Publications

[atypical morphologic lung manifestations of pneumocystis carinii infection in aids patients].	we report on unusual presentation forms of pneumocystis carinii infection of the lung in two patients with aids. a 36-years-old woman presented a cavitation in the lung middle lobe and bullous changes in the apical portion of the right upper lobe on the chest x-ray. the biopsy of these lesions was not diagnostic and the patient was operated on. the surgical specimen of the removed lung segment showed a cavitary lesion with a border of granulation tissue with giant cells, focal recent and older h ...	1997	9273544
cytokine responses to the native and recombinant forms of the major surface glycoprotein of pneumocystis carinii.	pneumocystis carinii is a major opportunistic pathogen and leading cause of morbidity in patients with aids. the major surface glycoprotein (msg) of p. carinii, represented by a family of related proteins encoded by unique genes, is highly immunogenic and contains t cell-protective epitopes. we undertook the present study to define the cd4 t helper (th) response by cytokine secretion to native msg and a recombinant form of the protein, msg-b. spleen cells were collected from lewis rats and resti ...	1997	9276520
the mounting medical care cost for adult aids patients at the faculty of medicine, siriraj hospital: consideration for management.	from january 1993 to december 1995, case records of adult aids and hiv symptomatic patients admitted in the department of medicine, observation room and hiv counseling clinic were reviewed for the medical care cost of the patients based on the 1995 value of the thai baht. in the three years, a total of 196, 227 and 182 adult aids case were admitted as in-patients respectively. the median duration of admission was 14 days. the leading causes of admission were tuberculosis, cryptococcal meningitis ...	1997	9277072
interactions of parasite and host epithelial cell cycle regulation during pneumocystis carinii pneumonia.		1997	9280140
[diagnostic imaging and therapeutic implications in lung infections in patients with hiv-1 infection].	we studied retrospectively 132 episodes of infectious pneumonias in 89 patients examined from 1990 to 1995. pneumocystis carinii was found to be the most common cause of pneumonia (33 patients). the other causes were: streptococcus pneumoniae (15), mycobacterium tuberculosis (14), pseudomonas aeruginosa (8), staphylococcus aureus (5), cytomegalovirus (4), haemophilus influentiae (4), mycobacterium avium intracellulare (2), klebsiella pneumoniae (2), e. coli (2), serratia marcescens (1). no etiol ...	1997	9280934
infections in paediatric renal transplant recipients.	a retrospective study of all children who had undergone renal transplantation at the national university hospital was undertaken in order to investigate the types and frequency of infections in paediatric renal transplant recipients. a total of 13 children ranging in age from 3 to 17 years were transplanted over a 7-year period from 1989 to 1996. the mean follow-up period was 40.5 months. ten patients (77%) had at least one episode of infection post-transplant, 70% of which occurred within the f ...	1997	9285019
[coexistence of pneumocystis carini infection and pertussis].		1997	9289310
bacterial infections in adult patients hospitalized with aids: case-control study of prophylactic efficacy of trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole versus aerosolized pentamidine.	to determine the association between trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole (tmp-smx) prophylaxis for pneumocystis carinii pneumonia and risk of bacterial infections in persons with aids, we abstracted hospital records from 6496 adult admissions to 42 hospitals in western washington state. of these admissions, 570 involved 637 bacterial infections diagnosed among patients who had been prescribed prophylactic tmp-smx or aerosolized pentamidine. cases [admissions with bacteraemia, bacterial pneumonia, acut ...	1997	9292345
specificity in structure-based drug design: identification of a novel, selective inhibitor of pneumocystis carinii dihydrofolate reductase.	specificity is an important aspect of structure-based drug design. distinguishing between related targets in different organisms is often the key to therapeutic success. pneumocystis carinii is a fungal opportunist which causes a crippling pneumonia in immunocompromised individuals. we report the identification of novel inhibitors of p. carinii dihydrofolate reductase (dhfr) that are selective versus inhibition of human dhfr using computational molecular docking techniques. the fine chemicals di ...	1997	9294866
[radiologic features of lung diseases in hiv infection in children].	the purpose of this study was to assess the incidence of respiratory involvement in hiv-infected children, along with the radiological manifestations of the various hiv-related diseases.	1997	9297396
human immunodeficiency virus (hiv)-related pulmonary complications in pregnancy.	with changes in the demographics of human immunodeficiency virus (hiv) infection, women and children are becoming the fastest growing group of newly infected patients. with longer survival after hiv infection, more women infected with hiv are becoming pregnant. pulmonary disease is one of the most common presenting conditions in an aids-defining illness. pneumocystis carini pneumonia and tuberculosis are the most common disorders that herald the onset of aids. they are also the most frequently e ...	1997	9298723
conformationally restricted analogues of trimethoprim: 2,6-diamino-8-substituted purines as potential dihydrofolate reductase inhibitors from pneumocystis carinii and toxoplasma gondii.	twenty-two 2,6-diamino-8-substituted purines (2-23) were synthesized, in which rotation around the two flexible bonds of trimethoprim (tmp), linking the pyrimidine ring to the side chain phenyl ring, was restricted by incorporation into a purine ring, in an attempt to increase the potency and selectivity of tmp against dihydrofolate reductase (dhfr) from the organisms that often cause fatal opportunistic infections in patients with aids, i.e., pneumocystis carinii (pc) and toxoplasma gondii (tg) ...	1997	9301665
