by chemical hazards such as persistent organic pollutants (pops) is a worldwide public health concern and requires continuous monitoring. the chromatography-based analysis methods for pops are accurate and quite sensitive but they are time-consuming, laborious and expensive. thus, there is a need for validated simplified screening tools, which are inexpensive, rapid, have automation potential and can detect multiple pops simultaneously. in this study we developed a flow ...201020579482
trophodynamics of hexabromocyclododecanes and several other non-pbde brominated flame retardants in a freshwater food web.several currently used non-polybrominated diphenyl ether (pbde) brominated flame retardants (bfrs), including hexabromocyclododecanes (hbcds), 1,2-bis(2,4,6-tribromophenoxy)ethane (btbpe), decabromodiphenyl ethane (dbdpe), hexabromobenzene (hbb), pentabromoethylbenzene (pbeb), and pentabromotoluene (pbt), are examined in the components of a freshwater food web from an electronic waste recycling site, south china. all these bfrs are detectable in the food web, with average concentrations of 13.9- ...201020575536
estrogenic effects, reproductive impairment and developmental toxicity in ovoviparous swordtail fish (xiphophorus helleri) exposed to perfluorooctane sulfonate (pfos).due to the wide distribution and persistence of perfluorooctane sulfonate (pfos), an increasing number of studies are focusing on the toxicological effects of pfos exposure in mammalian and fish model species. the results of these studies (on estrogenic activity, development and reproduction, etc.), however, are largely inconsistent owing to differences in exposure conditions (exposure time, concentrations, species and test methods, etc.). oviparous fish species such as zebrafish and common carp ...201020570370
ice-age endurance: the effects of cryopreservation on proteins of sperm of common carp, cyprinus carpio l.damage to spermatozoa during cryopreservation is regarded as a major obstacle to the expansion of sperm storage technology. the authors used two-dimensional polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and matrix-associated laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry to explore whether the protein profile of common carp (cyprinus carpio) spermatozoa is affected by cryopreservation. fourteen protein spots were significantly altered following cryopreservation. eleven of these were identifie ...201020570330
coping strategies in a strongly schooling fish, the common carp cyprinus carpio.individual common carp cyprinus carpio were screened repeatedly for risk taking (rate of exploration of a novel, potentially dangerous environment) and for competitive ability (success in gaining access to a spatially restricted food source). marked differences in behaviour were evident, and significant consistency in individual responses across trials was found for both risk taking and competitive ability. in addition, there was a significant positive relationship between individual performance ...201020557617
analysis of 5s rdna organization and variation in polyploid hybrids from crosses of different fish subfamilies.in this article, sequence analysis of the coding region (5s) and adjacent nontranscribed spacer (nts) were conducted in red crucian carp (rcc), blunt snout bream (bsb), and their polyploid offspring. three monomeric 5s rdna classes (designated class i: 203 bp; class ii: 340 bp; and class iii: 477 bp) of rcc were characterized by distinct nts types (designated nts-i, ii, and iii for the 83, 220, and 357 bp monomers, respectively). in bsb, only one monomeric 5s rdna was observed (designated class ...201020535772
gpu computing with kaczmarz's and other iterative algorithms for linear systems.the graphics processing unit (gpu) is used to solve large linear systems derived from partial differential equations. the differential equations studied are strongly convection-dominated, of various sizes, and common to many fields, including computational fluid dynamics, heat transfer, and structural mechanics. the paper presents comparisons between gpu and cpu implementations of several well-known iterative methods, including kaczmarz's, cimmino's, component averaging, conjugate gradient norma ...201020526446
protective role of alpha-actinin-3 in the response to an acute eccentric exercise bout.the actn3 gene encodes for the alpha-actinin-3 protein, which has an important structural function in the z line of the sarcomere in fast muscle fibers. a premature stop codon (r577x) polymorphism in the actn3 gene causes a complete loss of the protein in xx homozygotes. this study investigates a possible role for the alpha-actinin-3 protein in protecting the fast fiber from eccentric damage and studies repair mechanisms after a single eccentric exercise bout. nineteen healthy young men (10 xx, ...201020507967
effect of phenol on oxygen consumption and bioaccumulation in different tissues of freshwater fish cyprinus carpio.the influence of phenol exposure history on the rates of phenol accumulation, elimination, and oxygen consumption was examined in the fresh water fish species cyprinus carpio. bioaccumulation and elimination of phenol from the kidney and biochemical parameters of liver gill and muscle were determined at intervals of 10, 20, and 30 days. a significant increase in phenol concentration was noted in all treated groups. the acute toxicity of phenol was 30.0 mg/l. changes were dose and duration depend ...201020506685
