Publications

[rabies in potos flavus identified in madre de dios, peru].	the potos flavus is a nocturnal mammal that lives in neotropical forests from central america to south america. a study of four cases of rabies in potos flavus was conducted; these occurred in april 2012 in the madre de dios region in peru and were collected as part of epidemiological surveillance. the analysis performed in the regional reference laboratory of madre de dios determined the presence of the rabies virus antigen in three of the brain tissue samples. results were verified in the labo ...	2014	24718532
generation of recombinant rabies virus cvs-11 expressing egfp applied to the rapid virus neutralization test.	the determination of levels of rabies virus-neutralizing antibody (vna) provides the foundation for the quantitative evaluation of immunity effects. the traditional fluorescent antibody virus neutralization test (favn) using a challenge virus standard (cvs)-11 strain as a detection antigen and staining infected cells with a fluorescein isothiocyanate (fitc)-labeled monoclonal antibody, is expensive and high-quality reagents are often difficult to obtain in developing countries. indeed, it is ess ...	2014	24714411
diagnosis, management and post-mortem findings of a human case of rabies imported into the united kingdom from india: a case report.	human rabies infection continues to be a significant public health burden globally, and is occasionally imported to high income settings where the milwaukee protocol for intensive care management has recently been employed, with limited success in improving survival. access to molecular diagnostics, pre- and post-mortem, and documentation of pathophysiological responses while using the milwaukee protocol, can add useful insights for the future of rabies management.	2014	24708671
target cells for antibodies detection in rabies vaccine control.	rabies causes one of the most lethal zoonotic diseases, with more than 55,000 deaths reported annually. prevention is based on pre-exposure vaccination of individuals at high risk of contracting rabies, and mass vaccination of dog, which are the main vector for transmission to humans. post-exposure prophylaxis includes vaccination and rabies immunoglobulins treatment. the measurement of neutralizing antibodies in sera of vaccinated individuals is a primary concern to determine the efficacy of im ...	2014	24631076
molecular epidemiology of rabies virus in poland.	the paper describes a phylogenetic study of 58 polish isolates of rabies virus collected between 1992 and 2010. sequences of the nucleoprotein (n) and glycoprotein (g) genes approximately 600 bp long were compared with reference sequences (genbank) of european rabies viruses from neighbouring countries. the study confirmed a very high level of homology (94.4-100 %) of the polish rabies virus strains irrespective of the date of isolation. two variants of rabies virus: nee (northeastern europe var ...	2014	24627096
a bayesian approach for inferring the dynamics of partially observed endemic infectious diseases from space-time-genetic data.	we describe a statistical framework for reconstructing the sequence of transmission events between observed cases of an endemic infectious disease using genetic, temporal and spatial information. previous approaches to reconstructing transmission trees have assumed all infections in the study area originated from a single introduction and that a large fraction of cases were observed. there are as yet no approaches appropriate for endemic situations in which a disease is already well established ...	2014	24619442
ginsenoside re as an adjuvant to enhance the immune response to the inactivated rabies virus vaccine in mice.	the inactivated rabies virus vaccine (rv) is a relatively expensive vaccine, prone to failure in some cases. ginsenoside re (re) is a saponin isolated from panax ginseng, and has an adjuvant property. here the adjuvant effect of re to improve the immune response to the rv is evaluated in mice. icr mice were immunized with saline, 2.50mg/kg re, 20μl rv, 100μl rv, or 20μl of rv adjuvanted with re (1.25, 2.50 or 5.00mg/kg). different time points after boosting, we measured serum antibodies in blood ...	2014	24680943
a large-scale, rapid public health response to rabies in an organ recipient and the previously undiagnosed organ donor.	this article describes and contrasts the public health response to two human rabies cases: one organ recipient diagnosed within days of symptom onset and the transplant donor who was diagnosed 18 months post-symptom onset. in response to an organ-transplant-related rabies case diagnosed in 2013, organ donor and recipient investigations were conducted by multiple public health agencies. persons with potential exposure to infectious patient materials were assessed for rabies virus exposure. an exp ...	2014	24673934
molecular characterization of three ferret badger (melogale moschata) rabies virus isolates from jiangxi province, china.	ferret badger (fb) rabies viruses jx09-17(fb), jx09-18 and jx10-37 were isolated from three different regions in jiangxi province, china, in 2009 and 2010. the complete nucleotide sequence identity between these three isolates was 87-93 %. compared with the other chinese rabies virus isolates and vaccine strains, 101 substitutions (53 in jx10-37, 23 in jx09-17(fb) and 25 in jx09-18) in the five structural proteins were observed, and 47 of these substitutions (27 in jx10-37, 14 in jx09-17(fb) and ...	2014	24643334
rabies virus-like particles expressed in hek293 cells.	rabies is an infectious viral disease with a mortality rate close to 100%. currently, there is a need to generate cheaper and more immunogenic vaccines for the effective prevention of rabies, mostly in developing countries. virus-like particles have been widely used in viral vaccine production due to their high immunogenicity and safety during the production process. rabies virus glycoprotein is the major antigen to trigger a protective immune response and the only protein capable of generating ...	2014	24631077
oral vaccination and protection of striped skunks (mephitis mephitis) against rabies using onrab®.	skunks are one of the most important rabies vector species in north america due to their wide geographic distribution, high susceptibility to the rabies virus, and tendency to inhabit areas around human dwellings and domestic animals. oral vaccination is a cost-effective, socially acceptable technique often used to control rabies in terrestrial wildlife; however, control of rabies in skunks has proven especially challenging due to the lack of a vaccine effective by the oral route in this species ...	2014	24814554
reemergence of rabies in the southern han river region, korea.	recently, 11 cases of animal rabies were reported in the southern region (suwon and hwaseong cities) of gyeonggi province, south korea. the cases were temporally separated into two cases in dogs (canis lupus familiaris) in spring 2012 and nine cases in domestic animals and wildlife in winter 2012-13. all carcasses were submitted for histopathologic examination and viral antigen identification. sequences of the glycoprotein, nucleoprotein, and glycoprotein-large polymerase protein intergenic nonc ...	2014	24807360
