Publications

fast, cheap and out of control: a zero curation model for ontology development.	during two days at a conference focused on circulatory and respiratory health, 68 volunteers untrained in knowledge engineering participated in an experimental knowledge capture exercise. these volunteers created a shared vocabulary of 661 terms, linking these terms to each other and to a pre-existing upper ontology by adding 245 hyponym relationships and 340 synonym relationships. while ontology-building has proved to be an expensive and labor-intensive process using most existing methodologies ...	2006	17094234
environmental phenology and geographical gradients in moose body mass.	intraspecific body mass in ungulates has often been shown to increase with latitude. the biological basis for such latitudinal gradients is, however, poorly known. here we examined whether satellite-derived indices of environmental phenology, based on the normalised difference vegetation index (ndvi), as well as variables derived from meteorological stations, altitude, and population density, can explain latitudinal gradients and regional variation in body mass of norwegian moose. the best model ...	2006	16944246
can a moose inspire leadership?		2006	16898060
[the systems organization of the breeding behavior of the moose in its natural habitat].	the complex organisation of moose sexual interrelations in natural environment is analysed from the systems point of view. to achieve the useful result--the well-timed fertilization of the all matured females on the given territory by the most strongest males--every year in autumn the multiorganismic system of interaction is formed, including the correspondent behavioural activities of local receptive females and males of different strength and different age. this system includes the sub-system ...	2006	8525679
antler stiffness in moose (alces alces): correlated evolution of bone function and material properties?	the material properties of bone can vary considerably among skeletal elements from different parts of the body that serve different functions. however, functional demands placed on a specific type of skeletal element also can vary at a variety of scales, such as between different parts of the element, among individuals of a species, and across species. variation in bone material properties might be correlated with differing functional demands at any of these scales. in this study we performed th ...	2006	16752424
predator disease out-break modulates top-down, bottom-up and climatic effects on herbivore population dynamics.	human-introduced disease and climatic change are increasingly perturbing natural ecosystems worldwide, but scientists know very little about how they interact to affect ecological dynamics. an outbreak of canine parvovirus (cpv) in the wolf population on isle royale allowed us to test the transient effects of an introduced pathogen and global climatic variation on the dynamics of a three-level food chain. following the introduction of cpv, wolf numbers plummeted, precipitating a switch from top- ...	2006	16623723
new carbon dates link climatic change with human colonization and pleistocene extinctions.	drastic ecological restructuring, species redistribution and extinctions mark the pleistocene-holocene transition, but an insufficiency of numbers of well-dated large mammal fossils from this transition have impeded progress in understanding the various causative links. here i add many new radiocarbon dates to those already published on late pleistocene fossils from alaska and the yukon territory (ak-yt) and show previously unrecognized patterns. species that survived the pleistocene, for exampl ...	2006	16688174
cross-continental differences in patterns of predation: will naive moose in scandinavia ever learn?	predation has been recognized as a major selective force in the evolution of behavioural characteristics of mammals. as a consequence of local predator extinction, prey may lose knowledge about natural predators but usually express behavioural adjustments after return of predators. human harvest may replace natural predation but prey selection may differ from that of natural predators leading to a change in the behavioural response of prey. we show that hunting success (hs) of re-colonizing wolv ...	2006	16777732
prevalence of cryptosporidium and giardia in free-ranging wild cervids in norway.	faecal samples were collected from 1,190 wild cervids in norway and analyzed for cysts/oocysts of the protozoan parasites giardia and cryptosporidium. samples were from calves, yearlings and adults of moose (alces alces), red deer (cervus elaphus), roe deer (capreolus capreolus) and reindeer (rangifer tarandus) shot during the hunting season. cryptosporidium was found in 15 (3.3%) of 455 moose, 1 (0.3%) of 289 red deer, 18 (6.2%) of 291 roe deer, but was not found in any of 155 reindeer. giardia ...	2006	16797126
helminthologic survey of the wolf (canis lupus) in estonia, with an emphasis on echinococcus granulosus.	carcasses of 26 wolves were collected during the 2000/2001 and 2003/2004 hunting seasons and examined for helminths. thirteen helminth species were recorded: one trematode (alaria alata), seven cestodes (diphyllobothrium latum, mesocestoides lineatus, taenia hydatigena, taenia multiceps, taenia ovis, taenia pisiformis, and echinococcus granulosus), and five nematode species (uncinaria stenocephala, toxascaris leonina, toxocara canis, trichinella nativa, and trichinella britovi). the most common ...	2006	16870858
polymorphisms of the prion protein gene (prnp ) in alaskan moose (alces alces gigas).		2006	16879366
motor vehicle collisions with large animals.	motor vehicle collisions mvc with large animals are a worldwide problem. in this review, we aim to analyze the mechanisms and patterns of human injuries caused by mvc with large animals and various ways to prevent them. reported studies on large animals that can cause such accidents include the moose, camels, deer, and kangaroos. the moose causes a typical rear-and downward deformity of the roof of the car. the camel falls on the roof of the car causing cervical and head injury to the occupants. ...	2006	16883436
decreasing lead levels in swedish biota revealed by 36 years (1969-2004) of environmental monitoring.	since the 1980s, lead levels decreased significantly in most marine biota from the baltic sea, the kattegatt and the skagerrack and in terrestrial biota from south and central sweden, analysed in the national swedish environmental monitoring programme. in herring and cod liver, the decrease was 4.2-7.1% annually 1981-2003 and in perch liver and guillemot eggs analysed since the middle of the 1990s the decrease was 10-13%. in kidneys of young starlings from south and central sweden, lead levels d ...	2006	16896466