somatosensory nucleus in the torus semicircularis of cyprinid teleosts.cytoarchitecture and fiber connections of the ventrolateral region of torus semicircularis were studied in goldfish and carp. cytoarchitectural analyses indicate that two toral nuclei, ventrolateral (tsvl) and external (tse) nuclei, are present in this toral region. the tsvl mainly receives lateral line inputs from the medial nucleus of the rhombencephalic octavolateral area, while the tse mainly receives somatosensory fibers from the spinal cord, sensory trigeminal nuclei, and lateral funicular ...201020503423
purification of parvalbumin from carp: a protocol that avoids heat-treatment.parvalbumin from carp, a major allergen, was purified to homogeneity using ion exchange chromatography and size exclusion chromatography (estimated purity >95% to 98% based on sds-page and native page) with a yield of 318 mg, and a number of basic biochemical characteristics were determined. the identity was confirmed by peptide-mass fingerprinting, and ige-binding was demonstrated. the uv/vis absorbance spectra were explained using the previously published amino acid sequences. far uv-cd spectr ...201020492314
the mechanisms of zn2+ effects on ca2+-permeable ampa receptors on carp retinal horizontal cells.it was demonstrated in our recent study that zn(2+) had dual effects on ca(2+)-permeable ampa receptors on carp retinal horizontal cells. however, the possible mechanism(s) underlying the zn(2+) effects is still unclear. in the present study, we examined the zn(2+) effects in the presence of cyclothiazide (ctz), an allosteric potentiator of ampa receptors, which could attenuate the receptor desensitization. it was shown that the potentiation effect that low concentration zn(2+) (10 microm) exert ...201020488168
effects of anesthesia and surgery on serial blood gas values and lactate concentrations in yellow perch (perca flavescens), walleye pike (sander vitreus), and koi (cyprinus carpio).objective-to evaluate serial blood gas values and lactate concentrations in 3 fish species undergoing surgery and to compare blood lactate concentrations between fish that survived and those that died during the short-term postoperative period. design-prospective cohort study. animals-10 yellow perch, 5 walleye pike, and 8 koi. procedures-blood samples were collected from each fish at 3 time points: before anesthesia, during anesthesia, and immediately after surgery. blood gas values and blood l ...201020470073
genotoxicity monitoring of freshwater environments using caged carp (cyprinus carpio).the present study deals with genotoxicity assessment of freshwaters using caged carp (cyprinus carpio). carps were transplanted from a fish-farm to three differently polluted sites in eastern croatia. two polluted sites were situated in the river drava, downstream from the cities of belisće and osijek, while the reference site was in the nature park kopacki rit, a preserved wetland area with limited anthropogenic influence. exposure lasted for 3 weeks and was repeated for 3 years (2002-2004). dn ...201019626438
identification and expression analysis of genes involved in early ovary development in diploid gynogenetic hybrids of red crucian carp x common carp.diploid eggs of allotetraploid hybrids (red crucian carp female symbol x common carp male symbol), when activated by uv-irradiated sperm of scatter scale carp, can develop into diploid progenies without chromosome duplication treatment. diploid progenies produce diploid eggs, which develop into diploid population by the same way. to understand the molecular mechanism underlying the production of diploid eggs by the diploid fish, we constructed a forward suppression subtractive hybridization comp ...201019609611
evidence for the formation of the male gynogenetic fish.the females and unexpected males of gynogenetic red crucian carps (grcc) with the 1:1 sex ratio were found in the progeny of the distant crossing of red crucian carp (rcc; female symbol, 2n = 100) x blunt snout bream (bsb; male symbol, 2n = 48). the females and males of grcc were fertile, and they mated each other to generate the red crucian carps (grcc(1)) and another variational gray crucian carps (ggcc). the grcc and their offspring were proved to be diploids (2n = 100) with one to three micr ...201019603230
the complete mitochondrial genomes of two species from sinocyclocheilus (cypriniformes: cyprinidae) and a phylogenetic analysis within cyprininae.we determined the complete mitochondrial dna sequences for two species of surface- and cave-dwelling-cyprinid fishes, sinocyclocheilus grahami and s. altishoulderus. sequence comparison of 13 protein-coding genes shows that the mutation pattern of each single gene is quite similar to those of other vertebrate animal species. analysis of the ratios of ka/ks at these loci between sinocyclocheilus and two other cyprinid species (cyprinus carpio and procypris rabaudi) show that ka/ks ratios are diff ...201019688279
retracted: evidence for duplicated hox genes in polyploid cyprinidae fish of common carp, crucian carp and silver crucian carp.notice of withdrawal: the following article from the journal of experimental zoology part b: molecular and developmental evolution, "evidence for duplicated hox genes in polyploid cyprinidae fish of common carp, crucian carp, and silver crucian carp" by yuan j, he z, yuan x, jiang x, sun x, zou s, published online on 29 sept 2009 in wiley interscience (www.interscience.wiley.com), has been withdrawn from publication by agreement between the authors, the journal editor-in-chief, gunter p. wagner, ...201019790198
