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nationwide outbreak of salmonella enterica serotype kedougou infection in infants linked to infant formula milk, spain, 2008. 200818761885
first report of a salmonella enterica serovar weltevreden outbreak on reunion island, france, august 2007.an outbreak of gastroenteritis involving 26 guests of a wedding dinner occurred in august 2007 in réunion island, a french overseas department. salmonella was isolated in 61.5% of cases and the two isolates serotyped were of serovar weltevreden. we believe this to be the first food-borne outbreak due to s. enterica serovar weltevreden described in réunion island. the epidemiological and environmental investigations of this outbreak did not provide enough evidence to identify a single vehicle of ...200818761897
effects of a commercially available vaccine against salmonella enterica serotype newport on milk production, somatic cell count, and shedding of salmonella organisms in female dairy cattle with no clinical signs of salmonellosis.to determine effects of vaccination with siderophore receptor and porin (srp) proteins derived from salmonella enterica serotype newport on milk production, somatic cell count, and shedding of salmonella organisms in female dairy cattle.200818764698
functional analysis of the salmonella pathogenicity island 2-mediated inhibition of antigen presentation in dendritic cells.salmonella enterica is a facultative intracellular pathogen that is able to modify host cell functions by means of effector proteins translocated by the type iii secretion system (t3ss) encoded by salmonella pathogenicity island 2 (spi2). the spi2-t3ss is also active in salmonella after uptake by murine bone marrow-derived dendritic cells (bm-dc). we have previously shown that intracellular salmonella interfere with the ability of bm-dc to stimulate antigen-dependent t-cell proliferation in an s ...200818765734
a sopb deletion mutation enhances the immunogenicity and protective efficacy of a heterologous antigen delivered by live attenuated salmonella enterica vaccines.sopb is a virulence factor of salmonella encoded by spi-5. salmonella sopb deletion mutants are impaired in their ability to cause local inflammatory responses and fluid secretion into the intestinal lumen and also can enhance the immunogenicity of a vectored antigen. in this study, we evaluated the effects on immunogenicity and the efficacy of a sopb deletion mutation on two salmonella enterica serovar typhimurium vaccine strains with different attenuating mutations expressing a highly antigeni ...200818765737
pir-b-deficient mice are susceptible to salmonella infection.paired ig-like receptors of activating (pir-a) and inhibitory (pir-b) isoforms are expressed by many hematopoietic cells, including b lymphocytes and myeloid cells. to determine the functional roles of pir-a and pir-b in primary bacterial infection, pir-b-deficient (pir-b(-/-)) and wild-type (wt) control mice were injected i.v. with an attenuated strain of salmonella enterica typhimurium (wb335). pir-b(-/-) mice were found to be more susceptible to salmonella infection than wt mice, as evidenced ...200818768880
accumulation of mutants in "aging" bacterial colonies is due to growth under selection, not stress-induced mutagenesis.several bacterial systems show behavior interpreted as evidence for stress-induced mutagenesis (adaptive mutation), a postulated process by which nongrowing cells temporarily increase their general mutation rate. theoretical considerations suggest that periodic stress-induced general mutagenesis would not be advantageous in the long term, due to the high cost of deleterious mutations. alternative explanations have been tested for very few of the systems used as evidence for stress-induced mutati ...200818701713
outbreak of salmonella enterica serotype newport in a beef cow-calf herd associated with exposure to bovine viral diarrhea virus.severe disease and death in cows and calves affected 1 of 3 separate groups (a, b, and c) of cattle on a commercial cow-calf operation.200818710321
[zoonoses transmitted by mouse and rat maintained as laboratory or pet animals].large numbers of mice (mus spp.) and rats (rattus spp.) are maintained for scientific reasons and as pet animals in germany. while laboratory animals are monitored for pathogenic agents, the hygienic status of pet animals is usually completely unknown. despite great efforts, zoonotic infections were reported even in laboratory settings, e.g. with hantavirus (seoul virus), streptobacillus moniliformis, and trichphyton mentagrophytes. however, in current reports, zoonotic infections were transmitt ...200818712260
impact of compounding error on strategies for subtyping pathogenic bacteria.comparative-omics will identify a multitude of markers that can be used for intraspecific discrimination between strains of bacteria. it seems intuitive that with this plethora of markers we can construct higher resolution subtyping assays using discrete markers to define strain "barcodes." unfortunately, with each new marker added to an assay, overall assay robustness declines because errors are compounded exponentially. for example, the difference in accuracy of strain classification for an as ...200818713065
salmonella enterica serovar enteritidis genes induced during oviduct colonization and egg contamination in laying hens.salmonella enterica serovar enteritidis is the predominant serovar associated with salmonellosis worldwide, which is in part due to its ability to contaminate the internal contents of the hen's egg. it has been shown that s. enterica serovar enteritidis has an unusual tropism for the avian reproductive tract and an ability to persist in the oviduct and ovary. factors allowing s. enterica serovar enteritidis strains to contaminate eggs could be a specific interaction with the oviduct tissue, lead ...200818776023
comparison of five culture methods for salmonella isolation from swine fecal samples of known infection status.the current study was conducted to evaluate 5 bacteriologic culture methods (methods 1, 2, 3, 4, and 5) for recovery of salmonella enterica from swine feces, both for sensitivity of detection (ability to recover salmonella from a positive sample) and for specificity (not to inadvertently identify an organism as a salmonella species in a negative sample). fifty-six negative samples and 46 positive samples were processed using each of the 5 methods, which differed primarily in the combinations of ...200818776096
salmonella-containing vacuoles: directing traffic and nesting to grow.salmonella enterica serovar typhimurium (s. typhimurium) is a gram-negative facultative intracellular pathogen that can infect a broad range of mammalian hosts. following invasion of host cells, the majority of s. typhimurium are known to reside in a membrane-bound compartment known as the salmonella-containing vacuole (scv). s. typhimurium actively remodels this compartment using bacterial virulence proteins, called effectors, to establish a protected niche where it can replicate. s. typhimuriu ...200818778407
the pagn protein of salmonella enterica serovar typhimurium is an adhesin and invasin.the pagn gene of salmonella enterica serovar typhimurium is a phop-regulated gene that is up-regulated during growth within macrophages and in vivo in murine models of infection. the pagn protein displays similarity to the hek and tia invasins/adhesins of escherichia coli. thus far no function has been ascribed to the pagn protein.200818778463