nonclassical 2,4-diamino-5-aryl-6-ethylpyrimidine antifolates: activity as inhibitors of dihydrofolate reductase from pneumocystis carinii and toxoplasma gondii and as antitumor agents.	twelve novel 2,4-diamino-5-(4'-benzylamino)- and 2,4-diamino-5[4'-(n-methylbenzylamino)-3'-nitrophenyl]-6-ethylp yrimidines bearing 4-substituents on the benzylamino or n-methylbenzylamino aryl ring were synthesized and evaluated as nonclassical inhibitors of pneumocystis carinii and toxoplasma gondii dihydrofolate reductase (dhfr). compounds were prepared by reaction of 2,4-diamino-5-(4'-chloro-3'-nitrophenyl)- (8) or 2,4-diamino-5-(4'-fluoro-3'-nitrophenyl)-6-ethylpyrimidine (15) with the appr ...	1997	9301666
early protective effect of ccr-5 delta 32 heterozygosity on hiv-1 disease progression: relationship with viral load. the seroco study group.	to determine the influence of heterozygosity for the delta 32 mutant ccr-5 allele on hiv-1 disease progression.	1997	9302436
inhibitory effect of human natural yeast killer toxin-like candidacidal antibodies on pneumocystis carinii.	human natural antibodies have been found that owe their candidacidal action to the mimicry of a yeast killer toxin produced by the yeast pichia anomala (pakt). candidacidal human natural antibodies (ktab) are elicited by and bind to a kt receptor (paktr) present on the cell surface of infectious pakt-sensitive microorganisms. because of the recognized susceptibility of pneumocystis carinii organisms to pakt upon the occurrence of specific paktr, we examined whether human natural ktab could also ...	1997	9307982
high-resolution ct in the evaluation of clinically suspected pneumocystis carinii pneumonia in aids patients with normal, equivocal, or nonspecific radiographic findings.	we prospectively studied aids patients with a high clinical pretest probability of pneumocystis carinii pneumonia (pcp) in whom chest radiographic findings were normal, equivocal, or nonspecific with high-resolution ct (hrct) to determine the incidence of pcp in these patients, to assess the diagnostic accuracy of hrct for the presence or absence of pcp, to evaluate the role of hrct in patient management, and to determine the clinical outcome of all patients 1 month after evaluation.	1997	9308446
lipid biosynthesis pathways as chemotherapeutic targets in kinetoplastid parasites.	inhibitors of sterol and phospholipid biosynthesis in kinetoplastid parasites such as trypanosoma cruzi, the causative agent of chagas' disease, and different species of leishmania have potent and selective activity as chemotherapeutic agents in vitro and in vivo. recent work with the sterol c14 alpha-demethylase inhibitor d0870, a bis triazole derivative, showed that this compound is capable of inducing radical parasitological cure in murine models of both acute and chronic chagas' disease. oth ...	1997	9309771
nonspecific interstitial pneumonitis mimicking pneumocystis carinii pneumonia.	bronchoalveolar lavage (bal) and transbronchial biopsies from 351 human immunodeficiency virus (hiv)-positive patients with presumed pneumocystis pneumonia were analyzed to determine the spectrum and frequency of interstitial lung disease mimicking pneumocystis pneumonia. among 67 patients without pneumocystis, nonspecific interstitial pneumonitis (nsip) was the most common histologic diagnosis (n = 16). tissue sections from patients with nsip were tested by in situ hybridization for epstein-bar ...	1997	9310013
calcifying pneumocystis carinii thyroiditis.		1997	9310227
clustering of pneumocystis carinii pneumonia in patients undergoing renal transplantation from living unrelated donors in iraq and india.	over the past few years, we have observed a substantial increase in the number of patients followed at our hospital who have undergone renal transplantation from living unrelated donors (lurd). these transplants were all performed in one of two centers: bagdad, iraq or bombay, india. we have observed a parallel increase in the number of cases of pneumocystis carinii pneumonia (pcp) post-renal transplant. we conducted a ten-year retrospective analysis (1986-1995) of patients who developed pcp pos ...	1997	9313784
pneumocystis carinii pneumonia in infants who were exposed to human immunodeficiency virus but were not infected: an exception to the aids surveillance case definition.		1997	9314473
patients unaware of their hiv status present to inner city accident and emergency department with respiratory complications.	to examine the clinical presentations and management of patients presenting to an accident and emergency (a&e) department with an aids defining illness (adi).	1997	9315932
detection of pneumocystis carinii dna in air samples: likely environmental risk to susceptible persons.	the means by which humans acquire pneumocystis carinii is not well understood. whether it can be acquired from specific environmental sources or transmitted from person to person has not been determined. this study was designed to detect nucleic acids of p. carinii in air samples from various locations, including p. carinii-infected patients' homes and hospital rooms, non-p. carinii-infected patients' hospital rooms, empty hospital rooms, offices at indiana university, and other homes in differe ...	1997	9316898
natural transmission of pneumocystis carinii in nonimmunosuppressed animals: early contagiousness of experimentally infected rabbits (oryctolagus cuniculus).	airborne transmission of pneumocystis carinii has been established, but the infective form and the sources of infection remain unknown. animal models for studies of p. carinii have previously been limited to immunosuppressed rodents; however, this study was performed with nonimmunodepressed p. carinii-free rabbits. this study was aimed at determining (i) the delay between inoculation of animals (day zero [d0]) and the onset of contagiousness and (ii) the end of contagiousness of these animals (d ...	1997	9316931
terminology for the life cycle of pneumocystis carinii.		1997	9317051
pneumocystis carinii delanoë & delanoë (1912) has been placed in the archiascomycetales, a class of the ascomycota.		1997	9317052