population characteristics predict responses in moose body mass to temporal variation in the environment.	1. a general problem in population ecology is to predict under which conditions stochastic variation in the environment has the stronger effect on ecological processes. by analysing temporal variation in a fitness-related trait, body mass, in 21 norwegian moose alces alces (l.) populations, we examined whether the influence of temporal variation in different environmental variables were related to different parameters that were assumed to reflect important characteristics of the fundamental nich ...	2006	16922846
[disease monitoring in european mouflon (ovis gmelini musimon) populations by clinical blood tests--aspects of epidemiology and treatment control of claw diseases].	european mouflon are in the focus of research since they were brought from the tyrrhenic islands to the european mainland a hundred years ago. from the beginning many populations on european mainland suffer from different claw diseases which are unknown in their original habitats. foot rot, the ovine purulent laminitis, whose existence im wild ruminants was negotiated some years before, furthermore claw alterations caused by primary or secondary lack of trace elements similar to the copper defic ...	2006	17007468
prion protein in cardiac muscle of elk (cervus elaphus nelsoni) and white-tailed deer (odocoileus virginianus) infected with chronic wasting disease.	to investigate the possible presence of disease-associated prion protein (prp(d)) in striated muscle of chronic wasting disease (cwd)-affected cervids, samples of diaphragm, tongue, heart and three appendicular skeletal muscles from mule deer (odocoileus hemionus), white-tailed deer (odocoileus virginianus), elk (cervus elaphus nelsoni) and moose (alces alces shirasi) were examined by elisa, western immunoblot and immunohistochemistry (ihc). prp(d) was detected in samples of heart muscle from se ...	2006	17030881
oral transmission of chronic wasting disease in captive shira's moose.	three captive shira's moose (alces alces shirasi) were orally inoculated with a single dose (5 g) of whole-brain homogenate prepared from chronic wasting disease (cwd)-affected mule deer (odocoileus hemionus). all moose died of causes thought to be other than cwd. histologic examination of one female moose dying 465 days postinoculation revealed spongiform change in the neuropil, typical of transmissible spongiform encephalopathy. immunohistochemistry staining for the proteinase-resistant isofor ...	2006	17092895
injuries from motor-vehicle collisions with moose--maine, 2000-2004.	moose are among the largest mammals in north america. standing up to 7.5 feet at the shoulder and weighing up to 1,600 lbs, they are the largest members of the deer family. maine's moose population (approximately 29,000) is the biggest in the united states outside of alaska. during a collision with a motor vehicle, a moose usually is struck in the legs, causing its body to roll onto the hood of the vehicle, often collapsing the windshield and roof. as a result, motor-vehicle collisions involving ...	2006	17136021
interspecific resource partitioning in sympatric ursids.	the fundamental niche of a species is rarely if ever realized because the presence of other species restricts it to a narrower range of ecological conditions. the effects of this narrower range of conditions define how resources are partitioned. resource partitioning has been inferred but not demonstrated previously for sympatric ursids. we estimated assimilated diet in relation to body condition (body fat and lean and total body mass) and reproduction for sympatric brown bears (ursus arctos) an ...	2006	17205908
malignant catarrhal fever in free-ranging cervids associated with ovhv-2 and cphv-2 dna.	pathologic lesions were summarized in 18 free-ranging cervids (15 moose [alces alces], two roe deer [capreolus capreolus], and one red deer [cervus elaphus]) diagnosed with malignant catarrhal fever (mcf) after examination at the national veterinary institute, oslo 1982-2005. eye lesions (conjunctivitis, corneal opacity, fibrin clots in the anterior eye chamber) were the most frequent gross finding. erosive-ulcerative mucosal lesions in the nose and mouth were also commonly found. histopathology ...	2006	17255446
single-strand conformation polymorphism (sscp) analysis as a new diagnostic tool to distinguish dorsal-spined larvae of the elaphostrongylinae (nematoda: protostrongylidae) from cervids.	single-strand conformation polymorphism (sscp) was used to genetically differentiate morphologically indistinguishable first-stage larvae (l(1)) of the six species of elaphostrongyline nematodes. a partial fragment (317-336bp) of the first internal transcribed spacer (pits-1) plus 5' flanking region (76bp of the 18s gene) of the nuclear ribosomal dna (rdna) was amplified from individual l(1) of known identity and subjected to sscp. the results showed that the four species of elaphostrongylines f ...	2006	16185812
public health evaluation of cadmium concentrations in liver and kidney of moose (alces alces) from four areas of alaska.	liver and/or kidney samples were collected from 139 hunter-killed moose from four areas of alaska during 1986. the concentration of cadmium in organ tissue was determined by direct-current plasma atomic emission spectrometry. all results are reported as mug/g wet weight. concentrations of cadmium in liver ranged from 0.06 microg/g to 9.0 microg/g; in the kidney cortex they ranged from 0.10 microg/g to 65.7 microg/g. cadmium levels were significantly associated with location and age. the highest ...	2006	15890387
q fever presenting as recurrent, culture-negative endocarditis with aortic prosthetic valve failure: a case report and review of the literature.	the present report describes a case of recurrent, culture-negative endocarditis presenting with aortic prosthetic valve dysfunction in a 62-year-old man who required four valve replacement surgeries. on each occasion, he presented with valve failure. fever was only documented during his first presentation. furthermore, no vegetations were detectable on his aortic valve at transesophageal echocardiography. on the occasion of his most recent presentation, a detailed history of animal exposure - in ...	2006	18382649
the first record of elaphostrongylus alces larvae in moose in poland and their development to the invasive stage.	this is the first record of the first stage larvae of elaphostrongylus alces in moose in poland.	2007	18441880
a natural case of chronic wasting disease in a free-ranging moose (alces alces shirasi).	chronic wasting disease (cwd) was diagnosed in a free-ranging moose (alces alces shirasi) killed by a hunter in jackson county, colorado, usa, in september 2005. the diagnosis was based upon immunohistochemistry (ihc) demonstrating the presence of accumulations of cwd-associated prion protein (prp(cwd)) in tissue sections of medulla oblongata at the level of the obex (dorsal motor nucleus of the vagus) and in retropharyngeal lymph node (rpln); additional testing by ihc revealed deposits of prp(c ...	2007	17495319
