Publications
| Title | Abstract | Year(sorted ascending) Filter | PMID Filter |
|---|
| surrogate viruses for testing virucidal efficacy of chemical disinfectants. | since important agents of viral nosocomial infections like hepatitis b and c viruses and norovirus do not replicate sufficiently in cell culture systems, disinfectants with suspected efficacy against these viruses must be evaluated by different methods. besides molecular approaches and indirect tests, the use of surrogate viruses with similar biophysical properties and genomic structure allows the assessment of virucidal efficacy of chemical disinfectants in quantitative suspension tests. furthe ... | 2004 | 15110123 |
| [winter viruses]. | 2004 | 15119334 | |
| human astrovirus, norovirus (gi, gii), and sapovirus infections in pakistani children with diarrhea. | fecal specimens from 517 infants and young children admitted to the civil karachi hospital, dow medical college, karachi city, pakistan with acute gastroenteritis from 1990 to 1994 were collected and screened by rt-pcr for human astrovirus (astv), norovirus (nv), and sapovirus (sv). the specific epidemiological data for illness caused by these viruses in pakistan are not available. astv, nv, and sv were detected in 58, 51, and 17 of 517 fecal specimens, and this represented 11.2, 9.9, and 3.2%, ... | 2004 | 15122801 |
| methods for the detection and characterisation of noroviruses associated with outbreaks of gastroenteritis: outbreaks occurring in the north-west of england during two norovirus seasons. | this article describes the methods used to investigate 407 outbreaks of acute non-bacterial gastroenteritis occurring in the north-west of england between january 2000 and july 2001 and suspected to be caused by noroviruses (nv) [mayo (2002) arch virol 147:1655-1663]. these included 319 outbreaks in hospitals and nursing homes and 88 other settings. eight hundred and seventy-one faecal samples from 407 outbreaks were tested using electron microscopy (em), an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (el ... | 2004 | 15122805 |
| chronic excretion of a norovirus in a child with cartilage hair hypoplasia (chh). | we have demonstrated the long-term excretion of a stable recombinant norovirus in a patient with cartilage hair hypoplasia (chh), with a t cell immunodeficiency, following bone marrow transplantation (bmt). the patient excreted an arg320/1999/us-like recombinant norovirus (rgii-3) for 156 days during a period of immune reconstitution. the child was symptomatic during the period of virus shedding. it is not known if the child acquired the recombinant strain or if recombination occurred in vivo. | 2004 | 15125877 |
| detection of enteric viruses in shellfish from the norwegian coast. | common blue mussels (mytilus edulis), horse mussels (modiolus modiolus), and flat oysters (ostrea edulis) obtained from various harvesting and commercial production sites along the norwegian coast were screened for the presence of norovirus by a real-time reverse transcription (rt)-nested pcr assay and for possible indicators of fecal contamination, i.e., for f-specific rna bacteriophages (f-rna phages) by plaque assay and for human adenoviruses and human circoviruses by nested pcr assay. the ai ... | 2004 | 15128518 |
| development and evaluation of a new commercial test allowing the simultaneous detection of noroviruses and sapoviruses by reverse transcription-pcr and microplate hybridization. | this work describes the design and initial evaluation of a commercial test allowing the detection of noroviruses and sapoviruses by reverse transcription-pcr (rt-pcr) in a single tube followed by microplate hybridization, as well as the detection of pcr inhibitors. the test was shown to be broadly reactive (except for melksham-like strains), sensitive, and specific and thus should be useful for calicivirus detection in clinical practice. | 2004 | 15131194 |
| asymptomatic and symptomatic excretion of noroviruses during a hospital outbreak of gastroenteritis. | during an investigation of a hospital outbreak of norovirus gastroenteritis identified as being caused by a recombinant genogroup ii (rgii-3a) strain, fecal specimens collected from asymptomatic staff and patients were tested by nested pcr. a gii-4 norovirus strain, the predominant strain associated with outbreaks in hospitals over the last few years, was detected in 26 and 33% of asymptomatic staff and patients, respectively. no rgii-3a (harrow/mexico) norovirus strains were detected in the sam ... | 2004 | 15131210 |
| major foodborne illness causing viruses and current status of vaccines against the diseases. | even though viruses, unlike bacteria, cannot grow in or on foods, foodborne illnesses are associated with viruses due to contamination of the fresh produce or processed food by virus-containing fecal material. the commonly reported major foodborne illnesses are due to noroviruses, hepatitis a and e viruses, rotaviruses, and astroviruses. among all illnesses caused by foodborne pathogens, recent estimates of as high as 67% have been attributed to viruses alone, and an upward trend in the of trans ... | 2004 | 15992267 |
| genogroup i and ii noroviruses detected in stool samples by real-time reverse transcription-pcr using highly degenerate universal primers. | genogroup i noroviruses from five genetic clusters and genogroup ii noroviruses from eight genetic clusters were detected in stool extracts using degenerate primers and single-tube, real-time reverse transcription-pcr (rt-pcr) with sybr green detection. two degenerate primer sets, designated mon 431-433 and mon 432-434, were designed from consensus sequences from the major clusters of norovirus based on the rna-dependent rna polymerase region of the norovirus genome. viruses were extracted from ... | 2004 | 15574915 |
| ozfoodnet: enhancing foodborne disease surveillance across australia: quarterly report, april to june 2004. | salmonella incidence was increased during the quarter, similar to the first quarter of 2004. there were several outbreaks of different phage types of s. typhimurium occurring in multiple australian states. ozfoodnet held several discussions during the quarter to try to identify links between these increases. in total, salmonella infections were responsible for 32 per cent of foodborne outbreaks. large norovirus outbreaks were reported in association with food service industries where people had ... | 2004 | 15574065 |
