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transport and storage conditions for cultural recovery of chlamydia pneumoniae.chlamydia pneumoniae is characterized by rapidly decreasing viability outside the host cell, and efficient preservation of its infectivity is a prerequisite for subsequent cell culture recovery. extracellular survival of three c. pneumoniae stock strains and three wild-type strains subjected to simulated conditions of transport was therefore examined in order to establish recommendations for transport and storage of clinical specimens. the presence of fetal calf serum in transport media as well ...19957665648
mycoplasma pneumoniae and chlamydia pneumoniae in pediatric community-acquired pneumonia: comparative efficacy and safety of clarithromycin vs. erythromycin ethylsuccinate.we evaluated 260 previously healthy children ages 3 through 12 years who had clinical signs and symptoms of pneumonia, radiographically confirmed. patients were randomized 1:1 to a 10-day course of either clarithromycin suspension 15 mg/kg/day divided twice a day or erythromycin suspension 40 mg/kg/day divided twice a day or three times a day. evidence of infection with chlamydia pneumoniae was detected in 28% (74) of patients: 13% (34) by nasopharyngeal culture and 18% (48) by serology with the ...19957667050
lessons for atherosclerosis research from tuberculosis and peptic ulcer.knowledge of the causes of a disease is essential to the effective alteration of factors affecting the disease's incidence. the history of the medical understanding of tuberculosis and peptic ulcer shows that we may neglect to consider the contribution of microorganisms to long-term or recurring diseases. the author presents evidence that we may similarly be overlooking the role of microorganisms in atherosclerosis. a collaborative, comprehensive investigation of the role of microorganisms in at ...19957882229
replication of chlamydia trachomatis and c. pneumoniae in the human monocytic cell line u-937.to elucidate whether chlamydia trachomatis and c. pneumoniae infections occur to a significant extent in monocytes-macrophages, the human monocytic cell line, u-937, was infected with c. trachomatis l2 or c. pneumoniae tw-183. chlamydial dna and genus-specific antigens of the lipopolysaccharides (lps) in epitopes of the chlamydial cell wall were detected from c. trachomatis l2-inoculated monocytes over a period of 150 days after inoculation and from the c. pneumoniae tw-183-inoculated cells duri ...19957884800
systemic dissemination of chlamydia pneumoniae following intranasal inoculation in mice.although chlamydia pneumoniae is a respiratory pathogen, there is increasing evidence of involvement of the organisms in anatomic sites other than the respiratory tract. a mouse model was used to study dissemination of organisms following intranasal, intravenous, and subcutaneous inoculation with c. pneumoniae. after inoculation by any of the three routes, the organism was isolated consistently from lungs and spleen. it was also detected in peritoneal macrophages after intranasal and intravenous ...19957876631
evaluation of culture conditions used for isolation of chlamydia pneumoniae.as only a few viable strains of the frequent respiratory pathogen chlamydia pneumoniae have been isolated worldwide, improvement and standardization of isolation procedures is mandatory for adequate diagnosis and recovery of strains for further investigation. growth rates of eight c pneumoniae strains were assessed for five host cell lines, for the growth-promoting effect of host cell cytostasis, for infection of adherent or suspended host cells, for optimal first passage incubation time, and fo ...19957856555
chlamydial infection and reactive airway disease. 19957858699
infectious diseases. 19957838014
acute respiratory tract infection in daycare centers for older persons.to evaluate the rate of specific pathogens and clinical syndromes associated with acute respiratory tract infections (arti) in frail older persons attending daycare.19957806736
antichlamydial antimicrobial therapy for asthma. 19957726929
antibiotics in acute bronchitis. 19957739333
serologic evidence of respiratory and rickettsial infections among somali refugees.somali refugees living in a camp located in djibouti were studied in october 1991 and may 1992. the refugees had been living at the camp for about two years. the median age of volunteers was 25 years, of whom 69% were female. paired sera obtained seven months apart were evaluated by complement fixation, microimmunofluorescence, indirect fluorescent antibody, streptococcal antibody, and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay techniques for evidence of pathogen infection. fifty-two percent, 31.3%, 8.0% ...19957741176
interpretation of chlamydia trachomatis antibody response in chlamydial oculogenital infection.to study: (a) the chlamydial antibody response (to the d-k serovars) using the micro-immunofluorescence (micro-if) test in the following groups: (i) chlamydial genital infection only, (ii) chlamydial ocular infection only, (iii) combined chlamydial ocular and genital infection (oculo-genital infection), (iv) chlamydial ocular infection with chlamydia-negative non-gonococcal urethritis, (v) adenovirus conjunctivitis (control group 1), (vi) male partners of group i-iv with no chlamydial oculogenit ...19957744422