sequence and expression analysis of extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1 from flounder (paralichthys olivaceous).extracellular signal-regulated kinases (erks) are a subgroup of mitogen-activated protein kinases (mapk) that function as important intermediates in signal transduction pathways initiated by several types of cell surface receptors. we cloned a transcript of erk1 from a cdna library of flounder leukocytes stimulated with bacterial lipopolysaccharide and hemagglutinin lectin. flounder erk1 consists of 1502 nucleotides and encodes a polypeptide of 393 amino acids. flounder erk1 showed 90 and 89% am ...201019804835
molecular characterization and histopathology of myxobolus koi infecting the gills of a koi, cyprinus carpio, with an amended morphological description of the agent.a myxobolus sp., morphologically resembling m. toyamai, m. longisporus, and m. koi, was isolated from the gills of a koi, cyprinus carpio, that died in an ornamental pond. large plasmodia were localized within lamellae, causing severe disruption of the normal branchial architecture, sufficient to compromise respiration. although the case isolate shared several features with the aforementioned species, several key characteristics were most compatible with m. koi. in valvular view, spores were elo ...201019821634
monitoring trace metals in different tissues of cyprinus carpio from the indus river in pakistan.this replicated 4×2 factorial study investigated the bioaccumulation of selected metals (mn, pb, zn, hg and cr) in four tissues (gills, liver, muscle and skin) of common carp (cyprinus carpio) domiciled in two sites (upstream and downstream) of indus river in mianwali district of pakistan. the data were statistically compared for the main effects of the site and fish organs and their interaction on the bioaccumulation pattern of these metals in fish organs at p<0.05. it appeared that the fish sa ...201020033282
a linkage map of common carp (cyprinus carpio) based on aflp and microsatellite markers.common carp (cyprinus carpio) is an important fish for aquaculture, but genomics of this species is still in its infancy. in this study, a linkage map of common carp based on amplified fragment length polymorphism (aflp) and microsatellite (ssr) markers has been generated using gynogenetic haploids. of 926 markers genotyped, 151 (149 aflps, two ssrs) were distorted and eliminated from the linkage analyses. a total of 699 aflp and 20 microsatellite (ssr) markers were assigned to the map, which co ...201019917040
effects of sub-chronic exposure to terbutryn in common carp (cyprinus carpio l.).the sub-chronic effects of terbutryn at concentrations 0.02 (reported concentration in czech rivers), 4, 20, and 40 microg l(-1) were assessed in one-year-old common carp (cyprinus carpio l.) exposed for 28 days and compared to a non-treated control group. its influence on biometric parameters, hematology, blood biochemistry, and histology was investigated. exposure to terbutryn at 0.02 microg l(-1) showed no observable effect, whereas exposure to 4, 20, and 40 microg l(-1) showed significantly ...201019906425
utilization of dipeptide/protein based diets in larval and juvenile koi carp--post-prandial free amino acid levels.we have shown previously that diets in which the nitrogen portion is based on synthetic dipeptides (pp) resulted in weight gain by rainbow trout alevins when free amino acid (faa) based diets did not. however, the protein-based diet used as a control in the previous study resulted in a significantly better performance of fish than peptide- or faa based diet fed fish. therefore, the objectives of our study were (i) to test how stomachless fish respond to peptide-based diets, (ii) to evaluate pp a ...201019906146
cholinergic modulation of activation sequence in the atrial myocardium of non-mammalian vertebrates.cholinergic changes of electric activity were studied in isolated atrium preparations from fishes (cod and carp), amphibians (frog) and reptilians (lizard) using the microelectrode technique and high-resolution optical mapping. perfusion of isolated atrium with acetylcholine (10(-6)-5.10(-5) m) caused gradual suppression of action potential generation and, eventually, completely blocked the excitation in a part of the preparation. other regions of atrium, situated close to the sinoatrial and atr ...201019900573
aluminum-induced oxidative stress in lymphocytes of common carp (cyprinus carpio).several studies of fish have shown that aluminum may induce hypoxia, hypercapnia, metabolic acidosis, and respiratory failure. in lymphocytes, morphologic abnormalities and reduced immune activity have been observed. nevertheless, there is little data on oxidative stress and such data are essential in order to identify its mechanism of action. the common carp cyprinus carpio, an omnivorous fish commonly used in commercial aquaculture, has been proposed as a test organism in toxicologic assays du ...201019866366