| long-term features of norovirus gastroenteritis in the elderly. | noroviruses are important pathogens in both sporadic cases and outbreaks of gastroenteritis in humans. noroviruses can affect individuals of all ages in a variety of settings, but are a particularly important cause of gastroenteritis in aged-care facilities. the relationship between clinical symptoms and norovirus excretion and the possible role of asymptomatic carriage of norovirus in the elderly are poorly understood. this study examined symptoms and norovirus excretion in elderly individuals ... | 2004 | 15564004 |
| ozfoodnet: enhancing foodborne disease surveillance across australia: quarterly report, january to march 2004. | salmonella incidence increased during the quarter and was responsible for 46 per cent of foodborne outbreaks. large numbers of norovirus outbreaks continued to be reported in aged care facilities and hospitals. several outbreaks were related to eggs, although traceback efforts were unsuccessful. a third outbreak of norovirus implicating a different brand of oysters imported from japan was significant, resulting in action to remove the oysters from the marketplace. these outbreaks have resulted i ... | 2004 | 15460957 |
| seroprevalence of antibodies against noroviruses among students in a chinese military medical university. | noroviruses (nvs) are important causes of nonbacterial gastroenteritis in humans, but the role of nvs as a cause of diseases in the chinese people, particularly in chinese military personnel, remains unclear. this study investigated antibody prevalence and factors that associate with the prevalence of antibody to nvs among students attending a military medical university. serum specimens were tested by an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for immunoglobulin g antibody to recombinant capsid antig ... | 2004 | 15472318 |
| re: nosocomial outbreak of norovirus gastroenteritis and investigation of abo histo-blood group type in infected staff and patients. | 2004 | 15474193 | |
| evaluation of a norovirus sampling method using sodium dodecyl sulfate/edta-pretreated chromatography paper strips. | noroviruses are the most common cause of nonbacterial gastroenteritis outbreaks. a novel method was tested that utilizes sodium dodecyl sulfate (sds)/edta-pretreated chromatography paper strips to collect and transport norovirus-containing fresh stool samples. as confirmation, the strips were infected with different dilutions of human norovirus-containing faeces and stored at different temperatures (-80, -20, 4 degrees c, room temperature and 37 degrees c). reverse transcription (rt)-pcr analysi ... | 2004 | 15488619 |
| epidemiology and clinical manifestation of rotavirus and norwalk-like viruses in thai children. | acute gastroenteritis is one of the most common diseases affecting children and rotavirus is the major etiological agent worldwide. although the role of rotavirus as a causal agent of gastroenteritis has been previously established in thailand, little is known about the epidemiology of norwalk-like viruses. the present study was designed to determine the epidemiology and clinical manifestation of norwalk-like viruses in comparison with rotavirus in thailand. one hundred and one children with wat ... | 2004 | 16083161 |
| evaluation of rapid diagnostic methods for pediatric viral diarrhea using samples collected in nepal and japan. | we evaluated real time pcr, elisa and immunochromatography (icg) test systems for detection of diarrheagenic viruses (rotavirus, adenovirus and norovirus) in pediatric diarrheal fecal samples collected in kathmandu, nepal (n = 23) and in kobe, japan (n = 25) in summer of 2004. of the 23 samples collected in nepal, one (4.3%) was positive for rotavirus and two (8.7%) for adenovirus whereas six out of 25 samples (24.0%) collected in japan were positive for norovirus. of the japanese samples, 11 (4 ... | 2004 | 16295734 |
| field investigations of emergency department syndromic surveillance signals--new york city. | the new york city (nyc) department of health and mental hygiene (dohmh) has operated a syndromic surveillance system based on emergency department (ed) chief-complaint data since november 2001. this system was created for early detection of infectious-disease outbreaks, either natural or intentional. however, limited documentation exists regarding epidemiologic field investigations conducted in response to syndromic surveillance signals. | 2004 | 15717390 |
| oyster-associated outbreaks of norovirus gastroenteritis in singapore. | outbreaks of gastroenteritis associated with the consumption of raw imported half-shelled frozen oysters occurred in singapore between 16 dec 2003 and 04 jan 2004. a total of 305 cases were reported with clinical symptoms of diarrhoea (94%), abdominal cramps (72%), vomiting (69%) and fever (54%). the median incubation period was 30.8h and the duration of illness was 2-3 days. the overall relative risk of oyster consumption was 14.1 (95% ci: 8.3-24.0, p<0.001). stool and oyster samples tested neg ... | 2004 | 16321654 |
| diversity of noroviruses cocirculating in the north of england from 1998 to 2001. | a study was undertaken to investigate the diversity of noroviruses (nvs) in fecal samples from patients from 529 outbreaks and 141 sporadic cases of gastroenteritis in the north of england from september 1998 to august 2001. nv strains were detected by electron microscopy and characterized by a combination of the grimsby virus antigen enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, reverse transcriptase pcr, the heteroduplex mobility assay, and dna sequencing. twenty-one distinct nv strains, including severa ... | 2004 | 15070979 |
| ozfoodnet: enhancing foodborne disease surveillance across australia: quarterly report, 1 october to 31 december 2003. | a key feature of the quarter was the significant number of outbreaks of gastroenteritis spread by person-to-person transmission, especially in outbreaks of norovirus. there were also a large number of outbreaks of foodborne illness prior to christmas 2003. also important have been the significant efforts to investigate outbreaks relating to oysters imported from japan. these oyster related outbreaks highlight the importance of norovirus as a cause of foodborne gastroenteritis with potential for ... | 2004 | 15072161 |
| detection of noroviruses in tap water in japan by means of a new method for concentrating enteric viruses in large volumes of freshwater. | a virus concentration method using a cation-coated filter was developed for large-volume freshwater applications. poliovirus type 1 (lsc 2ab sabin strain) inoculated into 40 ml of milliq (ultrapure) water was adsorbed effectively to a negatively charged filter (millipore ha, 0.45- micro m pore size) coated with aluminum ions, 99% (range, 81 to 114%) of which were recovered by elution with 1.0 mm naoh (ph 10.8) following an acid rinse with 0.5 mm h(2)so(4) (ph 3.0). more than 80% poliovirus recov ... | 2004 | 15066808 |
