Publications

identification of serotypes of rickettsia tsutsugamushi by nested polymerase chain reaction.	nested polymerase chain reaction (pcr) was applied to identify the serotypes of rickettsia tsutsugamushi isolated from patients. the primers used for pcr were based on the nucleotide sequences encoding a 56 kda antigen of rickettsiae. comparing to the conventional immunofluorescence assay (ifa), which displays a considerable degree of cross-reactivity among different species, the result obtained suggests that the polymerase chain reaction method is much more reliable than ifa.	1996	10592793
scrub typhus infections poorly responsive to antibiotics in northern thailand.	rickettsia tsutsugamushi, the aetiological agent of scrub typhus, is common in asia and readily infects visitors to areas where disease transmission occurs. rapid defervescence after antibiotic treatment is so characteristic that it is used as a diagnostic test for r tsutsugamushi infection. reports from local physicians that patients with scrub typhus in chiangrai, northern thailand responded badly to appropriate antibiotic therapy prompted us to do a prospective clinical evaluation and antibio ...	1996	8676722
genotypic identification of rickettsia tsutsugamushi by restriction fragment length polymorphism analysis of dna amplified by the polymerase chain reaction.	we combined the nested polymerase chain reaction and restriction fragment length polymorphism (pcr-rflp) for genotypic identification of rickettsia tsutsugamushi. four primers were selected from the dna sequence of the gene encoding a 56-kd serotype-specific antigen of the karp strain. nested pcr produced rickettsia-specific products of approximately 0.6 kb in the amplification of dna prepared from three reference strains (gilliam, karp, and kato) and two prototype strains (irie and hirano) prev ...	1996	8686786
the typhus group.		1996	8727129
laboratory tests of arthropod repellents against leptotrombidium deliense--noninfected and infected with rickettsia tsutsugamushi--and noninfected l. fletcheri (acari: trombiculidae).	laboratory tests were conducted to compare the response of noninfected leptotrombidium deliense sambon and leptotrombidium fletcheri (womersley & heaslip) and l. deliense naturally infected with rickettsia tsutsugamushi, the etiologic agent of scrub typhus, to 8 chemical repellents and toxicants. low concentrations of permethrin, dimethylphthalate, diethyl methylbenzamide, benzyl benzoate, di-n-propyl 2,5-pyridine-dicarboxylate, 1-(3-cyclohexen-1-yl-carbonyl)-2-methylpiperidine (ai3-37220), 2-hy ...	1996	8742527
apoptosis of lymphocytes in mice induced by infection with rickettsia tsutsugamushi.	histological examinations of mice infected with either a lethal (karp) or a self-limitating (gilliam) strain of rickettsia tsutsugamushi were performed. tingible body macrophages in the spleen and necrotizing lymphadenitis in regional lymph nodes were prominent only in the former. apoptotic legions in the lymphocytes of these organs were clearly demonstrated by histochemical and electron microscopical examinations.	1996	8751955
[symbiotic relationship between orientia tsutsugamushi and vector mites].		1996	8752375
demonstration of antigenic and genotypic variation in orientia tsutsugamushi which were isolated in japan, and their classification into type and subtype.	a total of 40 strains of orientia tsutsugamushi (34 isolates from patients and trombiculid mites in japan, and 6 prototype strains of antigenic variants) were examined for classification based on the reactivities with type-specific monoclonal antibodies in indirect immunofluorescence tests, and on the restriction fragment length polymorphism of a polymerase chain reaction (pcr)-amplified 56-kilodalton type-specific antigenic protein gene. by these methods, several antigenic and genotypic variant ...	1996	8908607
infection with human immunodeficiency virus does not influence the clinical severity of scrub typhus.	infection by orientia (formerly rickettsia) tsutsugamushi causes scrub typhus, a severe febrile disease common in asia. both scrub typhus and aids are prevalent in northern thailand. therefore, we prospectively investigated the impact of infection due to human immunodeficiency virus (hiv) on the severity of the clinical syndrome produced by o. tsutsugamushi. the severity of scrub typhus was objectively graded on admission of patients to the hospital, and serologies for antibodies to hiv were per ...	1996	8922820
