Publications
| Title | Abstract | Year(sorted ascending) Filter | PMID Filter |
|---|
| emergency laparoscopic surgery for complicated diverticular disease. | the aim of this study was to analyse the outcome of emergency laparoscopic surgical management of complicated diverticular disease. | 2009 | 18616737 |
| clostridium difficile-associated disease in children with solid tumors. | the goal of this study was to describe the incidence of clostridium difficile-associated disease (cdad) in children with solid tumours. | 2009 | 18802726 |
| toxin-binding treatment for clostridium difficile: a review including reports of studies with tolevamer. | clostridium difficile represents an increasing threat to patients, mainly as a hospital-acquired infection causing antibiotic-associated colitis (aac). the emergence of a new more virulent strain in north america and europe has been linked to increased morbidity and mortality. for a long period of time the only available therapeutic options were oral vancomycin and metronidazole. however, both of these antibiotics have limitations either in terms of efficacy, cost, formulation, side effects or t ... | 2009 | 18804351 |
| mechanisms of action of probiotics: recent advances. | the intestinal microbiota plays a fundamental role in maintaining immune homeostasis. in controlled clinical trials probiotic bacteria have demonstrated a benefit in treating gastrointestinal diseases, including infectious diarrhea in children, recurrent clostridium difficile-induced infection, and some inflammatory bowel diseases. this evidence has led to the proof of principle that probiotic bacteria can be used as a therapeutic strategy to ameliorate human diseases. the precise mechanisms inf ... | 2009 | 18626975 |
| absence of pseudomembranes in clostridium difficile-associated diarrhea in patients using immunosuppression agents. | clostridium difficile is a major cause of diarrhea in hospitalized patients. although pseudomembranes are crucial evidence for diagnosis of c. difficile-associated diarrhea (cdad), some cases do not show any pseudomembranes. the aim of this study was to verify the hypothesis that pseudomembranes are not generated in immunosuppressed patients because of the absence of immunoreactions. | 2009 | 18781540 |
| effects of exposure of clostridium difficile pcr ribotypes 027 and 001 to fluoroquinolones in a human gut model. | the incidence of clostridium difficile infection is increasing, with reports implicating fluoroquinolone use. a three-stage chemostat gut model was used to study the effects of three fluoroquinolones (ciprofloxacin, levofloxacin, and moxifloxacin) on the gut microbiota and two epidemic c. difficile strains, strains of pcr ribotypes 027 and 001, in separate experiments. c. difficile total viable counts, spore counts, and cytotoxin titers were determined. the emergence of c. difficile isolates wit ... | 2009 | 18710908 |
| [a recurrent diarrhea]. | 2009 | 18572277 | |
| activity of vancomycin against epidemic clostridium difficile strains in a human gut model. | vancomycin and metronidazole remain the only primary options for the treatment of clostridium difficile infection (cdi). recent reports have suggested a superior clinical response to vancomycin therapy compared with metronidazole, but this has been difficult to prove or explain. there are few robust in vitro data of the effects of antibiotic treatment of cdi in a gut reflective setting. | 2009 | 19112083 |
| probiotics as prevention and treatment for diarrhea. | to critically appraise evidence on probiotic use for prevention and treatment of diarrhea in children and adults. | 2009 | 19114770 |
| renewed interest in a difficult disease: clostridium difficile infections--epidemiology and current treatment strategies. | renewed interest in clostridium difficile infections (cdi) is stimulating research into the pathogenesis and virulence factors for this pathogen. this review summarizes recent progress in the field, particularly in relation to the changing epidemiologic trends and new investigational treatments. | 2009 | 19114771 |
| rho proteins are negative regulators of tlr2, tlr3, and tlr4 signaling in astrocytes. | the family of toll-like receptors (tlrs) expressed by innate immune cells recognizes a spectrum of microbial components as well as molecules released from injured tissues. tlr ligation activates intracellular signaling cascades that culminate in the up-regulation of proinflammatory genes. we have recently demonstrated that the up-regulation of inflammatory cytokines mediated by tlr4 in astrocytes is negatively controlled by the monomeric gtpases of rho subfamily. the present study was undertaken ... | 2009 | 19115402 |
| clostridium difficile-related hospitalizations among us adults, 2006. | 2009 | 19116073 | |
| clostridial typhlitis associated with topical antibiotic therapy in a syrian hamster. | a syrian hamster that had been treated with topical antibiotic ointment for 10 days following injuries sustained during fighting was presented moribund. postmortem and microscopic examinations revealed lesions consistent with clostridial typhlitis and enteritis. anaerobic culture of caecal contents resulted in the isolation of two clostridium species, and caecal contents contained clostridium difficile enterotoxins. based on these findings, a diagnosis of acute c. difficile enterotoxaemia was ma ... | 2009 | 19116288 |
