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large scale in silico identification of myb family genes from wheat expressed sequence tags.the myb proteins constitute one of the largest transcription factor families in plants. much research has been performed to determine their structures, functions, and evolution, especially in the model plants, arabidopsis, and rice. however, this transcription factor family has been much less studied in wheat (triticum aestivum), for which no genome sequence is yet available. despite this, expressed sequence tags are an important resource that permits opportunities for large scale gene identific ...201222187170
chromosomes 3b and 4d are associated with several milling and baking quality traits in a soft white spring wheat (triticum aestivum l.) population.wheat is marketed based on end-use quality characteristics and better knowledge of the underlying genetics of specific quality parameters is essential to enhance the breeding process. a set of 188 recombinant inbred lines from a 'louise' by 'penawawa' mapping population was grown in two crop years at two locations in the pacific northwest region of the united states and data were collected on 17 end-use quality traits using established quality analysis protocols. using an established genetic lin ...201222186959
asynchronous flowering and within-plant flowering diversity in wheat and the implications for crop resilience to heat.self-pollination dominates in wheat, with a small level of out-crossing due to flowering asynchrony and male sterility. however, the timing and synchrony of male and female flowering in wheat is a crucial determinant of seed set and may be an important factor affecting gene flow and resilience to climate change. here, a methodology is presented for assessing the timing and synchrony of flowering in wheat, triticum aestivum.201222186277
photosynthetic characteristics and enzymatic antioxidant capacity of leaves from wheat cultivars exposed to drought.two durum (triticum durum l.), barakatli-95 and garagylchyg-2; and two bread (triticum aestivum l.) wheat cultivars, azamatli-95 and giymatli-2/17 with different sensitivities to drought were grown in the field on a wide area under normal irrigation and severe water deficit. drought caused a more pronounced inhibition in photosynthetic parameters in the more sensitive cvs garagylchyg-2 and giymatli-2/17 compared with the tolerant cvs barakatli-95 and azamatli-95. upon dehydration, a decline in t ...201222417798
contrasting responses of salinity-stressed salt-tolerant and intolerant winter wheat (triticum aestivum l.) cultivars to ozone pollution.contrasting winter wheat cultivars, salt-tolerant dk961 and intolerant jn17, which sown in no salinity (-s) and salinity (+s) boxes were exposed to charcoal filtered air (cf) and elevated o(3) (+o(3)) in open top chambers (otcs) for 30 days. in -s dk961 and jn17 plants, +o(3) dk961 and jn17 plants had significantly lower light-saturated net photosynthetic rates (a(sat), 26% and 24%), stomatal conductance (g(s), 20% and 32%) and chlorophyll contents (10% and 21%), while o(3) considerably increase ...201222285371
toxicology of isoproturon to the food crop wheat as affected by salicylic acid.isoproturon, a herbicide belonging to the phenylurea family, is widely used to kill weeds in soils. recent study indicated that isoproturon has become a contaminant in ecosystems due to its intensive use, thus bringing environmental risks to crop production safety. salicylic acid (sa) is one of the components in plant defense signaling pathways and regulates diverse physiological responses to biotic and environmental stresses. the purpose of the study is to help to understand how sa mediates the ...201222231370
prevalence of puroindoline d1 and puroindoline b-2 variants in u.s. pacific northwest wheat breeding germplasm pools, and their association with kernel texture.kernel texture is a major factor influencing the classification and end use properties of wheat (triticum aestivum l.), and is mainly controlled by the puroindoline a (pina) and puroindoline b (pinb) genes. recently, a new puroindoline gene, puroindoline b-2 (pin b-2), was identified. in this study, 388 wheat cultivars and advanced breeding lines from the u.s. pacific northwest were investigated for frequencies of puroindoline d1 alleles and pinb-2 variants 2 and 3. results indicated that pinb-d ...201222231024
antioxidant activity-guided fractionation of blue wheat (uc66049 triticum aestivum l.).antioxidant activity-guided fractionation based on three in vitro antioxidant assays (folin-ciocalteu, teac, and leucomethylene blue assays) was used to identify major antioxidants in blue wheat (uc66049 triticum aestivum l.). after consecutive extractions with solvents of various polarities and multiple chromatographic fractionations, several potent antioxidants were identified by nmr spectroscopy and mass spectrometry. anthocyanins (delphinidin-3-glucoside, delphinidin-3-rutinoside, cyanidin-3 ...201222225003
wheat wrky genes tawrky2 and tawrky19 regulate abiotic stress tolerance in transgenic arabidopsis plants.wrky-type transcription factors are involved in multiple aspects of plant growth, development and stress response. wrky genes have been found to be responsive to abiotic stresses; however, their roles in abiotic stress tolerance are largely unknown especially in crops. here, we identified stress-responsive wrky genes from wheat (triticum aestivum l.) and studied their functions in stress tolerance. forty-three putative tawrky genes were identified and two multiple stress-induced genes, tawrky2 a ...201222220579
h(+)/phenanthrene symporter and aquaglyceroporin are implicated in phenanthrene uptake by wheat (triticum aestivum l.) roots.polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (pahs) are ubiquitous organic pollutants that are toxic to human and nonhuman organisms. dietary intake of pahs is a dominant route of exposure for the general population because food crops are a major source of dietary pahs. the mechanism for crop root uptake of pahs remains unclear. here we reveal that wheat root uptake of pahs involves active and passive processes. the passive uptake is mercury and glycerol dependent. mercury and glycerol inhibit uptake, indic ...201222218187
the antioxidative defense system is involved in the delayed senescence in a wheat mutant tasg1.wheat, which is the most important food crop worldwide, is a cereal that presents considerable potential for increased yield. a new wheat (triticum aestivum l.) mutant tasg1 with delayed leaf senescence was constructed using ethyl methane sulfonate as a mutagen. natural senescence in tasg1 was distinctly delayed in the field, as indicated by the slower progression of chlorophyll degradation, net photosynthetic rate than its wild type. further, the malondialdehyde and the hydrogen peroxide conten ...201222262312
effect of light on the gene expression and hormonal status of winter and spring wheat plants during cold hardening.the effect of light on gene expression and hormonal status during the development of freezing tolerance was studied in winter wheat (triticum aestivum var. mv emese) and in the spring wheat variety nadro. ten-day-old plants (3-leaf stage) were cold hardened at 5°c for 12 days under either normal (250 µmol m(-2) s(-1) ) or low (20 µmol m(-2) s(-1) ) light conditions. comprehensive analysis was carried out to explore the background of frost tolerance and the differences between these wheat varieti ...201222257084