| viral gastroenteritis in europe: a new norovirus variant? | 2004 | 15001320 | |
| increase in viral gastroenteritis outbreaks in europe and epidemic spread of new norovirus variant. | highly publicised outbreaks of norovirus gastroenteritis in hospitals in the uk and ireland and cruise ships in the usa sparked speculation about whether this reported activity was unusual. | 2004 | 15001325 |
| costs of gastroenteritis in the netherlands. | in order to target the most important cost components of gastroenteritis in the netherlands and to indicate which change of policy yields the largest decrease in costs, the cost of illness of gastroenteritis and the number of disability adjusted life years (dalys) in the dutch population in 1999 were determined. the costs of gastroenteritis were estimated using data mainly from a community-based cohort study. for calculating dalys, data on the number of deaths due to gastroenteritis were used fr ... | 2004 | 15061495 |
| waterborne outbreak of gastroenteritis in a religious summer camp in norway, 2002. | in july 2002 an outbreak of acute gastroenteritis occurred in a camp facility in western norway during a 10-day seminar, with around 300 guests staying overnight and several day-time visitors. environmental and epidemiological investigations were conducted to identify and eliminate the source of the outbreak, prevent further transmission and describe the impact of the outbreak. of 205 respondents, 134 reported illness (attack rate, 65%). multivariate analysis showed drinking water and taking sho ... | 2004 | 15061496 |
| prevalence of rotavirus and norovirus antibodies in non-human primates. | rotavirus and norovirus are associated with a substantial burden of diarrheal disease in humans and some animals, but their role in acute viral gastroenteritis in non-human primates has not been established. we examined sera from five species of old and new world monkeys and chimpanzees for antibodies to rotavirus and norovirus by enzyme immunoassays using rrv and three recombinant human norovirus capsid proteins, respectively. most (88%) of the 3 old world monkey species (mangabey, pigtail, and ... | 2004 | 15061730 |
| outbreaks of gastrointestinal diseases on cruise ships: lessons from three decades of progress. | dramatic improvements in sanitary engineering and, especially, operational procedures aboard cruise ships began in the mid-1970s after several large outbreaks of acute gastroenteritis. the us centers for disease control and prevention's vessel sanitation program, working with the cruise industry, conducts ship inspections, provides public access to ship sanitation scores, and reports outbreak investigations. the significant increase in median ship sanitation scores over the past decade has been ... | 2004 | 15023273 |
| immunomagnetic capture rt-pcr for detection of norovirus from foods implicated in a foodborne outbreak. | in february 2001, an outbreak of acute gastroenteritis due to norovirus (nv) occurred among employees of 11 companies in aichi prefecture. the illness was strongly associated with eating a delivered box-lunch. the use of magnetic beads coated with the antibody to the baculovirus-expressed recombinant capsid proteins of the chiba virus (rcv) facilitated capture of nv from the food items implicated in the outbreak. following immunomagnetic capture, nv bound to the beads was detected by reverse tra ... | 2004 | 15031533 |
| diversity of enterovirus sequences detected in oysters by rt-heminested pcr. | oysters harvested in western france, from five sites associated with outbreaks of food-borne norovirus gastroenteritis between february 2000 and march 2001, were assayed for enterovirus rna by reverse transcriptase-heminested polymerase chain reaction (rt-heminested pcr). forty percent (21/52) of shellfish samples (pool of seven oysters) were contaminated by enteroviruses. infectious coxsackieviruses serotype a21 were isolated from three of these positive samples. amplicons corresponding to 65 b ... | 2004 | 15033266 |
| [preliminary study of human calicivirus infection in guangzhou]. | to investigate of human calicivirus (hucv) infection in the children of guangzhou, the capital of guangdong province at china, and conduct preliminary study of the prevalence of the virus. | 2004 | 15041544 |
| high rate and changing molecular epidemiology pattern of norovirus infections in sporadic cases and outbreaks of gastroenteritis in hong kong. | noroviruses (norwalk-like viruses (nlv)) are recognised as major causes of acute gastroenteritis worldwide. numerous studies had been carried out on the molecular epidemiology of norovirus in outbreaks but relatively few on sporadic cases. in this study, the molecular epidemiology of noroviruses in sporadic and outbreak cases of acute gastroenteritis in hong kong was examined over a 12-month period from july 2001 to june 2002. specimens from three groups of patients were used in this study. nine ... | 2004 | 15042657 |
| recombinant virus-like particles of a norovirus (genogroup ii strain) administered intranasally and orally with mucosal adjuvants lt and lt(r192g) in balb/c mice induce specific humoral and cellular th1/th2-like immune responses. | we investigated the immune response induced by mucosal immunization of balb/c mice with virus-like particles (vlps) of a genogroup ii norovirus, dijon171/96 virus, produced in the baculovirus system. vlps administered alone by the intranasal route induced a high serum antibody response as well as fecal iga, which were enhanced when the heat-labile escherichia coli toxin or its non toxic mutant lt(r192g) was coadministered. in these conditions, the oral route was also efficient. cytokine producti ... | 2004 | 15003634 |
| genetic diversity of norovirus and sapovirus in hospitalized infants with sporadic cases of acute gastroenteritis in chiang mai, thailand. | stool specimens from hospitalized infants with sporadic gastroenteritis in chiang mai, thailand, between july 2000 and july 2001 were examined for norovirus and sapovirus by reverse transcription-pcr and sequence analysis. these viruses were identified in 13 of 105 (12%) specimens. one strain was found to be a recombinant norovirus. | 2004 | 15004104 |