plasmid-mediated quinolone resistance in nalidixic-acid-susceptible strains of salmonella enterica isolated in scotland. 200818779257
membrane permeability and regulation of drug "influx and efflux" in enterobacterial pathogens.in enterobacteriaceae, membrane permeability is a key in the level of susceptibility to antibiotics. modification of the bacterial envelope by decreasing the porin production or increasing the expression of efflux pump systems has been reported. these phenomena are frequently associated with other resistance mechanisms such as alteration of antibiotics or modification of the drug targets, in various clinical isolates showing a multi drug resistant phenotype (mdr). in escherichia coli, enterobact ...200818781921
structure of the pduu shell protein from the pdu microcompartment of salmonella.the pdu microcompartment is a proteinaceous, subcellular structure that serves as an organelle for the metabolism of 1,2-propanediol in salmonella enterica. it encapsulates several related enzymes within a shell composed of a few thousand protein subunits. recent structural studies on the carboxysome, a related microcompartment involved in co(2) fixation, have concluded that the major shell proteins from that microcompartment form hexamers that pack into layers comprising the facets of the shell ...200818786396
lactobacillus acidophilus lap5 able to inhibit the salmonella choleraesuis invasion to the human caco-2 epithelial cell.the mechanisms for lactic acid bacteria (lab) to inhibit salmonella invasion appear to be multifactorial and include the adhesion of lab to host intestine epithelium, the production of organic acids, or bacteriocin by lab cells. previously, we found a strain of lactobacillus acidophilus isolated from swine, i.e. strain lap5, was with antagonistic effect against salmonella typhimurium. this strain lap5 was also found to meet the requirements for probiotic use. in this study, we evaluate the poten ...200818789392
rsta-promoted expression of the ferrous iron transporter feob under iron-replete conditions enhances fur activity in salmonella enterica.the fur protein is a primary regulator that monitors and controls cytoplasmic iron levels. we now report the identification of a regulatory pathway mediated by the salmonella response regulator rsta that promotes fur activity. genome-wide expression experiments revealed that under iron-replete conditions, expression of the rsta protein from a plasmid lowered transcription levels of various genes involved in iron acquisition. the rsta protein controlled iron-responsive genes through the fur-fe(ii ...200818790861
brominated furanones inhibit biofilm formation by salmonella enterica serovar typhimurium.salmonella enterica serovar typhimurium is a main cause of bacterial food-borne diseases. as salmonella can form biofilms in which it is better protected against antimicrobial agents on a wide diversity of surfaces, it is of interest to explore ways to inhibit biofilm formation. brominated furanones, originally extracted from the marine alga delisea pulchra, are known to interfere with biofilm formation in several pathogens. in this study, we have synthesized a small focused library of brominate ...200818791004
darkling beetles (alphitobius diaperinus) and their larvae as potential vectors for the transfer of campylobacter jejuni and salmonella enterica serovar paratyphi b variant java between successive broiler flocks.broiler flocks often become infected with campylobacter and salmonella, and the exact contamination routes are still not fully understood. insects like darkling beetles and their larvae may play a role in transfer of the pathogens between consecutive cycles. in this study, several groups of beetles and their larvae were artificially contaminated with a mixture of salmonella enterica serovar paratyphi b variant java and three c. jejuni strains and kept for different time intervals before they wer ...200818791034
the phoq/phop regulatory network of salmonella enterica.the phoq/phop two-component regulatory system is a major regulator of virulence in the enteric pathogen salmonella enterica serovar typhimurium. it also controls the adaptation to low mg2+ environments by governing the expression and/or activity of mg2+ transporters and of enzymes modifying the mg2+-binding sites on the bacterial cell surface. the regulator phop modifies expression of approximately 3% of the salmonella genes in response to the periplasmic mg2+ concentration detected by the phoq ...200818792679
allele distribution and genetic diversity of vntr loci in salmonella enterica serotype enteritidis isolates from different sources.salmonella enterica serotype enteritidis (s. enteritidis) is a zoonotic pathogen, which can be found in many sources including animals and the environment. however, little is known about the molecular relatedness among s. enteritidis isolates from different sources. we have applied multiple-locus variable number tandem repeat analysis (mlva) to study the genetic diversity of s. enteritidis isolates from human and non-human sources.200818793420
identification of a bile-induced exopolysaccharide required for salmonella biofilm formation on gallstone surfaces.salmonella enterica serovar typhi can establish a chronic, asymptomatic infection of the human gallbladder, suggesting that this bacterium utilizes novel mechanisms to mediate enhanced colonization and persistence in a bile-rich environment. gallstones are one of the most important risk factors for developing carriage, and we have previously demonstrated that salmonellae form biofilms on human gallstones in vitro. thus, we hypothesize that bile-induced biofilms on gallstone surfaces promote gall ...200818794278
identification of salmonella enterica serovar dublin-specific sequences by subtractive hybridization and analysis of their role in intestinal colonization and systemic translocation in cattle.salmonella enterica serovar dublin is a host-restricted serovar associated with typhoidal disease in cattle. in contrast, the fowl-associated serovar s. enterica serovar gallinarum is avirulent in calves, yet it invades ileal mucosa and induces enteritis at levels comparable to those induced by s. enterica serovar dublin. suppression subtractive hybridization was employed to identify s. enterica serovar dublin strain sd3246 genes absent from s. enterica serovar gallinarum strain sg9. forty-one s ...200818794283
antimicrobial resistance of salmonella enterica serovar typhimurium isolated from cattle in japan.the antimicrobial susceptibility of 144 salmonella enterica serovar typhimurium isolates collected from all over japan between 1973 and 1998 were investigated. all the isolates exhibited resistance to four or more antimicrobials and 22 resistance patterns were observed. isolates showing resistance patterns to ampicillin (a), chloramphenicol (c), streptomycin (s), sulfonamides (su) and tetracycline (t), which are typical resistance patterns for s. typhimurium dt104 (dt104), were predominant. thir ...200818798036
hild-mediated transcriptional cross-talk between spi-1 and spi-2.the acquisition of new genetic traits by horizontal gene transfer and their incorporation into preexisting regulatory networks have been essential events in the evolution of bacterial pathogens. an example of successful assimilation of virulence traits is salmonella enterica, which acquired, at distinct evolutionary times, salmonella pathogenicity island 1 (spi-1), required for efficient invasion of the intestinal epithelium and intestinal disease, and spi-2, essential for salmonella replication ...200818799744