pleiotropic increases in free non-polar lipid, glycolipid and phospholipid contents in waxy bread wheat (triticum aestivum l.) grain.diethyl ether-extractable free lipid (fl), non-polar or neutral lipid (nl), glycolipid (gl) and phospholipid (pl) contents and water-saturated 1-butanol (wsb)-extractable non-starch lipid (nsl)-monogalactosyldiglyceride (mgdg), digalactosyldiglyceride (dgdg) and phosphatidylcholine (pc)-contents in bread wheat (triticum aestivum l.) grain were evaluated to elucidate the possible influence of the wx-d1 gene on the lipid composition.201222252607
health-promoting phytochemicals of italian common wheat varieties grown under low-input agricultural management.the increasing interest in organic food products and environmental friendly practices has emphasised the importance of selecting crop varieties suitable for the low-input sector. moreover, in recent years the relationship between diet and human health has gained much attention among consumers. the aim of this study was to comparatively evaluate the agronomic performance and the nutrient and phytochemical composition of old and modern italian wheat genotypes grown under low-input management.201222278616
global transgenerational gene expression dynamics in two newly synthesized allohexaploid wheat (triticum aestivum) lines.alteration in gene expression resulting from allopolyploidization is a prominent feature in plants, but its spectrum and extent are not fully known. common wheat (triticum aestivum) was formed via allohexaploidization about 10,000 years ago, and became the most important crop plant. to gain further insights into the genome-wide transcriptional dynamics associated with the onset of common wheat formation, we conducted microarray-based genome-wide gene expression analysis on two newly synthesized ...201222277161
the ph1 locus suppresses cdk2-type activity during premeiosis and meiosis in wheat.despite possessing multiple sets of related (homoeologous) chromosomes, hexaploid wheat (triticum aestivum) restricts pairing to just true homologs at meiosis. deletion of a single major locus, pairing homoeologous1 (ph1), allows pairing of homoeologs. how can the same chromosomes be processed as homologs instead of being treated as nonhomologs? ph1 was recently defined to a cluster of defective cyclin-dependent kinase (cdk)-like genes showing some similarity to mammalian cdk2. we reasoned that ...201222274628
comprehensive functional analyses of expressed sequence tags in common wheat (triticum aestivum).about 1 million expressed sequence tag (est) sequences comprising 125.3 mb nucleotides were accreted from 51 cdna libraries constructed from a variety of tissues and organs under a range of conditions, including abiotic stresses and pathogen challenges in common wheat (triticum aestivum). expressed sequence tags were assembled with stringent parameters after processing with inbuild scripts, resulting in 37,138 contigs and 215,199 singlets. in the assembled sequences, 10.6% presented no matches w ...201222334568
differential regulation of alanine aminotransferase homologues by abiotic stresses in wheat (triticum aestivum l.) seedlings.wheat (triticum aestivum l.) seedlings contain four alanine aminotransferase (alaat) homologues. two of them encode alaat enzymes, whereas two homologues act as glumate:glyoxylate aminotransferase (ggat). to address the function of the distinct alaat homologues a comparative examination of the changes in transcript level together with the enzyme activity and alanine and glutamate content in wheat seedlings subjected to low oxygen availability, nitrogen and light deficiency has been studied. shoo ...201222327955
near-isogenic wheat lines carrying altered function alleles of the rht-1 genes exhibit differential responses to potassium deprivation.most of the elements involved in the integration of signals of low external k(+)-supply into a physiological response pathway remain essentially unknown. the aim of this work was to study the influence exerted by della proteins, which are known to be key components for the control of growth, on plant responses during k(+) deprivation in wheat (triticum aestivum) by using two sets of near-isogenic lines (nils) in the maringa and april bearded cultivars. after k(+) shortage, the nils of both culti ...201222325882
polysaccharide isolated from triticum aestivum stimulates insulin release from pancreatic cells via the atp-sensitive k+ channel.traditional natural plants have been used throughout the world for their antidiabetic effects. the aim of the present study was to investigate the stimulating activity of a polysaccharide extract derived from t. aestivum sprout (tasp) on insulin secretion in vitro using the rin-5f pancreatic β-cell line and rat pancreatic islets. in these experiments, tasp (0.1 to 2 mg/ml) augmented glucose-stimulated insulin secretion in a dose-dependent manner in the presence of a stimulatory glucose concentra ...201222322245
common wheat determination in durum wheat samples through lc/ms analysis of gluten peptides.a method to detect the presence of common wheat in durum wheat flour samples was developed and tested. flour samples, or ground wheat samples, were digested by pepsin and chymotrypsin, and the peptide mixture obtained was analyzed by lc/esi-ms and lc/esi-ms/ms, which led to the identification of two marker peptides. one peptide was coded only in the dd genome, and thus present only in common wheat; the second was present in all wheat samples (both common and durum), so it was used as marker of t ...201222311426
genetic mapping of new seed-expressed polyphenol oxidase genes in wheat (triticum aestivum l.).polyphenol oxidase (ppo) enzymatic activity is a major cause in time-dependent discoloration in wheat dough products. the ppo-a1 and ppo-d1 genes have been shown to contribute to wheat kernel ppo activity. recently a novel ppo gene family consisting of the ppo-a2, ppo-b2, and ppo-d2 genes has been identified and shown to be expressed in wheat kernels. in this study, the sequences of these five kernel ppo genes were determined for the spring wheat cultivars louise and penawawa. the two cultivars ...201222311372
a stomatal ozone flux-response relationship to assess ozone-induced yield loss of winter wheat in subtropical china.stomatal ozone flux and flux-response relationships were derived for winter wheat (triticum aestivum l.) grown under fully open-air ozone fumigation. a stomatal conductance (g(sto)) model developed for wheat in europe was re-parameterized. compared to european model parameterizations, the main changes were that the vpd and radiation response functions were made less and more restrictive, respectively, and that the temperature function was omitted. the re-parameterized g(sto) model performed well ...201222310057
different peroxidase activities and expression of abiotic stress-related peroxidases in apical root segments of wheat genotypes with different drought stress tolerance under osmotic stress.one-week-old seedlings of triticum aestivum l. cv. plainsman v, a drought tolerant; and cappelle desprez, a drought sensitive wheat cultivar were subjected gradually to osmotic stress using polyethylene glycol (peg 6000) reaching 400 mosm on the 11th day. compared to controls cv. plainsman v maintained the root growth and relative water content of root tissues, while these parameters were decreased in the drought sensitive cv. cappelle desprez under peg-mediated osmotic stress. simultaneously, h ...201222305075
complex phytohormone responses during the cold acclimation of two wheat cultivars differing in cold tolerance, winter samanta and spring sandra.hormonal changes accompanying the cold stress (4°c) response that are related to the level of frost tolerance (ft; measured as lt50) and the content of the most abundant dehydrin, wcs120, were compared in the leaves and crowns of the winter wheat (triticum aestivum l.) cv. samanta and the spring wheat cv. sandra. the characteristic feature of the alarm phase (1 day) response was a rapid elevation of abscisic acid (aba) and an increase of protective proteins (dehydrin wcs120). this response was f ...201222304971