| norovirus outbreaks in a hospital setting: the role of infection control. | noroviruses (nv) (until recently known as norwalk-like viruses) are a common cause of outbreaks of viral gastroenteritis and can result in significant hospital disruption. we report our experience of two outbreaks that occurred in a geriatric rehabilitation hospital and the role of infection control in limiting their spread. | 2004 | 15014560 |
| evaluation of a broadly reactive nucleic acid sequence based amplification assay for the detection of noroviruses in faecal material. | a recently described nucleic acid sequence based amplification (nasba) assay for the detection of genogroup i (gi) and genogroup ii (gii) norovirus rna in faecal samples was evaluated against a reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (rt-pcr). both assays were used to screen a panel of 38 faecal samples known to contain 17 different norovirus strains and 131 clinical samples collected from 60 gastroenteritis outbreaks of unknown aetiology. the nasba assay detected 13 out of the 17 strain ... | 2004 | 15018858 |
| prevalence of infection with waterborne pathogens: a seroepidemiologic study in children 6-36 months old in san juan sacatepequez, guatemala. | water and sanitation interventions in developing countries have historically been difficult to evaluate. we conducted a seroepidemiologic study with the following goals: 1) to determine the feasibility of using antibody markers as indicators of waterborne pathogen infection in the evaluation of water and sanitation intervention projects; 2) to characterize the epidemiology of waterborne diarrheal infections in rural guatemala, and 3) to measure the age-specific prevalence of antibodies to waterb ... | 2004 | 14971703 |
| viral gastroenteritis--a danger to the patient, a danger to the staff. | viral gastroenteritis is usually a mild, self-limiting illness. we report a case of a previously well 74-year-old woman who suffered a grave complication of this common condition, and caused a significant outbreak of illness amongst staff involved in her care. this case highlights the risks of hospital acquired infection and raises important infection control issues. it illustrates the hazards associated with exposure to potentially infectious secretions and presents a clear message to medical a ... | 2004 | 14984530 |
| primer pair p289-p290, designed to detect both noroviruses and sapoviruses by reverse transcription-pcr, also detects rotaviruses by cross-reactivity. | a primer pair (p289-p290) designed to detect both noroviruses and sapoviruses by reverse transcription-pcr (jiang et al., j. virol. methods 83:145, 1999) cross-reacts with rotaviruses. the rotavirus amplicon corresponds to genome segment 1. furthermore, primer pair p289-p290 detected rotaviruses as efficiently as rotavirus-specific primers directed to rotavirus gene 4. | 2004 | 14766865 |
| norovirus cross-contamination during food handling and interruption of virus transfer by hand antisepsis: experiments with feline calicivirus as a surrogate. | while there is good epidemiological evidence for foods as vehicles for norovirus transmission, the precise means of spread and its control remain unknown. the feline calicivirus was used as a surrogate for noroviruses to study infectious virus transfer between hands and selected types of foods and environmental surfaces. assessment of the potential of selected topicals in interrupting such virus transfer was also made. ten microliters of inoculum of feline calicivirus deposited onto each fingerp ... | 2004 | 14717359 |
| food poisoning in saudi arabia. potential for prevention? | food poisoning is becoming a very important health problem both internationally and in the kingdom of saudi arabia (ksa). salmonella species (spp) is the most important pathogen, but due to the extensive effort carried by the health authorities to prevent or eradicate communicable diseases, new pathogens are now emerging such as escherichia coli (e. coli) and norwalk like viruses. this review paper highlights the magnitude and determinants of food poisoning internationally and in ksa, and propos ... | 2004 | 14758371 |
| foodborne viruses: an emerging problem. | several groups of viruses may infect persons after ingestion and then are shed via stool. of these, the norovirus (nov) and hepatitis a virus (hav) are currently recognised as the most important human foodborne pathogens with regard to the number of outbreaks and people affected in the western world. nov and hav are highly infectious and may lead to widespread outbreaks. the clinical manifestation of nov infection, however, is relatively mild. asymptomatic infections are common and may contribut ... | 2004 | 14672828 |
| surveillance of norovirus infection in a study of sporadic childhood gastroenteritis in south west england and south wales, during one winter season (1999-2000). | reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (rt-pcr), electron microscopy (em) and a genotype ii specific antigen capture enzyme immunoassay (eia), (lordsdale strain) were used to establish the prevalence of norwalk-like viruses (nlv) among sporadic cases of childhood gastroenteritis in south west england over a winter season. samples of 3,172 stools from cases of gastroenteritis in children aged under 7 years sent to the bristol public health laboratory over the 1999/2000 winter 'season' we ... | 2004 | 14695675 |
| detection and characterization of norovirus outbreaks in germany: application of a one-tube rt-pcr using a fluorogenic real-time detection system. | outbreaks of gastroenteritis caused by norovirus are an increasing public health problem worldwide. the virus is transmitted by contaminated food and by person-to-person. in germany, a new health reporting system including norovirus infections has been introduced in 2001. norovirus outbreaks (73%) diagnosed in our lab occurred in the first half of the year. phylogenetic analysis shows that 90% belonged to genogroup ii (ggii) with the majority related to prototypes lordsdale/93 and tarragona/2001 ... | 2004 | 14695676 |
| isoelectric point determination of norovirus virus-like particles by capillary isoelectric focusing with whole column imaging detection. | a capillary isoelectric focusing-whole column imaging detection (cief-wcid) method was used to determine the isoelectric point (pi) of norovirus virus-like particles (vlps). the vlps were produced from noroviruses that represented the two genogroups, genogroup i (funabashi, seto, and norwalk) and genogroup ii (hawaii, kashiwa, and narita). using the imaged cief-wcid detection technique, separation was accomplished using a short (4-5 cm) internally coated capillary (100-microm diameter) and a who ... | 2004 | 14697031 |