an unusual complication of immunosuppressive therapy in inflammatory bowel disease.	a 68-yr-old man with steroid refractory distal ulcerative colitis was treated with low-dose 6-mercaptopurine, and corticosteroids were successfully discontinued. he later presented with dyspnea and fever, was diagnosed with pneumocystis carinii pneumonia by bronchoalveolar lavage, and died despite aggressive therapy. serological tests for hiv were negative, and his white blood cell count was normal. this is the first report of p. carinii pneumonia complicating therapy of inflammatory bowel disea ...	1997	9317088
advances in the treatment and prophylaxis of pneumocystis carinii pneumonia.	pneumocystis carinii pneumonia (pcp) is the most common illness associated with the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (aids) in the united states and also occurs in immunocompromised persons not infected with the human immunodeficiency virus.. several advances have taken place in the treatment and prophylaxis of pcp, with most clinical trials conducted in patients with aids. treatment of choice is trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole (tmp-smx). desensitization regimens are available for those who have ...	1997	9324180
mycobacterium xenopi infection in patients with human immunodeficiency virus infection.	mycobacterium xenopi is one of the most frequently isolated nontuberculous mycobacteria in ontario, canada. we reviewed the records of 28 human immunodeficiency virus (hiv)-infected patients from whom m. xenopi was isolated between 1982 and 1995. m. xenopi was recovered from respiratory specimens from 24 patients, most of whom had clinical and radiographic evidence of pulmonary disease. however, coexistent pulmonary infection due to other pathogens was found in 17 patients: pneumocystis carinii ...	1997	9332511
pneumocystis carinii pneumonia in patients receiving chemotherapy for breast cancer.	pneumocystis carinii pneumonia (pcp) is uncommon in patients undergoing chemotherapy for breast cancer. most previously described patients with breast cancer and pcp received treatment with corticosteroids, a known risk factor for pcp. we describe two patients with metastatic breast cancer who developed pcp after receiving therapy with high doses of cyclophosphamide with peripheral blood stem cell support. both patients developed fevers of unclear etiology in the setting of recovery of the neutr ...	1997	9332513
pneumocystis carinii pneumonia in patients without human immunodeficiency virus infection.		1997	9332514
[the epidemiology and laboratory diagnosis of pneumocystis carinii infections].		1997	9333858
[drug hypersensitivity in aids patients: report of a case].	drug allergy is a common symptom in hiv infected patients, with higher prevalence that in general population. we describe a child with aids and adverse reactions to several drugs indicated for pneumocystis carinii prophylaxis and antibiotics. reaction to intravenous pentamidine was present in this case and it is not an usual findings in hiv infected children. alternative therapy and desensitization to tmp-smx are also discussed.	1997	9334468
preventing and treating major opportunistic infections in aids. what's new and what's still true.	new highly active antiretroviral therapies are boosting the blood absolute cd4+ counts of many patients with aids and are decreasing the prevalence of aids-related opportunistic infections. nevertheless, the prevention, diagnosis, and treatment of opportunistic infections remain important features of management of hiv infection. in recent years, significant advances have been made in the prevention and treatment of opportunistic diseases such as pneumocystis carinii pneumonia, cytomegalovirus re ...	1997	9336601
current issues in the treatment and prophylaxis of pneumocystis carinii pneumonia in hiv infection.		1997	9338481
the influence of mt-2 tropism on the prognostic implications of the delta32 deletion in the ccr-5 gene.	long-term non-progression in hiv-1-infected patients has been reported to be associated with a 32 base-pair deletion (delta32) in one ccr-5 allele. the normal gene product acts as a coreceptor for hiv cell entry and is essential for infection of cells by non-syncytium-inducing and mt-2-negative hiv-1 strains.	1997	9342063
methemoglobinemia associated with dapsone treatment in solid organ transplant recipients: a two-case report and review.	dapsone, a sulfone antibiotic, has been increasingly used in solid-organ transplant recipients for the primary prevention of pneumocystis carinii pneumonia, especially in patients with documented sulfa allergy. a known side effect of dapsone therapy, however, is methemoglobinemia, a condition leading to impaired tissue oxygen delivery. this report documents two cases of dapsone-induced methemoglobinemia in patients after solid organ transplantation with emphasis on the importance of clinical rec ...	1997	9346728
sequences of pneumocystis carinii f. sp. hominis strains associated with recurrent pneumonia vary at multiple loci.	the sequences of the internal transcribed spacer (its) of pneumocystis carinii f. sp. hominis strains from 7 of 15 aids patients were found to vary during discrete episodes of p. carinii pneumonia. changes in the its sequence correlated with changes in the mitochondrial large-subunit rrna sequence. the coincidence of changes in the sequences of the its, which is located in the nucleus, with changes in a mitochondrial gene excludes mutation as the cause of the genetic differences between p. carin ...	1997	9350725
rapid detection of pneumocystis carinii in bronchoalveolar lavage specimens from human immunodeficiency virus-infected patients: use of a simple dna extraction procedure and nested pcr.	we report on the development of a rapid nested pcr protocol for the detection of pneumocystis carinii dna in bronchoalveolar lavage (bal) specimens in which the protocol included the use of a commercially available dna extraction kit (genereleaser). genereleaser enabled us to obtain amplification-ready dna within 20 min without requiring the purification of the dna. the nested pcr was performed with the primers paz102-e, paz102-h, and paz102-l2 (a. e. wakefield, f. j. pixley, s. banerji, k. sinc ...	1997	9350726