safety and immunogenicity of ontario rabies vaccine bait (onrab) in the first us field trial in raccoons (procyon lotor).	in 2011, we conducted a field trial in rural west virginia, usa to evaluate the safety and immunogenicity of a live, recombinant human adenovirus (adrg1.3) rabies virus glycoprotein vaccine (ontario rabies vaccine bait; onrab) in wild raccoons (procyon lotor) and striped skunks (mephitis mephitis). we selected onrab for evaluation because of its effectiveness in raccoon rabies management in ontario and quebec, canada, and significantly higher antibody prevalence rates in raccoons compared with a ...	2014	24807178
vampire bat rabies: ecology, epidemiology and control.	extensive surveillance in bat populations in response to recent emerging diseases has revealed that this group of mammals acts as a reservoir for a large range of viruses. however, the oldest known association between a zoonotic virus and a bat is that between rabies virus and the vampire bat. vampire bats are only found in latin america and their unique method of obtaining nutrition, blood-feeding or haematophagy, has only evolved in the new world. the adaptations that enable blood-feeding also ...	2014	24784570
recovery from rabies: a call to arms.		2014	24607333
pdz domain-mediated protein interactions: therapeutic targets in neurological disorders.	protein-protein interactions are critical for cellular functioning, and their deregulation is involved in several diseases. targeting these protein interacting domains could be a promising approach in drug designing. one such domain, the pdz domain is encoded by several proteins of the nervous system in particular at the postsynaptic density site of neurons where they contribute to signal transduction pathways and neurotransmission. since pdz domains have well-defined binding sites, often corres ...	2014	24606518
negative effects of a disulfide bond mismatch in anti-rabies g protein single-chain antibody variable fragment fv57.	rabies virus (rv) causes a fatal infectious disease requiring efficient post-exposure prophylaxis (pep), which includes a rabies vaccine and rabies immunoglobulin (rig). the single-chain antibody variable fragment (scfv), a small engineered antibody fragment derived from an antibody variable heavy chain and light chain, has the potential to replace the current application of rig. in previous studies, we constructed and evaluated an anti-rabies virus g protein scfv (fv57) based on the monoclonal ...	2014	24598312
phylodynamics of vampire bat-transmitted rabies in argentina.	common vampire bat populations distributed from mexico to argentina are important rabies reservoir hosts in latin america. the aim of this work was to analyse the population structure of the rabies virus (rabv) variants associated with vampire bats in the americas and to study their phylodynamic pattern within argentina. the phylogenetic analysis based on all available vampire bat-related n gene sequences showed both a geographical and a temporal structure. the two largest groups of rabv variant ...	2014	24661865
spatial patterns of neutral and functional genetic variations reveal patterns of local adaptation in raccoon (procyon lotor) populations exposed to raccoon rabies.	local adaptation is necessary for population survival and depends on the interplay between responses to selective forces and demographic processes that introduce or retain adaptive and maladaptive attributes. host-parasite systems are dynamic, varying in space and time, where both host and parasites must adapt to their ever-changing environment in order to survive. we investigated patterns of local adaptation in raccoon populations with varying temporal exposure to the raccoon rabies virus (rrv) ...	2014	24655158
[calbindin and parvalbumin distribution in spinal cord of normal and rabies-infected mice].	rabies is a fatal infectious disease of the nervous system; however, the knowledge about the pathogenic neural mechanisms in rabies is scarce. in addition, there are few studies of rabies pathology of the spinal cord.	2014	24652212
development and evaluation of a recombinant-glycoprotein-based latex agglutination test for rabies virus antibody assessment.	the measurement of neutralizing antibodies induced by the glycoprotein of rabies virus is indispensable for assessing the level of neutralizing antibodies in animals or humans. a rapid fluorescent focus inhibition test (rffit) has been approved by who and is the most widely used method to measure the virus-neutralizing antibody content in serum, but a rapid test system would be of great value to screen large numbers of serum samples. to develop and evaluate a latex agglutination test (lat) for m ...	2014	24590567
development of a multivalent paediatric human vaccine for rabies virus in combination with measles-mumps-rubella (mmr).		2014	24589425
assessing safety and immunogenicity of post-exposure prophylaxis following interchangeability of rabies vaccines in humans.	rabies post exposure prophylaxis with cell culture vaccines by either intramuscular route or intradermal route spans over a period of one month. world health organization recommends completing post exposure prophylaxis against rabies with the same cell culture or embryonated egg rabies vaccine and with same route of administration and any deviation from this shall be an exception. in the present study, the safety and immunogenicity of rabies post-exposure prophylaxis was studied prospectively in ...	2014	24584134
development and evaluation of a new immunohistochemistry-based test for the detection of rabies virus neutralizing antibodies.	rabies claims about 55,000 human lives and many hundreds of thousands of livestock every year, worldwide. despite a heavy disease burden, laboratory facilities to diagnose the infection remain scarce in most countries of the developing world where the disease is endemic. rapid fluorescent focus inhibition test (rffit) and fluorescent antibody virus neutralization test (favn) are the common tests done in the rabies diagnostic laboratories to detect and quantitate rabies virus neutralizing antibod ...	2014	24583787
an animal component free medium that promotes the growth of various animal cell lines for the production of viral vaccines.	ipt-afm is a proprietary animal component free medium that was developed for rabies virus (strain lp 2061) production in vero cells. in the present work, we demonstrated the versatility of this medium and its ability to sustain the growth of other cell lines and different virus strains. here, three models were presented: vero cells/rabies virus (strain lp 2061), mrc-5 cells/measles virus (strain aik-c) and bhk-21 cells/rabies virus (strain pv-bhk21). the cell lines were first adapted to grow in ...	2014	24583007