transcriptional programs regulating seed dormancy and its release by after-ripening in common wheat (triticum aestivum l.).seed dormancy is an important agronomic trait in wheat (trticum aestivum). seeds can be released from a physiologically dormant state by after-ripening. to understand the molecular mechanisms underlying the role of after-ripening in conferring developmental switches from dormancy to germination in wheat seeds, we performed comparative transcriptomic analyses between dormant (d) and after-ripened (ar) seeds in both dry and imbibed states. transcriptional activation of genes represented by a core ...201222292455
characterization of a wheat (triticum aestivum l.) expansin gene, taexpb23, involved in the abiotic stress response and phytohormone regulation.expansins are proteins that are generally accepted to be key regulators of cell wall extension and plant growth. we examined the expression pattern of taexpb23, a wheat (triticum aestivum l.) expansin gene, under exogenous phytohormone and abiotic stress treatments. in addition, we evaluated its function in the tolerance to salt stress and high temperature (ht) by overexpressing it in transgenic tobacco plants. in subcellular localization assays, taexpb23 localized to the cell wall. expression a ...201222381655
effect of low temperature on chlorophyll biosynthesis in albinism line of wheat (triticum aestivum) fa85.the 'stage albinism line of winter wheat' fa85 exhibits a severe block in chlorophyll (chl) biosynthesis with prolonged low-temperature treatment. the correlations between leaf color and low temperature provide more comprehensive understanding of low temperature as an environmental signal that regulate the metabolic changes in the entire chl-synthesizing pathway. in this study, we investigated differences in chl biosynthesis between leaves of aibian1 and fa85 by measuring their chl precursors an ...201222380525
the origin of spelt and free-threshing hexaploid wheat.it is widely believed that hexaploid wheat originated via hybridization of hulled tetraploid emmer with aegilops tauschii (genomes dd) and that the nascent hexaploid was spelt, from which free-threshing wheat evolved by mutations. to reassess the role of spelt in the evolution of triticum aestivum, 4 disomic substitution lines of ae. tauschii chromosome 2d in chinese spring wheat were developed and one of them was used to map the tg locus, which controls glume tenacity in ae. tauschii, relative ...201222378960
genetic dissection of grain yield and physical grain quality in bread wheat (triticum aestivum l.) under water-limited environments.in the water-limited bread wheat production environment of southern australia, large advances in grain yield have previously been achieved through the introduction and improved understanding of agronomic traits controlled by major genes, such as the semi-dwarf plant stature and photoperiod insensitivity. however, more recent yield increases have been achieved through incremental genetic advances, of which, breeders and researchers do not fully understand the underlying mechanism(s). a doubled ha ...201222374139
the impact of photoperiod insensitive ppd-1a mutations on the photoperiod pathway across the three genomes of hexaploid wheat (triticum aestivum).flowering time is a trait that has been extensively altered during wheat domestication, enabling it to be highly productive in diverse environments and providing a rich source of variation for studying adaptation mechanisms. hexaploid wheat is ancestrally a long-day plant, but many environments require varieties with photoperiod insensitivity (pi) that can flower in short days. pi results from mutations in the ppd-1 gene on the a, b or d genomes, with individual mutations conferring different de ...201222372488
functional markers in wheat: current status and future prospects.functional markers (fm) are developed from sequence polymorphisms present in allelic variants of a functional gene at a locus. fms accurately discriminate alleles of a targeted gene, and are ideal molecular markers for marker-assisted selection in wheat breeding. in this paper, we summarize fms developed and used in common wheat. to date, more than 30 wheat loci associated with processing quality, agronomic traits, and disease resistance, have been cloned, and 97 fms were developed to identify 9 ...201222366867
the distal portion of the short arm of wheat (triticum aestivum l.) chromosome 5d controls endosperm vitreosity and grain hardness.kernel vitreosity is an important trait of wheat grain, but its developmental control is not completely known. we developed back-cross seven (bc(7)) near-isogenic lines in the soft white spring wheat cultivar alpowa that lack the distal portion of chromosome 5d short arm. from the final back-cross, 46 bc(7)f(2) plants were isolated. these plants exhibited a complete and perfect association between kernel vitreosity (i.e. vitreous, non-vitreous or mixed) and single kernel characterization system ...201222366813
molecular cytogenetic identification of a novel dwarf wheat line with introgressed thinopyrum ponticum chromatin.novel dwarfing germplasms and dwarfing genes are valuable for the wheat breeding. a novel semi-dwarf line, 31505-1, with reduced height compared with its common wheat parent, was derived from a cross between common wheat and thinopyrum ponticum. cytological studies demonstrated that 31505-1 contained 42 chromosomes and formed 21 bivalents at meiotic metaphase i. genomic in situ hybridization (gish) analysis showed that 31505-1 had no large th. ponticum chromosome fragments. fluorescence in situ ...201222357212
development and application of est-based markers specific for chromosome arms of rye (secale cereale l.).to develop a set of molecular markers specific for the chromosome arms of rye, a total of 1,098 and 93 primer pairs derived from the expressed sequence tag (est) sequences distributed on all 21 wheat chromosomes and 7 rye chromosomes, respectively, were initially screened on common wheat 'chinese spring' and rye cultivar 'imperial'. four hundred and fourteen est-based markers were specific for the rye genome. seven disomic chromosome addition lines, 10 telosomic addition lines and 1 translocatio ...201222354334
wheat grain yield on saline soils is improved by an ancestral na⁺ transporter gene.the ability of wheat to maintain a low sodium concentration ([na(+)]) in leaves correlates with improved growth under saline conditions. this trait, termed na(+) exclusion, contributes to the greater salt tolerance of bread wheat relative to durum wheat. to improve the salt tolerance of durum wheat, we explored natural diversity in shoot na(+) exclusion within ancestral wheat germplasm. previously, we showed that crossing of nax2, a gene locus in the wheat relative triticum monococcum into a com ...201222407351
expression profiling of starchy endosperm metabolic proteins at 21 stages of wheat grain development.proteomic analysis of albumins and globulins (alg) present in starchy endosperm of wheat (triticum aestivum cv récital), at 21 stages of grain development, led to the identification of 487 proteins. four main developmental phases of these metabolic proteins, with three subphases in phase three and two in phase four, were shown. hierarchical cluster analysis revealed nine major expression profiles throughout grain development. classification of identified proteins in 17 different biochemical func ...201222394196