| can metronidazole still be used for treatment of clostridium difficile infections? | 2009 | 19094818 | |
| new antimicrobial agents for patients with clostridium difficile infections. | current drug treatment of clostridium difficile infection (cdi) focuses on metronidazole and vancomycin. early studies showed equivalence, but more recent reports indicate that oral vancomycin is preferred for serious cdi. recent work has demonstrated a need for new drugs due to challenges with the nap-1 strain, which appears to cause more refractory disease that is more likely to relapse. these two distinctive facets of treatment are the most challenging. this review discusses new agents in dev ... | 2009 | 19094821 |
| evaluation of enzyme immunoassays to detect clostridium difficile toxin from anaerobic stool culture. | stool culture for clostridium difficile, while necessary for strain typing and antimicrobial surveillance, cannot determine toxin production. we prospectively tested in triplicate 91 c difficile cultured isolates for toxin production by 2 enzyme immunoassays (eias) (meridian premier toxins a&b, meridian bioscience, cincinnati, oh; and techlab tox a/b ii, techlab, blacksburg, va) and cytotoxin neutralization bioassay (ctn). by ctn, 88% (80/91) were toxigenic. reproducibility was 93% (85/91) for c ... | 2009 | 19095569 |
| temocillin revived. | resistance in gram-negative pathogens is an increasing concern, with carbapenems often appearing as the only acceptable treatment option in serious infections. reviving older compounds that have fallen into disuse may help to alleviate this burden. temocillin (6-alpha-methoxy-ticarcillin) is resistant to most if not all classical and extended-spectrum beta-lactamases and to ampc enzymes. it is also chemically stable, allowing administration by continuous infusion. pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic ... | 2009 | 19095679 |
| clostridium difficile infections in a shanghai hospital: antimicrobial resistance, toxin profiles and ribotypes. | the incidence of clostridium difficile infection (cdi) has risen markedly since 2003, however data from china are limited. a 1-year study was conducted at the university hospital huashan to characterise clinical isolates of c. difficile. of 74 isolates, 56 were from the first episode of cdi (43 a(+)b(+) and 13 a(-)b(+)), 5 were from recurrences and 13 were toxin-negative. no binary toxin or tcdc deletion was detected. all strains were susceptible to metronidazole, vancomycin, meropenem and piper ... | 2009 | 19097757 |
| nosocomial outbreak of clostridium difficile-associated disease in a pediatric intensive care unit in madrid. | 2009 | 19090768 | |
| harbingers for clostridium difficile-associated diarrhea. | : recent research has recognized surrogate markers for clostridium difficile-associated diarrhea (cdad). among the most consistently identified markers are the leukocyte count, platelet count, and albumin level. previous investigators failed to exclude patients with hematologic disorders that may have confounded their results. therefore, the exclusion of this subset from our study lends it a unique perspective. | 2009 | 19092680 |
| avoiding pitfalls: what an endoscopist should know in liver transplantation--part ii. | over the last decade the number of patients undergoing transplantation has increased. at the same time, effective peri- and postoperative care and better surgical techniques have resulted in greater numbers of recipients achieving long-term survival. identification and effective management in the form of adequate treatment is essential, since any delay in diagnosis or treatment may result in graft loss or serious threat to patient's life. various aspects of endoscopic findings that can be common ... | 2009 | 19085103 |
| diagnosis and management of urinary tract infection in hospitalized older people. | to compare the diagnosis and management of urinary tract infection (uti) in hospitalized older people with clinical criteria and therapeutic guidelines. | 2009 | 19054190 |
| chenodeoxycholate is an inhibitor of clostridium difficile spore germination. | some cholate derivatives that are normal components of bile can act with glycine to induce the germination of clostridium difficile spores, but at least one bile component, chenodeoxycholate, does not induce germination. here we show that chenodeoxycholate inhibits the germination of c. difficile spores in response to cholate and taurocholate. | 2009 | 19060152 |
| ruwa scoring system: a novel predictive tool for the identification of patients at high risk for complications from clostridium difficile infection. | 2009 | 19041159 | |
| quantitative detection of clostridium difficile in hospital environmental samples by real-time polymerase chain reaction. | c. difficile-associated diarrhoea occurs commonly in hospitals and is a significant cause of morbidity and mortality. hospital surfaces are often contaminated with nosocomial pathogens and may be responsible for cross-transmission, especially if hardy gram-positive and spore-forming organisms are involved. the aim of this study was to quantify c. difficile in the hospital environment near c. difficile-positive and -negative patients using a quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction. a tot ... | 2009 | 19041162 |