rvg-peptide-linked trimethylated chitosan for delivery of sirna to the brain.	in this work, a peptide derived from the rabies virus glycoprotein (rvg) was linked to sirna/trimethylated chitosan (tmc) complexes through bifunctional peg for efficient brain-targeted delivery of sirna. the physiochemical properties of the complexes, such as sirna complexing ability, size and ζ potential, morphology, serum stability, and cytotoxicity, were investigated prior to studying the cellular uptake, in vitro gene silencing efficiency, and in vivo biodistribution. the rvg-peptide-linked ...	2014	24547943
an inactivated recombinant rabies cvs-11 virus expressing two copies of the glycoprotein elicits a higher level of neutralizing antibodies and provides better protection in mice.	the rabies virus (rabv) g protein is the primary contributor to the pathogenicity and protective immunity of rabv. in this study, we generated a recombinant rcvs-11-g strain containing two copies of the g protein derived from the pathogenic wild-type (wt) cvs-11 strain and based on its infectious clone. compared with the wtcvs-11 strain, the rcvs-11-g strain possessed a larger virion and 1.4-fold more g protein, but it exhibited a similar growth property to the rcvs-11 strain, including passagin ...	2014	24535572
phylogeographic analysis of rabies viruses in the philippines.	rabies still remains a public health threat in the philippines. a significant number of human rabies cases, about 200-300 cases annually, have been reported, and the country needs an effective strategy for rabies control. to develop an effective control strategy, it is important to understand the transmission patterns of the rabies viruses. we conducted phylogenetic analyses by considering the temporal and spatial evolution of rabies viruses to reveal the transmission dynamics in the philippines ...	2014	24512808
engineering, expression in transgenic plants and characterisation of e559, a rabies virus-neutralising monoclonal antibody.	rabies post-exposure prophylaxis (pep) currently comprises administration of rabies vaccine together with rabies immunoglobulin (rig) of either equine or human origin. in the developing world, rig preparations are expensive, often in short supply, and of variable efficacy. therefore, we are seeking to develop a monoclonal antibody cocktail to replace rig. here, we describe the cloning, engineering and production in plants of a candidate monoclonal antibody (e559) for inclusion in such a cocktail ...	2014	24511101
safety and serological response to a matrix gene-deleted rabies virus-based vaccine vector in dogs.	dogs account for the majority of human exposures and deaths due to rabies virus (rabv) worldwide. in this report, we show that a replication-deficient rabv-based vaccine in which the matrix gene is deleted (rabv-δm) is safe and induces rapid and potent vna titers after a single inoculation in dogs. average vna titers peaked at 3.02 or 5.11 international units (iu/ml) by 14 days post-immunization with a single dose of 10(6) or 10(7) focus forming units (ffu), respectively, of rabv-δm. by day 70 p ...	2014	24508037
protection of non-human primates against rabies with an adenovirus recombinant vaccine.	rabies remains a major neglected global zoonosis. new vaccine strategies are needed for human rabies prophylaxis. a single intramuscular immunization with a moderate dose of an experimental chimpanzee adenovirus (ad) vector serotype sad-v24, also termed adc68, expressing the rabies virus glycoprotein, resulted in sustained titers of rabies virus neutralizing antibodies and protection against a lethal rabies virus challenge infection in a non-human primate model. taken together, these data demons ...	2014	24503087
comparison of safety and immunogenicity of pvrv and pcecv immunized in patients with who category ii animal exposure: a study based on different age groups.	the aim of this study was to compare the safety and immunogenicity between purified vero cell rabies vaccine (pvrv) and purified chick embryo cell vaccine (pcecv) in patients with who category ii animal exposure, especially in different age groups.	2014	25522244
alterations in brain cerebral cortex proteome of rabies-infected cat.	comparative proteome analysis using brain cerebral cortex tissues from cats and dogs infected with/without rabies virus were conducted using both two-dimensional gel-electrophoresis (2-de) and 2-d fluorescence difference gel- electrophoresis (2d-dige) methods. the 2-de gel images of all samples revealed >1,000 protein spots in each gel. quantitative intensity analysis revealed the same overall protein pattern in certain regions of the gel, but the rabies-infected brains exhibited more protein sp ...	2014	25507598
laboratory data of dog rabies in southern cameroon from 2010 to 2013.	dog rabies is endemic in most african countries and the risk of human rabies is estimated to be high in cameroon according to who estimations in 2010. this study aimed to describe the circulation rabies virus (rabv) among dogs in the southern regions of cameroon from 2010 to 2013 in a context, where mass vaccination campaigns are launched annually in order to control rabies in domestic animals including dogs and cats.	2014	25495597
cell culture extraction and purification of rabies virus nucleoprotein.	rabies is a major zoonotic viral disease and is detected using the world health organization standard diagnostic techniques. rabies detection is preferably done using the fluorescent antibody technique (fat) that provides reliable diagnosis with almost 100% accuracy for all variant strains, if a proper conjugate is used. rabies virus nucleoprotein (np) is the most important protein used in production of a specific diagnostic conjugate.	2014	25485056
severe abdominal pain as the first manifestation of rabies.	rabies is an acute fatal viral disease that is generally transmitted from animals to humans following wild and domestic animal bites. the rabies virus enters the body from the area where the individual is bitten, and then the virus moves towards the brain and involves the nerves.	2014	25485053
a randomized open-labeled study to demonstrate the non-inferiority of purified chick-embryo cell rabies vaccine administered in the zagreb regimen (2-1-1) compared with the essen regimen in chinese adults.	the zagreb regimen has been used for 20 years in various countries. in china, until 2010, the zagreb schedule was only approved for purified chick embryo cell vaccine (pcecv) and purified vero cell rabies vaccines (pvrv). in this phase iii clinical trial, we aimed to demonstrate the safety and immunogenic non-inferiority of the zagreb regimen compared with the essen regimen in healthy adult chinese immunized with pcecv (rabipur®). the study enrolled 825 subjects aged 18 to 50 years; serum sample ...	2014	25483635