infection with chlamydia pneumoniae in infants and children with acute lower respiratory tract disease.the role of chlamydia pneumoniae in the etiology of acute lower respiratory tract infections in infants and children is little understood. we studied the prevalence of c. pneumoniae infection in hospitalized infants and children with acute lower respiratory tract disease by cell culture, polymerase chain reaction (pcr), enzyme immunoassay and serology. of 290 patients with a mean age of 3.7 years, only 3 (1%) were identified to be infected with c. pneumoniae. one child was positive in the cell c ...19957746693
chlamydia pneumoniae-induced ciliostasis in ciliated bronchial epithelial cells.the ciliary activity of ciliated bronchial epithelial cells was studied after infection with chlamydia pneumoniae (strain tw-183) and chlamydia trachomatis (biovar l2 [434/bu]). c. pneumoniae, known to cause respiratory infections, had a marked ciliastatic effect, completely aborting ciliary motion within 48 h. this effect was not inhibited by inactivation of c. pneumoniae elementary bodies (ebs) by uv irradiation. in contrast, inactivation of ebs by heat (56 degrees c, 30 min) or by rabbit-spec ...19957751703
chlamydia pneumoniae pneumonia with endocarditis. 19957752791
polymerase chain reaction for detection of chlamydia pneumoniae in gargled-water specimens of children.the objective of the present study was to establish the occurrence of chlamydia pneumoniae by direct detection in gargled-water specimens obtained from 193 children suffering from acute or chronic respiratory infections. specimens were analyzed by an indirect immunofluorescence test (iif), a genus-specific antigen enzyme immunosorbent assay (eia) and the polymerase chain reaction (pcr). the pathogen was detected in three children by pcr only. as underlying disease, chronic obstructive bronchitis ...19957758482
high prevalence of antibodies to chlamydia pneumoniae; determinants of igg and iga seropositivity among jerusalem residents.the prevalence of antibodies to chlamydia pneumoniae was examined in a stratified random sample of 581 jerusalem adult residents between august 1987 and march 1989. igg and iga titres were measured by microimmunofluorescence, and associations with smoking and socio-demographic variables were assessed. igg antibodies were found in 84.5% (95% confidence interval (ci): 80.4-87.9) of men and 68.7% (95% ci: 61.6-75.0) of women (p < 0.0001 for sex difference), indicating a very high rate of exposure i ...19957781734
reactive arthritis ascribed to chlamydia pneumoniae. report of a case. 19957788343
efficacy of a three day course of azithromycin in moderately severe community-acquired pneumonia.this study was designed to evaluate the efficacy of a 3 day course of azithromycin in low to moderately severe community-acquired pneumonia. forty patients with low to moderately severe community-acquired pneumonia (29 males, 11 females, mean age 46 +/- 17 yrs; 20 pretreated with betalactams for 2-10 days with no results before admission to hospital; 18 with evidence of co-morbidity) were enrolled in an open, randomized study with azithromycin, 500 mg q.d. oral therapy for 3 days, versus clarith ...19957789484
inhibition of chlamydia pneumoniae growth in hep-2 cells pretreated with gamma interferon and tumor necrosis factor alpha.an in vitro culture system was used to study the effects of increasing concentrations of human cytokines on the intracellular replication of chlamydia pneumoniae. hep-2 cell monolayers, pretreated for 24 h with 200 u of human recombinant gamma interferon (ifn-gamma) per ml restricted the intracellular replication of c. pneumoniae. tumor necrosis factor alpha (tnf-alpha; 25 ng/ml) exhibited a synergistic effect with ifn-gamma by reducing the concentration of ifn-gamma necessary to restrict intrac ...19957790105
detection of anti-chlamydia pneumoniae ige in children with reactive airway disease.an association of chlamydia pneumoniae infection and reactive airway disease has been demonstrated in children. to determine if c. pneumoniae infection triggers production of c. pneumoniae-specific ige, sera were examined from 45 children with and without c. pneumoniae infection. anti-c. pneumoniae ige was demonstrated by immunoblotting in 12 (85.7%) of 14 culture-positive asthmatic patients with wheezing compared with only 1 (9.1%) of 11 culture-positive patients with pneumonia, 2 (18.2%) of 11 ...19957797928
more on chlamydia pneumonia and meningoencephalitis. 19957990880
clinical aspects of chlamydia pneumoniae infection.this recently recognised member of the genus chlamydia is one of the most widespread pathogens of man, though up to 90% of infected people have few or no symptoms. several studies have estimated the population prevalence of antibodies to c. pneumoniae at 40-55% in the northern hemisphere, and over 60% in under-developed countries. the incidence of infections follows a cyclical pattern, with peaks at regular intervals of 2-10 years, but no apparent seasonal periodicity. nosocomial transmission ma ...19957899384
group a streptococcal tonsillopharyngitis: cost-effective diagnosis and treatment.most patients who seek medical attention for sore throat are concerned about streptococcal tonsillopharyngitis, but fewer than 10% of adults and 30% of children actually have a streptococcal infection. group a beta-hemolytic streptococci (gas) are most often responsible for bacterial tonsillopharyngitis, although neisseria gonorrhea, arcanobacterium haemolyticum (formerly corynebacterium haemolyticum), chlamydia pneumoniae (twar agent), and mycoplasma pneumoniae have also been suggested as possi ...19957864482