antibodies to orientia tsutsugamushi in thai soldiers.	thai soldiers who were conscripted, royal thai army forces, professional border patrol police, or local militia (thai rangers) located in any of seven provinces of thailand were bled in april and again, four months later, in july 1989. in 1991, soldiers from five different locations in southern thailand were bled once, in july. serum samples were tested by indirect fluorescent antibody assay for antibody to orientia (formerly rickettsia) tsutsugamushi, etiologic agent of scrub typhus, with any t ...	1996	8940989
virulence in mice of orientia tsutsugamushi isolated from patients in a new endemic area in japan.	four strains of orientia tsutsugamushi (kn-1, kn-2, kn-3 and gj-1) isolated from patients in an area of gifu prefecture, japan, in which tsutsugamushi disease is newly endemic, were examined for their virulence in mice. among these, kn-1 (identified as kawasaki type), gj-1 (identified as kuroki type) and kn-2 strains were found to be non-lethal for balb/c mice as well as ch3/hej mice, even with high doses (10(6) x being the 50% mouse infectious dose). on the other hand, the kn-3 strain was found ...	1996	8981347
comparison of serological reactions of rickettsiae-infected patients and rabbit anti-proteus ox antibodies with proteus ox2, ox19 and oxk lipopolysaccharides.	the reactivity of anti-rickettsiae human antibodies with proteus ox cells is used as a presumptive rickettsial diseases diagnostic test weil-felix reaction. in presented studies we compare the reactivity of human anti-rickettsiae and rabbit anti-proteus antibodies with series of proteus ox2, ox19 and oxk lipopolysaccharides (lps). polyclonal rabbit anti-ox2, anti-ox19 and anti-oxk sera reacted only with the homologous lps--ox2, ox19 and oxk, respectively. the antibodies of japanese spotted fever ...	1996	9017163
elisa-based colorimetric detection of rickettsia tsutsugamushi dna from patient sera by nested polymerase chain reaction.	a rapid diagnostic system for scrub typhus was established using colorimetric detection of nested polymerase chain reaction (pcr). this system relied on binding the amplified dna via a sequence in one of oligodeoxyribonucleotide to the dna-binding protein gcn4 coated on the well of a micotiter dish. the primer pairs used for the nested pcr were designed on the basis of the homologous nucleotide sequence of the gene that encodes the 56 kda antigen of serovariants. with this colorimetric pcr, diag ...	1996	9031416
diagnosis of scrub typhus in malaysian aborigines using nested polymerase chain reaction.	a rapid diagnostic system for scrub typhus using nested polymerase chain reaction (pcr) was applied to clinical samples from malaysian aborigines. whole blood from twenty-four patients suspected of scrub typhus infection were tested using nested polymerase chain reaction and sera were evaluated by the indirect immunoperoxidase test. antibody responses towards rickettsia tsutsugamushi were observed in seventeen patients with the majority having high titers of igg antibodies. seven patients were s ...	1996	9185274
[role of leptotrombidium (l.) scutellare in transmission of human diseases].	a series of cases of hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome (hfrs) in shaanxi province and autumn-type tsutsugamushi disease in jiangsu province were studied during 1988 to 1990 and 1986 to 1993 to explore the role of leptotrombidium (l.) scutellare in transmission of these diseases. results showed that l. (l.) scutellare is a dominant strain of mites inhabiting in rats and its seasonal fluctuation conformed to the seasonal distribution of these diseases. l. (l.) scutellare could naturally infect ...	1996	9208519
medical microbiology	rickettsiae are small, gram-negative bacilli that have evolved in such close association with arthropod hosts that they are adapted to survive within the host cells. they represent a rather diverse collection of bacteria, and therefore listing characteristics that apply to the entire group is difficult. the common threads that hold the rickettsiae into a group are their epidemiology, their obligate intracellular life ...	1996	21413251
[a case of tsutsugamushi disease as an imported infection].	tsutsugamushi disease is widely spread throughout japan. a case of tsutsugamushi disease was seen in october, 1996. a 64-year-old male developed typical symptoms of tsutsugamushi disease with rickettsia tsutsugamushi, after he returned to japan from cheju island, korea. not only in japan but also in other asian countries including korea, china, taiwan, and thailand, tsutsugamushi disease is one of the most important rickettsial diseases carried by ticks or mites. if a traveller returning from an ...	1997	9209129