| review of current literature on the economic burden of clostridium difficile infection. | clostridium difficile is well recognized as the most common infectious cause of healthcare-associated diarrhea. since 2000, this pathogen has demonstrated an increased propensity to cause more frequent and virulent illness that is often refractory to treatment. an analysis by the centers for disease control and prevention revealed that, in the united states, the number of patients discharged from hospitals who received the international classification of diseases, ninth revision discharge diagno ... | 2009 | 19049438 |
| outcomes following colectomy for clostridium difficile colitis. | clostridium difficile associated diarrhoea has become an important health problem in uk hospitals but surgical intervention is rarely required. there is little evidence regarding best practice for patients requiring surgical intervention. the aim of this multicentre study was to review our experience in patients requiring surgery for c. difficile colitis. | 2009 | 19070558 |
| severe pseudomembranous colitis after moxifloxacin use: a case series. | to describe the illnesses of 4 patients who developed severe pseudomembranous colitis after receiving moxifloxacin. | 2009 | 19066322 |
| effective and reduced-cost modified selective medium for isolation of clostridium difficile. | both for epidemiologic studies and for diagnostic testing, there is a need for effective, economical, and readily available selective media for the culture of clostridium difficile. we have developed a reduced-cost substitute for cycloserine-cefoxitin-fructose agar (ccfa), which is an effective but expensive selective medium for c. difficile. the modified medium, called c. difficile brucella agar (cdba), includes an enriched brucella base as a substitute for proteose peptone no. 2, and the conce ... | 2009 | 19073869 |
| comparison of a commercial real-time pcr assay for tcdb detection to a cell culture cytotoxicity assay and toxigenic culture for direct detection of toxin-producing clostridium difficile in clinical samples. | rapid detection of toxin-producing strains of clostridium difficile is essential for optimal management of patients with c. difficile infection. the bd geneohm (san diego, ca) cdiff assay, a real-time pcr assay that amplifies tcdb, was compared to a cell culture neutralization assay (wampole c. difficile toxin b [tox-b] test; techlab, blacksburg, va) and to toxigenic culture. using liquid (n = 273) and soft (n = 131) stool specimens from 377 symptomatic patients, all testing was performed on the ... | 2009 | 19073875 |
| predictors of serious complications due to clostridium difficile infection. | identifying individuals with severe clostridium difficile infection (cdi) at risk for major complications has become an important objective. presence of clinical variables that predict complications from cdi would have the potential to strongly influence management. | 2009 | 19077106 |
| prospective derivation and validation of a clinical prediction rule for recurrent clostridium difficile infection. | prevention of recurrent clostridium difficile infection (cdi) is a substantial therapeutic challenge. a previous prospective study of 63 patients with cdi identified risk factors associated with recurrence. this study aimed to develop a prediction rule for recurrent cdi using the above derivation cohort and prospectively evaluate the performance of this rule in an independent validation cohort. | 2009 | 19162027 |
| waterlow score to predict patients at risk of developing clostridium difficile-associated disease. | this study describes the development and testing of an assessment tool to predict the risk of patients developing clostridium difficile-associated disease (cdad). the three phases of the study include the development of the tool, prospective testing of the validity of the tool using 1468 patients in a medical assessment unit and external retrospective testing using data from 29 425 patients. in the first phase of the study, receiver operating characteristic (roc) analysis identified the waterlow ... | 2009 | 19162374 |
| auranofin disrupts selenium metabolism in clostridium difficile by forming a stable au-se adduct. | clostridium difficile is a nosocomial pathogen whose incidence and importance are on the rise. previous work in our laboratory characterized the central role of selenoenzyme-dependent stickland reactions in c. difficile metabolism. in this work we have identified, using mass spectrometry, a stable complex formed upon reaction of auranofin (a gold-containing drug) with selenide in vitro. x-ray absorption spectroscopy supports the structure that we proposed on the basis of mass-spectrometric data. ... | 2009 | 19165513 |
| healthcare-associated infections: epidemiology, prevention, and therapy. | reducing nosocomial infection rates is a major component of healthcare improvement. this article reviews the epidemiology, prevention, and therapy for some of the most common healthcare-associated infections, including central line-associated bloodstream infections and catheter-associated urinary tract infections, and 3 common organisms: methicillin-resistant staphylococcus aureus, multidrug- resistant gram-negative bacteria, and clostridium difficile. | 2009 | 19170222 |