relevance of chlamydia pneumoniae murine pneumonitis model to evaluation of antimicrobial agents.a mouse model of chlamydia pneumoniae pneumonitis was established in outbred mf1 mice immunosuppressed with cyclophosphamide. following intranasal inoculation with 2.2 x 10(3) inclusion-forming units of c. pneumoniae tw-183 per mouse, chlamydiae were culturable from the lungs for at least 29 days. progressive subacute pneumonitis with perivascular and peribronchial lymphoid cell hyperplasia was observed, and c. pneumoniae organisms were located in consolidated areas of tissue by immunocytochemis ...19958540698
acute bronchial infection in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.bacterial bronchial infection is a frequent cause of copd exacerbation but not its only aetiology. increased purulent expectorant appears to be its best indicator rather than fever, non-productive cough or dyspnoea. the clinician must try to recognize this condition rather than systematically prescribe empirical antibiotics. haemophilus influenzae, streptococcus pneumoniae and moraxella catarrhalis are the major pathogens. although atypical bacteria are not frequent, chlamydia pneumoniae could p ...19958541820
[role of macrolides in the treatment of respiratory tract infections in children].macrolides are antibiotics with high intracellular concentrations. they have a bacteriostatic activity but are also bactericides for concentrations five times greater than the minimal inhibitory concentration, concentrations in which they reach in the respiratory tract. they are usually active on streptococcus, neisseria, moraxella catarrhalis, listeria monocytogenes, bordetella pertussis, pasteurella multocida, chlamydia, mycoplasma pneumoniae, legionella pneumophila and helicobacter pylori. th ...19958548000
[serodiagnosis of atypical bacterial respiratory infections].since prevalence of antibodies to bacteria causing atypical respiratory infections in israel is as yet unknown, a 5-year antibody prevalence study was performed. seroreactivity to chlamydia pneumoniae (twar), with titers > or = 1:16 by microimmunofluorescence assay (mif) was detected in 725/1305 (55.5%) of patients. 47/1012 ((4.6%) of adult patients had mif results indicating recent infection with twar, (igg titers of > or = 1:512, and/or igm titers of > or = 1:16, and/or seroconversion). antibo ...19958549957
[chlamydia pneumoniae infection in patients with pneumonia, bronchitis and acute upper respiratory tract infection in beijing].a prospective study for c. pneumoniae infection was conducted in 134 patients with acute respiratory disease and 134 matched patients with other medical reasons from january to may 1994 in beijing. the positive rate of micro-if (mif) igg antibodies was 93% (125/134) and 89% (119/134) respectively (0.1 < p < 0.25) and the geometric mean titers (gmt) were not found to be significant (55.9 +/- 4.2 vs 41.7 +/- 2.8, 0.1 < p < 0.20). ten patients, four (4/30) with pneumonia and six (6/81) with bronchi ...19958582186
failure to detect chlamydia pneumoniae in ear fluids from children with otitis media. 19958584337
chlamydia pneumoniae infection in thai children: serological diagnosis.recent chlamydia pneumoniae infections were investigated in children with respiratory tract infections and in normal children. four groups of sera were tested for c. pneumoniae antibody igg and igm serum fraction by the method of mif test. a total of 7 cases of recent infection were detected, 3 of 116 with pneumonia, 3 of 123 with other respiratory tract infections, 1 of 263 normal school children and none in sera from cord blood. the cases with recent c. pneumoniae infection were as young as 24 ...19958629071
[seroprevalence of chlamydia trachomatis infection in std consultants in morocco].we have conducted a seroepidemiological survey of chlamydia trachomatis infection among 400 std consultants in comparison with 400 blood donors. the study was performed by using the indirect microimmunofluorescence technique with chlamydia trachomatis, chlamydia psittaci and chlamydia pneumoniae as antigens. the overall seroprevalences were 60% and 46% for std consultants and blood donors respectively. the seroprevalences of chlamydia trachomatis alone were 12.5% for std consultants and 7.5% for ...19958640084
significance of chlamydia pneumoniae (twar) in atherosclerotic lesions. 19958521553
chlamydia pneumoniae (twar) in atherosclerosis of the carotid artery.chlamydia pneumoniae has been demonstrated in atherosclerotic lesions of coronary arteries and aorta. a seroepidemiological study found c pneumoniae-specific antibody more frequently in persons with significant carotid artery wall thickening than in matched control subjects.19958521559
[various new pathogens in pneumonia].the table summarizes the many newly recognized agents causing lower respiratory tract infections: gram + cocci, streptococcus agalactiae, enterococci; gram-rods, acinetobacter, aeromonas hydrophila, eikenella corrodens; mycobacterium tuberculosis resistant to multiple drugs, intracellular organisms and viruses. some details are given in four chapters: pneumococci resistant to penicillin g which must be detected and impose new therapeutic strategies; chlamydia pneumoniae with its difficulties for ...19958525335
[an atypical course of chlamydial infection].in burdenko main military clinical hospital 113 patients with acute lung inflammations were examined. according to the data of serological tests with application of indirect immunofluorescent reaction an antibody titer (chlamydia pneumoniae) was disclosed in 9 patients (11% from the whole number of 82 patients). by the authors' opinion bizarre and severe course of chlamydia pneumoniae could take place, thus, it is necessary to conduct serological examinations not only during epidemic outbreaks o ...19958533375