salmonella enterica serovar enteritidis dam mutant induces low nos-2 and cox-2 expression in macrophages via attenuation of mapk and nf-kappab pathways.although dam mutants of salmonella have been proposed as live vaccines, their capacity to trigger cell inflammatory cascades has not been fully elucidated. we investigated in detail the ability of salmonella enterica dam mutant to activate the signalling pathways of the inflammatory response in raw 264.7 cells. apoptosis in macrophages treated with salmonella dam mutant was low. similarly, the expression of both nos-2 and cox-2 and subsequently the production of no and pge(2) was significantly r ...200818801455
innate immunity in caenorhabditis elegans is regulated by neurons expressing npr-1/gpcr.a large body of evidence indicates that metazoan innate immunity is regulated by the nervous system, but the mechanisms involved in the process and the biological importance of such control remain unclear. we show that a neural circuit involving npr-1, which encodes a g protein-coupled receptor (gpcr) related to mammalian neuropeptide y receptors, functions to suppress innate immune responses. the immune inhibitory function requires a guanosine 3',5'-monophosphate-gated ion channel encoded by ta ...200818801967
chemoenzymatic synthesis of gdp-azidodeoxymannoses: non-radioactive probes for mannosyltransferase activity.gdp-2-, 3-, 4- or 6-azidomannoses can be successfully prepared from the corresponding azidomannose-1-phosphates and gtp using the enzyme gdp-mannosepyrophosphorylase (gdp-manpp) from salmonella enterica and may serve as useful probes for mannosyltransferase activity.200818802557
the acquisition and internalization of salmonella by the lesser mealworm, alphitobius diaperinus (coleoptera: tenebrionidae).in poultry broiler production facilities, it is important to understand the sources and contribution of reservoir populations of pathogens. the lesser mealworm beetle, alphitobius diaperinus (panzer), is a common pest in poultry litter that is reported to carry pathogens affecting both human and animal health. this study investigates whether the carriage of a bacterial pathogen occurs by the harboring of bacteria internally by these insects. beetles were exposed to a marker bacterium, salmonella ...200818803502
a rapid serological assay for prediction of salmonella infection status in slaughter pigs using surface plasmon resonance.we present a rapid surface plasmon resonance-based serological assay for the detection of salmonella typhimurium infection in pigs using the plasmonic((r)) spr device. lipopolysaccharide (lps, 10 microg ml(-1)) from salmonella typhimurium was immobilised by self-assembly on a hydrophobic spr chip. using this lps-coated chip, it was possible to bind and detect the anti-salmonella typhimurium antibodies in serum of pigs infected with the bacteria. the developed spr assay is able to differentiate b ...200818804126
new malaria vaccine candidates based on the plasmodium vivax merozoite surface protein-1 and the tlr-5 agonist salmonella typhimurium flic flagellin.the present study evaluated the immunogenicity of new malaria vaccine formulations based on the 19kda c-terminal fragment of plasmodium vivax merozoite surface protein-1 (msp1(19)) and the salmonella enterica serovar typhimurium flagellin (flic), a toll-like receptor 5 (tlr5) agonist. flic was used as an adjuvant either admixed or genetically linked to the p. vivax msp1(19) and administered to c57bl/6 mice via parenteral (s.c.) or mucosal (i.n.) routes. the recombinant fusion protein preserved m ...200818804504
towards a human oral vaccine for anthrax: the utility of a salmonella typhi ty21a-based prime-boost immunization strategy.we previously demonstrated the ability of an orally administered attenuated salmonella enterica serovar typhimurium strain expressing the protective antigen (pa) of bacillus anthracis to confer protection against lethal anthrax aerosol spore challenge [stokes mg, titball rw, neeson bn, et al. oral administration of a salmonella enterica-based vaccine expressing bacillus anthracis protective antigen confers protection against aerosolized b. anthracis. infect immun 2007;75(april (4)):1827-34]. to ...200818805452
regulation of the salmonella enterica std fimbrial operon by dna adenine methylation, seqa, and hdfr.dna adenine methylase (dam) mutants of salmonella enterica serovar typhimurium grown under laboratory conditions express the std fimbrial operon, which is tightly repressed in the wild type. here, we show that uncontrolled production of std fimbriae in s. enterica serovar typhimurium dam mutants contributes to attenuation in mice, as indicated by the observation that an stda dam strain is more competitive than a dam strain upon oral infection. dam methylation appears to regulate std transcriptio ...200818805972
[construction and characterization of a novel somatostatin prokaryotic expression].in the current work, the fusion gene including somatostatin (ss) and the hepatitis b surface antigen gene was cloned into a balanced lethal system plasmid (pya3493), and then transformed into asd- attenuated salmonella choleraesuis c500 strain, the positive transformant without antibiotic resistance gene was confirmed by restriction analysis and dna sequencing, designated as pya-ss. the expression and immunogenicity of fusion protein were detected by sds-page and western blot analysis. these res ...200818807981
the genome of rhodobacter sphaeroides strain 2.4.1 encodes functional cobinamide salvaging systems of archaeal and bacterial origins.bacteria and archaea use distinct pathways for salvaging exogenous cobinamide (cbi), a precursor of adenosylcobalamin (coenzyme b(12)). the bacterial pathway depends on a bifunctional enzyme with kinase and guanylyltransferase activities (cobp in aerobic adenosylcobalamin synthesizers) to convert adenosylcobinamide (adocbi) to adocbi-guanosine diphosphate (adocbi-gdp) via an adocbi-phosphate intermediate. archaea lack cobp, and use a different strategy for the synthesis of adocbi-gdp. archaea cl ...200818808385
effects of salmonella enterica serovar enteritidis on cellular recruitment and cytokine gene expression in caecum of vaccinated chickens.although vaccination of poultry is a suitable method to limit human food borne gastroenteritis caused by salmonella (s.), the immune mechanisms responsible for a longer lasting protection against salmonella infection in birds are not completely understood. to reveal unique protection-related immune parameters, day-old chicks were vaccinated with a commercial live s. enteritidis vaccine and challenged with wild-type s. enteritidis 147n at day 56 of life. the bacterial cell count was determined in ...200818706948
membrane topology of the salmonella enterica serovar typhimurium group b o-antigen translocase wzx.the o-antigen translocase, wzx, is involved in translocation of bacterial polysaccharide repeat units across the cytoplasmic membrane, and is an unusually diverse, highly hydrophobic protein, with high numbers of predicted alpha-helical transmembrane segments (tms). the salmonella enterica serovar typhimurium group b o-antigen wzx was an ideal candidate for topological study as the o-antigen gene cluster is one of only a few that have been well characterized. the topology profile prediction for ...200818707624