| infection control practices related to clostridium difficile infection in acute care hospitals in canada. | we carried out a survey to identify the infection prevention and control practices in place in canadian hospitals participating in the canadian nosocomial infection surveillance program (cnisp). | 2009 | 19171246 |
| what is on that keyboard? detecting hidden environmental reservoirs of clostridium difficile during an outbreak associated with north american pulsed-field gel electrophoresis type 1 strains. | numerous studies have demonstrated that environmental surfaces in the rooms of patients with clostridium difficile infection (cdi) are often contaminated with spores. however, less information is available regarding the frequency of contamination of environmental surfaces outside of cdi isolation rooms. | 2009 | 19171247 |
| [pseudomembranous colitis: ct-findings]. | 2009 | 19173153 | |
| [clostridium-difficile-associated diarrhea]. | clostridium difficile is the most frequent cause of nosocomial diarrhea and is a significant cause of morbidity among hospitalized patients. the inflammation is produced as a result of a non-specific response to toxins. in the last few years, a hypervirulent strain, nap1/bi/027, has been reported. symptoms usually consist of abdominal pain and diarrhea. the diagnosis should be suspected in any patient who develops diarrhea during antibiotic therapy or 6-8 weeks after treatment. diagnosis should ... | 2009 | 19174100 |
| clostridium difficile infections in children. | 2009 | 19174687 | |
| proton pump inhibitors increase significantly the risk of clostridium difficile infection in a low-endemicity, non-outbreak hospital setting. | proton pump inhibitors (ppi) have been linked to higher risk of clostridium difficile infection (cdi). the relevance of this association in hospitals with low disease activity, where an outbreak strain is nondominant, has been assessed in relatively few studies. | 2009 | 19183143 |
| structural insights into the molecular organization of the s-layer from clostridium difficile. | clostridium difficile expresses a surface layer (s-layer) which coats the surface of the bacterium and acts as an adhesin facilitating interaction of the bacterium with host enteric cells. the s-layer contains a high-molecular-weight s-layer protein (hmw slp) and its low-molecular-weight partner protein (lmw slp). we show that these proteins form a tightly associated non-covalent complex, the h/l complex, and we identify the regions of both proteins responsible for complex formation. the 2.4 a x ... | 2009 | 19183279 |
| the role of immunoglobulin for the treatment of clostridium difficile infection: a systematic review. | clostridium difficile is the most common infectious cause of nosocomial healthcare-associated diarrhea. the increasing prevalence of c difficile, spread in the community, virulence and frequent relapse has created an urgent need to identify new effective treatments for c. difficile infection. among these, intravenous immunoglobulin (ivig) is used for cases of severe c. difficile infection. we undertook a systematic review to examine the published literature pertaining to the use of immunoglobuli ... | 2009 | 19186089 |
| autologous non-myeloablative haemopoietic stem cell transplantation in relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis: a phase i/ii study. | autologous non-myeloablative haemopoietic stem cell transplantation is a method to deliver intense immune suppression. we evaluated the safety and clinical outcome of autologous non-myeloablative haemopoietic stem cell transplantation in patients with relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis (ms) who had not responded to treatment with interferon beta. | 2009 | 19186105 |
| a 76-year-old man with recurrent clostridium difficile-associated diarrhea: review of c. difficile infection. | clostridium difficile infection (cdi) is a common and increasingly severe nosocomial infectious disease. the case of mr s, a 76-year-old man with multiple recurrences of cdi, illustrates the difficulties in treating recurrent disease and the way it complicates the management of other medical conditions. risk factors for cdi include antimicrobial use, hospital admission, advancing age, and severe underlying disease. a clinical diagnosis of cdi is usually confirmed by identifying c. difficile toxi ... | 2009 | 19190304 |
| device-independent, real-time identification of bacterial pathogens with a metal oxide-based olfactory sensor. | a novel olfactory method for bacterial species identification using an electronic nose device called the mononose was developed. differential speciation of micro-organisms present in primary cultures of clinical samples could be performed by real-time identification of volatile organic compounds (vocs) produced during microbial replication. kinetic measurements show that the dynamic changes in headspace gas composition are orders of magnitude larger than the static differences at the end of ferm ... | 2009 | 19190942 |
| health care-associated clostridium difficile infection in adults admitted to acute care hospitals in canada: a canadian nosocomial infection surveillance program study. | clostridium difficile infection (cdi) is the most frequent cause of health care-associated infectious diarrhea in industrialized countries. the only previous report describing the incidence of health care-associated cdi (ha cdi) in canada was conducted in 1997 by the canadian nosocomial infection surveillance program. we re-examined the incidence of ha cdi with an emphasis on patient outcomes. | 2009 | 19191641 |