chlamydia pneumoniae (twar).chlamydia pneumoniae (twar) is a recently recognized third species of the genus chlamydia that causes acute respiratory disease. it is distinct from the other two chlamydial species that infect humans, c. trachomatis and c. psittaci, in elementary body morphology and shares less than 10% of the dna homology with those species. the organism has a global distribution, with infection most common among children between the ages of 5 and 14 years. in children, twar infection is usually mild or asympt ...19958665464
the epidemiology of infectious myocarditis, lymphocytic myocarditis and dilated cardiomyopathy.infectious myocarditis is a common condition which often passes unrecognized, and the true incidence is thus unknown. lymphocytic myocarditis has been recorded in 1.06% of 12,747 unselected routine autopsies performed over a 10-year period. dilated cardiomyopathy (dcm) has an estimated frequency of 7.5-10% per 100,000 inhabitants per year. overall, the enteroviruses, and particularly the coxsackie-b viruses, predominate among viruses as the cause of myocarditis. as new molecular biological techn ...19958682098
[direct immunofluorescence in the diagnosis of twar infection]. 19958924555
chlamydia trachomatis as a possible cofactor for kaposi's sarcoma in aids.aids-associated kaposi's sarcoma (ks) is much more frequent in patients acquiring hiv infection via the sexual route. epidemiological studies have confirmed the likely involvement of a sexually acquired cofactor in the pathogenesis of this form of ks. we have formulated a set of postulates, epidemiological and experimental, to fit a single unifying hypothetical agent. chlamydia trachomatis is one of 3 agents to fit the epidemiological criteria. our data suggest a possible association between inc ...19958845400
[unilateral pulmonary edema in an infant]. 19958681845
immune response to chlamydia trachomatis heat-shock protein in infertile female patients and influence of chlamydia pneumoniae antibodies.a total of 446 sera from 245 patients with primary or secondary infertility, all of whom were examined laparoscopically, 117 patients with chlamydia trachomatis-positive cervical swabs, and 84 control persons (50 obstetric patients and 34 female blood donors) were tested for antibodies to chlamydia trachomatis and to chlamydia pneumoniae with the microimmunofluorescence (mif) test. mif test antibody rates were highest in patients with complete tubal occlusion (73%) and in patients with proven ch ...19958681981
molecular cloning, sequence analysis, and functional characterization of the lipopolysaccharide biosynthetic gene kdta encoding 3-deoxy-alpha-d-manno-octulosonic acid transferase of chlamydia pneumoniae strain tw-183.the gene kdta of chlamydia pneumoniae strain tw-183, encoding the enzyme 3-deoxy-alpha-d-manno-octulosonic acid (kdo) transferase of lipopolysaccharide biosynthesis, was cloned and sequenced. a single open reading frame of 1314 bp was identified, the deduced amino acid sequence of which revealed 69% similarity and 43% identity with kdta of chlamydia trachomatis and chlamydia psittaci. the gene was expressed in the gram-positive host corynebacterium glutamicum and the primary gene product was cha ...19958748024
diagnosis of ornithosis by cell culture and polymerase chain reaction in a patient with chronic pneumonia.we report the case of a woman who had pneumonia due to chlamydia psittaci. a chlamydia species was determined to be the causative agent of the pneumonia because it was isolated from bronchoalveolar lavage fluid, because it could be detected in lung biopsy specimens by the direct immunofluorescence technique, and because chlamydia-specific antibodies could be detected by elisa and microimmunofluorescence. the infectious agent could not be identified at the species level with use of serological te ...19958749643
pneumonia due to chlamydia pneumoniae: prevalence, clinical features, diagnosis, and treatment.the association of chlamydia pneumoniae with pneumonia was first reported in 1985. this review summarizes the data collected during the subsequent 10 years on the prevalence, clinical features, diagnosis, and treatment of this disease, which is now associated with approximately 10% of all cases of pneumonia worldwide. primary infections are documented most often in schoolchildren and young adults, while reinfections are prominent among the elderly. c. pneumoniae pneumonia is difficult to diagnos ...19958749673
pneumonia: the impact of antibiotic resistance on its management.pneumonia in the community affects between 1 and 5 per 1000 per year. the microbial aetiology is diverse and influenced by preexisting disease, seasonality, as well as animate and inanimate environmental sources; pneumococci, legionella spp., mycoplasma pneumoniae, and more recently chlamydia pneumoniae are the predominant bacterial pathogens. gram-negative enteric bacteria although less common are particularly virulent. antibiotic resistance is well established for haemophilus influenzae and gr ...19959158749
emerging pathogens of community-acquired pneumonia: a two-year prospective study. 19958904127
chlamydia pneumoniae pneumonia: role of new macrolides. 19958904128
two cases of lower respiratory tract infection due to chlamydia pneumonia in singapore.chlamydia pneumoniae, previously known as chlamydia psittaci strain twar, causes both upper and lower respiratory tract infection. we report the first two cases of culture-positive chlamydia pneumoniae lower respiratory infection in singapore. both patients had underlying fibrosing alveolitis and presented with a history of prolonged productive cough and fever. chlamydia pneumoniae was isolated from the bronchoalveolar lavage fluid in the absence of other pathogens. the patients responded clinic ...19958838997