[the patients without specific antibodies, were diagnosed by pcr as tsutsugamushi disease].		1997	9209131
high concentration of recombinant murine interferon-beta enhances the growth of orientia (formerly rickettsia) tsutsugamushi gilliam in mouse l929 cells.	we studied the effect of recombinant murine interferons (rmuifns) on the growth of orientia (formerly rickettsia) tsutsugamushi gilliam in mouse l929 cells. rickettsial growth was measured by flow cytometry. rmuifn-gamma inhibited the growth of o. tsutsugamushi at the concentrations of 100 i.u./ml and 1,000 i.u./ml in accord with previous reports. relatively low concentrations (10 i.u./ml and 100 i.u./ml) of rmuifn-beta also inhibited the growth of o. tsutsugamushi. on the other hand, high conce ...	1997	9219637
seroepidemiologic evidence for murine and scrub typhus in malang, indonesia.	indonesian military personnel stationed in malang, east java were among troops deployed to central cambodia as part of the united nations' transition authority cambodia peace-keeping operation in 1992. predeployment blood samples obtained from a cohort of indonesian soldiers indicated a high prevalence of antibodies to antigens of rickettsia typhi or orientia (formerly rickettsia) tsutsugamushi, the etiologic agents for murine and scrub typhus, respectively. to evaluate the potential risk of the ...	1997	9242326
conjunctival injection, episcleral vessel dilation, and subconjunctival hemorrhage in patients with new tsutsugamushi disease.	tsutsugamushi disease is found in two types: classical and new. there have been very few reports describing the ocular findings in patients with the new form. we have described four patients with this type, selected according to their clinical and laboratory findings, including immunofluorescent titers and polymerase chain reaction results. eyes were examined by standard ophthalmic procedures. patient 1 had bilateral conjunctival injection and subconjunctival hemorrhage; patients 2-4 had conjunc ...	1997	9243318
isolation of a new orientia tsutsugamushi serotype.	orientia tsutsugamushi, the etiological agent of scrub typhus, is an antigenically diverse organism and many serologically distinct strains have been identified. the 56 kda protein of o. tsutsugamushi, a major protein in the outer membrane, has been thought to be responsible for this antigenic variability. a strain of o. tsutsugamushi isolated in korea cross-reacted with both gilliam strain-specific and karp strain-specific monoclonal antibodies. when its 56 kda protein gene was cloned and analy ...	1997	9251054
prevalence of genotypes of orientia tsutsugamushi in patients with scrub typhus in miyazaki prefecture.	the genotypes of orientia tsutsugamushi in patients with scrub typhus in miyazaki prefecture were examined by polymerase chain reaction (pcr) and the restriction fragment length polymorphism method. specific patterns for genotypes irie, hirano, tazume and yoshimura were detected in 26, 6, 5 and 2 of 39 dna samples obtained from peripheral blood mononuclear cells, respectively. dna sequences of the pcr products from the tazume strain were genetically very close to the hirano strain and the yoshim ...	1997	9251062
geographical distribution of vectors and sero-strains of tsutsugamushi disease at mid-south inland of korea.	studies of geographical distributions and relative population densities of the vector mites of tsutsugamushi disease were carried out in october 1996 at 12 locations of the mid-south inland of the korean peninsula, where chigger mites have been never studied. of 177 field rodents and insectivores collected, 154 (87.0%) were apodemus agrarius. total 25,707 chigger mites were collected and 14 species were identified, of which leptotrombidium pallidum was predominant (79.8%) and l. palpale the next ...	1997	9335182
induction of neutralizing antibody in mice by immunization with recombinant 56 kda protein of orientia tsutsugamushi.	anti-oriential antibody inhibits orientia tsutsugamushi attachment to, and penetration of, host cells. however, o. tsutsugamushi antigens that induce the production of a neutralizing antibody have not been identified. the authors immunized mice and rabbits with the recombinant 56 kda protein of o. tsutsugamushi fused to the maltose binding protein of escherichia coli (mbp-bor56) and analysed their effect on o. tsutsugamushi attachment to or penetration of l929 cells. o. tsutsugamushi attachment ...	1997	9364677