development of liposome immunoassay for salmonella spp. using immunomagnetic separation and immunoliposome.the ability to detect salmonella spp. is essential in the prevention of foodborne illness. this study examined a salmonella spp. detection method involving the application of immunomagnetic separation and immunoliposomes (ims/il) encapsulating sulforhodamine b (srb), a fluorescent dye. a quantitative assay was conducted by measuring the fluorescence intensity of srb that was produced from an immunomagnetic bead-salmonella spp.-immunoliposome complex. the results indicated detection limits of 2.7 ...200818955821
l-cysteine is required for induced antibiotic resistance in actively swarming salmonella enterica serovar typhimurium.swarm-cell differentiation in salmonella enterica serovar typhimurium (s. typhimurium) results in a biosynthetic mode of growth, despite growing on a rich medium, and cells that have elevated antibiotic resistance. these phenotypes are not a prerequisite for swarm motility. by blocking the switch to anabolic growth using amino acid auxotrophs and screening for the presence of elevated antibiotic resistance in the swarm state, we found that cysteine biosynthesis is crucial for complete swarm-cell ...200818957594
salmonella virulence factor spic is involved in expression of flagellin protein and mediates activation of the signal transduction pathways in macrophages.spic is a virulence factor encoded within salmonella pathogenicity island 2 (spi-2). we have previously reported that infection of macrophages with salmonella enterica serovar typhimurium results in the spi-2-dependent activation of the mitogen-activated protein kinase (mapk) signalling pathways, leading to the expression of suppressor of cytokine signalling (socs)-3, which is involved in the inhibition of cytokine signalling. here, we investigated the mechanism by which spic mediates the activa ...200818957602
salmonella from gopher tortoises (gopherus polyphemus) in south georgia.from 2002 to 2006, gopher tortoises (gopherus polyphemus) were collected at moody air force base, lowndes/lanier counties, georgia, usa, and opportunistically surveyed for the presence of salmonella species. four of 155 (2.6%) cloacal swabs collected from 80 tortoises were positive for the presence of salmonella enterica, and the following serovars were identified: give, hartford, javiana, and luciana. female tortoises (5%) were infected at a rate similar to male tortoises (5%). all isolates wer ...200818957656
rapid discrimination of salmonella isolates by single-strand conformation polymorphism analysis.a molecular typing technique was developed for the differentiation of salmonella isolates based on single-strand conformation polymorphism (sscp) analysis of amplicons generated by pcr. amplicons from parts of the fima (both the 5' and 3' ends), mdh, inva, and atpd genes were generated separately from a panel of salmonella strains representing salmonella bongori, and four subspecies and 17 serovars of salmonella enterica. these amplicons were subjected to sscp analysis for differentiation of the ...200818939738
environmental sampling to predict fecal prevalence of salmonella in an intensively monitored dairy herd.although dairy cattle are known reservoirs for salmonellae, cattle that are shedding this organism are often asymptomatic and difficult to identify. a dairy herd that was experiencing a sustained, subclinical outbreak of salmonella enterica subsp. enterica cerro was monitored for 2 years. fecal samples from the lactating cows were collected every 6 to 8 weeks and tested for the presence of salmonella. fecal prevalence of salmonella fluctuated throughout the observation period and ranged from 8 t ...200818939739
planktonic and biofilm community characterization and salmonella resistance of 14-day-old chicken cecal microflora-derived continuous-flow cultures.this study evaluated the composition of gastrointestinal bacterial communities in birds during an age in which their susceptibility to salmonella is highly diminished. one of the challenges to developing probiotics is to develop an efficacious culture of minimal diversity that includes bacteria that are vital contributors to protection from pathogens, but excludes unnecessary species. this study used in vitro continuous-flow culture techniques to test the ability of mixed bacterial cultures acqu ...200818939741
substituted 2-imino-5-arylidenethiazolidin-4-one inhibitors of bacterial type iii secretion.diverse species of pathogenic gram-negative bacteria use secretion systems to export a variety of protein toxins and virulence factors that help establish and maintain infection. disruption of such secretion systems is a potentially effective therapeutic strategy. we developed a high-throughput screen and identified a tris-aryl substituted 2-imino-5-arylidenethiazolidin-4-one, compound 1, as an inhibitor of the type iii secretion system. expansion of this chemotype enabled us to define the essen ...200818947223
examination of salmonella and escherichia coli translocation from hog manure to forage, soil, and cattle grazed on the hog manure-treated pasture.use of hog (sus scrofa) manure as a fertilizer is a practical solution for waste re-utilization, however, it may serve as a vehicle for environmental and domestic animal contamination. work was conducted to determine whether pathogens, naturally present in hog manure could be detected in cattle (bos taurus) grazed on the manure-treated pasture, and whether forage contamination occurred. during two 3 mo summer trials manure was applied to yield < or = 124 kg available n per hectare in a single sp ...200818948461
anti-flagellin antibody responses elicited in mice orally immunized with attenuated salmonella enterica serovar typhimurium vaccine strains.in the present study we investigated the flagellin-specific serum (igg) and fecal (iga) antibody responses elicited in balb/c mice immunized with isogenic mutant derivatives of the attenuated salmonella enterica serovar typhimurium (s. typhimurium) sl3261 strain expressing phase 1 (flici), phase 2 (fljb), or no endogenous flagellin. the data reported here indicate that mice orally immunized with recombinant s. typhimurium strains do not mount significant systemic or secreted antibody responses t ...200818949334
comparative analysis of protein profiles of wild virulent (e156) and aroa-htra double deletion mutant vaccine strain (s30) of salmonella enterica subsp. enterica serovar abortusequi under in vivo and in vitro growth conditions.in the present study, cell lysate and cell supernatant of the both strains i.e., virulent wild type (e156) and mutant (s30) vaccine strains of salmonella enterica subspecies enterica serovar abortusequi (s. abortusequi), grown under varied in vivo and in vitro conditions were subjected to sds page and western blotting (using rabbit hyperimmune serum). variation in growth conditions did not have any significant effect on expression of different proteins. sds page of e156 and s30 cell lysate (cl) ...200818949890