temperature responses of developmental processes have not been affected by breeding in different ecological areas for 17 crop species.• rates of tissue expansion, cell division and progression in the plant cycle are driven by temperature, following common arrhenius-type response curves. • we analysed the genetic variability of this response in the range 6-37°c in seven to nine lines of maize (zea mays), rice (oryza spp.) and wheat (triticum aestivum) and in 18 species (17 crop species, different genotypes) via the meta-analysis of 72 literature references. • lines with tropical or north-temperate origins had common response cu ...201222390357
effect of a rye b chromosome and its segments on homoeologous pairing in hybrids between common wheat and aegilops variabilis.rye b chromosomes, which are supernumerary chromosomes dispensable for the host but increase in number by non-disjunction after meiosis, have been reported to affect meiotic homoeologous pairing in wheat-rye hybrids. the effect of a rye b chromosome (b) and its segments (b-9 and b-10) on homoeologous pairing was studied in hybrids between common wheat (2n=42) and aegilops variabilis (2n=28), with reference to the ph1 gene located on wheat chromosome 5b. the b-9 and b-10 chromosomes are derived f ...201222531789
poor homologous synapsis 1 interacts with chromatin but does not colocalise with asynapsis 1 during early meiosis in bread wheat.chromosome pairing, synapsis, and dna recombination are three key processes that occur during early meiosis. a previous study of poor homologous synapsis 1 (phs1) in maize suggested that phs1 has a role in coordinating these three processes. here we report the isolation of wheat (triticum aestivum) phs1 (taphs1), and its expression profile during and after meiosis. while the taphs1 protein has sequence similarity to other plant phs1/phs1-like proteins, it also possesses a unique region of oligop ...201222518114
starch characteristics of transgenic wheat (triticum aestivum l.) overexpressing the dx5 high molecular weight glutenin subunit are substantially equivalent to those in nonmodified wheat.the effects of engineering higher levels of the high molecular weight glutenin dx5 subunit on starch characteristics in transgenic wheat (triticum aestivum l.) grain were evaluated. this is important because of the interrelationship between starch and protein accumulation in grain, the strong biotechnological interest in modulating dx5 levels and the increasing likelihood that transgenic wheat will be commercialized in the u.s. unintended effects of dx5 overexpression on starch could affect whea ...201222515236
uncovering small rna-mediated responses to cold stress in a wheat thermosensitive genic male-sterile line by deep sequencing.the male sterility of thermosensitive genic male sterile (tgms) lines of wheat (triticum aestivum) is strictly controlled by temperature. the early phase of anther development is especially susceptible to cold stress. micrornas (mirnas) play an important role in plant development and in responses to environmental stress. in this study, deep sequencing of small rna (smrna) libraries obtained from spike tissues of the tgms line under cold and control conditions identified a total of 78 unique mirn ...201222508932
structural basis for inhibition of xyloglucan-specific endo-β-1,4-glucanase (xeg) by xeg-protein inhibitor.microorganisms such as plant pathogens secrete glycoside hydrolases (ghs) to digest the polysaccharide chains of plant cell walls. the degradation of cell walls by these enzymes is a crucial step for nutrition and invasion. to protect the cell wall from these enzymes, plants secrete glycoside hydrolase inhibitor proteins (ghips). xyloglucan-specific endo-β-1,4-glucanase (xeg), a member of gh family 12 (gh12), could be a great threat to many plants because xyloglucan is a major component of the c ...201222496365
effects of organic and conventional production systems and cultivars on the technological properties of winter wheat.the current study aimed to estimate the effects of organic and conventional production systems and four winter wheat (triticum aestivum l.) bread cultivars on the technological properties of grain, flour, dough and bread, to increase current knowledge regarding the interactions of the technological properties of winter wheat and assess the cultivars for their suitability for organic production systems.201222495593
cytokinin oxidase is involved in the regulation of cytokinin content by 24-epibrassinolide in wheat seedlings.fast and stable 2-fold accumulation of cytokinins (cks) was detected initially in roots and then in shoots of 4-day-old wheat (triticum aestivum l.) seedlings in the course of their treatment with 0.4μm 24-epibrassinolide (ebr). elevated cytokinin level has been maintained only in the presence of ebr, while the hormone removal has led to return of cytokinin concentration to the control level initially in the roots and then in the shoots. ebr-induced accumulation of cytokinins was accompanied by ...201222480990
qtl mapping of terminal heat tolerance in hexaploid wheat (t. aestivum l.).high temperature (>30 °c) at the time of grain filling is one of the major causes of yield reduction in wheat in many parts of the world, especially in tropical countries. to identify quantitative trait loci (qtl) for heat tolerance under terminal heat stress, a set of 148 recombinant inbred lines was developed by crossing a heat-tolerant hexaploid wheat (triticum aestivum l.) cultivar (nw1014) and a heat-susceptible (huw468) cultivar. the f(5), f(6), and f(7) generations were evaluated in two d ...201222476874
genotype-dependent burst of transposable element expression in crowns of hexaploid wheat (triticum aestivum l.) during cold acclimation.the expression of 1,613 transposable elements (tes) represented in the affymetrix wheat genome chip was examined during cold treatment in crowns of four hexaploid wheat genotypes that vary in tolerance to cold and in flowering time. the te expression profiles showed a constant level of expression throughout the experiment in three of the genotypes. in winter norstar, the most cold-hardy of the four genotypes, a subset of the tes showed a burst of expression after vernalization saturation was ach ...201222474410
phytotoxic effects and a phytotoxin from the invasive plant xanthium italicum moretti.the allelopathic effects of different parts of the plant xanthium italicum moretti were evaluated by conducting bioassays against two dicot plants, amaranth (amaranthus mangostanus l.) and lettuce (lectuca sativa l.), and two monocot plants, wheat (triticum aestivum linn) and ryegrass (lolium multiforum). leaf and fruit extract possessed the strongest biological activity, killing all seeds of four test species at 0.05 g/ml concentration. fruits were chosen for further investigation because of th ...201222469597
retraction of article: stable chloroplast transformation of immature scutella and inflorescences in wheat (triticum aestivum l.). 201222467140
zonal responses of sensitive vs. tolerant wheat roots during al exposure and recovery.aluminium (al) irreversibly inhibits root growth in sensitive, but not in some tolerant genotypes. to better understand tolerance mechanisms, seedlings from tolerant ('barbela 7/72' line) and sensitive ('anahuac') triticum aestivum l. genotypes were exposed to alcl(3) 185 μm for: (a) 24 h followed by 48 h without al (recovery); (b) 72 h of continuous exposure. three root zones were analyzed (meristematic (mz), elongation (ez) and hairy (hz)) for callose deposition, reserves (starch and lipids) a ...201222459322