| nosocomial outbreak of norovirus gastroenteritis and investigation of abo histo-blood group type in infected staff and patients. | the blood groups were analysed of staff and patients (n=45) infected during two nosocomial outbreaks of norovirus gastroenteritis at a german university hospital. persons with o phenotype were significantly less affected than was expected from the normal distribution of blood group types in southwest germany (or 2.45; 95% ci 1.22-4.95; p=0.01). | 2004 | 14706273 |
| campylobacter spp., giardia spp., cryptosporidium spp., noroviruses, and indicator organisms in surface water in southwestern finland, 2000-2001. | a total of 139 surface water samples from seven lakes and 15 rivers in southwestern finland were analyzed during five consecutive seasons from autumn 2000 to autumn 2001 for the presence of various enteropathogens (campylobacter spp., giardia spp., cryptosporidium spp., and noroviruses) and fecal indicators (thermotolerant coliforms, escherichia coli, clostridium perfringens, and f-rna bacteriophages) and for physicochemical parameters (turbidity and temperature); this was the first such systema ... | 2004 | 14711629 |
| a centrifugation-based method for extraction of norovirus from raspberries. | a method was developed for extraction of noroviruses from raspberries. the method consists of removal of virus from fruit surfaces by alkaline extraction, then removal of residual food debris by centrifugation, followed by concentration of virus particles by ultracentrifugation. the efficiency of the extraction was estimated by comparison of reverse transcription pcr signals obtained from fruit extracts and the norovirus suspension that was used to contaminate the fruit. noroviruses were recover ... | 2005 | 16161696 |
| infectious disease outbreaks related to drinking water in canada, 1974-2001. | recent public attention on drinking water supplies in the aftermath of waterborne infection outbreaks in walkerton and north battleford raises questions about safety. we analyzed information on waterborne outbreaks occurring between 1974 and 2001 in order to identify apparent trends, review the current status of monitoring and reporting, and gain a better understanding of the impact of drinking water quality on public health and disease burden. | 2005 | 16625790 |
| a homozygous nonsense mutation (428g-->a) in the human secretor (fut2) gene provides resistance to symptomatic norovirus (ggii) infections. | noroviruses (formerly norwalk-like viruses) are a major cause of acute gastroenteritis worldwide and are associated with a significant number of nosocomial and food-borne outbreaks. in this study we show that the human secretor fut2 gene, which codes for an alpha(1,2)-fucosyltransferase synthesizing the h-type 1 antigen in saliva and mucosa, is associated with susceptibility to norovirus infections. allelic polymorphism characterization at nucleotide 428 for symptomatic (n = 53) and asymptomatic ... | 2005 | 16306606 |
| [comparison of the number of norovirus genome copies in patients and healthy persons]. | in viral gastroenteritis outbreaks occurred by norovirus (nv), nv was detected not only from patients but also from healthy persons who have taken the same food, and also detected from healthy staff members working at community places such as hospital, school and nursing home. the number of fecal nv genome copies of patients, healthy persons and food handlers are examined by real-time pcr method, to investigate foodborne gastroenteritis and person to person transmission outbreaks. there is no si ... | 2005 | 16167782 |
| characterization of the homo- and heterotypic immune responses after natural norovirus infection. | noroviruses (nov) are a genetically and antigenically diverse group of viruses that are common causes of outbreaks of gastroenteritis in humans of all ages. limited information has been obtained on type specificity of the nov immune response. in this study, we characterized the homologous and heterologous antibody responses in adults from 13 outbreaks, representing 4 different nov genotypes. nov specific igg and iga antibodies were determined as well as the increase of antibody avidity. in addit ... | 2005 | 16173019 |
| infectious disease and dermatologic conditions in evacuees and rescue workers after hurricane katrina--multiple states, august-september, 2005. | on august 29, 2005, hurricane katrina struck states along the gulf coast of the united states. in the days after the hurricane struck, approximately 750 evacuation centers were established in at least 18 states to accommodate more than 200,000 evacuees. state and local health departments, with assistance from cdc, initiated enhanced infectious disease surveillance and outbreak response activities, implemented by teams of public health and rescue workers, including military personnel. outbreak mo ... | 2005 | 16195696 |
| characterization of new recombinant noroviruses. | noroviruses are important etiologic agents of acute gastroenteritis and show great genetic diversity. to characterize more fully previously detected strains that could not be assigned unequivocally to one particular genotype based on the rna polymerase, we have sequenced a region in the capsid gene and, in some cases, in the junction between open reading frame 1 (orf 1) and orf 2. the results allowed us to identify several recombinant noroviruses: ggiib viruses were detected for the first time i ... | 2005 | 16207981 |
| [surface water pollution and microbiological indicators]. | surface waters must undergo careful quality assessment before being used as drinking water. contamination with wastewaters, whether treated, untreated or partially treated, is a risk to public health. most waterborne infections are caused by ingestion of contaminated water, but contact or inhalation also represent a risk. in industrialized countries, epidemic episodes are mainly due to the spread of new agents or newly identified infections (arcobacter, norovirus, cryptosporodium, giardia, etc.) ... | 2005 | 16552127 |
| development of a microsphere-based serologic multiplexed fluorescent immunoassay and a reverse transcriptase pcr assay to detect murine norovirus 1 infection in mice. | murine norovirus 1 (mnv-1) is a newly recognized pathogen of mice that causes lethal infection in mice deficient in components of the innate immune response but not in wild-type 129 mice. in this study, in vitro-propagated mnv-1 was used as antigen to develop a multiplexed fluorescent immunoassay (mfi) to detect antibodies to mnv-1 in infected mice. the mnv-1 mfi was 100% specific and 100% sensitive in detecting anti-mnv-1 antibody in sera from experimentally infected mice. testing of a large nu ... | 2005 | 16210475 |