deer exposed to exceptionally high concentrations of lead near the continental mine in idaho, usa.	habitat surrounding the inactive continental mine in northern idaho, usa, supports bear (ursus arctos, ursus americanus), moose (alces alces), elk (cervus elaphus), woodland caribou (rangifer tarandus caribou), and abundant mule (odocoileus hemionus) and white-tailed deer (odocoileus virginianus). tailings on the mining site were capped and remediated in 2003 to reduce environmental exposure of surrounding soil and sediments of blue joe creek, downslope of the mine. before capping, the mean pb c ...	2007	17521153
custom total knee replacement in a dog with femoral condylar bone loss.	to report surgical planning, technique, and outcome of custom total knee replacement (tkr) performed to manage a medial femoral condylar nonunion in a dog.	2007	17547592
carnivore repatriation and holarctic prey: narrowing the deficit in ecological effectiveness.	the continuing global decline of large carnivores has catalyzed great interest in reintroduction to restore populations and to reestablish ecologically functional relationships. i used variation in the distribution of four holarctic prey species and their behavior as proxies to investigate the pace and intensity by which responses are lost or reinvigorated by carnivore repatriation. by simulating the presence of wolves (canis lupus), tigers (panthera tigris), and brown bears (ursus arctos) at 19 ...	2007	17650259
stable isotopes, ecological integration and environmental change: wolves record atmospheric carbon isotope trend better than tree rings.	large-scale patterns of isotope ratios are detectable in the tissues of organisms, but the variability in these patterns often obscures detection of environmental trends. we show that plants and animals at lower trophic levels are relatively poor indicators of the temporal trend in atmospheric carbon isotope ratios (delta13c) when compared with animals at higher trophic levels. first, we tested how differences in atmospheric delta13c values were transferred across three trophic levels. second, w ...	2007	17686730
annual variation in maternal age and calving date generate cohort effects in moose (alces alces) body mass.	a general feature of the demography of large ungulates is that many demographic traits are dependent on female body mass at early ages. thus, identifying the factors affecting body mass variation can give important mechanistic understanding of demographic processes. here we relate individual variation in autumn and winter body mass of moose calves living at low density on an island in northern norway to characteristics of their mother, and examine how these relationships are affected by annual v ...	2007	17713790
a previously unidentified chorioptes species infesting outer ear canals of moose (alces alces): characterization of the mite and the pathology of infestation.	during the past decade, chorioptes mites occupying the outer ear canals have been a common finding at routine necropsies of moose (alces alces) in sweden, but neither the taxonomy of the mites nor lesions from the infestation have been investigated. in this study, the mites are characterized by morphological and molecular techniques, and the histopathology of the skin of the outer ear canal is described.	2007	17825115
fear, human shields and the redistribution of prey and predators in protected areas.	protected areas form crucial baselines to judge ecological change, yet areas of africa, asia and north america that retain large carnivores are under intense economic and political pressures to accommodate massive human visitation and attendant infrastructure. an unintended consequence is the strong modulation of the three-way interaction involving people, predators and prey, a dynamic that questions the extent to which animal distributions and interactions are independent of subtle human influe ...	2007	17925272
species barriers for chronic wasting disease by in vitro conversion of prion protein.	chronic wasting disease (cwd) is a transmissible spongiform encephalopathy that can affect north american cervids (deer, elk, and moose). using a novel in vitro conversion system based on incubation of prions with normal brain homogenates, we now report that prp(cwd) of elk can readily induce the conversion of normal cervid prp (prp(c)) molecules to a protease-resistant form, but is less efficient in converting the prp(c) of other species, such as human, bovine, hamster, and mouse. however, when ...	2007	17964288
giardia duodenalis cysts isolated from wild moose and reindeer in norway: genetic characterization by pcr-rflp and sequence analysis at two genes.	there are few genotyping studies of giardia duodenalis isolates from cervid hosts, although a previous study suggested that cervids may be a source of infection for humans and cattle. giardia duodenalis isolates collected from wild moose (alces alces) and reindeer (rangifer tarandus) in norway during 2002 and 2003 were characterized by polymerase chain reaction-restriction fraction length polymorphism (pcr-rflp) at the beta-giardin gene, and sequence analysis at both the beta-giardin and glutama ...	2007	17984252
traditional food attributes must be included in studies of food security in the canadian arctic.	the objective was to explore some typically understudied characteristics of food security in arctic canada: observed changes to traditional food systems, perceived advantages and health benefits of traditional food and traditional food preferences.	2007	18018844
characteristics and frequency of detection of fecal listeria monocytogenes shed by livestock, wildlife, and humans.	listeria monocytogenes is a facultative intracellular pathogen that can be carried asymptomatically in various animals and can be shed in feces. we investigated the prevalence and characteristics of l. monocytogenes isolated from livestock, wildlife, and human potential sources of contamination in 2 areas in ontario, canada. from february 2003 to november 2005, a total of 268 fecal samples were collected from different animals. listeria monocytogenes was isolated using selective enrichment, isol ...	2007	18026208
molecular characterization of the rocky mountain elk (cervus elaphus nelsoni) prnp putative promoter.	chronic wasting disease (cwd) is a transmissible spongiform encephalopathy (tse) affecting deer (odocoileus spp.), moose (alces alces), and rocky mountain elk (cervus elaphus nelsoni). leucine homozygosity at elk prnp codon 132 has been associated with reduced cwd susceptibility. however, naturally acquired cwd has been detected in elk possessing the 132 leu/leu genotype. recent human and bovine studies indicate that prnp regulatory polymorphisms may also influence tse occurrence. therefore, we ...	2007	18032463