copy number variation affecting the photoperiod-b1 and vernalization-a1 genes is associated with altered flowering time in wheat (triticum aestivum).the timing of flowering during the year is an important adaptive character affecting reproductive success in plants and is critical to crop yield. flowering time has been extensively manipulated in crops such as wheat (triticum aestivum l.) during domestication, and this enables them to grow productively in a wide range of environments. several major genes controlling flowering time have been identified in wheat with mutant alleles having sequence changes such as insertions, deletions or point m ...201222457747
virus-induced gene silencing of mlo genes induces powdery mildew resistance in triticum aestivum.powdery mildew is one of the most important cereal diseases worldwide. genetic analysis has revealed that mutant alleles of the mlo gene cause broad-spectrum resistance against this pathogen in barley. in this study, the possibility of inducing broad-spectrum powdery mildew resistance against this pathogen by rnai of the barley mlo ortholog in wheat was examined using virus-induced gene silencing (vigs). a clear correlation was found between resistance and accumulation of mlo-specific sirnas, ra ...201222446884
relationship between cultivar difference in the sensitivity of net photosynthesis to ozone and reactive oxygen species scavenging system in japanese winter wheat (triticum aestivum).to clarify the relationship between cultivar difference in the sensitivity of net photosynthesis to ozone (o(3)) and the reactive oxygen species (ros) scavenging system in wheat (triticum aestivum), we investigated the effects of chronic exposure to ambient levels of o(3) on gas exchange rates, activity and concentration of ribulose 1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase (rubisco), activity of ros scavenging enzymes and concentration of antioxidants of the flag leaf in two japanese winter wheat ...201222443421
dysfunction of mitotic cell division at shoot apices triggered severe growth abortion in interspecific hybrids between tetraploid wheat and aegilops tauschii.common wheat is an allohexaploid species, derived through endoreduplication of an interspecific triploid hybrid produced from a cross between cultivated tetraploid wheat and the wild diploid relative aegilops tauschii. hybrid incompatibilities, including hybrid necrosis, have been observed in triploid wheat hybrids. a limited number of a. tauschii accessions show hybrid lethality in triploid hybrids crossed with tetraploid wheat as a result of developmental arrest at the early seedling stage, wh ...201222436033
disposal of metal treated salvinia biomass in soil and its effect on growth and photosynthetic efficiency of wheat.phytoremediation technologies generate huge quantities of biomass, the disposal of which is a serious concern. wastewater samples collected from electroplating industries were treated with salvinia biomass. the effect of application of metal loaded salvinia plant biomass in soil on growth and physiological indices of 10-day-old seedlings of triticum aestivum was evaluated. controls (a) consisted of soil supplemented with untreated plant biomass. seed germination, seedling height, total chlorophy ...201222567692
rye chromosome-specific polymerase chain reaction products developed by primers designed from the ecoo109i recognition site.from our analysis of repeat sequences in the rye genome, the presence of multiple restriction sites of ecoo109i (5'-puggnccpy-3') across the genome has been predicted. by first using primers designed to contain ecoo109i sites in polymerase chain reaction (pcr), polymorphic dna markers were effectively obtained. a total of 43 types of 10-mer primers containing ecoo109i sites were applied for pcr by using genomic dna of secale cereale self-fertile line ir27 and triticum aestivum 'chinese spring' ( ...201222563759
molecular cytogenetic characterization and stripe rust response of a trigeneric hybrid involving triticum, psathyrostachys, and thinopyrum.trigeneric hybrids offer opportunities to transfer alien traits into cultivated wheat. in this study, a new trigeneric hybrid involving species of triticum, psathyrostachys, and thinopyrum was synthesized by crossing triticum aestivum l. (wheat)--thinopyrum intermedium (host) barkworth & d.r. dewey amphiploid zhong 3 with wheat--psathyrostachys huashanica keng ex kuo amphiploid phw-sa. crossability of the two amphiploids was 19.74%, and the fertility of the hybrid was 16.20%. the mean meiotic co ...201222563730
chromosome arm-specific bac end sequences permit comparative analysis of homoeologous chromosomes and genomes of polyploid wheat.bread wheat, one of the world's staple food crops, has the largest, highly repetitive and polyploid genome among the cereal crops. the wheat genome holds the key to crop genetic improvement against challenges such as climate change, environmental degradation, and water scarcity. to unravel the complex wheat genome, the international wheat genome sequencing consortium (iwgsc) is pursuing a chromosome- and chromosome arm-based approach to physical mapping and sequencing. here we report on the use ...201222559868
effects of genotype and environment on the contents of betaine, choline, and trigonelline in cereal grains.this study examined the environmental and genetic variation in methyl donor contents and compositions of 200 cereal genotypes. glycine betaine, choline, and trigonelline contents were determined by (1)h nmr, and significant differences were observed between cereal types (g) and across harvesting years and growing locations (e). glycine betaine was the most abundant methyl donor in all of the 200 lines grown on a single site, and concentrations ranged from 0.43 ± 0.09 mg/g dm in oats to 2.57 ± 0. ...201222559314
genetics of flowering time in bread wheat triticum aestivum: complementary interaction between vernalization-insensitive and photoperiod-insensitive mutations imparts very early flowering habit to spring wheat.time to flowering in the winter growth habit bread wheat is dependent on vernalization (exposure to cold conditions) and exposure to long days (photoperiod). dominant vrn-1 (vrn-a1, vrn-b1 and vrn-d1) alleles are associated with vernalization independent spring growth habit. the semidominant ppd-d1a mutation confers photoperiod-insensitivity or rapid flowering in wheat under short day and long day conditions. the objective of this study was to reveal the nature of interaction between vrn-1 and p ...201222546824
isolation and characterization of plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria from wheat roots by wheat germ agglutinin labeled with fluorescein isothiocyanate.thirty-two isolates were obtained from wheat rhizosphere by wheat germ agglutinin (wga) labeled with fluorescein isothiocyanate (fitc). most isolates were able to produce indole acetic acid (65.6%) and siderophores (59.3%), as well as exhibited phosphate solubilization (96.8%). fourteen isolates displayed three plant growth-promoting traits. among these strains, two phosphate-dissolving ones, ws29 and ws31, were evaluated for their beneficial effects on the early growth of wheat (triticum aestiv ...201222538646
targeted re-sequencing of the allohexaploid wheat exome.bread wheat, triticum aestivum, is an allohexaploid composed of the three distinct ancestral genomes, a, b and d. the polyploid nature of the wheat genome together with its large size has limited our ability to generate the significant amount of sequence data required for whole genome studies. even with the advent of next-generation sequencing technology, it is still relatively expensive to generate whole genome sequences for more than a few wheat genomes at any one time. to overcome this proble ...201222703335