| clostridium difficile infection: same incidence and worse prognosis? | 2009 | 19191642 | |
| antimotility agents for the treatment of clostridium difficile diarrhea and colitis. | antimotility agent use for the treatment of clostridium difficile infection (cdi) is discouraged. we reviewed the literature and unpublished postmarketing surveillance reports regarding antimotility treatment of cdi. twenty reports met inclusion criteria, describing 55 patients with cdi who were exposed to antimotility agents. all studies were case reports or series, with the exception of 1 retrospective review. nineteen patients (35%) improved, with clinical resolution. nine patients (16%) died ... | 2009 | 19191646 |
| antimotility agents for the treatment of clostridium difficile infection: is the juice worth the squeeze? | 2009 | 19191647 | |
| successful containment of a norovirus outreak in an acute adult psychiatric area. | we describe a norovirus outbreak in an acute adult psychiatric area in a tertiary care hospital. containment of the outbreak was challenging because of the patients' psychiatric conditions and the area's configuration. on the basis of this experience, recommendations were made to help prevent a similar scenario in the future. | 2009 | 19193019 |
| clostridium difficile-associated disease in the elderly, united states. | 2009 | 19193291 | |
| clostridium difficile pcr ribotype 078 toxinotype v found in diarrhoeal pigs identical to isolates from affected humans. | in diseased piglets from two dutch pig-breeding farms with neonatal diarrhoea for more than a year, culture and pcr analyses identified the involved microorganism as clostridium difficile pcr ribotype 078 harbouring toxin a (tcda) and b (tcdb), and binary toxin genes. isolated strains showed a 39 bp deletion in the tcdc gene and they were ermb gene-negative. a number of 11 porcine and 21 human isolated c. difficile pcr ribotype 078 toxinotype v strains were found genetically related by multiple- ... | 2009 | 19196280 |
| clostridium difficile. | 2009 | 19196682 | |
| fulminant clostridium difficile enteritis after proctocolectomy and ileal pouch-anal anastamosis. | clostridium difficile (c. difficile) infection of the small bowel is very rare. the disease course is more severe than that of c. difficile colitis, and the mortality is high. we present a case of c. difficile enteritis in a patient with ileal pouch-anal anastamosis (ipaa), and review previous case reports in order to better characterize this unusual condition. | 2009 | 19197378 |
| killing of rat basophilic leukemia cells by lethal toxin from clostridium sordellii: critical role of phosphatidylinositide 3'-oh kinase/akt signaling. | clostridium sordellii lethal toxin (tcsl) belongs to the family of clostridial glucosylating toxins. tcsl exhibits glucosyltransferase activity to inactivate rho and ras proteins. on cultured cells, tcsl causes actin reorganization ("cytopathic effect") and apoptotic cell death ("cytotoxic effect"). this study is based on the concept that the cytotoxic effects of tcsl depend on the glucosylation of critical substrate proteins rather than on the glucosyltransferase activity per se. the cytotoxic ... | 2009 | 19199813 |
| serum albumin in risk assessment for clostridium difficile. | 2009 | 19200621 | |
| prevalence of clostridium difficile in diarrhoeic and non-diarrhoeic piglets. | clostridium difficile is considered to be an important causative agent of porcine neonatal diarrhoea, having taken over from classic bacterial pathogens. however, there are currently no clear data concerning the prevalence of this microorganism in piglets, or about its relative distributions among diarrhoeic and non-diarrhoeic animals. in the present study, we analyzed the presence of c. difficile in rectal swabs from 780 piglets from two age groups (newborn and 1-2-month-old pigs) by means of m ... | 2009 | 19200665 |
| healthcare-associated infection in acute hospitals: which interventions are effective? | this study investigated the potential factors linked to healthcare-associated infection (hcai) rates in acute national health service hospitals, analysing mandatory surveillance data with existing data available to the healthcare commission, and supplemented by a bespoke questionnaire. a questionnaire was developed to cover important elements related to the management and control of hcai. additional data were collated from other sources. infection outcomes comprised the mandatory surveillance da ... | 2009 | 19201050 |
| clostridium difficile. | 2009 | 19202581 | |
| clostridium difficile. | 2009 | 19202582 | |
| clostridium difficile. | 2009 | 19202583 | |
| isolation and analysis of bacteria with antimicrobial activities from the marine sponge haliclona simulans collected from irish waters. | samples of the marine sponge haliclona simulans were collected from irish coastal waters, and bacteria were isolated from these samples. phylogenetic analyses of the cultured isolates showed that four different bacterial phyla were represented; bacteriodetes, actinobacteria, proteobacteria, and firmicutes. the sponge bacterial isolates were assayed for the production of antimicrobial substances, and biological activities against gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria and fungi were demonstrate ... | 2009 | 18953608 |