short report: surveillance of rickettsial infections in indonesian military personnel during peace keeping operations in cambodia.	indonesian peacekeepers in cambodia provided a unique study population to estimate the threat of rickettsial exposure to rickettsia typhi (murine typhus), orientia tsutsugamushi, (scrub typhus), and r. conorii (spotted fever) for the region. prescreening prevalence measure showed a large proportion (36%) of soldiers with antibodies to r. typhi. predeployment prevalence for antibodies to o. tsutsugamushi was 8%, with no evidence of background r. conorii infections. actual seroconversions of r. ty ...	1997	9392597
mapping of antigenic determinant regions of the bor56 protein of orientia tsutsugamushi.	the 56-kda protein (bor56) of orientia tsutsugamushi is an immunoprotective antigen and is the target molecule of neutralizing antibodies. this antigen is recognized by almost all of the serum antibodies produced by patients in the convalescence phase of scrub typhus. we expressed the bor56 open reading frame in escherichia coli and generated from it a series of deletion constructs as male fusion proteins. antibody-binding domains were characterized by using patient sera, mouse monoclonal antibo ...	1997	9393823
increased levels of macrophage colony-stimulating factor, gamma interferon, and tumor necrosis factor alpha in sera of patients with orientia tsutsugamushi infection.	levels of macrophage colony-stimulating factor (nine of nine patients) and gamma interferon (six of nine patients) in serum were elevated above the range of normal in the acute phase of tsutsugamushi disease. significant increases in levels of tumor necrosis factor alpha were observed during the convalescent phase in five patients, and they exceeded the levels observed during the acute phase. hypercytokinemia appeared to be responsible for the emergence of the symptoms of tsutsugamushi disease.	1997	9399546
a case of scrub typhus probably acquired in africa.		1997	9431401
[clinical and serological study of tsutsugamushi disease in northern osumi, kagoshima prefecture].	we report 34 cases of tsutsugamushi disease seen from 1989 to 1993 at yagi clinic, northern osumi, kagoshima prefecture. nineteen patients (55.9%) showed the highest antibody titers against the kawasaki strain orientia tsutsugamushi (ot) and 13 (38.2%) against the kuroki strain ot. it is suggested that two antigenic types (kawasaki and kuroki) of ot were distributed in kagoshima prefecture, and the kawasaki type ot more or less dominates kuroki type ot. there was no difference in clinical featur ...	1997	9483878
emerging infections in australia.	over the last 10 years, novel infectious agents including equine morbillivirus, lyssavirus, barmah forest virus, rickettsia honei and two as-yet-unnamed bunyaviruses have been identified as causes of human disease in australia. previously described agents, such as japanese b encephalitis virus, dengue virus, ross river virus, orientia tsutsugamushi, rickettsia australis, burkholderia pseudomallei, mycobacterium ulcerans and trichinella pseudospiralis, have increased their geographical distributi ...	1997	9494666
scrub typhus in the western pacific region.	scrub typhus is widely endemic in asia. man's behaviour and climatic changes greatly influenced the occurrence of the disease. increasing prevalences of scrub typhus have been reported from some asian countries and may coincide with the widespread use of beta-lactam antibiotics or to improve diagnostic facilities and/or more urbanisation into rural areas. many cases acquired in asia surfaced in europe and america. the disease probably is overlooked among paediatric patients. most patients with s ...	1997	9522982
antibodies to orientia tsutsugamushi in soldiers in northeastern thailand.	the prevalence and incidence of antibodies to orientia tsutsugamushi, the etiologic agent of scrub typhus, in thai soldiers living and working near the thai-cambodian border in si sa ket province was investigated. the point prevalence of antibodies varied from 0 to 4.1%. the incidence of antibodies, calculated from individuals who seroconverted following a negative result in a previous bleeding 3 to 5 months earlier, was 4.21% (9/214) in january 1992, 0 in april 1992 and 3.76% (8/213) in septemb ...	1997	9561627