photosystem ii thermostability in situ: environmentally induced acclimation and genotype-specific reactions in triticum aestivum l.photosystem ii (psii) thermostability and acclimation effects on psii photochemical efficiency were analyzed in thirty field grown winter wheat (triticum aestivum l.) genotypes using prompt chlorophyll a fluorescence kinetics before and after dark heat treatment. a gradual increase in temperature caused the appearance of k-bands at 300 μs on the chlorophyll fluorescence induction curve, indicating the impairment of the psii donor side (even by heat treatment at 38 °c). an increase in basal fluor ...201222698752
accumulation, translocation and impact of tio2 nanoparticles in wheat (triticum aestivum spp.): influence of diameter and crystal phase.intensive production of tio(2) nanoparticles (tio(2)-nps) would lead to their release in the environment. their ecotoxicological impact is still poorly documented, while their use in commercial goods is constantly increasing. in this study we compare root accumulation and root-to-shoot translocation in wheat of anatase and rutile tio(2)-nps with diameters ranging from 14 nm to 655 nm, prepared in water. np distribution in plant tissues was mapped by synchrotron-radiation micro-x-ray fluorescence ...201222684121
[genetic control of several alpha-amylase isozymes in winter hexaploid wheat].alpha-amylase isozymes were detected via electrophoretic separation in a tris-glycine polyacrylamide gel system (ph 8.4). three chromosome 6b loci controlling the alpha-amylase isozyme composition were identified by studying the grain alpha-amylase patterns in an f --> infinity self-pollinating population of winter common wheat (donskoi mayak). the loci were found to take the following order in the long arm of chromosome 6b: cen.-alpha-amy-b3-alpha-amy-b6-alpha-amy-b1-.201222679787
multi-trait evolution of farmer varieties of bread wheat after cultivation in contrasting organic farming systems in europe.because of the lack of varieties for organic agriculture, associations of organic farmers in several european countries have begun cultivating landraces and historic varieties, effectively practicing in situ conservation of agricultural biodiversity. to promote agrobiodiversity conservation, a special list for "conservation varieties" was implemented in 2008 by the eu because for any exchange and marketing of seeds in the eu, a variety must be registered in an official catalog. our study aimed a ...201222678726
gene expression in the developing aleurone and starchy endosperm of wheat.wheat is a critical food source globally. food security is an increasing concern; current production levels are not expected to keep pace with global demand. new technologies have provided a vast array of wheat genetic data; however, best use of this data requires placing it within a framework in which the various genes, pathways and interactions can be examined. here we present the first systematic comparison of the global transcriptomes of the aleurone and starchy endosperm of the developing w ...201222672716
co-ordinate regulation of cytokinin gene family members during flag leaf and reproductive development in wheat.as the global population continues to expand, increasing yield in bread wheat is of critical importance as 20% of the world's food supply is sourced from this cereal. several recent studies of the molecular basis of grain yield indicate that the cytokinins are a key factor in determining grain yield. in this study, cytokinin gene family members in bread wheat were isolated from four multigene families which regulate cytokinin synthesis and metabolism, the isopentenyl transferases (ipt), cytokini ...201222672647
deciphering the genomic structure, function and evolution of carotenogenesis related phytoene synthases in grasses.carotenoids are isoprenoid pigments, essential for photosynthesis and photoprotection in plants. the enzyme phytoene synthase (psy) plays an essential role in mediating condensation of two geranylgeranyl diphosphate molecules, the first committed step in carotenogenesis. psy are nuclear enzymes encoded by a small gene family consisting of three paralogous genes (psy1-3) that have been widely characterized in rice, maize and sorghum.201222672222
down-regulation of glucan, water-dikinase activity in wheat endosperm increases vegetative biomass and yield.a novel mechanism for increasing vegetative biomass and grain yield has been identified in wheat (triticum aestivum). rnai-mediated down-regulation of glucan, water-dikinase (gwd), the primary enzyme required for starch phosphorylation, under the control of an endosperm-specific promoter, resulted in a decrease in starch phosphate content and an increase in grain size. unexpectedly, consistent increases in vegetative biomass and grain yield were observed in subsequent generations. in lines where ...201222672098
molecular cytogenetic identification of a wheat (triticum aestivum)-american dune grass (leymus mollis) translocation line resistant to stripe rust.leymus mollis, a perennial allotetraploid (2n = 4x = 28), known as american dune grass, is a wild relative of wheat that could be useful for cultivar improvement. shannong0096, developed from interspecific hybridization between common wheat cv. yannong15 and l. mollis, was analyzed with cytological procedures, genomic in situ hybridization, stripe-rust resistance screening and molecular marker analysis. we found that shannong0096 has 42 chromosomes in the root-tip cells at mitotic metaphase and ...201222653669
chemometric evaluation of different experimental conditions on wheat (triticum aestivum l.) development using liquid chromatography mass spectrometry (lc-ms) profiles of benzoxazinone derivatives.different chemometric techniques have been used to evaluate the effect of distinct experimental conditions and factors on triticum aestivum l. plant development. the study was conducted using three wheat varieties, astron, ritmo and stakado. these varieties were grown under organic and conventional cultivation systems. samples were collected at five growth stages. shoots and roots of each plant at these stages were analysed. three replicates of each analysed sample were performed to improve repr ...201222652261
the effect of high concentrations of glufosinate ammonium on the yield components of transgenic spring wheat (triticum aestivum l.) constitutively expressing the bar gene.we present an experiment done on a bar(+) wheat line treated with 14 different concentrations of glufosinate ammonium-an effective component of nonselective herbicides-during seed germination in a closed experimental system. yield components as number of spikes per plant, number of grains per spike, thousand kernel weight, and yield per plant were thoroughly analysed and statistically evaluated after harvesting. we found that a concentration of glufosinate ammonium 5000 times the lethal dose was ...201222649303
novel variants of hmw glutenin subunits from aegilops section sitopsis species in relation to evolution and wheat breeding.high molecular weight glutenin subunits (hmw-gss), encoded by the genes at glu-1 loci in wheat and its related species, are significant in the determination of grain processing quality. however, the diversity and variations of hmw-gss are relatively low in bread wheat. more interests are now focused on wheat wild relatives in triticeae. the genus aegilops represents an important germplasm for novel hwm-gss and other useful genes for wheat genetic improvement.201222646663
triannot: a versatile and high performance pipeline for the automated annotation of plant genomes.in support of the international effort to obtain a reference sequence of the bread wheat genome and to provide plant communities dealing with large and complex genomes with a versatile, easy-to-use online automated tool for annotation, we have developed the triannot pipeline. its modular architecture allows for the annotation and masking of transposable elements, the structural, and functional annotation of protein-coding genes with an evidence-based quality indexing, and the identification of c ...201222645565