preterm low birth weight and maternal periodontal status: a meta-analysis.	this study was undertaken to assess the effect of maternal periodontal disease on preterm delivery and/or birth of low-weight infants.	2007	17306654
segmentation of lines based on point densities--an optimisation of wildlife warning sign placement in southern finland.	current and previous placement of wildlife warning signs by the finnish road administration is based on suggestions from hunting associations and individuals. the problem within this practice is that the placement of warning signs is not a transparent process. within this paper, we evaluate the current placement of wildlife warning signs for the uusimaa region in southern finland and develop a method to optimise warning sign placement using kernel density estimations, which are based on existing ...	2007	16857156
simulating visibility during language comprehension.	in this study, participants performed a sentence-picture verification task in which they read sentences about an agent viewing an object (e.g., moose) through a differentially occlusive medium (e.g., clean vs. fogged goggles), and then verified whether a subsequently pictured object was mentioned in the previous sentence. picture verification latencies were shorter when the resolution of the pictured object and the resolution implied by the sentence matched than when they did not. these results ...	2007	17070792
prenatal programming of childhood overweight and obesity.	to review the scientific evidence for prenatal programming of childhood overweight and obesity, and discuss its implications for mch research, practice, and policy.	2007	17006770
perceived community environment and physical activity involvement in a northern-rural aboriginal community.	type 2 diabetes disproportionately affects aboriginal peoples in canada. ample evidence shows that regular physical activity (pa) plays an important role in the prevention and treatment of type 2 diabetes. evidence is beginning to emerge linking pa to the physical environment but little is known about the relationship between remote rural environments and pa involvement in aboriginal peoples. this study's purpose was to investigate the relationship between perceptions of the environment and pa a ...	2007	18053217
metaanalysis of the effect of antenatal indomethacin on neonatal outcomes.	the objective of the study was to determine whether indomethacin used as a tocolytic agent is associated with adverse neonatal outcomes.	2007	17980183
amateur boxing and risk of chronic traumatic brain injury: systematic review of observational studies.	to evaluate the risk of chronic traumatic brain injury from amateur boxing.	2007	17916811
patterns in the occurrence of saprophytic fungi carried by arthropods caught in traps baited with rotted wood and dung.	fungi from approximately 1700 individual arthropods that had been captured in traps set in aspen-dominated woodland in western canada and baited with coyote dung, moose dung, white-rotted wood, brown-rotted wood and fiberglass were isolated in pure culture and identified. these data were analysed with principal components analysis (pca) to determine whether different types of substrate attracted specific arthropods and whether these animals carried unique assemblages of fungi with known proclivi ...	2007	17663118
meta-analysis of non-randomized comparative studies of the short-term outcomes of laparoscopic resection for colorectal cancer.	laparoscopic resection remains to be established as the procedure of first choice for operable colorectal cancer. the aim of the study was to conduct a systematic review of non-randomized comparative studies of laparoscopic resection for colorectal cancer. published work in english was searched for relevant articles published by the end of 2003. the moose statement was used to conduct the meta-analysis. study quality was assessed by two investigators using the minors tool and the analysis was co ...	2007	17610681
influence of cutting time on brush response: implications for herbivory in linear (transportation) corridors.	an experiment was conducted to determine the influence the time of brush-cutting can have on plant regrowth and attractiveness to herbivores that browse in linear corridors. the influence of cutting time on leaf flush and senescence, shoot morphometry, and biomass was measured for 3 consecutive years after initial brush-cutting. results indicate that morphological and phenological attributes of three woody deciduous plants were influenced by the timing of brush-cutting for up to 3 years after in ...	2007	17557175
[evidence based public health: resources on effectiveness of community interventions].	the evaluation of interventions in public health is a key element through the process of developing health policies, but it is not free of controversy. for doing this purpose it is essential the use of research outcomes, although there are sticking points related to the traditional approach of evidence based medicine, dominated by the randomized clinical trial as the gold standard. not always it is possible to develop randomized and controlled studies in public health (sometimes due to ethical l ...	2008	18398548
checklists to improve the quality of the orthopaedic literature.	several checklists have been developed in an effort to help journals and researchers improve the quality of reporting in research. the consort statement and the clear npt evaluate randomized trials. the moose and quorom checklists evaluate meta-analyses. the strobe checklists assists readers in evaluating observational studies and the stard checklist was developed for diagnostic test evaluation. the checklists presented here provide an invaluable source of guidance to authors, journal editors an ...	2008	19826520
a systematic review of the accuracy and utility of early markers of ifosfamide-induced proximal tubulopathy in survivors of childhood cancers.	this study was conducted to identify and assess the accuracy and utility of any early markers of clinically significant proximal tubulopathy in children treated with ifosfamide chemotherapy. ifosfamide is widely used either as a solitary agent or in conjunction with various other chemotherapeutic agents in treating solid tumors of childhood. it is highly effective but can cause short-term and long-term damage to kidneys, most commonly resulting in a tubular nephropathy and/or glomerular dysfunct ...	2008	18363176
factors associated with a second hip fracture: a systematic review.	to provide a systematic review of factors associated with subsequent hip fracture among individuals who have fractured a hip.	2008	18057086