[sero-negative tsutsugamushi disease (scrub typhus) diagnosed by polymerase chain reaction].	we report a case of sero-negative tsutsugamushi disease diagnosed by polymerase chain reaction (pcr). a 54-year-old man who worked in nagano prefecture presented with flu-like symptoms that did not respond to cephalosporin therapy. on admission to another hospital, chest roentgenography revealed abnormal shadows; liver dysfunction was also present. despite therapy, the patient's condition gradually worsened and he was transferred to our intensive care unit. erythema on all extremities and scabs ...	1997	9567083
scrub typhus associated with multiorgan failure: a case report.	the spectrum of clinical severity for scrub typhus ranges from inapparent, mild, to severe or fatal. the pathologic changes are focal or disseminated multiorgan vasculitis of the small blood vessels, a fact that helps explain the great diversity of clinical manifestations that can be encountered. we reported a case of scrub typhus with unusual and serious multiorgan involvement, including tubulointerstitial nephritis (tin) with acute renal failure (arf), interstitial pneumonitis with adult respi ...	1997	9571750
occurrence of high ratio of males after introduction of minocycline in a colony of leptotrombidium fletcheri infected with orientia tsutsugamushi.	in colonies of leptotrombidium fletcheri mites infected with orientia tsutsugamushi (ot), the agent of scrub typhus, males rarely appear. in the present study, the development of a high ratio of males was observed after introduction of minocycline (mc). a high dose of mc was injected subcutaneously into a mouse, and by feeding unfed larvae from an infected mite colony on this mouse, the ot in the mites were successfully killed. of a total of 130 unfed larvae attached to the mouse, 29 developed i ...	1997	9062784
evaluation of an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay in thai scrub typhus patients.	we report the development of an improved enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (elisa) to detect orientia (formerly rickettsia) tsutsugamushi antibody in human sera. results were compared with a standard test, the indirect immunoperoxidase assay (iip). control serum samples were collected from 96 american soldiers and 198 royal thai army soldiers with no recent history of clinical illness. sera were examined from 79 febrile, thai scrub typhus patients presenting at chiang rai (76) and bangkraui nont ...	1997	9063359
pregnancy with scrub typhus and vertical transmission: a case report.	scrub typhus is a rickettsian disease which is seldom found in pregnancy. a 31-year-old, 34 weeks pregnant woman presented with fever, chill and cough for 6 weeks. fetal jeopardy was found then a cesarean section was performed to deliver a 2,200 g male with hepatosplenomegaly. the mother's diagnosis was confirmed by positive weil-felix (oxk titer 1:320) and scrub typhus (titer 1:1600) tests. vertical transmission was also demonstrated by a positive scrub typhus igm in her child.	1997	9094822
structural and serological studies of the o-antigen of the bacterium proteus mirabilis oxk (serogroup o3) used in the weil-felix test.	sugar analysis and 1h- and 13c-nmr spectroscopic studies showed that various strains of proteus mirabilis oxk used as antigens in the weil-felix test for serodiagnosis of rickettsiosis (scrub typhus) produce lipopolysaccharides (lpss) with the same o-specific polysaccharide chain having the following structure: [formula: see text] where glca and gala are glucuronic and galacturonic acids, respectively. this polysaccharide which defines the o3 specificity of proteus and has been found earlier in ...	1997	9113725
central nervous system involvement in patients with scrub typhus.	scrub typhus, which is caused by orientia tsutsugamushi, is a systemic illness that causes generalized vasculitis. the central nervous system (cns) is the most crucial target in other rickettsial diseases; however, there have been several reports of encephalitis or meningitis without direct evidence of rickettsial invasion of the cns in cases of scrub typhus. to investigate cns involvement in cases of scrub typhus, we analyzed the csf profiles (cell count and levels of protein and glucose) and a ...	1997	9114196
induction of homologous immune response to rickettsia tsutsugamushi boryong with a partial 56-kilodalton recombinant antigen fused with the maltose-binding protein mbp-bor56.	although the 56-kda protein of rickettsia tsutsugamushi has been presumed to play important roles in generating protective immunity against scrub typhus, studies of this protein have been impeded. we used the recombinant 56-kda protein of r. tsutsugamushi boryong fused with the maltose-binding protein of escherichia coli (mbp-bor56) to analyze its ability to induce protective immunity in a c3h/hedub murine model. intraperitoneal immunization of mice with mbp-bor56 resulted in an increase in the ...	1997	9119501