identification and molecular characterisation of hmw glutenin subunit 1by16* in wild emmer.in this study, a novel y-type high molecular weight glutenin subunit (hmw-gs) in wild emmer wheat triticum turgidum l. var. dicoccoides (körn.) accession ku1952 was identified by sodium dodecyl sulphate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (sds-page), capillary electrophoresis (ce) and matrix-assisted laser desorption ionisation/time-of-flight/mass spectrometry (maldi-tof-ms). its electrophoretic mobility and molecular weight were similar to those of 1by16 and was designated as 1by16*. the complet ...201222644727
snp identification and allelic-specific pcr markers development for tagw2, a gene linked to wheat kernel weight.tagw2, an orthologous gene of rice osgw2, has been associated with kernel width and weight of bread wheat (triticum aestivum). difference in tagw2 coding sequence was not found among different wheat varieties in previous researches. in this study, we found eight exons and seven introns in tagw2 with a full-length cdna sequence of 1,275 bp, which contains a conserved function domain and seven splice sites that shared homology with rice osgw2. a single t-base insertion in the eighth exon of tagw2 ...201222643902
aluminium tolerance of root hairs underlies genotypic differences in rhizosheath size of wheat (triticum aestivum) grown on acid soil.we found significant genetic variation in the ability of wheat (triticum aestivum) to form rhizosheaths on acid soil and assessed whether differences in aluminium (al(3+) ) tolerance of root hairs between genotypes was the physiological basis for this genetic variation. a method was developed to rapidly screen rhizosheath size in a range of wheat genotypes. backcrossed populations were generated from cv fronteira (large rhizosheath) using cv ega-burke (small rhizosheath) as the recurrent parent. ...201222642366
pollen-mediated gene flow in wheat (triticum aestivum l.) in a semiarid field environment in spain.transgenic wheat (triticum aestivum l.) varieties are being developed and field-tested in various countries. concerns regarding gene flow from genetically modified (gm) crops to non-gm crops have stimulated research to estimate outcrossing in wheat prior to the release and commercialization of any transgenic cultivars. the aim is to ensure that coexistence of all types of wheat with gm wheat is feasible in accordance with current regulations. the present study describes the result of a field exp ...201222615061
biolistic- and agrobacterium-mediated transformation protocols for wheat.after rice, wheat is considered to be the most important world food crop, and the demand for high-quality wheat flour is increasing. although there are no gm varieties currently grown, wheat is an important target for biotechnology, and we anticipate that gm wheat will be commercially available in 10-15 years. in this chapter, we summarize the main features and challenges of wheat transformation and then describe detailed protocols for the production of transgenic wheat plants both by biolistic ...201222610641
durable resistance to stripe rust is due to three specific resistance genes in french bread wheat cultivar apache.quantitative resistance is postulated to be more durable than qualitative (r-gene mediated) resistance, which is usually quickly overcome by the pathogen population. despite its wide use for nearly 10 years in france, the french bread wheat cultivar apache remains resistant to stripe rust. here, we investigated the genetic architecture of cv. apache resistance to examine whether its durability could be explained by quantitative characteristics. we identified quantitative trait loci (qtl) by comp ...201222610360
residual efficacy of methoprene for control of tribolium castaneum (coleoptera: tenebrionidae) larvae at different temperatures on varnished wood, concrete, and wheat.the residual efficacy of the juvenile hormone analog methoprene (diacon ii) was evaluated in bioassays using larvae of tribolium castaneum (herbst) (coleoptera: tenebrionidae) exposed on unsealed concrete or varnished wood treated with a liquid formulation and held at different temperatures. when these two types of surfaces were stored at 20, 30 or 35 degrees c for 0-24 wk, the percentage of adult emergence on concrete increased with time. in contrast, there was no adult emergence from larvae ex ...201222606845
obviation of wheat resistance to the hessian fly through systemic induced susceptibility.unlike most documented plant-insect interactions, hessian fly-resistance [mayetiola destructor (say)] in wheat (triticum aestivum l.) is initiated by a gene-for-gene recognition event in which plants carrying a specific r gene recognize salivary effectors encoded by a corresponding larval avirulence gene. however, dual infestation resulting from oviposition by virulent insects from 5 d before to 3 d after oviposition by avirulent insects on the same host plant, lead to systemic induced susceptib ...201222606837
isolation of a new phlorotannin, a potent inhibitor of carbohydrate-hydrolyzing enzymes, from the brown alga sargassum patens.ethanol extracts from 15 kinds of marine algae collected from the coast of the noto peninsula in japan were examined for their inhibitory effects on human salivary α-amylase. four extracts significantly suppressed the enzyme activity. an inhibitor was purified from the extract of sargassum patens . the compound was a new phloroglucinol derivative, 2-(4-(3,5-dihydroxyphenoxy)-3,5-dihydroxyphenoxy) benzene-1,3,5-triol (ddbt), which strongly suppressed the hydrolysis of amylopectin by human salivar ...201222594840
subgenomic analysis of micrornas in polyploid wheat.in this study, a survey of mirnas using the next-generation sequencing data was performed at subgenomic level. after analyzing shotgun sequences from chromosome 4a of bread wheat (triticum aestivum l.), a total of 68 different mirnas were predicted in silico, of which 37 were identified in wheat for the first time. the long arm of the chromosome was found to harbor a higher variety (51) and representation (3,928) of mirnas compared with the short arm (49; 2,226). out of the 68 mirnas, 32 were de ...201222592659
development of high amylose wheat through tilling.wheat (triticum spp.) is an important source of food worldwide and the focus of considerable efforts to identify new combinations of genetic diversity for crop improvement. in particular, wheat starch composition is a major target for changes that could benefit human health. starches with increased levels of amylose are of interest because of the correlation between higher amylose content and elevated levels of resistant starch, which has been shown to have beneficial effects on health for comba ...201222584013
simplified and lower cost methods for culinary-medicinal mushrooms cultivation.the importance and prospect of growing mushrooms through utilization of low-cost, technologically simple methods for developing third world countries has recently been outlined. three different species from genus pleurotus (p. djamor, p. pulmonarius, and p. sajor-caju) and one from genus hypsizygus (h. ulmarius) were studied. whole stalk wheat straw, shredded wheat straw, and ground maize cob (zea mays) were used as the substrates. wheat straw is the post-harvest stalk of triticum aestivum. biol ...201222577981
changes in ps ii heterogeneity in response to osmotic and ionic stress in wheat leaves (triticum aestivum).high salt stress involves ionic stress as well as osmotic stress. in this work we have tried to differentiate between the ionic and osmotic effects of salt stress on the basis of their ability to cause changes in ps ii heterogeneity. ps ii heterogeneity is found to vary with environmental conditions. osmotic stress caused no change in the q(b) reducing side heterogeneity and a reversible change in antenna heterogeneity. the number of q(b) non-reducing centers increased under ionic stress but wer ...201222576351