climatic effects on life-history traits of moose in estonia.	weather variables can influence life-history traits of ungulates. in this study, we assessed the suitability of regional climate indices including the nao and two measures of local climate-the maximal extent of ice on the baltic sea (mie) and absolute values of its annual deviations from the multi-year mean (vmie)-to examine how density-independent processes influence moose body size and fecundity. we predicted that both winter severity (large values of mie) and variability (large values of vmie ...	2008	17943317
pymoose: interoperable scripting in python for moose.	python is emerging as a common scripting language for simulators. this opens up many possibilities for interoperability in the form of analysis, interfaces, and communications between simulators. we report the integration of python scripting with the multi-scale object oriented simulation environment (moose). moose is a general-purpose simulation system for compartmental neuronal models and for models of signaling pathways based on chemical kinetics. we show how the python-scripting version of m ...	2008	19129924
traditional foods and physical activity patterns and associations with cultural factors in a diverse alaska native population.	to determine the prevalence of traditional food and physical activity use and associations with cultural factors among 3,830 alaska native and american indian (an/ai) people enrolled in the education and research towards health (earth) study in 3 regions of alaska.	2008	19024803
amateur boxing and risk of chronic traumatic brain injury: systematic review of observational studies.	to evaluate the risk of chronic traumatic brain injury from amateur boxing.	2008	18988761
revisiting the classics: considering nonconsumptive effects in textbook examples of predator-prey interactions.	predator effects on prey dynamics are conventionally studied by measuring changes in prey abundance attributed to consumption by predators. we revisit four classic examples of predator-prey systems often cited in textbooks and incorporate subsequent studies of nonconsumptive effects of predators (nce), defined as changes in prey traits (e.g., behavior, growth, development) measured on an ecological time scale. our review revealed that nce were integral to explaining lynx-hare population dynamics ...	2008	18831163
moose consort strobe and miame stard remark or how can we improve the quality of reporting studies.		2008	18728905
dynamics of a discrete population model for extinction and sustainability in ancient civilizations.	we analyze a discrete version of a recently developed ratio dependent population-resource model. this model has been used to study the decline of the human and resource populations on easter island and the chaotic dynamics of moose and wolf populations in canada. the dynamical system exhibits a rich behavior of fractal basins of attraction and a neimark-sacker bifurcation route to chaos. the model consists of a coupled pair of logistic equations, with the carrying capacity for the predators prop ...	2008	18157926
the scale-dependent impact of wolf predation risk on resource selection by three sympatric ungulates.	resource selection is a fundamental ecological process impacting population dynamics and ecosystem structure. understanding which factors drive selection is vital for effective species- and landscape-level management. we used resource selection probability functions (rspfs) to study the influence of two forms of wolf (canis lupus) predation risk, snow conditions and habitat variables on white-tailed deer (odocoileus virginianus), elk (cervus elaphus) and moose (alces alces) resource selection in ...	2008	18481095
the moose throat bot fly cephenemyia ulrichii larvae (diptera: oestridae) found developing in roe deer (capreolus capreolus) for the first time.	about fifty larvae of cephenemyia ulrichii brauer (diptera: oestridae), some of them nearly full-grown third instars, were found in the throat of a roe deer (capreolus capreolus) in june 2007 near helsinki in finland. the parasite is considered to be host specific, occurring only in the moose (alces alces), and this paper is apparently the first report of a successful infestation in an aberrant host.	2008	18518973
spatial patterns of polybrominated diphenyl ethers (pbdes) in mosses, herbivores and a carnivore from the norwegian terrestrial biota.	the widespread occurrence of polybrominated diphenyl ethers (pbdes) in the environment has attracted considerable attention, leading to concerns about the extent and magnitude of wildlife and human exposure. in this work, we focus on the occurrence and fate of pbdes in a norwegian air-plant-herbivore-carnivore system. specifically, we have analysed for pbdes in moss, livers from various terrestrial herbivores (moose, grouse, and european roe deer) and, for the first time, livers from the top pre ...	2008	18627904
diet shift of a facultative scavenger, the wolverine, following recolonization of wolves.	1. wolves canis lupus l. recolonized the boreal forests in the southern part of the scandinavian peninsula during the late 1990s, but so far there has been little attention to its effect on ecosystem functioning. wolf predation increases the availability of carcasses of large prey, especially moose alces alces l., which may lead in turn to a diet switch in facultative scavengers such as the wolverine gulo gulo l. 2. using 459 wolverine scats collected during winter-spring 2001-04 for dna identit ...	2008	18657209
systematic review of orogenital hiv-1 transmission probabilities.	the objective was to assess the risk of hiv transmission from orogenital intercourse (oi).	2008	18664564
the human udp-glucuronosyltransferase ugt1a3 is highly selective towards n2 in the tetrazole ring of losartan, candesartan, and zolarsartan.	losartan, candesartan, and zolarsartan are at(1) receptor antagonists that inhibit the effect of angiotensin ii. we have examined their glucuronidation by liver microsomes from several animals and by recombinant human udp-glucuronosyltransferases (ugts). large differences in the production of different glucuronide regioisomers of the three sartans were observed among liver microsomes from human (hlm), rabbit, rat, pig, moose, and bovine. however, all the liver microsomes produced one or two n-gl ...	2008	18674515
the overlap model: a model of letter position coding.	recent research has shown that letter identity and letter position are not integral perceptual dimensions (e.g., jugde primes judge in word-recognition experiments). most comprehensive computational models of visual word recognition (e.g., the interactive activation model, j. l. mcclelland & d. e. rumelhart, 1981, and its successors) assume that the position of each letter within a word is perfectly encoded. thus, these models are unable to explain the presence of effects of letter transposition ...	2008	18729592