[value and limitations of the microimmunofluorescence technique in the diagnosis of chlamydia infections in humans]. 19959506145
survival of chlamydia pneumoniae following contact with various surfaces.objective: in this study, the survival and recovery of chlamydia pneumoniae (cp) strains tw-183, ar-39, ar-388 and cwl-029 were measured after inoculation on glass, stainless steel, formicar laminate, paper, fabric and human skin. methods: inoculum in throat washes from healthy volunteers was applied to each surface. samples were taken immediately after inoculum application and at specified intervals thereafter to determine infectivity. results: infectious cp was recovered from glass for up to 4 ...199511866738
laboratory diagnosis of chlamydia pneumoniae infections.chlamydia pneumoniae is an important cause of respiratory illness. there is a need for accurate and rapid laboratory diagnostic methods that will lead to improved patient care, appropriate use of antimicrobial therapy and a better understanding of the epidemiology of this emerging pathogen. culture is highly specific but is technically demanding, expensive, has a long turnaround time and its sensitivity is highly dependent on transport conditions. antigen detection tests such as enzyme immunoass ...199522514397
chlamydia pneumoniae pneumonia: an evolving clinical spectrum.chlamydia pneumoniae is a recently recognized respiratory tract pathogen. it accounts for 6 to 10% of all cases of community acquired pneumonia requiring admission to hospital. two patients hospitalized with c pneumoniae pneumonia are presented to illustrate its range of severity and the extrapulmonary manifestations.199522514396
pneumonia in pregnancy.pneumonia complicating pregnancy requires a prompt diagnosis and the institution of adequate supportive and antimicrobial therapy. in a patient with a classic presentation of pneumonia, the most likely pathogens are streptococcus pneumoniae and haemophilus influenzae. in a patient with an atypical presentation of pneumonia, mycoplasma pneumoniae and chlamydia pneumoniae are frequently encountered. in a patient suffering from acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (aids), pneumocystis carinii is the ...199518475411
immunopathogenesis of chlamydia pneumoniae infections in children. 199618476082
medical microbiologythe chlamydiae are a small group of nonmotile coccoid bacteria that are obligate intracellular parasites of eukaryotic cells. chlamydial cells are unable to carry out energy metabolism and lack many biosynthetic pathways; therefore they are entirely dependent on the host cell to supply them with atp and other intermediates. because of their dependence on host biosynthetic machinery, the chlamydiae were originally tho ...199621413294
chlamydia infection in street youth: need for more aggressive screening programs.to determine, first, the sexual practices among street youth in the ottawa-carleton, ontario region; second, the percentage of street youth who report previous sexually transmitted disease (std) screening; and third, the rate of previous infection with chlamydia trachomatis in this population.199622514416
chlamydia pneumoniae and cardiovascular diseases.chlamydia infection of the cardiovascular system is associated with pericarditis, endocarditis and myocarditis. chlamydia particles can also be observed in damaged heart valves. there is now good evidence that the lesions of arteriosclerosis and aortic aneurysm as well as valvular disease may be associated with c. pneumoniae infection. patients with acute myocardial infarction show seroconversion against chlamydia lipopolysaccharide. in a prospective study of 4000 healthy hypercholesterolemic me ...199611866790
future trends in chlamydia pneumoniae research and the place of macrolides in treatment. 199611866793
community-acquired pneumonia: epidemiologic and clinical considerations.an incidence of between 2 and 44 per 1000 population has been reported for community-acquired pneumonia. epidemiologic studies describe a wide range of causative organisms, including streptococcus pneumoniae, haemophilus influenzae, mycoplasma pneumoniae, legionella spp., moraxella catarrhalis, chlamydia pneumoniae and viruses such as influenza a and b. however, the frequency with which they are reported varies widely. on analysis of these studies, the variation can be explained by a number of f ...199611866796
diagnosis of acute respiratory tract infections: serology and new methods.no test is available that can identify all potential pathogens in acute respiratory tract infections. each diagnostic test is associated with limitations with respect to sensitivity and/or specificity and/or speed, and thus a combination of tests has to be used. even so, no etiologic agent is found in 30--60% of cases. the following methods are recommended for use in the routine laboratory for the diagnosis of infections: (1) legionella --- direct immunofluorescence test, culture, serology and a ...199611866798
clinical features of chlamydia pneumoniae acute respiratory infection.chlamydia pneumoniae is a worldwide respiratory pathogen involved in 6--20% of community-acquired pneumonias and in about 5% of acute exacerbations of chronic bronchitis. preliminary data also indicate a possible association between chlamydia pneumoniae infection and asthma. further studies are needed to elucidate whether chlamydia pneumoniae is merely a precipitant of asthma symptoms or is actually one of the causes of asthma.199611866789