characterization of sbeiia homoeologous genes in bread wheat.to elucidate some of the molecular mechanisms involved in genome differentiation and evolution of cultivated wheats, we compared orthologous genes encoding starch branching enzyme iia (sbeiia). bread wheat is an allohexaploid species comprising the three genomes a, b and d, each of which contributes a copy of the sbeiia gene, involved in starch biosynthesis and known to control important quality traits related to technological and nutritional value of wheat-based food products. alignment of the ...201222570075
characterization of three vernalization insensitive3-like (vil) homologs in wild wheat, aegilops tauschii coss.control of flowering time is an adaptive trait of plants for different growth habitats. a vernalization requirement is a major genetic component determining wheat flowering time. arabidopsis vernalization insensitive3 (vin3) and vin3-like 1 (vil1) play critical roles in the vernalization pathway of flowering, and three wheat vil homologs are upregulated by vernalization in einkorn wheat. to study the relationship between vernalization and wheat vil homologs in aegilops tauschii, the d-genome pro ...201222568701
[the β-amylase polymorphism of winter common wheat grains].the polymorphism of winter common wheat with respect to β-amylase isoenzymes has been analyzed using electrophoresis in polyacrylamide gel (paag) buffered with a tris-glycine system (ph 8.3). seven β-amylase isoenzymes have been found in wheat cultivars and the breeding stock. isoenzymes a, b, and c are the most frequent in russian and ukrainian cultivars (51.7 4.7, 30.7 3.8, and 11.9 2.5%, respectively). two alleles of the β-amy-d1 locus of the long arm of chromosome 4d have been identified. th ...201222567995
[genetic architecture of grain protein content in wheat].studies on identification and localization of quantitative traits for grain protein content (qgpc-loci) on chromosomes in triticum aestivum and triticum durum are reviewed. association of qgpc with various traits of morphology, physiology, adaptation and tolerance to abiotic and biotic stressors is shown. genetic and environmental qgpc contexts that should be taken into account when using molecular markers in breeding for the grain protein content are considered.201222567993
degradation and fermentation characteristics of wheat coproducts from flour milling in the pig intestine studied in vitro.use of wheat (triticum aestivum) flour milling coproducts (wfm) in pig diets may ameliorate high feed cost. however, digestibility of wfm is lower than feed grains, and limited information exists about their fermentation characteristics. in vitro degradation and fermentation characteristics of 6 wfm samples (2 shorts, 2 millrun, middlings, and bran) with varying fiber and protein contents were studied. after a pepsin-pancreatin hydrolysis, wfm were incubated in a buffer solution with minerals an ...201223365320
the degradation of arabinoxylan-rich cell walls in digesta obtained from piglets fed wheat-based diets varies depending on digesta collection site, type of cereal, and source of exogenous xylanase.the objective of the present study was to compare the ability of experimental and commercial xylanases to degrade, in vitro, the arabinoxylan (ax) fraction in digesta from 28-d-old piglets fed a wheat (triticum aestivum)-based diet (49% wheat). pigs were euthanized at 1, 2, 3, or 4 h after feeding; stomach and ileum contents were isolated and frozen and later used for the in vitro studies. xylan solubilization provided information regarding the ability of the enzymes to degrade ax during the har ...201223365312
ileal and total tract digestibility of wet and dried wheat distillers grain products in growing pigs.the apparent ileal digestibility (aid) and apparent total tract digestibility (attd) of nutrients were evaluated in 2 commercially available products: wheat (triticum aestivum) wet distillers grain with solubles (wdgs) and wheat dried distillers grain with solubles (ddgs). two diets included (dm basis) 50% basal diet with either 50% wdgs (w) or 50% ddgs (d). the basal diet included corn (zea mays) starch, sugar, vitamins, and minerals. seven castrated male pigs with post valve t-cecum cannulas w ...201223365306
nutritional characteristics of by-products originating from the central european ethanol fuel industry for pigs.chemical composition and nutrient and energy digestibilities were determined in 4 samples of dried distillers grains with solubles (ddgs) and 1 sample of wet distillers grains (wdg) from 4 ethanol fuel manufacturers. the cereal sources used for ethanol production were wheat (triticum aestivum; 1 sample), wheat + barley (hordeum vulgare; 2 samples), and maize (zea mays; 2 samples). the nutrient contents (expressed as % of dm) were variable, ranging from 30.5 to 39.5 cp, 4.4 to 12.3 fat, 7.5 to 12 ...201223365303
growth performance and nutrient digestibilities in nursery pigs receiving varying doses of xylanase and β-glucanase blend in pelleted wheat- and barley-based diets.in 2 experiments, dose response efficacy of a xylanase and β-glucanase blend (xb) on growth performance and ileal nutrient digestibility was investigated in nursery pigs fed pelleted wheat (triticum aestivum)- and barley (hordeum vulgare)-based diets. a basal diet (meeting nrc [1998] specifications for 6 to 30 kg bw, except for 5% lower de) was supplemented with xb to give 4 diets (0, 50, 100, and 200 g/t). the xylanase and β-glucanase blend was formulated to contain guaranteed activity of 12,20 ...201223365293
effect of l-valine supplementation to a wheat-based diet with leucine excess on performance, gene expression, and serum concentration of amino acids.excess leu in the diet reduces the expression of the cationic aa transporter b(0,+), absorption of lys and arg, feed intake, and adg of pigs. because val competes with leu for absorption, surplus val may correct some of these effects. an experiment was conducted to analyze the effect of surplus val in a basal wheat (triticum aestivum) diet fortified with free lys, thr, and met and containing excess leu and ile on performance, expression of genes encoding b(0,+), and serum concentrations of aa. s ...201223365292
evaluation of fresh pasta-making properties of extra-strong common wheat (triticum aestivum l.).the relationship between characterictics of flour of common wheat varieties and fresh pasta-making qualitites was examined, and the fresh pasta-making properties of extra-strong varieties that have extra-strong dough were evaluated. there was a positive correlation between mixing time (pt) and hardness of boiled pasta, indicating that the hardness of boiled pasta was affected by dough properties. boiled pasta made from extra-strong varieties, yumechikara, hokkai 262 and hokkai 259, was harder th ...201223341748
spatial analysis of the cereal leaf beetle (coleoptera: chrysomelidae) in wheat.a 2-yr study was conducted in wheat, triticum aestivum l., in south carolina involving weekly sampling of cereal leaf beetle, oulema melanopus (l.). according to the spatial analysis by distance indices (sadie) aggregation index, adults (80% of sampling date-field combinations) were more frequently aggregated than eggs (26%) and larvae (57%). spatial and temporal stability, as indicated by positive association indices among sampling dates, was significant in 27, 30, 33 and 31% of analyses for ad ...201223321100
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