molecular characteristics of a single and novel form of carp (cyprinus carpio) monoamine oxidase.two mammalian monoamine oxidases (mao), mao-a and mao-b, are similar in primary structures but have unique substrate/inhibitor selectivities. carp (cyprinus carpio) contains a mao enzyme (c-mao) with properties different from mao-a and mao-b. to determine the molecular characteristics of c-mao and its phylogenetic relationship with other fish and mammalian maos, the primary structure of c-mao was estimated. the putative c-mao cdna encodes 526 amino acids with 59.001 da, and the deduced amino aci ...201019932189
common carp (cyprinus carpio) response to two pieces of music ("eine kleine nachtmusik" and "romanza") combined with light intensity, using recirculating water system.the objective of this study was to further investigate the effects of music on fish physiology, bearing in mind available information regarding the involvement of endogenous and exogenous factors in fish farming. therefore, cyprinus carpio (50.5 +/- 0.36 g) were reared in a recirculating water system under 80 and 200 lux and subjected to no music at all (control, ambient noise only), 4 h of mozart's "eine kleine nachtmusik", or 4 h of anonymous "romanza-jeux interdits" for 106 days. both music t ...201019408132
effects of atrazine and chlorpyrifos on acetylcholinesterase and carboxylesterase in brain and muscle of common carp.the aim of this study was to investigate the effects of chlorpyrifos (cpf), atrazine (atr) and the mixture of them on acetylcholinesterase (ache) and carboxylesterase (cbe) in brain and muscle of common carp, respectively. 220 carps were averagely divided into 11 groups according to the different treatments and concentration, including the exposure and recovery experiments. the activities of ache and cbe of the brain and muscle were determined at the end of the exposure and the recovery. the res ...201021787625
rheological properties of gelatin from silver carp skin compared to commercially available gelatins from different sources.gelatin is used as a functional ingredient in many foods, pharmaceuticals, and cosmetics as a stabilizing, thickening, and gelling agent. the rheological properties of gelatins are important in the potential functionality of gelatin. this study is designed to determine the rheological properties of gelatin extracted from the skins of silver carp (hypophthalmichthys molitrix valenciennes 1844). the extracted gelatin is compared with commercially available gelatins from different sources. the resu ...201021535497
various aspects of piscine toxicology.in opposition to toxicology of mammals piscine toxicology is closely connected with the conditions of external environment. the aquatic environment is necessary for embryonic development and after hatching during short or long-lasting larval period of most fish species. an aquatic environment is polluted by many industrial and agricultural wastes. ammonia as a toxic and common compound in water have negative influence for aquaculture especially in intensive fish culture, recirculation system and ...201021217882
effects of subchronic exposure to spartakus (prochloraz) on common carp cyprinus carpio.the aim of the study was to investigate effects of the fungicide formulation spartakus (prochloraz 450 g.l-1) on common carp cyprinus carpio through biometric, biochemical, haematological and antioxidant indices, induction of xenobiotic metabolizing enzymes and histological examination of selected tissues.201021187831
study on apoptotic effects of neurotoxin anatoxin-a on fish immune cells.the aim of this study was to assess the possible in vitro apoptotic effects of anatoxin-a on the selected immune cells isolated from the blood of carp.201021187820
seminoma in a koi carp cyprinus carpio: histopathological and immunohistochemical findings.a spontaneous seminoma in a 3 yr old male koi carp cyprinus carpio l. is described. the animal, presenting a symmetric abdominal enlargement, showed a celomatic multinodular, white-yellowish and firm mass that infiltrated the liver and the intestine wall. histologically, the neoplasm was non-encapsulated and poorly demarcated, showed invasive growth and was characterized by a lobular architecture, subdivided by abundant fibro-connective septa. large necrotic and calcified areas together with sma ...201021166318
validating and corroborating the deposition of two annual growth zones in asteriscus otoliths of common carp cyprinus carpio from south africa's largest impoundment.a total of 816 common carp cyprinus carpio asteriscus otolith pairs were collected from lake gariep, south africa. otoliths were interpreted whole, submerged in methyl salicylate and viewed under transmitted light. the precision of growth zone counts of the primary reader was estimated at 5·54 and 7·03% using the average per cent error method and the coefficient of variation, respectively. age-bias plots indicated no systematic bias between the primary reader and the three secondary readers for ...201021155779
phylogeography and conservation genetics of lake qinghai scaleless carp gymnocypris przewalskii.the objective of this study was to examine the spatial genetic relationships of the lake qinghai scaleless carp gymnocypris przewalskii within the lake qinghai system, determining whether genetic evidence supports the current taxonomy of gymnocypris przewalskii przewalskii and gymnocypris przewalskii ganzihonensis and whether gymnocypris przewalskii przewalskii are returning to their natal rivers to spawn. comparison of mitochondrial (control region) variation (42 haplotypes in 203 fish) of g. p ...201021133917