the major surface glycoprotein of pneumocystis carinii induces release and gene expression of interleukin-8 and tumor necrosis factor alpha in monocytes.	recent studies suggest that interleukin-8 (il-8) and tumor necrosis factor alpha (tnf-alpha) may play a central role in host defense and pathogenesis during pneumocystis carinii pneumonia. in order to investigate whether the major surface antigen (msg) of human p. carinii is capable of eliciting the release of il-8 and tnf-alpha, human monocytes were cultured in the presence of purified msg. msg-stimulated cells released significant amounts of il-8 within 4 h, and at 20 h, cells stimulated with ...	1997	9353066
mediastinal emphysema with pneumocystis carinii pneumonia in aids.		1997	9353489
n-acetylcysteine treatment and the risk of toxic reactions to trimethoprim-sulphamethoxazole in primary pneumocystis carinii prophylaxis in hiv-infected patients.	in a randomized double blind placebo controlled trial, hiv sero-positive patients with cd4+ cell count less than 200 x 10(6)/l or an aids diagnosis were evaluated for drug reactions to trimethoprim-sulphamethoxazole (tmp-smx) during treatment, including pretreatment, with n-acetylcysteine (nac) 800 mg daily or placebo. tmp-smx (one double-strength tablet containing 160 mg of trimethoprim and 800 mg of sulphamethoxazole) was given three times weekly as primary pneumocystis carinii (pcp) prophylax ...	1997	9354348
comparative evaluation of naturally occurring pneumocystis carinii pneumonia (pcp) and pcp despite primary chemoprophylaxis in patients with aids.		1997	9354363
the role of tracheostomy in acquired immunodeficiency syndrome.	tracheostomy tube (tt) insertion for respiratory failure in patients with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome has been associated with an early mortality rate of 100%. we have reviewed our experience with tracheostomy to determine if there is a role for this procedure among certain subgroups.	1997	9354514
pneumocystis carinii pneumonia in pediatric acquired immunodeficiency syndrome.		1997	9357214
2,4-diaminothieno[2,3-d]pyrimidine lipophilic antifolates as inhibitors of pneumocystis carinii and toxoplasma gondii dihydrofolate reductase.	ten previously unreported 2,4-diaminothieno[2,3-d]pyrimidine lipophilic dihydrofolate reductase inhibitors were synthesized as potential inhibitors of pneumocystis carinii and toxoplasma gondii dihydrofolate reductase. pivaloylation of 2,4-diamino-5-methylthieno[2,3-d]pyrimidine followed by dibromination with n-bromosuccinimide in the presence of benzoyl peroxide gave 2,4-bis(pivaloylamino)-6-bromo-5-(bromomethyl)thieno[2,3-d]pyrimid ine, which after condensation with substituted anilines or n-m ...	1997	9357537
ancillary benefits of mycobacterium avium-intracellulare complex prophylaxis with clarithromycin in hiv-infected patients.	because of the significant morbidity and mortality associated with opportunistic infections, prophylaxis has become routine practice in the management of immunocompromised patients such as those with aids. clarithromycin, an antimicrobial agent with a broad spectrum of activity against most common respiratory pathogens as well as many protozoa, has proven to be effective for both treatment and prophylaxis of mycobacterium avium-intracellulare complex (mac) infection in aids patients. results of ...	1997	9358196
pneumocystis carinii host origin defines the antibody specificity and protective response induced by immunization.	to determine how the known host species-specific antigenic variation of pneumocystis carinii would affect immune recognition, mice were immunized with either mouse- or ferret-derived p. carinii, with subsequent analysis of the immune response and the ability of the mice to resist infection after immunosuppression and challenge. immunization with mouse-derived p. carinii produced a strong immune response to mouse but not ferret p. carinii. these mice were completely protected from p. carinii pneu ...	1997	9359734
neutrophil chemotactic activity in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid of patients with aids-associated pneumocystis carinii pneumonia.	pneumocystis carinii pneumonia (pcp) is accompanied by an acute inflammatory infiltration of the lung parenchyma. the cellular infiltrate is characterized by inflammatory cells including neutrophils, lymphocytes and macrophages. furthermore, neutrophilia in bronchoalveolar lavage (bal) fluid has been shown to confer a poor prognosis in pcp. we therefore investigated the potential of bal fluid from 17 patients with pcp to induce neutrophil chemotaxis. bal fluid from patients induced considerable ...	1997	9360251
graft-versus-host disease after liver and small bowel transplantation in a child.	an 8-month-old child with an immunodeficiency disorder characterized by abnormal lymphocyte function and by low igg and iga levels had combined liver and small bowel transplantation under tacrolimus and steroid immunosuppression for the treatment of short gut syndrome and hepatic cirrhosis. the patient developed an early postoperative episode of pneumocystis carinii pneumonia, and a subsequent surgical complication, prompting discontinuance of tacrolimus. a skin rash eventually shown to be graft ...	1997	9361921
study of prevalence, severity, and etiological factors associated with acute pancreatitis in patients infected with human immunodeficiency virus.	patients with the human immunodeficiency virus (hiv) disease can develop pancreatic gland inflammation from hiv infection and related causes, or from factors totally independent of it. the incidence and severity acute pancreatitis in patients with hiv diseases and the frequency of associated etiological factors have not been examined in any detail. the purpose of this study was to (a) determine the prevalence of acute pancreatitis, (b) evaluate severity of pancreatic gland inflammation, (c) iden ...	1997	9362189
empiric treatments impair the diagnostic yield of bal in hiv-positive patients.	to investigate the influence of empiric treatments prior to fiberoptic bronchoscopy (fob) on the diagnostic yield of bal in hiv-positive patients with respiratory symptoms.	1997	9149567