a new species of leptotrombidium (acari:trombiculidae) collected in active rice fields in northern thailand.	leptotrombidium (leptotrombidium) chiangraiensis tanskul & linthicum is described and illustrated as new from specimens collected from the rodents rattus rattus (l., 1758), rattus argentiventer (robinson & kloss, 1916), rattus losea (swinhoe, 1870), and bandicota indica (bechstein, 1800) in chiangrai province northern thailand. the new species was collected in active rice fields and adjacent fruit plantation areas. the etiological agent of scrub typhus, orientia (formerly rickettsia) tsutsugamus ...	1997	9151504
[analysis of clinical severity of tsutsugamushi disease according to the serotype of pathogenic rickettsia].	we compared the severity of clinical symptoms and laboratory test results of tsutsugamushi disease patients in oita prefecture according to the serotype of infected r. tsutsugamushi. of the 45 patients, except one with the karp-type, who were suffering in oita prefecture between 1992 and 1994, 20 were the irie-type and 24 were the hirano-type. there was no apparent difference with regard to clinical symptoms between the two groups of patients. laboratory tests showed that crp increased almost eq ...	1997	9164083
characterization of orientia tsutsugamushi isolated in taiwan by immunofluorescence and restriction fragment length polymorphism analyses.	a total of 10 strains of orientia tsutsugamushi were isolated from field rodents and chiggers in taiwan, and characterized by immunofluorescence analysis with monoclonal antibodies and by restriction fragment length polymorphism analysis of the 56-kilodalton (kda) protein gene. the isolates were divided into two groups consisting of 1 and 9 strains which showed some relation to gilliam and karp type strains, respectively. however, all these isolates possessed characteristics distinct not only fr ...	1997	9170266
[studies on clinical epidemiology of tsutsugamushi disease of the autumn-winter type in the easten suburbs of jinan].	this paper reported the epidemiological characteristics of 154 cases under investigation for tsutsugamushi disease of autumn-winter type in the eastern suburb of jinan. results showed that the characteristics differed greatly from those in the southern part of china. majority of patients had toxic symptoms due to infections but specific characteristics were less obvious. eschars and ulcers appeared only in 14.94% of the cases and occurred only in autumn-winter season. clinically mild cases const ...	1997	9812527
characterization of human immunoglobulin (ig) isotype and igg subclass response to bartonella henselae infection.	serologic parameters of cat scratch disease (csd) were evaluated by western blot analysis. sera from patients with serologically confirmed csd antigen were screened for immunoglobulin (ig) isotype-specific as well as igg subclass-specific reactivity against bartonella henselae whole-cell antigen. bartonella-negative control sera were used to determine baseline antibody activity. heterogeneous b. henselae-specific igg reactivity with numerous protein bands, ranging from >150 to <17 kda, was obser ...	1998	9826373
serious complications in scrub typhus.	scrub typhus, a mite-transmitted zoonosis caused by orientia tsutsugamushi, is a disease endemic to taiwan. serious complications in scrub typhus were more common in the past 4 years than reported previously. between august 1993 and july 1997, 33 cases of scrub typhus were admitted at tri-service general hospital. symptoms and signs were: fever (100%), chills (39%), cough (24%), headache (21%), diarrhea (18%), dyspnea (18%), eschar (60%), adenopathy (33%), and rash (21%). nineteen percent (6/32) ...	1998	10496165
new orientia tsutsugamushi strain from scrub typhus in australia.	in a recent case of scrub typhus in australia, orientia tsutsugamushi isolated from the patient's blood was tested by sequence analysis of the 16s rdna gene. the sequence showed a strain of o. tsutsugamushi that was quite different from the classic karp, kato, and gilliam strains. the new strain has been designated litchfield.	1998	9866742