purification and characterization of parvalbumins, the major allergens in red stingray (dasyatis akajei).fish has received increasing attention because it induces ige-mediated food allergy. parvalbumin (pv) represents the major allergen of fish, and ige cross-reactivity to pv in various teleost fish species has been shown, while little information is available about allergens in elasmobranch fish. in this study, two pv isoforms (named as pv-i and pv-ii) from red stingray (dasyatis akajei) were purified to homogeneity by a series of procedures including ammonium sulfate precipitation and column chro ...201021121608
native fish diversity alters the effects of an invasive species on food webs.aquatic communities have been altered by invasive species, with impacts on native biodiversity and ecosystem function. at the same time, native biodiversity may mitigate the effects of an invader. common carp (cyprinus carpio) is a ubiquitous, invasive fish species that strongly influences community and ecosystem processes. we used common carp to test whether the potential effects of an invasive species are altered across a range of species diversity in native communities. in mesocosms, treatmen ...201021058556
variations in physico-chemical and microbiological characteristics of water during breeding of cyprinus carpio in a closed hatchery system.physico-chemical and microbial characteristics of culture water were examined during the induced breeding of cyprinus carpio in a controlled environmental system. water temperature, dissolved oxygen, nitrate, phosphate, ph, ammonia nitrogen, total bacterial count, hardness, salinity, carbonate and bicarbonate were estimated before and after spawning and hatching. average alteration in water ph before and after spawning was 7.91-7.57 and 7.86-7.58 respectively. total hardness, carbonate and bicar ...201021047001
population genetics of invasive common carp cyprinus carpio l. in coastal drainages in eastern australia.the common carp cyprinus carpio introduced in two drainages in eastern australia are largely descended from european common carp, and in a third drainage they descend largely from east asian common carp. the partial genetic differentiation among the species in those drainages is consistent with their origins.201021039496
rates and patterns of microsatellite mutations in common carp (cyprinus carpio l.).during genotyping 150 microsatellites in a f1 family of common carp, six mutations were found at five microsatellite loci. the overall mutation rate of common carp microsatellites was 2.53 x 10(-4) per locus per generation. at five loci, mutations increased the length of alleles by at least one repeat unit, suggesting mutations at microsatellite loci in common carp do not follow strict stepwise mutation model. the data on mutation rates and patterns can facilitate population genetics studies, an ...201020979260
analysis of the conformations corresponding to hexapeptide and large sequences characterized by continuous single amino acid repeats in proteins.the analysis of conformations corresponding to continuous amino acid repeat peptides (carps) comprising six or more residues in proteins of known three-dimensional structure revealed that alanine, glycine, glutamic acid, proline, valine, histidine, aspartic acid, glutamine and lysine were associated as repeating amino acid residues. alanine, glycine and histidine carps were most common, although the histidine hexapeptide and large carps mainly correspond to affinity tags and are not part of the ...201020937037
trophic transfer of mercury and methylmercury in an aquatic ecosystem impacted by municipal sewage effluents in beijing, china.gaobeidian lake, located in beijing, china, serves as a recipient lake for effluents from a large municipal sewage treatment plant (mstp). in order to evaluate the effects of discharging mstp effluent on the mercury contamination of the local aquatic ecosystem, sediment cores, water, plankton, fish, and turtle samples were collected from gaobeidian lake for mercury speciation analysis. high concentrations of total mercury (t-hg) were detected in sediment cores (5.24-17.0 microg/g dry weight (dw) ...201021179957
simultaneous determination of hexabromocyclododecanes and tris (2,3-dibromopropyl) isocyanurate using lc-apci-ms/ms.hexabromocyclododecanes (hbcds) and tris (2,3-dibromopropyl) isocyanurate (tbc) are both brominated flame retardants, and have been used throughout the world with subsequent concern for potential environment pollution. here we describe the development of a method for the simultaneous determination of tbc and hbcd diastereoisomers in environmental matrices by high performance liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (hplc-ms/ms). the method recovery ranged from 81% to 93% and limits of dete ...201020875598
the effect of extenders, cryoprotectants and cryopreservation methods on common carp (cyprinus carpio) sperm.the objective of this study was to determine the effects of various extenders, cryoprotectants and cryopreservation methods on post-thaw sperm motility and duration of sperm motility in common carp (cyprinus carpio). we focused on freezing of common carp sperm utilizing a practical and inexpensive protocol for aquaculture. sperm were diluted 1:1 in one of six extenders (common carp sperm extenders; ccse 1-ccse 6) containing three types of cryoprotectants (dimethyl sulfoxide; dmso, methanol; met ...201020863635