anterograde glycoprotein-dependent transport of newly generated rabies virus in dorsal root ganglion neurons.	rabies virus (rabv) spread is widely accepted to occur only by retrograde axonal transport. however, examples of anterograde rabv spread in peripheral neurons such as dorsal root ganglion (drg) neurons indicated a possible bidirectional transport by an uncharacterized mechanism. here, we analyzed the axonal transport of fluorescence-labeled rabv in drg neurons by live-cell microscopy. both entry-related retrograde transport of rabv after infection at axon endings and postreplicative transport of ...	2014	25275124
[not available].	more than 1 240 species of bats are known; many of them are insectivorous, others are frugivorous and some american species are haematophagous. more than 100 diferent viruses are associated with these mammals, particularly rhabdoviridae (lyssavirus like rabies virus), paramyxoviridae (like nipah and hendra viruses), filoviridae (ebola and marburg viruses) and coronavirida (viruses causing sars and mers). these infections are usually asymptomatic in bats but the mechanism of this tolerance is not ...	2014	27120912
clinical features and pathobiology of ebolavirus infection.	there has clearly been a deluge of international press coverage of the recent outbreak of ebolavirus in africa and is partly related to the "fear factor" that comes across when one is confronted with the fact that once infected, not only is the speed of death in a majority of cases rapid but also the images of the cause of death such as bleeding from various orifices gruesome and frightening. the fact that it leads to infection and death of health care providers (10% during the current epidemic) ...	2014	25260583
rabies vaccination in a pediatric patient with acute myeloid leukemia during the course of chemotherapy: a case report.	rabies is a fatal neurological infection caused by rabies virus. the deadly rabies virus could enter into human body via the wound that has caused by mammal bite. since rabies is a fatal disease without existing effective treatment, the best way is prevention. the widely examined preventive method for rabies is the use of post exposure rabies vaccination. in this specific case report, the author has presented an interesting case report of post exposure rabies vaccination in a pediatric patient w ...	2014	25250158
lack of protection against rabies in neighbourhood dogs in some peri-urban and rural areas of ogun and oyo states, nigeria.	rabies is a highly fatal zoonosis that causes severe destruction to the central nervous system and remains underreported in developing countries like nigeria.	2014	26949794
tissue culture isolation of lyssa viruses from apparently healthy unvaccinated dogs in nigeria.	there have been previous reports of inapparent infection and intermittent secretion of rabies virus in the saliva of apparently healthy dogs in some african countries, including nigeria.	2014	26949792
alterations in brain cerebral cortex proteome of rabies-infected cat.	comparative proteome analysis using brain cerebral cortex tissues from cats and dogs infected with/without rabies virus were conducted using both two-dimensional gel-electrophoresis (2-de) and 2-d fluorescence difference gel- electrophoresis (2d-dige) methods. the 2-de gel images of all samples revealed >1,000 protein spots in each gel. quantitative intensity analysis revealed the same overall protein pattern in certain regions of the gel, but the rabies-infected brains exhibited more protein sp ...	2014	25427348
safety and immunogenicity of purified chick embryo cell rabies vaccine (vaxirab n) administered intradermally as post exposure prophylaxis.	the affordability to rabies vaccine for intramuscular administration in post exposure prophylaxis is a major constraint. therefore, in countries, where there are financial constraints, world health organization recommends intradermal rabies vaccination that reduces the quantity and cost of vaccination. this study was done to evaluate the safety and immunogenicity of indigenously developed rabies vaccine (vaxirab n) in comparison to a who recommended rabies vaccine (rabipur) with demonstrated eff ...	2014	25424951
analysis of adaptive evolution in lyssavirus genomes reveals pervasive diversifying selection during species diversification.	lyssavirus is a diverse genus of viruses that infect a variety of mammalian hosts, typically causing encephalitis. the evolution of this lineage, particularly the rabies virus, has been a focus of research because of the extensive occurrence of cross-species transmission, and the distinctive geographical patterns present throughout the diversification of these viruses. although numerous studies have examined pattern-related questions concerning lyssavirus evolution, analyses of the evolutionary ...	2014	25415197
rabies in poland in 2012.	evaluation of the epidemiological situation of rabies in poland in 2012.	2014	25391011
protective effect of different anti-rabies virus vhh constructs against rabies disease in mice.	rabies virus causes lethal brain infection in about 61000 people per year. each year, tens of thousands of people receive anti-rabies prophylaxis with plasma-derived immunoglobulins and vaccine soon after exposure. anti-rabies immunoglobulins are however expensive and have limited availability. vhh are the smallest antigen-binding functional fragments of camelid heavy chain antibodies, also called nanobodies. the therapeutic potential of anti-rabies vhh was examined in a mouse model using intran ...	2014	25347556
comparative analysis of the pathogenic mechanisms of street rabies virus strains with different virulence levels.	to characterize two strains of street rabies virus (rabv) isolated from the brain tissue of cattle from inner mongolia. differences in the histopathological and ultrastructural changes in the brain tissue of infected mice were determined to reveal variation in the pathogenesis of infection between street rabies virus strains.	2014	25341810
bufotenine is able to block rabies virus infection in bhk-21 cells.	rabies is a fatal zoonotic neglected disease that occurs in more than 150 countries, and kills more than 55.000 people every year. it is caused by an enveloped single stranded rna virus that affects the central nervous system, through an infection initiated by the muscular nicotinic acetylcholine receptor, according to many authors. alkaloids, such as acetylcholine, are widespread molecules in nature. they are present in numerous biological fluids, including the skin secretion of many amphibians ...	2014	25337122
the phylogeography of rabies in grenada, west indies, and implications for control.	in grenada, west indies, rabies is endemic, and is thought to be maintained in a wildlife host, the small indian mongoose (herpestes auropunctatus) with occasional spillover into other hosts. therefore, the present study was undertaken to improve understanding of rabies epidemiology in grenada and to inform rabies control policy. mongooses were trapped island-wide between april 2011 and march 2013 and examined for the presence of rabies virus (rabv) antigen using the direct fluorescent antibody ...	2014	25330178