| norovirus outbreak among evacuees from hurricane katrina--houston, texas, september 2005. | during the week after hurricane katrina struck the gulf coast on august 29, 2005, an estimated 240,000 persons, mostly from louisiana, evacuated to houston, texas. on august 31, an estimated 24,000 evacuees were sheltered temporarily at facilities in reliant park, a sports and convention complex that includes reliant astrodome, reliant center, and reliant arena. all evacuees to these three facilities were provided with cots, bedding, food, water, and access to lavatories and showers. a medical f ... | 2005 | 16224449 |
| molecular analysis of noroviruses involved in acute gastroenteritis outbreaks in military units in israel, 1999-2004. | the study presented here was conducted to determine the genetic properties of noroviruses (novs) identified between 1999 and 2004 in army recruits with acute gastroenteritis. partial sequence analysis of the rna-dependent rna polymerase gene revealed the presence of two major sub-genogroups, all of which were related to genogroup ii of nov. serological analysis using recombinant antigens confirmed this observation. local strains associated with a 1999 outbreak were closely related to gii-6 strai ... | 2005 | 16231127 |
| [norovirus in the forefront]. | 2005 | 16252453 | |
| coping with outbreaks of the norovirus. | 2005 | 16599083 | |
| [symptoms of food-borne diseases and gastroenteritis in kyushu, japan]. | in this study we analyzed the symptoms of gastroenteritis or food-borne disease caused by the 10 most prevalent pathogens: norovirus, salmonella, vibrio parahaemolyticus, campylobacter jejuni, clostridium perfringens, shiga toxin-producing escherichia coli (stec), enterotoxigenic e. coli (etec), shigella sonnei/flexneri (shigella), staphylococcus aureus, and emetic-type bacillus cereus. the symptoms diarrhea, vomiting, fever, abdominal pain, and headache, and the incubation period in 646 cases i ... | 2005 | 16366357 |
| norovirus gastroenteritis in kanagawa prefecture in december 2004. | 2005 | 16377877 | |
| gastroenteritis outbreak in british troops, iraq. | gastroenteritis affected many british military personnel during the war in iraq. in the first month, 1,340 cases were seen; 73% of patients required hospital admission and 36% were hospital staff. in a survey of 500 hospital staff, 76% reported gastroenteritis, which was more likely in clinical workers. investigations showed only caliciviruses. | 2005 | 16318711 |
| norovirus outbreaks from drinking water. | as part of an intensified monitoring program for foodborne disease outbreaks in finland, waterborne outbreaks were investigated for viruses. the diagnostic procedure included analysis of patients' stool samples by electron microscopy and reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (rt-pcr) for noroviruses and astroviruses. when these test results were positive for a virus, the water sample was analyzed. virus concentration was based on positively charged filters from 1-l samples. of the tota ... | 2005 | 16318723 |
| replication and packaging of norwalk virus rna in cultured mammalian cells. | human noroviruses, the most common cause of nonbacterial gastroenteritis, are characterized by high infectivity rate, low infectious dose, and unusually high stability outside the host. however, human norovirus research is hindered by the lack of a cell culture system and a small animal model of infection. norwalk virus (nv) is the prototype strain of human noroviruses. we report here replication of nv viral rna and its packaging into virus particles in mammalian cells by intracellular expressio ... | 2005 | 16002473 |
| [hygiene in nursing--5: noroviruses--or: every year again....]. | 2005 | 16329697 | |
| noroviruses as a cause of traveler's diarrhea among students from the united states visiting mexico. | stool specimens from 124 international travelers with acute diarrhea were tested for the presence of enteropathogens. noroviruses (novs) were the second most commonly identified enteric pathogen in diarrheal stool samples (21/124, 17%), exceeded only by enterotoxigenic escherichia coli (50/106, 47%). this study indicates that nov is an underappreciated cause of traveler's diarrhea. | 2005 | 16333110 |
| [molecular epidemiology of diarrhea among children with norwalk-like virus in a hospital of guangzhou in autumn and winter]. | to explore the epidemiological characteristics of norwalk-like virus (nlvs) infection in children with diarrhea and to study the genotype and predominant cluster at a hospital in guangzhou city. | 2005 | 16335006 |
| [how important is the norovirus relationship to gastroenteritis ]. | 2005 | 16437312 | |
| food-borne norovirus outbreaks: a nuisance or more than that? | 2005 | 16437313 | |
| an outbreak of norovirus infection affecting an austrian nursing home and a hospital. | on november 9, 2004, a resident in a nursing home experienced a severe episode of vomiting in the dining room, in the presence of most of the other residents and members of staff. following that episode, 17 of the 23 (73.9%) other residents and 7 of the 18 (38.9%) staff members fell ill with diarrhea and/or vomiting in the period up to november 17. a second cluster of gastroenteritis occurred between november 11 and 28, 2004, in a nearby hospital to which eight cases among the nursing home resid ... | 2005 | 16437316 |
| deletion analysis of the sapovirus vp1 gene for the assembly of virus-like particles. | human sapovirus (sav) strains are agents of gastroenteritis. they cannot be grown in cell culture. in this study, constructs containing sav n- and c-terminal-deleted recombinant capsid proteins (rvp1) were expressed in a baculovirus expression system to allow us to better understand the sequence requirements for the formation of virus-like particles (vlps). only proteins derived from n-terminal-deleted rvp1 constructs that began 49 nucleotides downstream assembled into vlps, which included both ... | 2005 | 16052282 |
| broadly reactive nested reverse transcription-pcr using an internal rna standard control for detection of noroviruses in stool samples. | we developed a nested reverse transcription-pcr (nrt-pcr) for the detection of noroviruses in stools, using random primers for rt, the jv12/jv13 primer pair in the first round of npcr, and a set of nine inner primers for the second, comprising the reverse sequences of primers sr46, sr48, sr50, and sr52, and five novel oligonucleotide sequences (113-1, 113-2, 115-1, 115-2, and 115-3). the specificity of the nrt-pcr was confirmed by testing 61 stools containing enteric viruses other than norovirus ... | 2005 | 16081909 |