the lim protein zyxin binds carp-1 and promotes apoptosis.zyxin is a dual-function lim domain protein that regulates actin dynamics in response to mechanical stress and shuttles between focal adhesions and the cell nucleus. here we show that zyxin contributes to uv-induced apoptosis. exposure of wild-type fibroblasts to uv-c irradiation results in apoptotic cell death, whereas cells harboring a homozygous disruption of the zyxin gene display a statistically significant survival advantage. to gain insight into the molecular mechanism by which zyxin prom ...201020852740
at least two expressed genes for transcription factors pitx2 and rpx are present in common carp and are upregulated during winter acclimatization.the mechanisms of seasonal acclimatization in eurythermal fish such as common carp are not fully understood. here, we concentrate on the regulation of pituitary factors, as this organ was shown to be highly affected by seasonal changes. we cloned and sequenced two different cdnas for each of the transcription factors pitx2 and rpx, known to play a role in pituitary development. we show that these genes are conserved throughout evolution, to different degrees depending on the specific domain cons ...201020850444
microcystin-lr modulates selected immune parameters and induces necrosis/apoptosis of carp leucocytes.microcystins (mcs) are potent hepatotoxins acting by the inhibition of protein phosphatase 1 and 2a, and may promote liver tumors. moreover, studies also suggest they are nephrotoxic. the aim of the present study was to assess possible in vitro effects of microcystin-lr (which contains the amino acids leucine and arginine, the most widely studied and distributed variant of all microcystins) on the selected immune functions of the cells isolated from the head kidney of carp. in the experiments, p ...201020821480
effect of nitrite on early-life stages of common carp (cyprinus carpio l.).a one-month chronic exposure of common carp larvae and embryos to nitrite revealed significant (p < 0.01) differences in total accumulated mortality in fish exposed to 33, 67, and 330 mg/l no(2)(-) compared with controls. at the highest concentration, all fish died within 8 d of exposure. on the basis of accumulated mortality in the experimental groups, lethal concentrations of nitrite were estimated at 29 d lc50 = 88 mg/l no(2)(-); lowest-observed-effect concentration (loec) = 28 mg/l no(2)(-); ...201020821475
the influence of diet on the assimilation efficiency of 47 polychlorinated biphenyl congeners in japanese koi (cyprinus carpio).the influence of diet on polychlorinated biphenyl (pcb) assimilation was investigated by measuring dietary assimilation efficiencies (aes) for 47 pcb congeners in juvenile koi (cyprinus carpio) fed five experimental diets. two of the diets were naturally contaminated and were obtained by collecting mayflies from lake erie (on, canada) and emerald shiners from the detroit river (mi, usa). the remaining diets consisted of commercial fish pellets (lipid contents from 6.7 to 24%) that were contamina ...201020821460
application of enzymatic probe sonication extraction for the determination of selected veterinary antibiotics and their main metabolites in fish and mussel samples.a new method based on enzymatic probe sonication extraction prior to high-performance liquid chromatography (hplc) has been developed for the determination of 11 antibiotics (drugs) and the main metabolites of five of them in fish tissue and mussel samples. the analytes belong to four different classes of antibiotics (sulfonamides, tetracyclines, penicillins and amphenicols). the analysed compounds were sulfadiazine (sdi) and n(4)-acetylsulfadiazine (ndi) metabolite, sulfamethazine (smz) and n(4 ...201020800727
[effect of chronic anosmia on morphofunctional parameters of the gustatory system primary centers of the carp cyprinus carpio].morphofunctional state of neurons in primary centers of olfactory, external and intraoral gustatory systems in carp yearlings was studied at different time after bilateral anosming, with use of methods of morphometrical, biochemical, and histochemical analyses. the olfactory deafferentation produces centripetal translocation of olfactory bulbs and development of their degenerative changes. chronic elimination of olfactory reception in carps leads to activation of neurons in the facial lobe of me ...201020799610
fatal poisoning from eating carp (ctenopharyngodon idella). 201020089035
impact of cypermethrin on na(+)-k (+), ca (2+) and mg (2+) atpases in indian major carp, cirrhinus mrigala (hamilton).activities of atpase in different organs of cirrhinus mrigala exposed to cypermethrin with lethal (5.13 microg/l) and sublethal (1.02 microg/l) concentration was investigated. decrease of na(+)-k(+)-atpase activity was observed in gills, liver and muscle to about 60.22%, 22.13% and 48.89% respectively, by lethal concentration. whereas in sublethal concentration activity was increased to about 7.84%, 10.70% and 5.96%. similarly, in case of mg(2+)-atpases activity as 57.61%, 48.82% and 28.59% for ...201019823759