rapid classification and identification of salmonellae at the species and subspecies levels by whole-cell matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization-time of flight mass spectrometry .variations in the mass spectral profiles of multiple housekeeping proteins of 126 strains representing salmonella enterica subsp. enterica (subspecies i), s. enterica subsp. salamae (subspecies ii), s. enterica subsp. arizonae (subspecies iiia), s. enterica subsp. diarizonae (subspecies iiib), s. enterica subsp. houtenae (subspecies iv), and s. enterica subsp. indica (subspecies vi), and salmonella bongori were analyzed to obtain a phylogenetic classification of salmonellae based on whole-cell m ...200818952875
structure and regulatory mechanism of aquifex aeolicus ntrc4: variability and evolution in bacterial transcriptional regulation.genetic changes lead gradually to altered protein function, making deduction of the molecular basis for activity from a sequence difficult. comparative studies provide insights into the functional consequences of specific changes. here we present structural and biochemical studies of ntrc4, a sigma-54 activator from aquifex aeolicus, and compare it with ntrc1 (a paralog) and ntrc (a homolog from salmonella enterica) to provide insight into how a substantial change in regulatory mechanism may hav ...200818955063
characterization of the genomes of a diverse collection of salmonella enterica serovar typhimurium definitive phage type 104.salmonella enterica serovar typhimurium definitive phage type 104 (dt104) has caused significant morbidity and mortality in humans and animals for almost three decades. we completed the full dna sequence of one dt104 strain, nctc13348, and showed that significant differences between the genome of this isolate and the genome of the previously sequenced strain salmonella serovar typhimurium lt2 are due to integrated prophage elements and salmonella genomic island 1 encoding antibiotic resistance g ...200818849424
bacterial flagella are firmly anchored.there are mutants of salmonella enterica (with mutations in flif and flil) that shed flagella when they are swimming in a viscous medium or on the surface of soft agar. filaments with hooks and the distal rod segment flgg are recovered. we tried to extract flagellar filaments from such cells by pulling on them with an optical trap but failed, even when we used forces large enough to straighten the filaments. thus, flagella are firmly anchored.200818849436
packed with salmonella--investigation of an international outbreak of salmonella senftenberg infection linked to contamination of prepacked basil in 2007.salmonella senftenberg is uncommon in the united kingdom. in january-june 2007, the health protection agency reported on 55 primary human cases of salmonella senftenberg in england and wales. in may 2007, fresh basil sold in the united kingdom was found to be contaminated with salmonella senftenberg. we launched an investigation to elucidate the cause of this outbreak. isolates were examined using plasmid profiling and pulsed-field gel electrophoresis, and the outbreak strain (ssftxb.0014) was i ...200818851676
distribution of multidrug-resistant human isolates of mdr-acssut salmonella typhimurium and mdr-ampc salmonella newport in the united states, 2003-2005.multidrug-resistant (mdr) salmonella strains are associated with excess bloodstream infections, hospitalizations, and deaths compared with pansusceptible strains. bovine products are sometimes a source of mdr salmonella. to generate hypotheses for regional differences in risk factors for human infection, we analyzed distributions of the two most prevalent mdr salmonella phenotypes in the united states, 2003-2005: (i) mdr-acssut (resistant to at least ampicillin, chloramphenicol, streptomycin, su ...200818851677
impact of prior immunological exposure on vaccine delivery by salmonella enterica serovar typhimurium.recombinant salmonella have been employed as vaccine vectors to deliver dna and protein vaccines of viral, bacterial and parasitic origin. however, the effectiveness of salmonella delivery may be hampered by prior immunological exposure to salmonella. we investigated the effects of prior exposure to the salmonella typhimurium aroad strain brd509 on its ability to deliver the non-toxic c fragment of tetanus toxin (tt). balb/c mice were orally immunised with brd509 containing the c fragment expres ...200818852007
characterization of puo-stvr2, a virulence-resistance plasmid evolved from the pslt virulence plasmid of salmonella enterica serovar typhimurium.puo-stvr2 is a virulence-resistance plasmid which originated from pslt of salmonella enterica serovar typhimurium through acquisition of a complex resistance island, flanked by regions that provide a toxin-antitoxin system and an iron uptake system. the presence of resistance and virulence determinants on the same plasmid allows coselection of both properties, potentially increasing health risks.200818852276
"gently rough": the vaccine potential of a salmonella enterica regulatory lipopolysaccharide mutant.an alternative to multivalent vaccines could be to construct strains capable of conferring broad protection through shared antigens. down-regulation of immunodominant major antigens has been proposed to enhance the immunogenicity of conserved antigens.200818922095
a comparison of cecal colonization of salmonella enterica serotype typhimurium in white leghorn chicks and salmonella-resistant mice.salmonellosis is one of the most important bacterial food borne illnesses worldwide. a major source of infection for humans is consumption of chicken or egg products that have been contaminated with salmonella enterica serotype typhimurium, however our knowledge regarding colonization and persistence factors in the chicken is small.200818922185
a novel dna microarray for rapid diagnosis of enteropathogenic bacteria in stool specimens of patients with diarrhea.a microarray technique for the detection and identification of enteropathogenic bacteria at the species and subspecies levels was developed in this study, and the target bacteria included pathogenic escherichia coli, vibrio cholerae, vibrio parahaemolyticus, salmonella enterica, campylobacter jejuni, shigellae, yersinia enterocolitica, and listeria monocytogenes. the virulence gene of each pathogen was chosen as the amplification target, labeled with a fluorescence dye by multiplex polymerase ch ...200818834908
recombinant spao and h1a as immunogens for protection of mice from lethal infection with salmonella paratyphi a: implications for rational design of typhoid fever vaccines.the vi capsular polysaccharide vaccine is one of two vaccines against typhoid recommended worldwide and is the vaccine generally used in china. however, in recent years a salmonella paratyphi a strain that is naturally devoid of capsule has caused frequent outbreaks of typhoid fever in southern china, leading to the need for identification of additional antigens that could be incorporated into new vaccines. spao acts as a major invasion factor of salmonella enterica spp. and h1a is the unique fl ...200818834913
rapid multiplex pcr and real-time taqman pcr assays for detection of salmonella enterica and the highly virulent serovars choleraesuis and paratyphi c.salmonella enterica is a human pathogen with over 2,500 serovars characterized. s. enterica serovars choleraesuis and paratyphi c are two globally distributed serovars. we have developed a rapid molecular-typing method to detect serovars choleraesuis and paratyphi c in food samples by using a comparative-genomics approach to identify regions unique to each serovar from the sequenced genomes. a salmonella-specific primer pair based on oric was designed as an internal control to establish accuracy ...200818923008