| characterization of tet(32) genes from the oral metagenome. | tet(32) was identified in three bacterial isolates and in metagenomic dna from the human oral cavity. the regions immediately flanking the gene were found to have similarities to the mobile elements tnb1230 from butyrivibrio fibrisolvens, ate-3 from arcanobacterium pyogenes, and ctn5 from clostridium difficile. | 2009 | 18955517 |
| opt-80 eliminates clostridium difficile and is sparing of bacteroides species during treatment of c. difficile infection. | during a 10-day treatment for clostridium difficile infection, opt-80 and vancomycin were comparably effective in reducing c. difficile counts. bacteroides fragilis group counts appeared unaffected with increasing dosages of opt-80, whereas vancomycin was markedly suppressive. retention of components of the normal microflora might lower the risk of recurrent disease. | 2009 | 18955523 |
| clinical outcomes, safety, and pharmacokinetics of opt-80 in a phase 2 trial with patients with clostridium difficile infection. | opt-80, a novel, minimally absorbed macrocycle, is a candidate treatment option for clostridium difficile infection (cdi) based on cure without recurrence of cdi in the hamster challenge model, good in vitro activity against c. difficile, and relative sparing of commensal gram-negative anaerobes. in this open-label, dose-ranging clinical trial, 48 evaluable subjects were randomized to receive either 50, 100, or 200 mg of opt-80 orally every 12 h for 10 days as treatment for mild to moderately se ... | 2009 | 18955525 |
| porcine circovirus 2 infection of epithelial cells is clathrin-, caveolae- and dynamin-independent, actin and rho-gtpase-mediated, and enhanced by cholesterol depletion. | epithelial cells are the major in vivo target cells for porcine circovirus type 2 (pcv2). although these cells are used for most studies of pcv2 gene expression and, little is known on pcv2 entry, attachment and internalization, in epithelial cells. pcv2 attachment to epithelial cells occurred rapidly and in a time-dependent manner. in contrast to attachment, internalization was slow. immunofluorescent stainings revealed that during internalization, pcv2 co-localized with clathrin, but not caveo ... | 2009 | 18952130 |
| community acquired clostridium difficile infection due to a moxifloxacin susceptible ribotype 027 strain. | 2009 | 18846478 | |
| mass spectrometric analysis of the s-layer proteins from clostridium difficile demonstrates the absence of glycosylation. | like many other bacterial cell surfaces, the cell wall of clostridium difficile is also encapsulated by a proteinaceous paracrystalline layer, the surface (s)-layer. in many bacterial species, the s-layer proteins (slps) have been shown to be glycosylated, whereas in other species glycosylation is absent. unusually, the s-layer of c. difficile is composed of two distinct proteins, the high-molecular weight (hmw) and low-molecular-weight (lmw) slps. previous investigations have reported that one ... | 2009 | 18932172 |
| regulation of kir2.1 channels by the rho-gtpase, rac1. | mutations in kir2.1 inwardly rectifying potassium channels are associated with andersen syndrome, a disease characterized by potentially fatal cardiac arrhythmias. while several andersen-associated mutations affect membrane expression, the cytoplasmic signals that regulate kir2.1 trafficking are poorly understood. here, we investigated whether the rho-family of small gtpases regulates trafficking of kir2.1 channels expressed in hek-293 cells. treatment with clostridium difficile toxin b, an inhi ... | 2009 | 18932198 |
| seasonal variation of enteric infections and inflammatory bowel disease. | 2009 | 18942760 | |
| fulminant small bowel enteritis: a rare complication of clostridium difficile-associated disease. | 2009 | 18942764 | |
| cranberry or trimethoprim for the prevention of recurrent urinary tract infections? a randomized controlled trial in older women. | to compare the effectiveness of cranberry extract with low-dose trimethoprim in the prevention of recurrent urinary tract infections (utis) in older women. | 2009 | 19042940 |
| skin and environmental contamination with vancomycin-resistant enterococci in patients receiving oral metronidazole or oral vancomycin treatment for clostridium difficile-associated disease. | oral metronidazole has been recommended for treatment of mild-to-moderate clostridium difficile-associated disease (cdad), in part because of concern that use of vancomycin may be more likely to promote colonization and transmission of vancomycin-resistant enterococci (vre). the objective of our study was to compare the frequency of skin and environmental vre contamination associated with metronidazole treatment for cdad with such frequency associated with vancomycin treatment for cdad. | 2009 | 19046063 |
| autocatalytic processing of clostridium difficile toxin b. binding of inositol hexakisphosphate. | clostridium difficile toxins a and b are major virulence factors responsible for induction of pseudomembranous colitis and antibiotic-associated diarrhea in men. the toxins possess a multidomain structure and only the n-terminal glucosyltransferase domain, which inactivates rho gtpases by glucosylation, is translocated into the cytosol of target cells. processing of the toxin occurs by autocatalytic cleavage and is activated by inositol hexakisphosphate (insp6). here we studied the inherent prot ... | 2009 | 19047051 |