persistent bovine viral diarrhea virus infection in wild cervids of colorado.	bovine viral diarrhea virus (bvdv) is a significant viral pathogen of domestic cattle. worldwide, there is evidence of bvdv exposure and infection in wild ungulates; however, the frequency and significance of such events are unknown. to determine the prevalence and distribution of colorado deer, elk, and moose persistently infected (pi) with bvdv, a cross-sectional study was conducted using full-thickness ear tissue samples collected from animals presented to the colorado division of wildlife fo ...	2008	18776103
environmental tobacco smoke and fetal health: systematic review and meta-analysis.	to determine the effects of environmental tobacco smoke (ets) exposure on birth outcomes.	2008	18218658
first report of echinococcus granulosus g8 in eurasia and a reappraisal of the phylogenetic relationships of 'genotypes' g5-g10.	in this study, we investigated the presence of the larval stage of the tapeworm echinococcus granulosus in wild ungulates in estonia, genetically characterized e. granulosus isolates using mitochondrial gene sequences and used the sequence data, together with those available in a public database, to infer the phylogenic relationships of e. granulosus 'genotypes' g5-g10. while 0.8% of the 2038 moose (alces alces) examined were found to be infected with e. granulosus, the parasite was not detected ...	2008	18261256
sarcocystis in moose (alces alces): molecular identification and phylogeny of six sarcocystis species in moose, and a morphological description of three new species.	muscle tissues from 34 moose from southeastern norway and two moose from canada were examined. sarcocysts were excised and morphologically classified by light microscopy, and some cysts were further examined by scanning electron microscopy or dna amplification and sequencing at the small subunit (ssu) rrna gene. in norwegian moose, three sarcocyst types were recognized, yet five sarcocystis species were found by sequence analysis. new names were proposed for three species which could be characte ...	2008	18369663
enzyme-assisted synthesis and structure characterization of glucuronic acid conjugates of losartan, candesartan, and zolarsartan.	three angiotensin ii receptor antagonists--losartan, candesartan, and zolarsartan--were investigated. all the compounds, which are structural analogues, are metabolized via conjugation to glucuronic acid. interestingly, both o- and n-glucuronidation take place, so that regioisomers are formed. one ether o-glucuronide, two acyl o-glucuronides, and five tetrazole-n-glucuronides were biosynthesized, in milligram scale, from the three sartan aglycones. liver microsomes from bovine, moose, rat, and p ...	2008	18378273
a prion disease of cervids: chronic wasting disease.	chronic wasting disease (cwd) is a prion disease of deer, elk, and moose, initially recognized in colorado mule deer. the discovery of cwd beyond the borders of colorado and wyoming, in canada and as far east as new york, has led to its emergence as a prion disease of international importance. epidemiological studies indicate that cwd is horizontally transmitted among free-ranging animals, potentially indirectly by prion-containing secreta or excreta contaminating the environment. experimental c ...	2008	18381058
experimental chronic wasting disease (cwd) in the ferret.	chronic wasting disease (cwd), a prion disease of north american deer, elk and moose, affects both free-ranging and captive cervids. the potential host range for cwd remains uncertain. the susceptibility of the ferret to cwd was examined experimentally by administering infectious brain material by the intracerebral (ic) or oral (po) route. between 15 and 20 months after ic inoculation, ferrets developed neurological signs consistent with prion disease, including polyphagia, somnolence, piloerect ...	2008	18387626
microbial thiosulphate reaction arrays: the interactive roles of fe(iii), o2 and microbial strain on disproportionation and oxidation pathways.	in this work, we experimentally evaluate ph and so4(2-) dynamics associated with abiotic and microbial s2o3(2-) oxidation under varying [o2], [fe(iii)] and microbial strain/consortia (two pure strains, acidithiobacillus ferrooxidans, acidithiobacillus thiooxidans, their consortia, and two enrichments from an acidic environmental system, moose lake 2002 and moose lake 2003). results of the batch experiments demonstrate highly active microbial processing of s2o3(2-) while abiotic controls under id ...	2008	19076637
lack of compensatory body growth in a high performance moose alces alces population.	considerable work has been done on disentangling important factors determining early development in body size, yet our knowledge of the extent to which animals living under varying conditions can achieve catch-up growth for a bad start in life is limited. here, we investigated how body mass at the age of 8 months influenced adult body mass in a moose alces alces population living under excellent environmental conditions on the island of vega in northern norway. we also investigated if mother age ...	2008	18830632
acute yew (taxus) poisoning in moose (alces alces).	acute yew (taxus) intoxication in a free-ranging moose (alces alces) is reported. the moose was found dead without any signs of struggle and post mortem examination revealed general congestion, bilateral heart dilatation, and the presence of yew in rumen. the animal was found adjacent to a housing estate with unfenced gardens, surrounded by woods and open fields without native yew. the vast majority of the gardens contained cultivars of yew that had frequently been browsed upon. these were the m ...	2008	18793664
an approach toward understanding wildlife-vehicle collisions.	among the most conspicuous environmental effects of roads are vehicle-related mortalities of wildlife. research to understand the factors that contribute to wildlife-vehicle collisions can be partitioned into several major themes, including (i) characteristics associated with roadkill hot spots, (ii) identification of road-density thresholds that limit wildlife populations, and (iii) species-specific models of vehicle collision rates that incorporate information on roads (e.g., proximity, width, ...	2008	18427884
summer kill rates and predation pattern in a wolf-moose system: can we rely on winter estimates?	so far the vast majority of studies on large carnivore predation, including kill rates and consumption, have been based on winter studies. because large carnivores relying on ungulates as prey often show a preference for juveniles, kill rates may be both higher and more variable during the summer season than during the rest of the year leading to serious underestimates of the total annual predation rate. this study is the first to present detailed empirical data on kill rates and prey selection ...	2008	18270746