utility of lactate dehydrogenase vs radiographic severity in the differential diagnosis of pneumocystis carinii pneumonia.	in patients with hiv infection, serum lactate dehydrogenase (ldh) level is commonly stated to be more elevated in pneumocystis carinii pneumonia (pcp) than in non-pcp. we hypothesized that ldh level reflects radiographic extent and severity of pneumonia rather than p carinii infection specifically and therefore is not useful in the differential diagnosis of lung infections in aids.	1997	9149568
alveolar damage in aids-related pneumocystis carinii pneumonia.	pneumocystis carinii pneumonia is the most common and serious of the pulmonary complications of aids. despite this, many basic aspects in the pathogenesis of hiv-associated p carinii pneumonia are unknown. we therefore undertook a light and electron microscopic study of transbronchial biopsy specimens to compare pathologic features of p carinii pneumonia and other hiv-related lung diseases.	1997	9149569
the role of alveolar macrophages in pneumocystis carinii degradation and clearance from the lung.	although studies indicate that alveolar macrophages participate in host defense against pneumocystis carinii, their role in organism degradation and clearance from the lung has not yet been established. we, therefore, quantified the uptake and degradation of 35s-labeled p. carinii by cultured macrophages, demonstrating significant degradation of p. carinii over 6 h. we further evaluated the role of macrophages in elimination of p. carinii from the living host. rats received either intratracheal ...	1997	9151783
survival and treatment of aids patients 1984-1993: experience of a smaller east london hiv centre.	to assess changes in survival from diagnosis of aids for patients managed in a small east london hiv clinic and the impact of therapeutic interventions on these survival patterns.	1997	9155555
pcr detection of pneumocystis carinii in bronchoalveolar lavage specimens: analysis of sensitivity and specificity.	although pcr detection of pneumocystis carinii dna has been described, little is known about the sensitivity or specificity of the assay in routine laboratory practice. we had the unique opportunity to use a bronchoalveolar lavage (bal) specimen bank with samples for which the direct examination results for p. carinii were known. dna purified from 129 selected specimens was amplified by using the primers described previously (a. e. wakefield, f. j. pixley, s. banerji, k. sinclair, r. f. miller, ...	1997	9157136
pneumocystis carinii pneumonia after renal transplantation.		1997	9158038
survival benefits of pulmonary cellular activation in aids patients with pneumocystis infection.	pneumocystis carinii pneumonia (pcp) is the most common life-threatening, opportunistic infection in patients with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. between 1984 and 1987, patients infected with human immunodeficiency virus (hiv) received bronchoalveolar lavages to confirm pcp diagnosis. unstained slides containing bronchoalveolar cells from 20 of these patients were stored. eight years after the last diagnostic bronchoalveolar lavage, blinded investigators immunohistochemically analyzed the u ...	1997	9160074
usefulness of pcr for diagnosis of pneumocystis carinii pneumonia in different patient groups.	pneumocystis carinii pneumonia (pcp) is one of the most predominant opportunistic infectious diseases in patients with aids. nested pcr has been described as a sensitive and specific tool for detecting p. carinii dna in clinical specimens. little is known about the correlation of positive pcr results and clinical evidence of pcp in patients with different forms of immunosuppression. one hundred and thirty-six sputum samples, 26 tracheal-bronchial aspirate samples, 35 bronchoalveolar lavage sampl ...	1997	9163459
detection of pneumocystis carinii in respiratory specimens by pcr-solution hybridization enzyme-linked immunoassay.	by using a recently developed pcr-solution hybridization enzyme-linked assay (pcr-shela), we investigated pneumocystis carinii in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid samples and induced sputa of patients with pneumocystosis. in detecting p. carinii, pcr-shela proved more sensitive than immunofluorescence staining or a single pcr and significantly more diagnostically specific than a nested pcr. our data suggest that pcr-shela could be used to detect p. carinii organisms in respiratory samples, particula ...	1997	9163489
a single-tube nested pcr for pneumocystis carinii f. sp. hominis.	a single-tube nested pcr which amplifies the internal transcribed spacer (its) regions of the rrna genes of human pneumocystis carinii was developed. the outer primers for the first pcr, which anneal to the 18s and the 26s rrna genes of p. carinii, were made to have a midpoint temperature (tm) of 74 degrees c. the inner primers for the second pcr have a tm of 56 to 58 degrees c and are specific for human p. carinii; they anneal to an area close to the beginning of its1 and the junction of its2 a ...	1997	9163492
pneumocystis carinii pneumonia in a hiv-seronegative patient with untreated rheumatoid arthritis and cd4+ t-lymphocytopenia.	pneumocystis carinii pneumonia (pcp) usually occurs in immunocompromised patients, and it is a life-threatening infection. we report the case of a human immunodeficiency virus (hiv)-seronegative patient with untreated rheumatoid arthritis (ra), who developed fatal pcp related to uncommon cd4+ t-lymphocytopenia. although extremely rare and of uncertain aetiology, suppression of cellular immunity and subsequent opportunistic infections should be suspected in such patients.	1997	9163666
non-invasive diagnosis of pneumocystis carinii pneumonia by pcr on oral washes.		1997	9365452
[clinical and therapeutic aspects of spontaneous pneumothorax in human immunodeficiency virus infection: 9 cases].	spontaneous pneumothorax in hiv infected patients are mostly due to a sub-pleural necrotizing pneumonitis most often related to pneumocystis carinii pneumonia. from our experience of nine patients and a review of the literature, we describe the clinical characteristics and therapeutic management and confirm the frequent failure of simple chest tube drainage and the high morbidity and mortality rate despite treatment. an aggressive stepped-care management of thoracoscopic talc poudrage as initial ...	1997	9365734