profile of dog bite victims in jos plateau state, nigeria: a review of dog bite records (2006-2008).	dogs are the major reservoir of rabies virus in nigeria; transmission to humans is via a bite by rabid dog. between 2006 and 2008 national veterinary research institute (nvri) rabies laboratory reported increased numbers of rabies in dogs and human dog bites. the objective of the study was to use veterinary and health records to develop a profile of bite victims and recommend appropriate public health actions.	2014	25328631
recombinant rabies virus expressing ifnα1 enhanced immune responses resulting in its attenuation and stronger immunogenicity.	several studies have shown that type 1 interferons (ifns) exert multiple biological effects on both innate and adaptive immune responses. here, we investigated the pathogenicity and immunogenicity of recombinant rabies virus (rabv) expressing canine interferon α1 (rhep-caifnα1). it was shown that kun ming (km) mice that received a single intramuscular immunization with rhep-caifnα1 had an earlier increase and a higher level of virus-neutralizing antibody titers compared with immunization of the ...	2014	25310498
right place, wrong species: a 20-year review of rabies virus cross species transmission among terrestrial mammals in the united states.	in the continental us, four terrestrial mammalian species are reservoirs for seven antigenic rabies virus variants. cross species transmission (cst) occurs when a rabies virus variant causes disease in non-reservoir species.	2014	25295750
[sequencing and analysis of n gene of street rabies virus isolated from different hosts in zhejiang province].	to elucidate the characteristics of genetic variability and its relationship with prevalence, through sequencing and analysis of n gene among street rabies virus isolated from different hosts (homo sapiens, ferret badger, dog) in zhejiang province.	2014	25294078
the stimulus selectivity and connectivity of layer six principal cells reveals cortical microcircuits underlying visual processing.	sensory computations performed in the neocortex involve layer six (l6) cortico-cortical (cc) and cortico-thalamic (ct) signaling pathways. developing an understanding of the physiological role of these circuits requires dissection of the functional specificity and connectivity of the underlying individual projection neurons. by combining whole-cell recording from identified l6 principal cells in the mouse primary visual cortex (v1) with modified rabies virus-based input mapping, we have determin ...	2014	25175879
assessment of knowledge, attitude and practice of dog owners to canine rabies in wukari metropolis, taraba state, nigeria.	canine rabies is endemic and occurs throughout the year in all parts of nigeria. a descriptive cross sectional study was designed to assess knowledge, attitude and practice of dog owners towards rabies, to check for the presence of rabies antigens in brain tissue of dogs slaughtered for human consumption and to assess rabies vaccination coverage of dogs in wukari. structured questionnaires were prepared and administered to 200 dog owners by face to face interview. the questionnaire sought inform ...	2014	25168987
assessment of rabies exposure risk in a group of u.s. air force basic trainees - texas, january 2014.	in january 2014, members of the joint base san antonio (jbsa)-lackland, texas, preventive medicine and public health teams evaluated a u.s. air force basic training squadron for potential exposure in sleeping bays to rabies virus carried by mexican free-tailed bats (tadarida brasiliensis). exposure to bats while asleep or otherwise unaware is an important risk factor for rabies in the united states. over the past several decades, most indigenous human rabies infections in the united states have ...	2014	25166925
rabies virus hijacks and accelerates the p75ntr retrograde axonal transport machinery.	rabies virus (rabv) is a neurotropic virus that depends on long distance axonal transport in order to reach the central nervous system (cns). the strategy rabv uses to hijack the cellular transport machinery is still not clear. it is thought that rabv interacts with membrane receptors in order to internalize and exploit the endosomal trafficking pathway, yet this has never been demonstrated directly. the p75 nerve growth factor (ngf) receptor (p75ntr) binds rabv glycoprotein (rabv-g) with high a ...	2014	25165859
[study on the b cell linear epitopes of rabies virus cvs-11 nucleoprotein].	to study the b cell linear epitopes of rabies virus cvs-11 nucleoprotein, peptides were synthesized according to the amino acid sequences of b cell linear epitopes. linear epitopes predicted by bioinformatics analysis were evaluated with immunological techniques. indirect enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay showed that titers of antibodies to peptides (355-369 and 385-400 residues of rabies virus cvs-11 nucleoprotein) were above 1:12 800 in mouse sera. the antibodies recognized denatured rabies vi ...	2014	25118379
diagnosis and molecular typing of rabies virus in samples stored in inadequate conditions.	the exposure of nervous tissue samples to high temperatures affects the sensitivity of rabies virus diagnostic tests, causing degradation of the viral structure. this study evaluated reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (rt-pcr) for the diagnosis and molecular characterization of brain tissue samples in an advanced state of decomposition and poorly conserved viral isolates by comparing it with routine diagnostic tests.	2014	25116668
organization of monosynaptic inputs to the serotonin and dopamine neuromodulatory systems.	serotonin and dopamine are major neuromodulators. here, we used a modified rabies virus to identify monosynaptic inputs to serotonin neurons in the dorsal and median raphe (dr and mr). we found that inputs to dr and mr serotonin neurons are spatially shifted in the forebrain, and mr serotonin neurons receive inputs from more medial structures. then, we compared these data with inputs to dopamine neurons in the ventral tegmental area (vta) and substantia nigra pars compacta (snc). we found that d ...	2014	25108805
removing residual dna from vero-cell culture-derived human rabies vaccine by using nuclease.	the clearance of host cell dna is a critical indicator for vero-cell culture-derived rabies vaccine. in this study, we evaluated the clearance of dna in vero-cell culture-derived rabies vaccine by purification process utilizing ultrafiltration, nuclease digestion, and gel filtration chromatography. the results showed that the bioprocess of using nuclease decreased residual dna. dot-blot hybridization analysis showed that the residual host cell dna was <100 pg/ml in the final product. the residua ...	2014	25108516