epidemiology of intracellular pathogens.epidemiologic studies of chlamydia pneumoniae have been conducted throughout the world. a rate of antibody prevalence of approximately 50% has been found in adults, with small regional differences. we studied the antibody prevalence of c. pneumoniae in healthy persons and patients with acute respiratory infections in japan. the microplate immunofluorescence antibody (mfa) technique was used for measuring antibodies, and the cases with igg titers of greater-than-or-equal 1:64 were considered to h ...199611866788
diagnostic methods for intracellular pathogens.diagnosis of infection with chlamydia pneumoniae is difficult and the optimal diagnostic procedure has yet to be established. c. pneumoniae is more difficult to isolate in tissue culture than c. trachomatis. attention must be paid to the site from which the specimen is taken, and all specimens should be processed within 24 h or stored at 4 c. serologic diagnosis largely depends on microimmunofluorescence testing which, despite proposed criteria, still has a large subjective component. serology h ...199611866786
prevalence of chlamydia trachomatis, chlamydia psittaci and chlamydia pneumoniae antibodies in blood donors and attendees of std clinics.objective: to estimate the prevalence of chlamydia trachomatis, c. psittaci and c. pneumoniae antibodies in sera from altogether 931 blood donors, patients with symptoms of urethritis, assumed salpingitis and sexually acquired reactive arthritis (sara), and women with fertility problems. methods: igg antibodies to c. trachomatis, c. psittaci and c. pneumoniae were determined by microimmunofluorescence (mif) tests. all patients were also tested for genital c. trachomatis infection using direct im ...199611866775
association of positive chlamydia trachomatis and chlamydia pneumoniae immunoglobulin g titers with increasing agedue to previously reported associations of ovarian cancer with pelvic inflammatory disease, tubal infertility, and positive chlamydia trachomatis titers, women undergoing follow-up for ovarian cancer were screened with a c. trachomatis igg titer. positive titers were seen in 15 (79%) of 19 women with ovarian cancer, 9 (90%) of 10 age-matched controls, and 14 (67%) of 21 patients with infertility and pain. when analyzed by age, 4 (40%) of 10 women under 30 years of age and 34 (85%) of 40, 30 year ...19969074148
analytic performance and contamination control methods of a ligase chain reaction dna amplification assay for detection of chlamydia trachomatis in urogenital specimens.a ligase chain reaction (lcr) dna amplification assay that targeted the cryptic plasmid of chlamydia trachomatis was developed to detect c. trachomatis urogenital tract infection. the objectives of this study were to determine the cutoff and analytic performance of the lcr assay and to characterize the effectiveness of its postdetection contamination control method. the assay's cutoff was determined after receiver-operator characteristic (roc) analysis of 4660 clinical data points. the assay det ...19969147911
detection of chlamydia pneumoniae in atheroma specimens. 19968843240
in vitro activities of azithromycin and doxycycline against 15 isolates of chlamydia pneumoniae.fourteen isolates of chlamydia pneumoniae, 12 from clinically ill patients and 2 from subjectively healthy individuals from an area within a 400-km proximity of gävle, sweden, and strain iol-207, originally from the eye of an iranian child, were tested for susceptibilities to the antibiotics doxycycline and azithromycin. mics and minimum chlamydiacidal concentrations were found to correlate well with values reported earlier by other investigators. in addition to mic and minimum chlamydiacidal co ...19968843291
[clinical manifestations of chlamydia pneumoniae infections].chlamydia pneumoniae is a newly described and ubiquitous bacterium. most infections are asymptomatic as shown by a high worldwide seroprevalence (> 50% of cases). it is a common cause of acute respiratory infections, mainly pneumonia (> 50% of cases) and other acute respiratory tract infections (25% of acute bronchitis, < 5% of sinusitis, otitis and pharyngitis). about 10% of the community acquired pneumonia cases have been associated with chlamydia pneumoniae infection. this incidence depends o ...19969008746
[importance of chlamydia pneumoniae as a new respiratory pathogen].the incidence of chlamydia pneumoniae as a cause of respiratory tract infection was evaluated in a one-year prospective study in 142 patients with community-acquired pneumonia. an indirect immunofluorescence method which detects antibodies in acute and convalescent serum samples was used. serological evidence of current infection was a four-fold rise in igg antibody titer or a positive igm fraction. c. pneumoniae was the causative pathogen in nine patients. this result is similar to those obtain ...19969019134
sero-prevalence of chlamydia infections in under five children. 19969057382
a seroepidemiologic study of chlamydia pneumoniae, chlamydia trachomatis and chlamydia psittaci in different populations on the mainland of china.to evaluate and compare the prevalence of antibodies to 3 chlamydial species in various populations on the mainland of china, the mif test was used to detect both serum igg and igm antibodies to these species in the normal population (n = 711), in poultry workers (n = 51), in female prostitutes (n = 106), in patients attending the sexually transmitted diseases clinic (n = 98), and in adult patients with pneumonia and bronchitis (n = 108). in the normal population, igg antibodies against c. pneum ...19969060055