lipopolysaccharide-induced immune responses in relation to the tlr4(asp299gly) gene polymorphism.altered microbial exposure is a possible explanation for the increase of allergies in the western world. however, genetic factors influence microbially induced immune responses. we have investigated the tlr4(asp299gly) gene polymorphism and its possible association with receptor expression of circulating peripheral blood monocytes and the in vitro cytokine responses and phosphorylation of intracellular signaling proteins in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (pbmc) stimulated with lipopolysaccha ...200818927069
the impact of temperature during the storage of table eggs on the viability of salmonella enterica serovars enteritidis and virchow in the eggs.salmonellosis is a foodborne infection of major economic importance. contamination of table eggs with salmonella, especially salmonella enterica serovar enteritidis, is a major health concern worldwide. recently, s. enterica serovar virchow has emerged as a major pathogen in israel, where it is among the 3 most prevalent serovars found in poultry and the second most prevalent serovar isolated from individuals with salmonellosis. although there is ample knowledge regarding the role of s. enterica ...200818931169
direct enhancement of the phagocytic and bactericidal capability of abdominal macrophage of chicks by beta-1,3-1,6-glucan.salmonella enterica serovar enteritidis is the major zoonotic and intracellular pathogen. different strategies have been developed to prevent the s. enteritidis infection. the beta-1,3-1,6-glucan of schizophyllum commune was used as an immunological booster to determine the minimal dietary level of beta-glucan that would restrict s. enteritidis infection through the effects of beta-glucan on the activity of macrophages and direct physical protection of the intestine. one-day-old male single comb ...200818931174
murein hydrolase activity in the surface layer of lactobacillus acidophilus atcc 4356.we describe a new enzymatic functionality for the surface layer (s-layer) of lactobacillus acidophilus atcc 4356, namely, an endopeptidase activity against the cell wall of salmonella enterica serovar newport, assayed via zymograms and identified by western blotting. based on amino acid sequence comparisons, the hydrolase activity was predicted to be located at the c terminus. subsequent cloning and expression of the c-terminal domain in bacillus subtilis resulted in the functional verification ...200818931300
development of a pcr assay for the identification of salmonella enterica serovar brandenburg.currently, salmonella enterica serovar brandenburg is identified serologically on the basis of two surface antigens, somatic (o) polysaccharide and flagellar (h) proteins. this procedure is time-consuming and requires expensive typing reagents. to overcome these problems, a pcr method was developed and validated for the identification of s. brandenburg. portions of the inva, rfbj(b), flic and fljb genes were targeted for amplification using four pairs of oligonucleotide primers. to validate the ...200818809549
rising prevalence of enteric fever due to multidrug-resistant salmonella: an epidemiological study.a prospective study of the prevalent aetiology of enteric fever was undertaken at a tertiary care hospital in north india at intervals of every 3 years. salmonella spp. were isolated from 174 (7%) patients. amongst these, 140 (80%) patients were infected by salmonella enterica subspecies enterica serovar typhi (s. typhi) and 16 (9%) by s. enterica serovar paratyphi a; the remaining 11% were infected by other s. enterica serogroups, typhimurium, paratyphi c and senftenberg, and other group e salm ...200818809553
immunogenicity of recombinant attenuated salmonella enterica serovar typhimurium vaccine strains carrying a gene that encodes eimeria tenella antigen so7.recombinant attenuated salmonella vaccines against avian coccidiosis were developed to deliver eimeria species antigens to the lymphoid tissues of chickens via the type 3 secretion system (t3ss) and the type 2 secretion system (t2ss) of salmonella. for antigen delivery via the t3ss, the eimeria tenella gene encoding sporozoite antigen so7 was cloned downstream of the translocation domain of the salmonella enterica serovar typhimurium sope gene in the parental pya3868 and pya3870 vectors to gener ...200818809658
multiplication of salmonella enteritidis on the yolk membrane and penetration to the yolk contents at 30 degrees c in an in vitro egg contamination model.refrigeration to limit bacterial multiplication is a critical aspect of efforts to control the transmission of salmonella enterica serovar enteritidis (se) to consumers of contaminated eggs. although the nutrient-rich yolk interior is an uncommon location for se contamination in freshly laid, naturally contaminated eggs, migration across the vitelline membrane could lead to rapid bacterial multiplication even when the initial site of deposition is outside the yolk. multiplication on the yolk mem ...200818810876
the rate of protein secretion dictates the temporal dynamics of flagellar gene expression.flagellar gene expression is temporally regulated in response to the assembly state of the growing flagellum. the key mechanism for enforcing this temporal hierarchy in salmonella enterica serovar typhimurium is the sigma(28)-flgm checkpoint, which couples the expression of the late flagellar (p(class3)) genes to the completion of the hook-basal body. this checkpoint is triggered when flgm is secreted from the cell. in addition to the sigma(28)-flgm checkpoint, a number of other regulatory mecha ...200818811728
analysis of porcine transcriptional response to salmonella enterica serovar choleraesuis suggests novel targets of nfkappab are activated in the mesenteric lymph node.specific knowledge of the molecular pathways controlling host-pathogen interactions can increase our understanding of immune response biology as well as provide targets for drug development and genetic improvement of disease resistance. toward this end, we have characterized the porcine transcriptional response to salmonella enterica serovar choleraesuis (s. choleraesuis), a salmonella serovar that predominately colonizes swine, yet can cause serious infections in human patients. affymetrix tech ...200818811943
computational integration of structural and functional genomics data across species to develop information on the porcine inflammatory gene regulatory pathway.we are investigating the porcine gut immune response to infection through gene expression profiling. porcine affymetrix genechip data was obtained from rna prepared from mesenteric lymph node of swine infected with either salmonella enterica serovar typhimurium (st) or s. choleraesuis (sc) for 0, 8, 24, 48 or 504 hours post-inoculation (hpi). in total, 2365 genes with statistical evidence for differential expression (de; p < 0.01, q < 0.26, fold-change > 2) between at least two time-points were ...200818817292