[dilated cardiomyopathy and selenium deficiency in aids. apropos of a case].	cardiac-related death of hiv-positive patients is not rare. the etiology of aids-associated dilated cardiomyopathies often remains unknown, even at autopsy. we report an observation associated to a severe deficit in selenium. the patient had been diagnosed as hiv-positive 2 years before. he presented pneumocystis carinii pneumonia then cryptococcus meningitis. two months later he was hospitalized for pancreatitis and cachexia. he presented global heart failure that lead to death. no microorganis ...	1997	9365739
has the rate of progression to aids changed in recent years?	to investigate whether the rate of progression to aids has changed over time by testing an effect of the year of seroconversion on aids onset (centers for disease control and prevention 1987 revised classification), next to an effect of the calendar period of follow-up.	1997	9365766
en bloc heart and lung transplantation in finland 1988-1996.	the purpose of the study was to review the first clinical experience in combined heart-lung transplantation in our institution.	1997	9366984
salmonella lung involvement in patients with hiv infection.	to determine the frequency, clinical features, and outcome of lung involvement in hiv-infected patients having nontyphoid strains of salmonella bacteremia.	1997	9367457
bronchiectasis in pediatric aids.	there are several reports of the pulmonary findings in children with hiv disease; however, the occurrence of bronchiectasis rarely has been noted. we evaluated occurrence of bronchiectasis in a large group of children referred to us with aids pneumopathy.	1997	9367458
detection of pneumocystis carinii by dna amplification in human immunodeficiency virus-positive patients.	the opportunistic pathogen pneumocystis carinii (pc) is a frequent cause of a life-threatening pneumonia in human immunodeficiency virus (hiv)-infected individuals and in other immunocompromised hosts. specimens obtained from 128 bronchoalveolar lavage (bal) fluid samples from 123 hiv-positive patients with pulmonary disease and undergoing a diagnostic bronchoscopy were evaluated to detect this organism. we have developed a rapid dna extraction procedure for nested polymerase chain reaction (pcr ...	1997	9368080
in vitro preclinical evaluation studies with the echinocandin antifungal mk-0991 (l-743,872).	the echinocandin mk-0991, formerly l-743,872, is a water-soluble lipopeptide that has been demonstrated in preclinical studies to have potent activity against candida spp., aspergillus fumigatus, and pneumocystis carinii. an extensive in vitro biological evaluation of mk-0991 was performed to better define the potential activities of this novel compound. susceptibility testing with mk-0991 against approximately 200 clinical isolates of candida, cryptococcus neoformans, and aspergillus isolates w ...	1997	9371328
[usefulness of chest ct in diagnosing pneumonia].	the usefulness of chest ct in diagnosing pneumonia was evaluated by a retrospective review of 110 pneumonia cases in which both plain chest radiograph and ct were obtained. detection of abnormal opacities on chest radiograph was difficult or impossible in 9 cases (8.2%), requiring ct to detect them. the opacities which appeared consolidative, nodular, small nodular or cavitary on chest radiograph were shown as opacities of similar character on ct. on the other hand, many opacities of patchy, gro ...	1997	9164115
identification of porcine pneumocystis carinii as a genetically distinct organism by dna amplification.	dna was amplified from lung samples from three piglets infected with pneumocystis carinii, using oligonucleotide primers designed to the p. carinii mitochondrial large subunit ribosomal rna gene. the nucleotide sequence of the amplification product was determined and indicated lack of sequence variation among these pig-derived p. carinii samples at this locus. the data showed that porcine p. carinii was genetically distinct from p. carinii isolated from other mammalian host species.	1997	9164476
listeriosis after fludarabine treatment for chronic lymphocytic leukemia.	the authors report a case of listeria monocytogenes septicemia in a patient with advanced cll after a single course of fludarabine, without any other immunosuppressive therapy e.g. corticosteroids. the immunosuppressive action of fludarabine in patients who are already severely immunosuppressed must be considered from a diagnostic and therapeutic point of view. listeriosis and other opportunistic infections, like pneumocystis carinii pneumonia, have been reported during and after treatment with ...	1997	9168306
intermittent infusion of cladribine (cda) in previously treated patients with low-grade non-hodgkin's lymphoma.	thirty-six patients with previously treated low-grade non-hodgkin's lymphoma (lg-nhl) were included in a phase ii study between august 1990 and february 1994 and treated with 0.12 mg/kg cda as a 2 h.i.v. infusion daily x v, q 28 days up to 6 courses. twenty-three were refractory to previous chemotherapy while 13 were relapsed. four patients had mantle cell lymphoma, 17 follicle centre cell derived lymphoma, 7 lymphoplasmacytoid lymphomas and, 8 had small lymphocytic lymphoma. the response rate w ...	1997	9168441
effect of smoking on the clinical progression of hiv-1 infection.	cigarette smoking as a risk factor in progression of hiv-1 disease was investigated in the multicenter aids cohort study of homosexual men. longitudinal data for t-cell subsets, hiv-related clinical symptoms, smoking behavior, and aids medication use were collected semiannually from 2,499 hiv-1-seropositive men for up to 9 years. survival methods, including kaplan-meier analysis and multivariate cox regression models, were used to assess the effect of cigarette smoking on development of pneumocy ...	1997	9170420