mercury, lead and lead isotope ratios in the teeth of moose (alces alces) from isle royale, u.s. upper midwest, from 1952 to 2002.	assessing the effect of recent reductions in atmospheric pollution on metal concentrations in wildlife in north america has been difficult because of the sparse availability of historical samples with which to establish a "pre-regulation" baseline, and because many ecosystems may be affected by local point sources which could obscure broader-scale trends. here we report a recent 50 yr annual record of hg, pb and pb isotope ratios in the teeth of a resident population of moose (alces alces) in is ...	2009	20449224
depression of belowground respiration rates at simulated high moose population densities in boreal forests.	large herbivores can affect the carbon cycle in boreal forests by changing productivity and plant species composition, which in turn could ultimately alter litter production, nutrient cycling, and the partitioning between aboveground and belowground allocation of carbon. here we experimentally tested how moose (alces alces) at different simulated population densities affected belowground respiration rates (estimated as co2 flux) in young boreal forest stands situated along a site productivity gr ...	2009	19886482
plasma lactate concentrations in free-ranging moose (alces alces) immobilized with etorphine.	to investigate plasma lactate concentrations of etorphine-immobilized moose in relation to environmental, temporal and physiological parameters.	2009	19845927
large herbivores and aquatic-terrestrial links in southern boreal forests.	1. concurrent measurement of population dynamics and associated spatio-temporal patterns of resource flow across aquatic-terrestrial boundaries are rare, yet necessary to understand the consequences of cross-habitat resource flux. long-term study of the moose alces alces (l.) population in isle royale national park (lake superior, usa) provides an opportunity to examine the patterns of resource flux from aquatic to terrestrial habitats over approximately50 years. 2. we analysed the spatio-tempor ...	2009	19021781
population structure and genetic diversity of moose in alaska.	moose (alces alces) are highly mobile mammals that occur across arboreal regions of north america, europe, and asia. alaskan moose (alces alces gigas) range across much of alaska and are primary herbivore consumers, exerting a prominent influence on ecosystem structure and functioning. increased knowledge gained from population genetics provides insights into their population dynamics, history, and dispersal of these unique large herbivores and can aid in conservation efforts. we examined the ge ...	2009	18836148
physical characteristics of rumen contents in four large ruminants of different feeding type, the addax (addax nasomaculatus), bison (bison bison), red deer (cervus elaphus) and moose (alces alces).	based on morphological and physiological observations, it has been suggested that differences exist in the degree that reticuloruminal (rr) contents are stratified between various ruminant species. however, the occurrence of stratification has hardly been measured in non-domestic species. forestomach contents of free-ranging moose (n=22) and red deer (24) shot during regular hunting procedures, and of captive (but 100% forage fed) addax (6) and bison (10) culled for commercial or management purp ...	2009	19049897
sarcocystis in norwegian roe deer (capreolus capreolus): molecular and morphological identification of sarcocystis oviformis n. sp. and sarcocystis gracilis and their phylogenetic relationship with other sarcocystis species.	fresh muscle tissue from six roe deer from southeastern norway was examined for sarcocysts. cysts were excised and morphologically classified by light microscopy, and some cysts were further examined by scanning electron microscopy or dna amplification and sequencing of the small subunit (ssu) rrna gene. two sarcocystis species, sarcocystis gracilis and sarcocystis oviformis n. sp., were found and described by morphological and molecular methods. s. gracilis was found in all animals, whereas s. ...	2009	19050921
age, size, and spatiotemporal variation in ovulation patterns of a seasonal breeder, the norwegian moose (alces alces).	in seasonal environments, timing of reproduction is an important fitness component. however, in ungulates, our understanding of this biological process is limited. here we analyze how age and body mass affect spatiotemporal variation in timing of ovulation of 6,178 norwegian moose. we introduced a parametric statistical model to obtain inferences about the seasonal timing of ovulation peak, the degree of synchrony among individuals, and the proportion of individuals that ovulate. these component ...	2009	19072136
dna repair gene polymorphisms and risk of cutaneous melanoma: a systematic review and meta-analysis.	polymorphisms of dna repair-related genes might modulate cancer predisposition. we performed a systematic review and meta-analysis of the available evidence regarding the relationship between these polymorphisms and the risk of developing cutaneous melanoma. relevant studies were searched using pubmed, medline, embase, cancerlit, cochrane and isi web of knowledge databases. data were gathered according to the meta-analysis of observational studies in epidemiology (moose) guidelines. the model-fr ...	2009	19706646
susceptibilities of nonhuman primates to chronic wasting disease.	chronic wasting disease (cwd) is a transmissible spongiform encephalopathy, or prion disease, that affects deer, elk, and moose. human susceptibility to cwd remains unproven despite likely exposure to cwd-infected cervids. we used 2 nonhuman primate species, cynomolgus macaques and squirrel monkeys, as human models for cwd susceptibility. cwd was inoculated into these 2 species by intracerebral and oral routes. after intracerebral inoculation of squirrel monkeys, 7 of 8 cwd isolates induced a cl ...	2009	19788803
postmortal radiographic diagnosis of laminitis in a captive european moose (alces alces).	a five year-old bull moose (alces alces) was culled due to chronic hoof overgrowth that required frequent intervention. radiographic examination revealed changes in phalangeal bone structure usually considered indicative for laminitis in domestic cattle; similar changes were absent in the hooves of a free-ranging moose of similar age. the captive animal had been maintained in exhibits whose flooring were much harder than the soil in natural moose habitat, and on a diet with a high proportion of ...	2009	19885800
transfer parameter values in temperate forest ecosystems: a review.	compared to agricultural lands, forests are complex ecosystems as they can involve diverse plant species associations, several vegetative strata (overstorey, shrubs, herbaceous and other annual plant layer) and multi-layered soil profiles (forest floor, hemi-organic and mineral layers). a high degree of variability is thus generally observed in radionuclide transfers and redistribution patterns in contaminated forests. in the long term, the soil compartment represents the major reservoir of radi ...	2009	19100665