enhancement of blood-brain barrier permeability is required for intravenously administered virus neutralizing antibodies to clear an established rabies virus infection from the brain and prevent the development of rabies in mice.	rabies virus (rabv) is a neurotropic virus that causes fatal disease in humans and animals. currently there is no cure for rabies once clinical signs appear. it is believed that once rabv enters the central nervous system (cns), virus neutralizing antibodies (vnas) in the periphery cannot pass through the blood-brain barrier (bbb) and into the cns. furthermore, it has been hypothesized that vnas produced in the cns by invading b cells, rather than those produced in the periphery and then transpo ...	2014	25108172
cartography of serotonergic circuits.	serotonin is an essential neuromodulator, but the precise circuit connectivity that regulates serotonergic neurons has not been well defined. using rabies virus tracing strategies weissbourd et al. (2014) and pollak dorocic et al. (2014) in this issue of neuron and ogawa et al. (2014) in cell reports provide a comprehensive map of the inputs to serotonergic neurons, highlighting the complexity and diversity of potential upstream cellular regulators.	2014	25102556
the chaperonin cctα is required for efficient transcription and replication of rabies virus.	negri bodies (nbs) are formed in the cytoplasm of rabies virus (rabv)-infected cells and are accompanied by a number of host factors to nbs, in which replication and transcription occur. here, it was found that chaperonin containing tcp-1 subunit alpha (cctα) relocalizes to nbs in rabv-infected cells, and that cotransfection of nucleo- and phospho-proteins of rabv is sufficient to recruit cctα to the nbs' structure. inhibition of cctα expression by specific short hairpin rna knockdown inhibited ...	2014	25082455
[rhinoorbitocerebral zygomycosis caused by rhizopus microsporus in a roe deer (capreolus capreolus)].	an one-year-old male roe deer (capreolus capreolus) with abnormal behaviour was shot in order to exclude rabies virus infection. the 12.8 kg weighing animal was emaciated and revealed an asymmetric head with protruding left eye and expositional keratitis. there was a grey whitish soft mass within the caudal nasal cavity, which had infiltrated the frontal cerebrum through the cribriform plate and the retrobulbar tissue through the orbita. histologically, the mass consisted of a chronic granulomat ...	2014	25080823
bat rabies in guatemala.	rabies in bats is considered enzootic throughout the new world, but few comparative data are available for most countries in the region. as part of a larger pathogen detection program, enhanced bat rabies surveillance was conducted in guatemala, between 2009 and 2011. a total of 672 bats of 31 species were sampled and tested for rabies. the prevalence of rabies virus (rabv) detection among all collected bats was low (0.3%). viral antigens were detected and infectious virus was isolated from the ...	2014	25080103
rabies virus isolates of india - simultaneous existence of two distinct evolutionary lineages.	rabies is a fatal viral disease of serious public health implication. the disease is enzootic in india. in the present study, thirty six rabies virus isolates were obtained from terrestrial mammals of india during 2002-2012. ecto-domain coding region of the glycoprotein gene from all the isolates were sequenced and the phylogenetic analysis was performed in relation to the global rabies and rabies related virus isolates. the indian isolates grouped into two distinctly separate lineages with majo ...	2014	25077994
hematologic profile of hematophagous desmodus rotundus bats before and after experimental infection with rabies virus.	hematophagous desmodus rotundus bats play an important role in the rabies lifecycle. this study describes the hematological profile of these bats before and after experimental infection with rabies virus.	2014	25075489
evaluation of a rapid immunodiagnostic rabies field surveillance test on samples collected from military operations in africa, europe, and the middle east.	the anigen rapid rabies antigen test kit (bionote, inc, hwaseong, korea) was evaluated using 80 clinical samples collected by us military veterinary units. samples for the study were obtained from brain specimens of domestic and wildlife animals that were submitted to the us army public health command's veterinary laboratory europe in landstuhl, germany, for rabies testing with the direct fluorescent antibody test. the rapid immunodiagnostic test was able to detect rabies virus antigen in clinic ...	2014	25074599
the role of viral evolution in rabies host shifts and emergence.	despite its ability to infect all mammals, rabies virus persists in numerous species-specific cycles that rarely sustain transmission in alternative species. the determinants of these species-associations and the adaptive significance of genetic divergence between host-associated viruses are poorly understood. one explanation is that epidemiological separation between reservoirs causes neutral genetic differentiation. indeed, recent studies attributed host shifts to ecological factors and select ...	2014	25064563
paralytic rabies following cat scratch and intra-dermal anti-rabies vaccination.	only few reports of failure of intradermal postexposure prophylaxis for rabies following cat scratch exist in the published literature. we are reporting such a case in a 15-year-old girl. the child had category iii cat scratch on her face. she presented with progressive paralysis, finally developing quadriplegia and respiratory paralysis. typical hydrophobia and aerophobia were absent. she received intra-dermal anti-rabies cell culture vaccine. she did not receive anti-rabies immunoglobulin. the ...	2014	25250074
rabies in rodents and lagomorphs in the united states, 1995-2010.	to assess the epidemiology of rabies in rodents and lagomorphs and provide information that will enable public health officials to make recommendations regarding postexposure prophylaxis for humans after contact with these animals.	2014	25029313
rabies.		2014	25015507
transient expression of rabies virus glycoprotein (rvgp) in drosophila melanogaster schneider 2 (s2) cells.	the transient transfection process has been developed to allow rapid production of recombinant proteins. in this paper, we describe the transient expression of recombinant rabies virus glycoprotein (rvgp) in drosophila melanogaster schneider 2 (s2) cells. different cell transfection reagents were evaluated, together with the effects of different cell cultivation procedures on rvgp expression. yields of rvgp in the range 50-90ng/10(7) cells were obtained in multi-well plate transfection experimen ...	2014	25011097
effects of carcase decomposition on rabies virus infectivity and detection.	carcases received for rabies diagnosis are occasionally decomposed due to delays in finding, submitting or storing them. positive diagnostic results from such samples are reliable but negative results may be invalid. previous studies assessed the effect of decomposition on rabies detection using excised brains. to better reflect decomposition in the field, intact infected mouse carcases were stored at three temperatures for up to 70 days. the brains were then removed and tested using routine rab ...	2014	25010791