| fas death receptor enhances endocytic membrane traffic converging into the golgi region. | the death receptor fas/cd95 initiates apoptosis by engaging diverse cellular organelles including endosomes. the link between fas signaling and membrane traffic has remained unclear, in part because it may differ in diverse cell types. after a systematic investigation of all known pathways of endocytosis, we have clarified that fas activation opens clathrin-independent portals in mature t cells. these portals drive rapid internalization of surface proteins such as cd59 and depend upon actin-regu ... | 2009 | 19037097 |
| urinary tract infection in hospitalized elderly patients in the united kingdom: the importance of making an accurate diagnosis in the post broad-spectrum antibiotic era. | the increasing prevalence of clostridium difficile infection (cdi) has prompted many hospitals in the uk to recommend the use of narrow-spectrum antibiotics targeted at the likely bacteria at the clinical site of infection instead of broad-spectrum antibiotics. an underpinning requirement of such a strategy is the need to make an accurate diagnosis. in elderly patients, diagnosis of urinary tract infection can be challenging due to the frequent presence of respiratory signs and difficulties in t ... | 2009 | 19022779 |
| what have we learned about antimicrobial use and the risks for clostridium difficile-associated diarrhoea? | clostridium difficile is recognized as a major cause of antibiotic-associated diarrhoea and colitis. antimicrobial agents have been repeatedly recognized as a causative risk for c. difficile-associated diarrhoea (cdad) and more recently fluoroquinolones have been particularly implicated. unfortunately, not all reports of antimicrobial associations with cdad have excluded variables other than antimicrobial use. prevention of cdad usually involves infection control interventions and antimicrobial ... | 2009 | 19028718 |
| risk indices for c. difficile infection are unlikely to be generalisable between organisations. | 2009 | 19013667 | |
| spatio-temporal stochastic modelling of clostridium difficile. | clostridium difficile-associated diarrhoea (cdad) occurs sporadically or in small discrete outbreaks. stochastic models may help to inform hospital infection control strategies. bayesian framework using data augmentation and markov chain monte carlo methods were applied to a spatio-temporal model of cdad. model simulations were validated against 17 months of observed data from two 30-bedded medical wards for the elderly. simulating the halving of transmission rates of c. difficile from other pat ... | 2009 | 19013677 |
| survey of wastewater indicators and human pathogen genomes in biosolids produced by class a and class b stabilization treatments. | accurate modeling of the infectious aerosol risk associated with the land application of biosolids requires an in-depth knowledge of the magnitudes and changes in pathogen concentrations for a variety of class a and class b stabilization methods. the following survey used quantitative pcr (qpcr) and culture assays to detect environmentally resistant bacterial and viral pathogens and biosolid indicator organisms for 36 biosolid grab samples. biosolids were collected from 14 u.s. states and includ ... | 2009 | 18997022 |
| an outbreak of clostridium difficile-associated disease (cdad) in a german university hospital. | 2009 | 18982365 | |
| clostridium difficile toxin a promotes dendritic cell maturation and chemokine cxcl2 expression through p38, ikk, and the nf-kappab signaling pathway. | clostridium difficile toxin a causes acute colitis associated with intense infiltrating neutrophils. although dendritic cells (dcs) play an important role in the regulation of inflammation, little is known about the effects of toxin a on the maturation and neutrophil-attracting chemokine expression in dcs. this study investigated whether c. difficile toxin a could influence the maturation of mouse bone-marrow-derived dcs and chemokine cxcl2 expression. toxin a increased the dc maturation which w ... | 2009 | 18985311 |
| infection control in long-term care facilities: the need for engagement. | 2009 | 19278407 | |
| national point prevalence of clostridium difficile in us health care facility inpatients, 2008. | recent published estimates of clostridium difficile infection (cdi) incidence have been based on small numbers of hospitals or national hospital discharge data. these data suggest that cdi incidence is increasing. | 2009 | 19278754 |
| clostridium difficile: a new zoonotic agent? | clostridium difficile is mainly considered a nosocomial pathogen associated with diarrhea and pseudomembranous colitis in hospitalized patients. austrian hospitals reported 2761 cases of c. difficile infection (including 277 lethal outcomes) in 2007, compared with 777 cases (including 54 lethal outcomes) in 2003. the occurrence of community-acquired c. difficile infection is also increasingly reported. recent studies have shown the occurrence of c. difficile in food and animals. the aim of the p ... | 2009 | 19280132 |