transcriptional response of chicken macrophages to salmonella enterica serovar enteritidis infection.the transcriptional profiles of chicken macrophages (hd11) infected with salmonella enterica serovar enteritidis (se) were analyzed by using an avian macrophage microarray and real time rt-pcr. out of 4906 array elements interrogated, 269 genes exhibited a 2 fold change (p < 0.001) over a 24 h time-course. genes coding for proinflammatory cytokines, cc and cxc chemokines, and chemokine ligand were upregulated; whereas genes associated with transcription, cell adhesion and proliferation were down ...200818817296
dynamic remodeling of the endosomal system during formation of salmonella-induced filaments by intracellular salmonella enterica.the infection by salmonella enterica results in the massive remodeling of the endosomal system of eukaryotic host cells. one unique consequence is the formation of long tubular endosomal compartments, so-called salmonella-induced filaments (sif). formation of sif requires the function of type iii secretion system and is a requirement of efficient intracellular proliferation of salmonella. using high-resolution live cell imaging approaches and electron microscopy, we report for the first time the ...200818817527
binding of the unorthodox transcription activator, crl, to the components of the transcription machinery.the small regulatory protein crl binds to sigmas, the rna polymerase stationary phase sigma factor. crl facilitates the formation of the sigmas-associated holoenzyme (esigmas) and thereby activates sigmas-dependent genes. using a real time surface plasmon resonance biosensor, we characterized in greater detail the specificity and mode of action of crl. crl specifically forms a 1:1 complex with sigmas, which results in an increase of the association rate of sigmas to core rna polymerase without a ...200818818199
smva, and not acrb, is the major efflux pump for acriflavine and related compounds in salmonella enterica serovar typhimurium.the aim was to study the role played by smva pump in the efflux of quaternary ammonium compounds (qacs) in salmonella enterica serovar typhimurium (salmonella typhimurium).200818819967
characterization of a t7-like lytic bacteriophage (phisg-jl2) of salmonella enterica serovar gallinarum biovar gallinarum.phisg-jl2 is a newly discovered lytic bacteriophage infecting salmonella enterica serovar gallinarum biovar gallinarum but is nonlytic to a rough vaccine strain of serovar gallinarum biovar gallinarum (sg-9r), s. enterica serovar enteritidis, s. enterica serovar typhimurium, and s. enterica serovar gallinarum biovar pullorum. the phisg-jl2 genome is 38,815 bp in length (gc content, 50.9%; 230-bp-long direct terminal repeats), and 55 putative genes may be transcribed from the same strand. functio ...200818820072
nationwide outbreak of salmonella enterica serotype gives infections in infants in france, linked to infant milk formula, september 2008. 200818822245
[a novel salmonella typhimurium plasmid, panks: an example for plasmid evolution in antibiotic resistance].in this study, a plasmid, carrying ampicillin resistance (ampr) gene, isolated from a clinical isolate of salmonella enterica serotype typhimurium presenting acssut (ampicilin, chloramphenicol, streptomycin, sulphonamide, tetracycline) resistance phenotype, was defined. the length of complete sequence of this plasmid was 8271 base pairs (bp), and it was named as panks owing to its isolation place (plasmid-ankara- salmonella). the plasmid was analyzed for potential reading frames and structural f ...200818822880
assessment of the stability of cell-surface components of microorganisms by maldi-tof-ms following preservation on lenticule discs.strains representing the species campylobacter coli, escherichia coli, listeria monocytogenes, pseudomonas aeruginosa, salmonella enterica, and staphylococcus aureus were randomly selected to assess the consistency of cells preserved on lenticule discs to those archived in traditional freeze-dried ampoules. each matched pair was cultured using identical conditions and analysed by matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry (ms) to profile the surface-associated m ...200818717884
evolution of genes on the salmonella virulence plasmid phylogeny revealed from sequencing of the virulence plasmids of s. enterica serotype dublin and comparative analysis.salmonella enterica serotype dublin harbors an approximately 80-kb virulence plasmid (psdv), which mediates systemic infection in cattle. there are two types of psdv: one is psdvu (pou1113) in strain ou7025 and the other psdvr (pou1115) in ou7409 (sd lane) and many clinical isolates. sequence analysis showed that psdvr was a recombinant plasmid (co-integrate) of psdvu and a plasmid similar to a 35-kb indigenous plasmid (pou1114) of s. dublin. most of the f-transfer region in psdvu was replaced b ...200818718522
inactivation of bacteria and viruses in human urine depending on temperature and dilution rate.source separation and reuse of human urine can decrease the environmental pollution of recipient waters and reduce the need for artificial mineral fertilisers. however, the reuse of urine introduces another pathogen transmission route that needs to be managed. the inactivation of enteric pathogens and model organisms (salmonella enterica subspecies 1 serovar typhimurium (s. typhimurium), enterococcus faecalis, bacteriophages s. typhimurium 28b, ms2 and phi x 174) by urine storage was studied at ...200818718625
effect of poultry decontaminants concentration on growth kinetics for pathogenic and spoilage bacteria.various chemical compounds are currently under review for final approval as poultry decontaminants in the european union (eu). concentration is among the factors considered by the eu authorities in the evaluation of these treatments. the aim of this research was to compare the growth parameters for pathogenic and spoilage bacteria in presence of high and low concentrations of poultry decontaminants to assess whether such treatments could involve a potential sanitary risk for consumers. growth cu ...200818721678
synthesis and recovery of high bioactive phenolics from table-olive brine process wastewater.the generated wastewater of table-olive brine processing contains a high amount of polyphenols which are endowed with interesting biological activities. the ethyl acetate extract (eae) of such wastewater shows high hydroxytyrosol (ht) and tyrosol concentrations of 690 and 98 mg g(-1) dry weight extract, respectively. phenolic compounds analysis was performed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (gc-ms). the antioxidant activity was evaluated by the scavenging effect on dpph (2,2-diphenyl-1-pi ...200818823782
'form variation' of the o12 antigen is critical for persistence of salmonella typhimurium in the murine intestine.salmonella enterica subspecies i serotypes are responsible for the vast majority of salmonellosis in mammals and birds, yet only a few factors specific to this group that allow them to persist in this niche have been identified. we show that stm0557, a s. enterica subspecies i-specific gene encoding an inner membrane protein, is critical for faecal shedding and intestinal persistence of s. enterica serotype typhimurium atcc14028 in salmonella-resistant mice, but mutations in this gene do not dim ...200818826410