molecular epidemiology of reemergent rabies in yunnan province, southwestern china.	yunnan province in china borders 3 countries (vietnam, laos, and myanmar) in southeast asia. in the 1980s, a large-scale rabies epidemic occurred in this province, which subsided by the late 1990s. however, 3 human cases of rabies in 2000 indicated reemergence of the disease in 1 county. in 2012, rabies was detected in 77 counties; 663 persons died of rabies during this new epidemic. fifty two rabies virus strains obtained during 2008-2012 were identified and analyzed phylogenetically by sequenc ...	2014	25144604
characterization of the biological properties and complete genome sequence analysis of a cattle-derived rabies virus isolate from the guangxi province of southern china.	in this study, a street rabies virus isolate, gxhxn, was obtained from the brain of one rabid cattle in guangxi province of southern china. to characterize the biological properties of gxhxn, we first evaluated its pathogenicity using 4-week-old adult mice. gxhxn was highly pathogenic with a short incubation period and course of disease. its ld50 of 10(-6.86)/ml is significantly higher than the ld50 of 10(-5.19)/ml of gxn119, a dog-derived rabies virus isolate. it also displayed a higher neurotr ...	2014	25142164
[hematophagous bats as reservoirs of rabies].	rabies continues to be a challenge for public health authorities and a constraint to the livestock industry in latin america. wild and domestic canines and vampire bats are the main transmitter species and reservoirs of the disease. currently, variations observed in the epidemiological profile of rabies, where the species of hematophagous bat desmodus rotundus constitutes the main transmitting species. over the years, knowledge has accumulated about the ecology, biology and behavior of this spec ...	2014	25123871
rabies in the insectivorous pallas's mastiff bat (molossus molossus) in northeastern brazil.	we describe the pathologic and immunohistochemical findings in five cases of rabies in the insectivorous pallas's mastiff bat (molossus molossus) in the city of patos, state of paraíba, northeastern brazil. all cases were found during the day, in different neighborhoods, prostrate and unable to fly. no significant lesions were observed at necropsy or on histologic examination. the brains of the five bats showed strong immunohistochemical labeling for rabies virus in the form of large corpuscles ...	2014	25121411
characterization of long descending premotor propriospinal neurons in the spinal cord.	the motor function of the spinal cord requires the computation of the local neuronal circuits within the same segments as well as the long-range coordination of different spinal levels. implicated players in this process are the propriospinal neurons (ppns) that project their axons across different levels of the spinal cord. however, their cellular, molecular, and functional properties remain unknown. here we use a recombinant rabies virus-based method to label a specific type of long-projecting ...	2014	25009272
immunogenicity and efficacy of a plasmid dna rabies vaccine incorporating myd88 as a genetic adjuvant.	myeloid differentiation factor 88 (myd88), a ubiquitous toll-like receptor adaptor molecule, has been reported to play important roles in b cell responses to infections and vaccination. the present study evaluated the effects of genetic adjuvanting with myd88 on the immune responses to a plasmid dna rabies vaccine.	2014	25003094
control of canine rabies in developing countries: key features and animal welfare implications.	over 90% of human deaths from rabies worldwide are caused by dog bites. mass vaccination, along with the effective control of dog populations, has been used successfully in industrialised countries to control this disease. a lower success rate in developing countries is due to a number of factors, including vaccination campaigns that do not cover a sufficient number of animals or reach all communities, and a wide biodiversity that increases the number of reservoirs of the rabies virus. education ...	2014	25000804
comparison of antibody response to a non-adjuvanted, live canarypox-vectored recombinant rabies vaccine and a killed, adjuvanted rabies vaccine in eld's deer (rucervus eldi thamin).	captive eld's deer (rucervus eldi thamin) were evaluated for the presence of rabies virus-neutralizing antibodies using a rapid fluorescent focus inhibition after vaccination with either a live canarypox-vectored recombinant rabies vaccine or a killed monovalent rabies vaccine. twelve deer were vaccinated with 1.0 ml of killed, adjuvanted, monovalent rabies vaccine at 5-33 mo of age then annually thereafter, and 14 deer were vaccinated with 1.0 ml nonadjuvanted, live canarypox-vectored rabies va ...	2014	25000692
a recombinant rabies vaccine expressing the trimeric form of the glycoprotein confers enhanced immunogenicity and protection in outbred mice.	rabies is a disease characterized by an invariably lethal encephalitis of viral origin that can be controlled by preventive vaccination programs of wildlife, domestic animals and humans in areas with a high risk of exposure. currently available vaccines are expensive, cumbersome to produce and require intensive immunization and booster schemes to induce and maintain protective immunity. in the present study, we describe the development of candidate recombinant subunit rabies vaccines based on th ...	2014	24962755
alterations in microrna expression profile in rabies virus-infected mouse neurons.	rabies virus (rabv) is known to cause a fatal infection in many mammalian species, yet its pathogenesis remains poorly understood. this study was performed to analyze the microrna (mirna) expression profiles in rabv-infected primary neurons of mice. a total of 53 mirnas were found to be differentially expressed in rabv-infected samples compared with mock samples in a time-dependent manner. among them, the expression of ten mirnas was validated by real-time rt-pcr. potential target genes of diffe ...	2014	24957716
complete genome sequence of a rabies virus isolated from a human in central african republic.	to validate the feasibility of using next-generation sequencing in an african context, the complete genome of a rabies virus isolated from a human patient was obtained by high-throughput sequencing after virus isolation in mice and random unbiased amplification. phylogenetic analysis suggested that this virus belongs to the africa ii clade.	2014	24948767
the adaptation of a ctn-1 rabies virus strain to high-titered growth in chick embryo cells for vaccine development.	rabies virus is the causative agent of rabies, a central nervous system disease that is almost invariably fatal. currently vaccination is the most effective strategy for preventing rabies, and vaccines are most commonly produced from cultured cells. although the vaccine strains employed in china include ctn, ag, pm and pv, there are no reports of strains that are adapted to primary chick embryo cells for use in human rabies prevention in china.	2014	24885666