sheep-associated malignant catarrhal fever in free-ranging moose (alces alces) in saskatchewan, canada.	malignant catarrhal fever (mcf) is a sporadic disease of artiodactyls caused by several viruses in the gammaherpesvirinae. we report two cases of mcf in free-living moose (alces alces) from saskatchewan. one was a thin, dehydrated, adult male found recumbent in 2006. at necropsy, ulcers were found in the intestine, bladder, and corneas. microscopically, there was lymphocytic vasculitis and perivasculitis in many organs with infrequent fibrinoid necrosis. ovine herpes virus-2 (ohv-2) was identifi ...	2009	19204352
polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins, dibenzofurans, and polychlorinated biphenyls in semi-domesticated reindeer (rangifer tarandus tarandus) and wild moose (alces alces) meat in finland.	semi-domesticated reindeer and wild moose meat samples were analyzed for polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans (pcdd/fs), and polychlorinated biphenyls (pcbs). both calves and adults were studied. individual reindeer and moose meat samples and pooled reindeer calf meat samples were collected from the northern, the middle, and the southern reindeer herding regions in finland. samples represented the edible parts of carcasses. in individual samples of reindeer the fat based who-pcdd/ ...	2009	19217140
detection of cwd prions in urine and saliva of deer by transgenic mouse bioassay.	chronic wasting disease (cwd) is a prion disease affecting captive and free-ranging cervids (e.g. deer, elk, and moose). the mechanisms of cwd transmission are poorly understood, though bodily fluids are thought to play an important role. here we report the presence of infectious prions in the urine and saliva of deer with chronic wasting disease (cwd). prion infectivity was detected by bioassay of concentrated, dialyzed urine and saliva in transgenic mice expressing the cervid prp gene (tg[cerp ...	2009	19293928
influence of soil acidification in southern norway on the 137cs exposure of moose?	the mean (137)cs activity concentration in 278 liver samples of moose (alces alces) from 16 municipalities located in different parts of norway varied within the range 43-752 bq kg(-1) among the municipalities. in general the geographical variation corresponded to the fallout pattern produced by the chernobyl accident. in three communities in the southernmost part of the country however the transfer factor, defined as the activity in moose liver divided by the corresponding level in surface soil ...	2009	19303135
even-toed but uneven in length: the digits of artiodactyls.	in captive ruminants housed in small enclosures, hypertrophy of the outer hooves of the hindlimbs is often observed. we hypothesised that the underlying cause is overload attributable to an asymmetry of the digits, especially with respect to their length. to test this hypothesis, the bones of the digits of four species of artiodactyls, which included 11 wild chamois (rupicapra rupicapra), 11 captive fallow deer (dama dama), 11 captive bison (bison bison) and 11 european moose (alces alces; 9 wil ...	2009	19386479
dermoid cysts in caribou.	subcutaneous dermoid cysts were identified in eight wild caribou (rangifer tarandus) from widely dispersed locations in northern canada and in one wild caribou from alaska. the dermoid cysts from canadian caribou were found among 557 diagnostic specimens that had been detected by hunters and submitted by resource officers and biologists between 1 january 1966 and 15 may 2007. all of the cysts were located in the cervical region, and five of nine cysts were found in the throat area. all of the an ...	2009	19395761
synthesis, structure characterization, and enzyme screening of clenbuterol glucuronides.	two clenbuterol o-glucuronide diastereomers were synthesized by the koenigs-knorr reaction. structures and glucuronidation sites of the glucuronides were characterized by tandem mass spectrometry and nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy. the two diastereomers were used as standard compounds in studies of stereoselective glucuronidation of clenbuterol with liver microsomes from different species and with 15 human recombinant udp-glucuronosyltransferases. in this study, chemical and enzymatic r ...	2009	19447177
no 'bypass' in adult ruminants: passage of fluid ingested vs. fluid inserted into the rumen in fistulated muskoxen (ovibos moschatus), reindeer (rangifer tarandus) and moose (alces alces).	in young ruminants, the reticular groove ensures that ingested milk is channelled past the forestomach to avoid malfermentation. it has been speculated that some adult wild ruminants, in particular browsing species, maintain a functional oesophageal (reticular) groove, that soluble nutrients can thus bypass the rumen, and that thus the energetic gain from the diet can be increased. we inserted a fluid marker (co-edta) via cannula into the rumen and simultaneously fed a diet that contained a seco ...	2009	19497382
summer dietary nitrogen availability as a potential bottom-up constraint on moose in south-central alaska.	recent studies suggest that the growth and fecundity of northern ungulates may be coupled to their summer nutrition. here, we compare summer dietary nitrogen availability of the five major browse plants (comprising approximately 79% of the diet) of moose (alces alces) in denali national park and nelchina basin, alaska, usa. in recent years the productivity of denali moose has been significantly higher than that of nelchina moose, prompting this comparison. we examined the phenological progressio ...	2009	19537559
fostering community-based wildlife health monitoring and research in the canadian north.	many northern canadians have continued a subsistence lifestyle of wildlife harvesting and, therefore, value sustainable wildlife populations. at a regional wildlife workshop in the sahtu settlement area, northwest territories in 2002, elders and community leaders raised concerns regarding wildlife health, food safety, and the effects of climate change on wildlife. they requested that efforts be put toward training youth in science and increasing involvement of hunters and youth in wildlife resea ...	2009	19953294
bovine tuberculosis in canadian wildlife: an updated history.	mycobacterium bovis infection in wild animals attracted little attention in canada until the disease was almost eliminated from domestic livestock. tuberculosis was endemic in plains bison and occurred in elk, moose, and mule deer in buffalo national park (bnp), alberta during the 1920s and 1930s. bison were moved from bnp to wood buffalo national park (wbnp), where tuberculosis became, and remains, endemic in bison, posing a risk to efforts to restore bison in northern canada. tuberculosis was ...	2009	20119541