[hiv infection and acquired immunodeficiency syndrome].	on june 4, 1981, mmwr published a report about pneumocystis carinii pneumonia in homosexual men in los angeles. this was the first published report. a years later, this disease was named acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (aids). in the following year, montangier et al in france discovered the causative agent, which they called lymphadenopathy virus (lav), now known as human immunodeficiency virus (hiv). in 1985, solid-phase enzymeimmunoassay for the detection of the antibody to hiv was develope ...	1997	9170967
[the aids patient in anesthesia].	treatment of a patient with acquired immune deficiency syndrome (aids) is very challenging, and makes great demands on the anaesthesiologist. any of an aids patient's vital organ systems may be compromised, either by the human immunodeficiency virus (hiv) itself, opportunistic infections, by tumours, or as a result of aids-related drug therapies. infections of the lungs (e.g., pneumocystis carinii pneumonia) are prevalent, and cardiac impairment can be found in as many as 50% of aids patients. i ...	1997	9172723
how successful are we in administering prophylaxis against pneumocystis carinii pneumonia (pcp) in patients with hiv infection?		1997	9175661
transmission of pneumocystis carinii from patients to hospital staff.	an extrahuman reservoir of human pathogenic pneumocystis carinii remains unknown. host to host transmission has been described in animal studies and in cluster cases among immunodeficient patients. p carinii dna has recently been detected in air filters from inpatient and outpatient rooms in departments of infectious diseases managing patients with p carinii pneumonia (pcp), suggesting the airborne route of transmission. exposure of staff to p carinii may occur in hospital departments treating p ...	1997	9176532
interleukin-8 and leukotriene b4 in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid from hiv-infected patients with bacterial pneumonia.	human immunodeficiency virus (hiv)-infected patients are at increased risk of contracting bacterial infections, mainly pneumonia. despite this, little is known about immunopathogenic mechanisms in hiv-related bacterial pneumonia. this paper investigates the presence of the neutrophil chemotactic mediators, interleukin-8 (il_8) and leukotriene b4 (ltb4), in bronchoalveolar lavage (bal) fluid from 27 hiv-infected patients with bacterial pneumonia. significantly elevated levels of il-8 were found i ...	1997	9176651
present status of purine analogs in the therapy of chronic lymphocytic leukemias.	chronic lymphocytic leukemia (cll) is considered an incurable disease and therefore the management is palliative and more disease-related symptoms directed. recently, the high activity of nucleoside analogs as fludarabine (famp), 2-chlorodeoxyadenosine (2-cda) and 2-deoxycoformycin (dcf) in low-grade nhls has caused a new reawakening interest in cll concerning new treatment strategies, the biology and prognostic factors of this disease. predominantly famp has widely been studied in cll with impr ...	1997	9178835
prophylactic strategies to meet infectious complications in fludarabine-treated cll.	fludarabine has emerged as salvage therapy in chlorambucil-resistant cll. however, encouraging response rates have been compromised by a high incidence of serious infectious complications. prophylactic measures to reduce the frequency of infections are needed, but up to now, there are no established standards for supportive therapy in fludarabine-treated cll. clinicians have observed an increasing frequency of life-threatening opportunistic infections but only some of these may be explained by f ...	1997	9178837
serum pcr of pneumocystis carinii dna in immunocompromised patients.	the detection of pneumocystis carinii dna in serum, a potentially useful and attractive tool for the diagnosis of p. carinii infection and for monitoring the success of therapeutic interventions, remains a controversial issue. in a prospective study of 29 immunocompromised patients, including 16 with hiv infection undergoing bronchoscopy and bronchoalveolar lavage, we examined 32 bronchoalveolar lavage fluids and multiple serum samples for the presence of p. carinii dna by using mitochondrial rr ...	1997	9181652
inhalatory pentamidine therapy and the duration of the qt interval in hiv-infected patients.	we evaluated the effect of chronic pneumocystis carinii pneumonia (pcp) prophylaxis, with a once a month dose of 300 mg of inhalatory pentamidine isethionate, on qt interval duration. we included 22 human immunodeficiency virus (hiv)-infected patients: 11 were on this medication and 11 were not. the two groups were matched for age, sex and hiv infection stage. no patient had any clinical condition or was under any medication known to affect the duration of the qt interval. the heart rate-correct ...	1997	9183045
crystal structure of the anti-bacterial sulfonamide drug target dihydropteroate synthase.	sulfonamides were amongst the first clinically useful antibacterial agents to be discovered. the identification of sulfanilamide as the active component of the dye prontosil rubrum led to the synthesis of clinically useful analogues. today sulfamethoxazole (in combination with trimethoprim), is used to treat urinary tract infections caused by bacteria such as escherichia coli and is also a first-line treatment for pneumonia caused by the fungus pneumocystis carinii, a common condition in aids pa ...	1997	9187658
macrophages as a source of hiv during opportunistic infections.	the source of increasing viremia that characterizes the latter stages of human immunodeficiency virus (hiv) disease has remained a paradox because it occurs at a time when lymphoid tissue is quantitatively and qualitatively impaired, and the patients' cd4 t lymphocytes are steadily declining. here, macrophages, both infected and uninfected with common opportunistic pathogens of hiv disease such as mycobacterium avium complex and pneumocystis carinii, were identified as highly productive sources ...	1997	9188531