| clostridium difficile colitis. | clostridium difficile is the most common cause of infectious diarrhea in hospitalized patients. its effects are mediated by c difficile toxins a and b. recent outbreaks of severe colitis have been associated with a new strain of the bacterium that produces large amounts of the toxins. although oral metronidazole and oral vancomycin can be used to treat c difficile-associated disease, intraluminal vancomycin is preferable for more severe c difficile colitis. early surgical intervention can improv ... | 2009 | 19281896 |
| assessing staff knowledge about clostridium difficile diarrhoea. | 2009 | 19282050 | |
| public perception of clostridium difficile. | 2009 | 19282054 | |
| comparison of clinical, microbiologic, and clinicopathologic findings in horses positive and negative for clostridium difficile infection. | to compare clinical, microbiologic, and clinicopathologic findings among horses infected with clostridium difficile that had toxin a in their feces, horses with evidence of c difficile infection that were negative for toxin a in their feces, and horses with diarrhea that were negative for c difficile infection. | 2009 | 19284345 |
| quasiexperimental study of the effects of antibiotic use, gastric acid-suppressive agents, and infection control practices on the incidence of clostridium difficile-associated diarrhea in hospitalized patients. | the objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of antimicrobial drug use, gastric acid-suppressive agent use, and infection control practices on the incidence of clostridium difficile-associated diarrhea (cdad) in a 426-bed general teaching hospital in northern ireland. the study was retrospective and ecological in design. a multivariate autoregressive integrated moving average (time-series analysis) model was built to relate cdad incidence with antibiotic use, gastric acid-suppressive ... | 2009 | 19289520 |
| hospital infection control strategies for vancomycin-resistant enterococcus, methicillin-resistant staphylococcus aureus and clostridium difficile. | 2009 | 19289807 | |
| vapour-phase activities of essential oils against antibiotic sensitive and resistant bacteria including mrsa. | to determine whether essential oil (eo) vapours could reduce surface and airborne levels of bacteria including methicillin-resistant staphylococcus aureus (mrsa). | 2009 | 19292822 |
| investigation and prediction of enteral nutrition problems after percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy. | to investigate and predict enteral nutrition problems after percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy (peg). | 2009 | 19294767 |
| probiotics in the intensive care unit. | to examine current knowledge regarding the utility of probiotics in a variety of medical conditions afflicting critically ill patients in the intensive care unit (icu). | 2009 | 19300087 |
| clostridium difficile infections: emerging epidemiology and new treatments. | clostridium difficile infections (cdis) are increasingly a cause of morbidity and mortality. although the pathogenicity of c difficile is based on toxin a and b expression, new hypervirulent strains express novel virulence factors. the etiology of recent increases in prevalence and severity of disease is not clearly explained by known mechanisms. new at-risk groups include children (without prior antibiotic exposure) and patients with inflammatory bowel disease. vancomycin has an important role ... | 2009 | 19300129 |
| new views on clostridium difficile infections: introduction. | 2009 | 19303561 | |
| characterisation of clostridium difficile isolates by slpa and tcdc gene sequencing. | the genotyping of clostridium difficile is generally performed by the analysis of fragment- or amplification-length polymorphism by pulsed field gel electrophoresis (pfge) or polymerase chain reaction (pcr) ribotyping. however, sequence-based methods allow typing technique standardisation and data comparison. in the present study 100 c. difficile isolates, obtained from various institutions in the state of saarland, germany, were prospectively analyzed by surface layer protein a single locus seq ... | 2009 | 19303562 |
| surveillance of clostridium difficile-associated diarrhoea with the german nosocomial infection surveillance system kiss (cdad-kiss). | a study of 2856 clostridium difficile -associated diarrhoea (cdad) patients from 34 hospitals in germany was carried out over a period of 12 months in 2007. the overall incidence of cdad cases was 46.5 per 10,000 admitted patients, or 6.6 cases per 10,000 patient-days. seventy-three percent of cases were considered to be nosocomial and 8.4% were classified as severe. there was a wide range in the incidence of cdad between the hospitals (interquartile range [iqr] 3.2-9.2 cases per 10,000 patient- ... | 2009 | 19303563 |
| clostridium difficile 30 years on: what has, or has not, changed and why? | the report of clindamycin-associated colitis in 1974 by tedesco et al. [ann intern med 81: 429-33] stimulated an intense search for the cause of this severe complication of antibiotic use. the search culminated in early 1978 in the publication of a series of papers within 3 months that identified the causative agent as clostridium difficile and its accompanying toxins. thirty years later we are in the midst of a resurgence of c. difficile infection (cdi) in north america and europe that is great ... | 2009 | 19303564 |