serology of chlamydia in relation to asthma and bronchial hyperresponsiveness.antibodies to the 3 strains of chlamydia were measured in the sera of 197 subjects; 122 with asthma-related symptoms and 75 from the general population. the subjects underwent a structured interview, spirometry, a methacholine provocation test and skin-prick tests. for chlamydia antibodies, igg titer values of > or = 1:512 and/or igm > or = 1:16 were regarded as evidence of a current or recent infection while igg levels < 1:512 and > 1:32 were regarded as indicative of a previous infection. for ...19969122636
new pathogens for respiratory infections.the emergence of new pathogens and the increasing antimicrobial resistance patterns of old pathogens are contributing factors to the high epidemiologic impact of lower respiratory tract infections. hantaviruses, chlamydia pneumoniae, and penicillin-resistant streptococcus pneumoniae have recently gained most of the attention of international researchers. hantavirus pulmonary syndrome has been confirmed in 100 cases with a very high mortality (52%). risk factors for infection are peridomestic cle ...19969363136
treatment of acute bronchitis in adults without underlying lung disease.to determine whether antibiotic and bronchodilator treatment of acute bronchitis in patients without lung disease is efficacious.19968905509
community-acquired pneumonia in the elderly: a multivariate analysis of risk and prognostic factors.to assess the risk and prognostic factors of community-acquired pneumonia occurring in the elderly (over age 65 yr) requiring hospitalization, two studies, case-control and cohort, were performed over an 8-mo period in a 1,000-bed university teaching hospital. we studied 101 patients with pneumonia (cases), age 78.5 +/- 7.9 yr (mean +/- sd). each case was matched for sex, age (+/- 5 yr), and date of admission (+/- 2 d) with a control subject, without pneumonia during the preceding 3 yr, arriving ...19968912763
community-acquired pneumonia in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: a spanish multicenter study.community-acquired pneumonia (cap) is an infectious illness that frequently motivates hospital admission when comorbid conditions are present. however, the epidemiology of cap in relation to the underlying disease of the patients is not well known. we performed a prospective multicenter study with the aim of assessing the clinical characteristics, etiology, and outcome of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (copd) patients with cap. between october 1992 and december 1994 we studied 124 copd pa ...19968912764
in vitro activities of azithromycin, clarithromycin, and other antibiotics against chlamydia pneumoniae.the in vitro susceptibilities of chlamydia pneumoniae isolates to macrolide, tetracycline, and quinolone antibiotics were determined. tetracycline, clarithromycin, and erythromycin had the lowest mics in the first cell culture passage. azithromycin required the lowest concentration for complete inhibition of inclusion formation on the second pass into antibiotic-free medium, likely reflecting its high intracellular concentrations.19968913488
limits of the microimmunofluorescence test and advantages of immunoblotting in the diagnosis of chlamydiosis.the western blot (immunoblot) patterns of 56 serum specimens, all examined previously by the microimmunofluorescence (mif) test for species-specific chlamydia antibodies, were analyzed. predominant specific-antibody activity was directed to the 170-, 155-, 145-, 120-, 115-, 100-, 57-, and 38-kda proteins of chlamydia trachomatis and to the 175-, 130-, 110-, 98-, and 30-kda proteins of chlamydia pneumoniae. all of these antigens appeared to be species specific. the reactivity with 90-, 80-, 75-, ...19968914762
chlamydiae as pathogens: new species and new issues.the recognition of genital chlamydial infection as an important public health problem was made first by the recognition of its role in acute clinical syndromes, as well as in serious reproductive and ocular complications, and secondly by our awareness of its prevalence when diagnostic tests became widely accessible. the recent availability of effective single dose oral antimicrobial therapy and sensitive molecular amplification tests that allow the use of noninvasive specimens for diagnosis and ...19968969247
association of chlamydial infection with cerebrovascular disease.recent studies suggest an association of coronary heart disease and carotid atherosclerosis with chlamydia pneumoniae infection. we investigated the frequency of chlamydial seropositivity and specific circulating immune complexes in patients with recent cerebrovascular disease.19968969782
association of chlamydia pneumoniae iga antibodies with recently symptomatic asthma.to determine whether recently diagnosed adult-onset asthma is associated with serologic evidence of chronic chlamydia pneumoniae infection, we performed a case-control study in a primary care clinic of cases with asthma (25 adults reporting first symptoms of asthma within 2 years of enrollment) and 45 concurrently enrolled sex and age (+/- 10 years) matched non-asthmatic controls with normal pulmonary function. c. pneumoniae-specific iga, igg and igg4 antibodies, and circulating immune complexes ...19968972677