evaluation and medical treatment of the hiv-exposed infant. american academy of pediatrics. committee on pediatric aids.	as a result of the expanding human immunodeficiency virus (hiv) infection epidemic and recently published recommendations for routine hiv testing with consent for all pregnant women in the united states, pediatricians are becoming increasingly involved in providing care to infants born to hiv-infected women. this article provides guidelines about counseling the parent or care giver of the infant, use of antiretroviral therapy to reduce the risk of infection in the infant, medical treatment of th ...	1997	9190556
structural studies on bioactive compounds. 28. selective activity of triazenyl-substituted pyrimethamine derivatives against pneumocystis carinii dihydrofolate reductase.	triazenyl-substituted pyrimethamine derivatives 10a-s have been prepared by coupling diazotized 2,4-diamino-5-(3-amino-4-chlorophenyl)-6-ethyl pyrimidine (1c) with a series of secondary amines in aqueous sodium carbonate solution. the triazenes which are stable and poorly soluble as free bases form more soluble, but unstable, salts with alkanesulfonic acids. the lead dimethyltriazene 2,4-diamino-5[4-chloro-3-(3,3-dimethyltriazen-1-yl)phenyl]-6-et hylpyrimidine (4a) forms a crystalline ethanesulf ...	1997	9191966
synthesis and biological activities of conformationally restricted, tricyclic nonclassical antifolates as inhibitors of dihydrofolate reductases.	seven novel tricyclic pyrimido[4,5-c][2,7]naphthyridones 5-8 and the corresponding naphthyridines 9-11 were synthesized as conformationally restricted inhibitors of dihydrofolate reductase (dhfr) and as antitumor and/or antiinfectious agents. the analogues were designed to orient the side chain trimethoxyphenyl group in different conformationally defined positions in order to explore the effect of the side chain orientation on binding affinity and selectivity for dhfr from various species. the s ...	1997	9191971
pneumothorax in hiv-infected patients: role of pneumocystis carinii pneumonia and pulmonary tuberculosis.	patients with acquired immune deficiency syndrome (aids) are at increased risk for pneumothorax, which usually occurs in the setting of pneumocystis carinii pneumonia. the rationale of the present study was based on the hypothesis that the increased incidence of pulmonary tuberculosis in human immunodeficiency virus (hiv)-infected patients could favour the development of pneumothorax in such patients. a case-control study was performed comprising 140 hiv-infected patients grouped as follows: 35 ...	1997	9192938
species-specific trna recognition in relation to trna synthetase contact residues.	in spite of variations in the sequences of trnas, the genetic code (anticodon trinucleotides) is conserved in evolution. however, non-anticodon nucleotides which are species specific are known to prevent a given trna from functioning in all organisms. conversely, species-specific trna contact residues in synthetases should also prevent cross-species acylation in a predictable way. to address this question, we investigated the relatively small tyrosine trna synthetase where contacts of escherichi ...	1997	9192996
pneumocystis carinii pneumonia postrestorative proctocolectomy for ulcerative colitis: a role for perioperative prophylaxis in the cyclosporine era? report of a case and review of the literature.	medical management of severe ulcerative colitis has used cyclosporine with increasing frequency as an adjuvant to systemic steroids and mercaptopurine. however, the effects of combined management with cyclosporine and prednisone may lead to significant immune compromise and adversely affect operative morbidity in the event urgent surgery is required.	1997	9269817
inflammatory cells and activation markers in bal during acute rejection and infection in lung transplant recipients: a prospective, longitudinal study.	acute rejection of the transplanted lung is a clinical problem, since it decreases graft survival and predisposes the patient to chronic rejection and obliterative bronchiolitis (ob). in an earlier study, we had indications that eosinophil cationic protein (ecp) from activated eosinophils and hyaluronan (hya) from fibroblasts were associated with acute pulmonary rejection. this prospective longitudinal study was designed to investigate whether molecules from activated inflammatory cells in bronc ...	1997	9272913
[pneumocystis carinii pneumonia (pcp)].		1997	9273020
[cystic form of pneumocystis carinii pneumonia].	in rare instances pneumocystis carinii pneumonia (pcp) can occur in a cystic form, characterized by an acute course. the correct diagnosis is often missed. an analysis of a large cohort of patients with pcp was undertaken to determine the incidence and clinical manifestations of this form of the disease.	1997	9424421
pleural disease and acquired immune deficiency syndrome.	patients with acquired immune deficiency syndrome (aids) do not frequently have pleural complications. however, pneumothorax is a troublesome complication of patients with aids. at some medical centres, more than 50% of patients with spontaneous pneumothorax have aids. most patients with spontaneous pneumothorax and aids have pneumocystis carinii infection and necrotic subpleural blebs. the pneumothoraces in these patients usually cannot be managed with tube thoracostomy alone. patients who do n ...	1997	9426107
characteristics of human immunodeficiency virus-infected children at the time of death: an experience in the 1990s.	to describe the changes in the characteristics of human immunodeficiency virus (hiv)-related deaths in children with perinatally acquired infection.	1997	9427460
partial sequence of the rrna operon of pneumocystis carinii isolates from puerto rico.	several reports indicate geographic variation of isolates of pneumocystis carinii hominis. we have sequenced the internal transcribed spacer (its) region and large subunit group i intron of rrna genes from p. carinii dna obtained from two patients from puerto rico. both can be subclassified as type ii, according to the sequence of the its region. a system capable of identifying individual isolates will be an essential tool for epidemiological studies of the organism. the amplification of dna fro ...	1997	9431562