| epidemiology of acute gastroenteritis outbreaks caused by noroviruses in okayama, japan. | noroviruses (called formerly "norwalk-like viruses") cause food-borne gastroenteritis outbreaks. these outbreaks were thought to be related to shellfish consumption, although non-shellfish related outbreaks also occurred frequently in japan. to clarify the epidemiology of norovirus outbreaks, 435 stool samples were collected from 60 acute non-bacterial gastroenteritis outbreaks occurring over 8 years in okayama, japan. using reverse transcription-pcr (rt-pcr), noroviruses were detected in 257 ca ... | 2005 | 16121370 |
| [outbreak of food-borne norovirus associated with the consumption of sandwiches]. | the aim of this study was to conduct an investigation into an outbreak of food-borne disease at a hotel, when epidemiological and microbiological results determined that the etiological agent was norovirus and the source of infection was food handlers. | 2005 | 15725365 |
| caliciviruses and foodborne gastroenteritis, chile. | human caliciviruses caused 45% of 55 gastroenteritis outbreaks occurring in santiago, chile, during 2000-2003. outbreaks affected ?99 persons, occurred most commonly in the home, and were associated with seafood consumption. thirteen outbreak strains sequenced were noroviruses, including 8 gii, 2 gi, and 3 belonging to a novel genogroup. | 2005 | 16022799 |
| norwalk virus infection associates with secretor status genotyped from sera. | abo histo-blood group type and secretor status are two genetically determined factors that contribute to resistance and susceptibility to norwalk virus (nv). archived serum samples but not saliva samples are available from nv and many other norovirus challenge studies and outbreaks. a person's abo phenotype is easily determined from their archived sera, but the individual's secretor phenotype cannot easily be ascertained without saliva. we now report that a person's secretor genotype can also be ... | 2005 | 16032732 |
| epidemic viral gastroenteritis in queensland coincides with the emergence of a new norovirus variant. | norovirus infections cause widespread morbidity and have significant economic impact on the community. an increase in outbreaks of norovirus gastroenteritis in hospitals, nursing homes and in the community was observed in queensland in 2004. molecular analysis of positive samples indicated the emergence of a single strain of norovirus. a 252 nucleotide sequence from the polymerase region (pol) was compared to sequences of the new variant genotype gii.4 that has caused epidemics in the northern h ... | 2005 | 16465926 |
| genetic analysis of noroviruses in chiba prefecture, japan, between 1999 and 2004. | noroviruses (nvs) are common pathogens that consist of genetically divergent viruses that induce gastroenteritis in humans and animals. between september 1999 and june 2004, 1,898 samples obtained from patients showing sporadic or outbreak gastroenteritis in chiba prefecture, japan, were tested for nvs by reverse transcription-pcr. nvs were detected in 603 samples. approximately 80% were positive for genogroup gii, 13% were positive for genogroup gi, and the remaining 7% were positive for both g ... | 2005 | 16145082 |
| molecular epidemiology of caliciviruses detected in sporadic and outbreak cases of gastroenteritis in france from december 1998 to february 2004. | we compiled sequence and epidemiological data from 172 caliciviruses detected in france from december 1998 to february 2004 in sporadic and outbreak cases. the results showed a cocirculation of strains with a majority of genogroup ii (gii) noroviruses. three groups of noroviruses, not detected before in our laboratory, emerged and spread during the period: the recombinant ggiib and norwalk-related strains not amplified in the polymerase gene in 2000 and a new lordsdale variant in 2002. we observ ... | 2005 | 16145123 |
| porcine noroviruses related to human noroviruses. | detection of genogroup ii (gii) norovirus (nov) rna from adult pigs in japan and europe and gii nov antibodies in us swine raises public health concerns about zoonotic transmission of porcine novs to humans, although no novs have been detected in us swine. to detect porcine novs and to investigate their genetic diversity and relatedness to human novs, 275 fecal samples from normal us adult swine were screened by reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction with calicivirus universal primers. ... | 2005 | 16485473 |
| outbreaks of gastroenteritis that occurred during school excursions in korea were associated with several waterborne strains of norovirus. | in may 2004, 97 of 309 (31%) and 97 of 207 (47%) school students from geographically distant areas were affected by acute gastroenteritis during excursions to neighboring hotels. the two hotels were 300 m apart, on jeju island, south korea. several strains of norovirus, including both genogroup i and genogroup ii viruses, were identified in stool samples from the students and food handlers and in groundwater from the hotels. of these several strains of norovirus, the nucleotide sequences for one ... | 2005 | 16145153 |
| temperature and treatment time influence high hydrostatic pressure inactivation of feline calicivirus, a norovirus surrogate. | interest in high hydrostatic pressure processing as a nonthermal pasteurization process for foods continues to increase. feline calicivirus (fcv), a propagable virus that is genetically related to the nonpropagable human noroviruses, was used for detailed evaluation of the high pressure processing parameters necessary for virus inactivation. pressure inactivation curves of fcv strain kcd in dulbecco's modified eagle medium with 10% fetal bovine serum were obtained at 200 and 250 mpa as a functio ... | 2005 | 16300078 |
| a 5-year study of the prevalence and genetic diversity of human caliciviruses associated with sporadic cases of acute gastroenteritis in young children admitted to hospital in melbourne, australia (1998-2002). | the prevalence and genetic diversity of human caliciviruses causing sporadic cases of acute gastroenteritis in young children hospitalized in a large pediatric hospital in melbourne, australia over 5 years (incorporating january 1998-december 2002) was studied by reverse transcription and sequence analysis of part of the polymerase gene. the overall prevalence of calicivirus infection in children aged <5 years during the 5 year study was 9.2% (113/1,233), with 95% of the strains belonging to the ... | 2005 | 16032716 |