[epidemiology of acute bronchopulmonary infections in children].in infants and young children acute lower respiratory infection is the most common cause of morbidity and death especially in developing countries. factors that contribute to the increased susceptibility to respiratory pathogens include young age, season, sex, indoor pollution, large family size, malnutrition, low immunocompetence, socioeconomic disadvantage. the epidemiology of acute respiratory infections in childhood seems similar worldwide. in all countries, respiratory syncytial virus, para ...19968978159
[pulmonary chlamydia infections in children].in the last decades chlamydial infection of the respiratory tract have been described in children. chlamydia trachomatis, the most common identifiable cause of neonatal infections conjunctivitis is also a recognised cause of pneumonia in newborns and is responsible for about one third of sexually transmitted disease. chlamydia psittaci is mainly pathogenic for birds and occasionally for human. more recently chlamydia pneumoniae has been found associated with pulmonary abnormalities, nasopharynx ...19968978164
seroepidemiology of feline chlamydiosis by microimmunofluorescence assay with multiple strains as antigens.the prevalence of anti-chlamydia antibodies was examined in 232 cat sera collected in 1985 and from 1993 to 1995 from laboratories and veterinary hospitals located in 11 prefectures of japan. the antibodies were determined by an indirect microimmunofluorescence test using six strains of feline chlamydia: one strain each of avian- and guinea pig-derived c. psittaci and one strain each of c.pecorum, c.pneumoniae and c.trachomatis. positive rates of igg antibodies to chlamydiae were 34.4% in 1985 a ...19968981349
community-acquired chlamydia pneumoniae pneumonia. 19968984717
[double infection of chlamydia pneumoniae and mycoplasma pneumoniae in children].there have been fewer reports on chlamydia pneumoniae infection during childhood than those in adults, although many of the c. pneumoniae infections occurred during childhood based on prevalence of the antibody. and there have been no reports concerning the double infection of c. pneumoniae and m. pneumoniae. we reported three cases of children with the double infection. we diagnosed this from significant alteration of these antibodies from the acute to convalescent phases. we omitted the cases ...19968986072
a microcarrier culture method for the production of large quantities of viable chlamydia pneumoniae.we studied the propagation of chlamydia pneumoniae strain tw-183 in hep2 cells grown on microcarrier beads. infection of the cells in microcarrier culture was optimized by addition of 7.5% polyethylene glycol 4000 (peg4000) during adsorption. the yield in microcarrier culture was similar to that of microtitre-plate culture using centrifugation-assisted infection (120 x 10(6) and 225 x 10(6) bacteria/10(6) hep2 cells respectively), as was the burst size (505 and 449 bacteria produced/infecting ba ...19968987643
diagnosis of legionella pneumophila, mycoplasma pneumoniae, or chlamydia pneumoniae lower respiratory infection using the polymerase chain reaction on a single throat swab specimen.diagnosis of mycoplasma pneumoniae and chlamydia pneumoniae lower respiratory infections using dna amplification by polymerase chain reaction (pcr) on throat swab specimens has been reported. in this study we determined the sensitivity of the detection of legionella pneumophila in simulated throat swab specimens by pcr. next, we compared the sensitivity and specificity of a single throat swab pcr with the current tests for diagnosis of legionella spp., m. pneumoniae, and c. pneumoniae in patient ...19968988757
oral empiric treatment of community-acquired pneumonia. a multicenter, double-blind, randomized study comparing sparfloxacin with roxithromycin. the scandinavian sparfloxacin study group.comparison of efficacy and safety of sparfloxacin (spfx) vs roxithromycin (roxi) for treatment of community-acquired pneumonia (cap).19968989068
[uveitis and joint pain without pulmonary involvement disclosing chlamydia pneumoniae infection]. 19968991031
[chlamydia pneumoniae infection: an uncommon cause of rhabdomyolysis]. 19969082389
[towards chlamydia pneumoniae vaccination]. 199610592967
adult respiratory distress syndrome due to chlamydia pneumoniae in a young adult.a case of life-threatening chlamydia twar pneumonia complicated by encephalitis in a young, previously healthy adult is described. the patient presented with full blown adult respiratory distress syndrome and required prolonged ventilatory support and rigorous antibiotic and supportive care. he recovered fully without any neurologic sequelae. chlamydia pneumoniae pneumonia should be included in the differential diagnosis of the severe community acquired pneumonia, because if properly sought and ...19969499816
characterization of the murine antibody response to peptides representing the variable domains of the major outer membrane protein of chlamydia pneumoniae.in an attempt to gain more knowledge about the immunogenicity of the variable domains (vds) of the major outer membrane protein (momp) of chlamydia pneumoniae, peptides representing these areas were used to immunize balb/c and c57bl/6 mice. antisera to the peptides and to peptides conjugated to keyhole limpet hemocyanin (klh) were characterized by their ability to recognize the immunizing peptide and elementary bodies (ebs) of c. pneumoniae by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (elisa) and wester ...19968757875
[clinical manifestations of chlamydia pneumoniae infections]. 19968760681
chlamydia pneumoniae and atherosclerosis. 19968760682
relation of c reactive protein to cardiovascular risk factors. h pylori and c pneumoniae infections may account for most acute coronary syndromes. 19968761257
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