expression of antimicrobial peptides in cecal tonsils of chickens treated with probiotics and infected with salmonella enterica serovar typhimurium.several strategies currently exist for control of salmonella enterica serovar typhimurium colonization in the chicken intestine, among which the use of probiotics is of note. little is known about the underlying mechanisms of probiotic-mediated reduction of salmonella colonization. in this study, we asked whether the effect of probiotics is mediated by antimicrobial peptides, including avian beta-defensins (also called gallinacins) and cathelicidins. four treatment groups were included in this s ...200818827189
prevalence and characterization of salmonella spp. among marine animals in the channel islands, california.salmonella enterica is a zoonotic pathogen that has been isolated from free-ranging marine mammals throughout the world, with animals in the channel islands of california (usa) showing the highest prevalence. the goal of this study was to determine prevalence, antimicrobial sensitivity and genetic similarity using pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (pfge) of salmonella in several non-domestic animal species on san miguel and san nicolas islands. fecal samples were collected from 90 california sea ...200818828559
enhanced bactericidal effect of enterocin as-48 in combination with high-intensity pulsed-electric field treatment against salmonella enterica in apple juice.the effect of the broad spectrum cyclic antimicrobial peptide enterocin as-48 combination with high-intensity pulsed-electric field (hipef) treatment (35 kv/cm, 150 hz, 4 micros and bipolar mode) was tested on salmonella enterica cect 915 in apple juice. a response surface methodology was applied to study the bactericidal effects of the combined treatment. the process variables were as-48 concentration, temperature, and hipef treatment time. while treatment with enterocin as-48 alone up to 60 mi ...200818829125
analysis of yggx and gsha mutants provides insights into the labile iron pool in salmonella enterica.strains of salmonella enterica lacking yggx and the cellular reductant glutathione exhibit defects similar to those resulting from iron deficiency and oxidative stress. mutant strains are sensitive to hydrogen peroxide and superoxide, deregulate the expression of the fur-regulated gene entb, and fail to grow on succinate medium. suppression of some yggx gsha mutant phenotypes by the cell-permeable iron chelator deferoxamine allowed the conclusion that increased levels of cellular fenton chemistr ...200818835989
[identification of genes for biofilm formation in a salmonella enteritidis strain by transposon mutagenesis].biofilm plays an important role in pathogenicity of salmonella and food poisoning caused by salmonella. our aim was to identify genes associated with salmonella biofilm formation.200818837362
early cellular responses to salmonella infection: dendritic cells, monocytes, and more.summary: dendritic cells (dcs), monocytes, macrophages, and neutrophils are myeloid-derived phagocytes critical to controlling bacterial infections, and these cells have complementary functions to ensure host survival. recent data have shed light on the dynamics and function of myeloid cells at the early stage of infection. in particular, murine infection models with salmonella enterica serovar typhimurium have been useful for understanding the host response required to develop immunity to syste ...200818837781
adrenaline modulates the global transcriptional profile of salmonella revealing a role in the antimicrobial peptide and oxidative stress resistance responses.the successful interaction of bacterial pathogens with host tissues requires the sensing of specific chemical and physical cues. the human gut contains a huge number of neurons involved in the secretion and sensing of a class of neuroendocrine hormones called catecholamines. recently, in escherichia coli o157:h7, the catecholamines adrenaline and noradrenaline were shown to act synergistically with a bacterial quorum sensing molecule, autoinducer 3 (ai-3), to affect bacterial virulence and motil ...200818837991
microflora of bile aspirates in patients with acute cholecystitis with or without cholelithiasis: a tropical experience.the current study determined the spectrum of biliary microflora with special emphasis on enteric fever organisms in patients with acute cholangitis with and without cholelithiasis or other biliary diseases. the patients were divided into three groups: group a consisted of patients with acute cholecystitis with cholelithiasis; group b consisted of patients with acute cholecystitis with gastrointestinal ailments requiring biliary drainage and group c consisted of patients with gallbladder carcinom ...200818839486
comparison of classical serotyping and premitest assay for routine identification of common salmonella enterica serovars.the commercial premitest salmonella kit uses a multiplexed dna typing test aimed at identifying common serovars of salmonella enterica. it was used in assays over a 9-month period in the belgian reference laboratory that performs the routine identification of salmonella strains of animal origin. a blind analysis of 754 strains was conducted in parallel by classical serotyping and the premitest assay. full results were available for 685 strains (90.8%) by serotyping, while the remaining 69 strain ...200818842945
azithromycin for treating uncomplicated typhoid and paratyphoid fever (enteric fever).enteric fever (typhoid and paratyphoid fever) is potentially fatal. infection with drug-resistant strains of the causative organism salmonella enterica serovar typhi or paratyphi increases morbidity and mortality. azithromycin may have better outcomes in people with uncomplicated forms of the disease.200818843701
rapid screening of salmonella enterica serovars enteritidis, hadar, heidelberg and typhimurium using a serologically-correlative allelotyping pcr targeting the o and h antigen alleles.classical salmonella serotyping is an expensive and time consuming process that requires implementing a battery of o and h antisera to detect 2,541 different salmonella enterica serovars. for these reasons, we developed a rapid multiplex polymerase chain reaction (pcr)-based typing scheme to screen for the prevalent s. enterica serovars enteritidis, hadar, heidelberg, and typhimurium.200818845003
comparison of growth phase on salmonella enterica serovar typhimurium invasion in an epithelial cell line (ipec j2) and mucosal explants from porcine small intestine.salmonella typhimurium dt104 is a zoonotic enteropathogen of increasing concern for human health. in this study, the influence of growth phase on invasiveness of a s. typhimurium dt104 field isolate and two reference strains (sl1344 and atcc 14028) was compared in ipec j2 cells and mucosal explants from porcine ileum. internalized bacteria were quantified by a gentamicin resistance assay. after 90 min of exposure to the apical aspect of epithelial monolayers or luminal surface of explants, inter ...200817544508
mutations in the tryptophan operon allow purf-independent thiamine synthesis by altering flux in vivo.phosphoribosyl amine (pra) is an intermediate in purine biosynthesis and also required for thiamine biosynthesis in salmonella enterica. pra is normally synthesized by phosphoribosyl pyrophosphate amidotransferase, a high-turnover enzyme of the purine biosynthetic pathway encoded by purf. however, purf-independent pra synthesis has been observed in strains having different genetic backgrounds and growing under diverse conditions. genetic analysis has shown that the anthranilate synthase-phosphor ...200817557816
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