| an outbreak of norovirus gastroenteritis associated with wedding cakes. | we sought to determine the source of a norovirus outbreak among attendees of 46 weddings taking place during a single weekend. norovirus-compatible illness was experienced by 332 (39%) of wedding guests surveyed; the outbreak affected up to 2700 persons. illness was associated with eating wedding cake provided by a bakery common to the weddings (adjusted rr 4.5, p<0.001). a cake requiring direct hand contact during its preparation accounted for the majority of illness. at least two bakery employ ... | 2005 | 16274502 |
| a norovirus outbreak at a long-term-care facility: the role of environmental surface contamination. | the role of environmental surface contamination in the propagation of norovirus outbreaks is unclear. an outbreak of acute gastroenteritis was reported among residents of a 240-bed veterans long-term-care facility. | 2005 | 16276954 |
| lessons learned from a norovirus outbreak in a locked pediatric inpatient psychiatric unit. | we report an outbreak of norovirus in a locked pediatric inpatient psychiatric unit with attack rates of 75% among 4 patients and 26% among 38 staff. factors contributing to the outbreak included environmental contamination, close staff-patient contact including sharing meals, and inability to confine the index patient with the use of contact precautions. | 2005 | 16276961 |
| new approaches to quantifying the spread of infection. | recent major disease outbreaks, such as severe acute respiratory syndrome and foot-and-mouth disease in the uk, coupled with fears of emergence of human-to-human transmissible variants of avian influenza, have highlighted the importance of accurate quantification of disease threat when relatively few cases have occurred. traditional approaches to mathematical modelling of infectious diseases deal most effectively with large outbreaks in large populations. the desire to elucidate the highly varia ... | 2005 | 15995653 |
| pathogens causing community gastroenteritis in australia. | many individuals with gastrointestinal symptoms do not seek medical attention and so there is little known about the pathogens involved in most cases of community gastroenteritis. we aimed to identify the pathogens responsible for community gastroenteritis and to examine the associated symptoms. | 2005 | 16246186 |
| [relationship between abo histo-blood group type and an outbreak of norovirus gastroenteritis among primary and junior high school students: results of questionnaire-based study]. | noroviruses are common causative agents of epidemic gastroenteritis in humans. recent studies showed that human susceptibility to noroviruses was associated with abo histo-blood group type. it was also observed that various degrees of susceptibility were exhibited by different norovirus strains. in january 2003, an outbreak of acute gastroenteritis including 661 affected primary and junior high school students occurred through lunch bread contaminated with norovirus in hokkaido, japan. to clarif ... | 2005 | 16248375 |
| comparison of the incidence of norovirus infection in homes for the elderly. | 2005 | 16249632 | |
| an outbreak of mixed infection of enterohemorrhagic escherichia coli o26:h11 and norovirus genogroup ii at a kindergarten in shimane, japan. | 2005 | 16249634 | |
| norovirus contamination found in oysters worldwide. | noroviruses (norwalk-like viruses) are recognized as major causes of acute gastroenteritis worldwide. outbreaks of norovirus gastroenteritis are often associated with consumption of oysters. in this study, oysters imported into hong kong from 11 countries over a 3-year period were screened by rt-pcr. overall, 53 out of 507 (10.5%) samples were positive for norovirus-rna, and a wide variety of strains were found. two novel genetic clusters were detected, which could indicate novel human or animal ... | 2005 | 15977231 |
| evidence of the etiological predominance of norovirus in gastroenteritis outbreaks--emerging new-variant and recombinant noroviruses in hungary. | between january 2001 and december 2003, stool specimens from 262 (45%) of 581 reported outbreaks of gastroenteritis were investigated for noroviruses in hungary. specimens collected from outbreaks of non-bacterial gastroenteritis were examined by reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction and enzyme immunoassay. in 253 (97%) of 262 outbreaks, norovirus was detected and confirmed by sequencing in 211 (81%). hospitals (35%), day care centers (30%), and elderly homes (27%) were the most common ... | 2005 | 15977235 |
| detection and characterization of human caliciviruses in hospitalized children with acute gastroenteritis in blantyre, malawi. | the human caliciviruses (hucvs), including norovirus and sapovirus, are recognized causes of acute gastroenteritis in children and adults. a 1-year study was undertaken in blantyre, malawi, to examine the prevalence, and genetic diversity, of human caliciviruses (hucvs) amongst children under 5 years of age hospitalized with acute gastroenteritis. using the reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (rt-pcr), combined with nucleotide sequencing of the rt-pcr products, hucvs were detected in ... | 2005 | 16254959 |
| current concepts in travelers' diarrhea: epidemiology, antimicrobial resistance and treatment. | the aim of this article is to review recent advances in travelers' diarrhea, which remains one of the most common health problems afflicting individuals from developed countries visiting less affluent regions of the world. | 2005 | 16258326 |
| bayesian model choice and infection route modelling in an outbreak of norovirus. | a data set from an outbreak of gastroenteritis in a school is analysed using a stochastic transmission model. the causative agent of the outbreak is believed to be a norovirus, spread through person-to-person contact. particular attention is given to the question of whether or not vomiting episodes enhance the spread of the virus via aerosol transmission. the methodology developed uses bayesian model choice, implemented with reversible-jump markov chain monte carlo methods. the methodology appea ... | 2005 | 15818725 |
| probable transmission of norovirus on an airplane. | 2005 | 15840859 | |
| [outbreaks of norovirus gastroenteritis in nursing homes in haifa, 2002-2003]. | the incidence rate of norovirus gastroenteritis is unknown since diagnostic tests are less readily available than for other agents. this pathogen is identified in less than 10% of acute gastrointestinal illness, despite the fact that recent reports from the united states attribute more than 50% of outbreaks to noroviruses. | 2005 | 15844458 |