the analysis of vh and vl genes repertoires of fab library built from peripheral b cells of human rabies virus vaccinated donors.	a human combinatorial fab antibody library was generated from immune repertoire based on peripheral b cells of ten rabies virus vaccinated donors. the analysis of random fab fragments from the unselected library presented some bias of v gene usage towards ighv-genes and iglv-gen families. the screening of the fab library on rabies virus allowed specific human fab antibody fragments characterized for their gene encoding sequences, binding and specificities to rv. genetic analysis of selected fabs ...	2014	24862931
rabies in europe: what are the risks?	rabies remains a serious endemic disease in animal populations in many european countries. oral vaccination by use of rabies vaccine baits has proved to be durably efficient for controlling and eliminating terrestrial rabies. however, the recurrence of rabies in some countries highlights the fragility of rabies-free country status and the need for continuous surveillance. in eastern and southern countries, the rabies control programmes for foxes should be accompanied by stray dog management meas ...	2014	24847903
a conceptual model for the impact of climate change on fox rabies in alaska, 1980-2010.	the direct and interactive effects of climate change on host species and infectious disease dynamics are likely to initially manifest\ at latitudinal extremes. as such, alaska represents a region in the united states for introspection on climate change and disease. rabies is enzootic among arctic foxes (vulpes lagopus) throughout the northern polar region. in alaska, arctic and red foxes (vulpes vulpes) are reservoirs for rabies, with most domestic animal and wildlife cases reported from norther ...	2014	23452510
protection of mice against lethal rabies virus challenge using short interfering rnas (sirnas) delivered through lentiviral vector.	the antiviral potential of small interfering rnas (sirnas) targeting rabies virus (rv) polymerase (l) and nucleoprotein (n) genes delivered through lentiviral vector was investigated. for in vitro evaluation, sirnas expressing bhk-21 cell lines (bhk-l and bhk-n) were developed using transduction with lenti-l and lenti-n lentiviruses encoding sirnas against rv-l and n genes, respectively. when these cell lines were challenged in vitro with rv pasteur virus-11 (pv-11) strain, there was reduction i ...	2014	23877894
characterization of street rabies virus variants with an additional n-glycan at position 247 in the glycoprotein.	most street rabies virus glycoproteins (g proteins) possess two n-glycosylation sites, at asn(37) and asn(319), whereas an additional n-glycosylation site is present in several fixed (laboratory-adapted) rabies virus strains at asn(247), which suggests that the n-glycosylation addition may be a marker of fixed viruses. in this study, we successfully cloned two street virus strain 1088 variants, n5b#15 and n5b#10-28, in which the g proteins had an additional n-glycan at position 247, and we exami ...	2014	23921623
a sensitive in vitro assay for the detection of residual viable rabies virus in inactivated rabies vaccines.	rabies is a viral disease transmitted through bites from rabid animals and can be prevented by vaccines. clinically used rabies vaccines are prepared from inactivated rabies viruses grown in cell cultures or embryonated eggs. in japan and across the world, tests that confirm complete inactivation, such as the in vivo suckling mouse assay, in which suckling mice are intracerebrally inoculated with vaccine products, are required for quality control. in this study, we developed a novel cell-based i ...	2014	24321529
phylogenetic analysis and victim contact tracing of rabies virus from humans and dogs in bali, indonesia.	the emergence of human and animal rabies in bali since november 2008 has attracted local, national and international interest. the potential origin and time of introduction of rabies virus to bali is described. the nucleoprotein (n) gene of rabies virus from dog brain and human clinical specimens was sequenced using an automated dna sequencer. phylogenetic inference with bayesian markov chain monte carlo (mcmc) analysis using the bayesian evolutionary analysis by sampling trees (beast) v. 1.7.5 ...	2014	23958065
engineering of a recombinant trivalent single-chain variable fragment antibody directed against rabies virus glycoprotein g with improved neutralizing potency.	human and equine rabies immunoglobulins are currently available for passive immunization against rabies. however, these are hampered by the limited supply and some drawbacks. advances in antibody engineering have led to overcome issues of clinical applications and to improve the protective efficacy. in the present study, we report the generation of a trivalent single-chain fv (scfv50ad1-fd), that recognizes the rabies virus glycoprotein, genetically fused to the trimerization domain of the bacte ...	2014	24091293
innate immune responses in raccoons after raccoon rabies virus infection.	zoonotic wildlife diseases pose significant health risks not only to their primary vectors but also to humans and domestic animals. rabies is a lethal encephalitis caused by rabies virus (rv). this rna virus can infect a range of terrestrial mammals but each viral variant persists in a particular reservoir host. active management of these host vectors is needed to minimize the negative impacts of this disease, and an understanding of the immune response to rv infection aids strategies for host v ...	2014	24085257
phylogenetic and epidemiologic evidence of multiyear incubation in human rabies.	eight years after emigrating from brazil, an otherwise healthy man developed rabies. an exposure prior to immigration was reported. genetic analysis revealed a canine rabies virus variant found only in the patient's home country, and the patient had not traveled internationally since immigrating to the united states. we describe how epidemiological, phylogenetic, and viral sequencing data provided confirmation that rabies encephalomyelitis may present after a long, multiyear incubation period, a ...	2014	24038455
safety and immunogenicity study of a new purified chick embryo cell rabies vaccine vaxirab-n (pitman-moore strain) manufactured in india.	zydus cadila health care, india developed a new purified chick embryo cell rabies vaccine (pcecv, vaxirab-n; 1 ml) by adapting pitman-moore strain of virus on to the chick embryo fibroblast cell line in 2006. during 2007-10, a series of safety and immunogenicity studies were conducted as per ich-gcp guidelines after obtaining permission from drug controller general of india. in the first study, vaxirab-n was administered to 35 healthy adult volunteers by intramuscular (im) route using pre exposu ...	2014	24030586