lipid classes and fatty acid profile of selected indian fresh water fishes.lipid extracts from meat, head and viscera of indian fresh water fishes, viz., catla, rohu, mrigal, common carp and tilapia were analyzed for lipid class distribution and fatty acid profile. the yield of meat ranged from 66.0-79.5% and total lipid content in meat was 0.8-3.8%. the total lipid content was higher (>4.0%) in head and viscera. neutral lipids constituted 71.5-93.3% of the total lipid extract. higher glycolipid content of 25.2% was observed in lipid extract from meat of common carp an ...201023572659
toxicological effects of arsenate exposure on hematological, biochemical and liver transaminases activity in an indian major carp, catla catla.the impact of acute and sublethal toxicity of arsenate on hematological, biochemical and enzymological parameters of an indian major carp catla catla were estimated. the median lethal concentration of sodium arsenate to the fish catla catla for 96h was found to be 43.78 mg/l. during acute treatment (43.78 mg/l), hemoglobin (hb), hematocrit (ht), red blood cell count (rbc), white blood cell count (wbc), plasma glucose, plasma protein, liver aspartate and alanine aminotransferase (ast and alt) lev ...201020654677
importance of light in temporal organization of photoreceptor proteins and melatonin-producing system in the pineal of carp catla catla.the importance of light in the temporal organization of photoreceptor proteins and melatonin-producing system has been investigated for the first time in the pineal of a tropical fish. in this study, an identical experimental paradigm was followed during the four distinct phases of an annual cycle in adult carps (catla catla) maintained either under natural photoperiod (np) or continuous illumination (ll) or darkness (dd) for 30 days. at the end of each experiment, the pineal from fish in each e ...201020524796
neuronal regulation of photo-induced pineal photoreceptor proteins in carp catla catla.in the present in vitro study on the pineal in carp catla catla, specific agonist and antagonists of receptors for different neuronal signals and regulators of intra-cellular ca(++) and camp were used to gather basic information on the neuronal signal transduction cascade mechanisms in the photo-induced expression of rod-like opsin and alpha-transducin-like proteins in any fish pineal. western-blot analysis followed by quantitative analysis of respective immunoblot data for both the proteins rev ...201020524962
histological and scanning electron microscopical study of the olfactory epithelium of the indian major carp, catla catla (hamilton).the histological and micro-architecture of different cells lining the olfactory epithelium in catla catla (hamilton) have been studied by means of light and scanning electron microscopes. the oval olfactory rosette of the fish consists of a rosette of 30 to 32 primary lamellae. each lamella is provided with restricted area of sensory epithelium in the middle region while the apical and basal part of the lamella consists of non-sensory epithelium. the non-sensory epithelium is made up of patches ...201020235046
impact of uv-b radiation on the digestive enzymes and immune system of larvae of indian major carp catla catla.ultraviolet radiation is a potent threat to the aquatic animals. exposure to such stressor affects metabolic and immunological processes. the present investigation aims to study the effect of uv-b radiation on digestive enzymes and immunity of larvae of catla catla.201020201646
photoreceptor proteins and melatonin rhythm generating aanat in the carp pineal: temporal organization and correlation with natural photo-thermal cues.we studied temporal organization of both the photoreceptor (rod-like opsin, alpha subunit of the g protein transducin or alpha-td) and melatonin generating (aanat) proteins in the same pineal of a tropical surface dwelling free-living carp catla catla, and analyzed possible correlation between them as well as with natural photo-thermal variables in an annual cycle. the pineal from individual fish was collected at four different time points (06.00 h, 12.00 h, 18.00 h, and 24.00 h) in a 24.00 h cy ...201020185327
sinoatrial tissue of crucian carp heart has only negative contractile responses to autonomic agonists.in the anoxia-tolerant crucian carp (carassius carassius) cardiac activity varies according to the seasons. to clarify the role of autonomic nervous control in modulation of cardiac activity, responses of atrial contraction and heart rate (hr) to carbacholine (cch) and isoprenaline (iso) were determined in fish acclimatized to winter (4 degrees c, cold-acclimated, ca) and summer (18 degrees c, warm-acclimated, wa) temperatures.201020540719
decreased temperature as a signal for regulation of heat shock protein expression in anoxic brain and heart: focus on "expression of heat shock proteins in anoxic crucian carp (carassius carassius): support for cold as a preparatory cue for anoxia". 201020410473
expression of heat shock proteins in anoxic crucian carp (carassius carassius): support for cold as a preparatory cue for anoxia.the crucian carp (carassius carassius) tolerates anoxia for days to months depending on temperature. during episodes of stress, heat shock proteins (hsps) are important for limiting cellular damage, mainly by ensuring protein function. accordingly, we hypothesized that anoxia would change the expression of hsps and that this response would be temperature dependent. real-time rt-pcr was used to investigate the effects of 1 and 7 days anoxia (a1 and a7) on the expression of hsp70a, hsp70b, hsc70, ...201020335373
efficacy of benzocaine as an anaesthetic for crucian carp (carassius carassius).to investigate the anaesthetic induction time and concentrations of stress markers in crucian carp (carassius carassius) subjected to different concentrations of benzocaine.201020230563
assessing the combination effects of environmental estrogens in fish.the method on combined effects of environmental estrogens and mixture environmental risk assessment was discussed. batch tests were conducted to assess the in vivo potency of mixtures of estrogens using plasma vitellogenin concentrations in male crucian carp (carassius carassius) as the endpoint. a nonlinear regression was determined on the concentration response relationship for the single chemical of 17β-estradiol (e(2)), 17α-ethynylestradiol (ee(2)), 4-tert-octylphenol (op), bisphenol a (bpa) ...201020711811
speciation of polyploid cyprinidae fish of common carp, crucian carp, and silver crucian carp derived from duplicated hox genes.recent studies on comparative genomics have suggested that a round of fish-specific whole genome duplication (3r) in ray-finned fishes might have occurred around 226-316 mya. additional genome duplication, specifically in cyprinids, may have occurred more recently after the divergence of the teleosts. the timing of this event, however, is unknown. to address this question, we sequenced four hox genes from taxa representing the polyploid cyprinidae fish, common carp (cyprinus carpio, 2n=100), cru ...201020700889
distant hybridization leads to different ploidy fishes.distant hybridization makes it possible to transfer the genome of one species to another, which results in changes in phenotypes and genotypes of the progenies. this study shows that distant hybridization or the combination of this method with gynogenesis or androgenesis lead to different ploidy fishes with genetic variation, including fertile tetraploid hybrids, sterile triploid hybrids, fertile diploid hybrids, fertile diploid gynogenetic fish, and their derived progenies. the formations of th ...201020596907
comparative analysis of mitochondrial control region in polyploid hybrids of red crucian carp (carassius auratus) x blunt snout bream (megalobrama amblycephala).the entire sequences of the mitochondrial (mt)dna control region (cr) and portions of its flanking genes in the red crucian carp (rc) and blunt snout bream (bsb) as well as their polyploid hybrids (3nrb, 4nrb and 5nrb) were determined and subjected to a comparative analysis. the mtdna-crs of these five fish species ranged from 923 to 937 bp in length, they had the same flanking gene arrangement as other vertebrates and the pattern of nucleotide substitution bias was also similar to that in other ...201018815893
characterization of fish irf3 as an ifn-inducible protein reveals evolving regulation of ifn response in vertebrates.in mammals, ifn regulatory factor (irf) 3 is a critical player in modulating transcription of type i ifn and ifn-stimulated genes (isgs). in this study, we describe the roles of crucian carp (carassius auratus l.) irf3 in activating fish ifn and isgs. fish irf3 exhibits a large sequence divergence from mammalian orthologs. whereas mammalian irf3 is constitutively expressed, fish irf3 protein is significantly upregulated by ifn, poly-ic, and other stimuli known as ifn inducers in mammals. the ifn ...201021084665
a set of polymorphic trinucleotide and tetranucleotide microsatellite markers for silver crucian carp (carassius auratus gibelio) and cross-amplification in crucian carp.silver crucian carp (carassius auratus gibelio bloch), as a gynogenetic fish, is a promising model for the study of the evolutionary genetics of vertebrates. we have developed 59 polymorphic trinucleotide and tetranucleotide markers for the silver crucian carp through the biotin capture method and radioactive-labeling hybridization. the number of alleles ranged from 2 to 12 in the population, and the average proportion of heterozygotes (including tri- and diallelic) at polymorphic loci was 76.8% ...201020503069
studies on the developmental potentiality of cultured cell nuclei of fish.by means of the serial nuclear transplantation technique, the authors obtained a nuclear transplant fish from subcultured cell originated from the blastula cells of the crucian carp (carassius auratus linnaeus). this nuclear transplant fish survived for three years, but its sexual glands were undifferentiated. the authors have also obtained a sexually mature adult fish from short-term cultured kidney cell nucleus of an adult crucian carp. results of the experiment implied that the subcultured ce ...201020440385
induction of virus-specific cell-mediated cytotoxic responses of isogeneic ginbuna crucian carp, after oral immunization with inactivated virus.clonal ginbuna crucian carp (carassius auratus langsdorfii) were immunized orally with inactivated crucian carp hematopoietic necrosis virus (chnv) and the cytotoxic activities of peripheral blood leukocytes against chnv-infected syngeneic target cells were investigated. although a single oral administration of the vaccine did not prime measurable cytotoxic responses to chnv-infected targets, detectable lytic activities were observed after a booster oral administration. the vaccine-induced cytot ...201020438852
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