seroprevalence of scrub typhus infection in patients with pyrexia at some malaria clinics in three western provinces of thailand.	in thailand, the epidemiological data on scrub typhus infection represents only "the tip of an iceberg" especially in malaria clinics where patients come to seek attention because of other febrile illnesses that may have initial clinical signs that are indistinguishable from malaria. the objectives of this study were to determine the prevalence of antibody titers to orientia tsutsugamushi, and its various strains, among patients at some malaria clinics in three western provinces of thailand. the ...	1998	9876950
molecular and serologic survey of orientia tsutsugamushi infection among field rodents in southern cholla province, korea.	field rodents were collected from six areas in southern cholla province, korea from october to december 1993. twenty-eight (24%) of the 119 apodemus agrarius were seropositive (> 1:10) for orientia tsutsugamushi by the passive hemagglutination assay (pha). of the seropositive cases, 11 specimens had antibody titers greater than 1:80. no seropositive specimens were found among the eight crocidura lasiura collected. on the other hand, the polymerase chain reaction (pcr) amplified about 520 basepai ...	1998	9574801
[tsutsugamushi fever. rare rickettsiosis after a stay in the philippines].	after returning to his native germany from a holiday in the philippines a 37-year-old man was admitted because of high fever, cervical lymphadenopathy, pharyngitis and conjunctivitis, transient skin rash, nausea and vomiting, leukocytosis with shift to the left, atypical lymphocytes, as well as increased transaminases, ldh and cholestasis-indicating enzymes.	1998	9615696
expression and refolding of truncated recombinant major outer membrane protein antigen (r56) of orientia tsutsugamushi and its use in enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays.	the variable 56-kda major outer membrane protein of orientia tsutsugamushi is the immunodominant antigen in human scrub typhus infections. the gene encoding this protein from karp strain was cloned into the expression vector pet11a. the recombinant protein (r56) was expressed as a truncated nonfusion protein (amino acids 80 to 456 of the open reading frame) which formed an inclusion body when expressed in escherichia coli bl21. refolded r56 was purified and compared to purified whole-cell lysate ...	1998	9665960
vectors vs. humans in australia--who is on top down under? an update on vector-borne disease and research on vectors in australia.	australia has a diversity of vectors and vector-borne human diseases. mosquito-borne arboviruses are of greatest concern, but there are issues with other vector and pathogen systems. mosquitoes were responsible for more than 35,000 cases of ross river virus during 1991-1997. barmah forest virus is increasing nationwide, and unidentified bunyaviruses suspected of causing illness have been isolated. cases of murray valley encephalitis have occurred in 14 of the past 20 years in northern australia. ...	1998	9673928
recovery and viability of orientia tsutsugamushi from packed red cells and the danger of acquiring scrub typhus from blood transfusion.	the purpose of this study was to determine whether infective orientia tsutsugamushi, the etiologic agent of scrub typhus, could survive normal blood banking processing and storage procedures.	1998	9683108
a new ecology for scrub typhus associated with a focus of antibiotic resistance in rice farmers in thailand.	following the documentation of chloramphenicol-resistant and doxycycline-resistant strains of orientia tsutsugamushi (hyashi) in northern thailand, we conducted ecological and epidemiological studies near the houses of patients hospitalized with antibiotic-resistant infections. new associations between chiggers, rodents, and o. tsutsugamushi in active rice agriculture areas, an ecological habitat not described previously, are reported. rattus rattus (l.) was the most common species (representing ...	1998	9701943
immunocytochemical methods to study the distribution of orientia tsutsugamushi in leptotrombidium (acari: trombiculidae) chiggers.	immunocytochemical methods were developed and tested for their ability to detect the distribution of orientia tsutsugamushi in paraffin sections of adult chiggers (leptotrombidium imphalum vercammen-grandjean & langston). rickettsial antigen was detected by application of a simple direct or amplified immunocytochemistry procedure and an indirect immunofluorescent procedure. in the direct procedure alkaline phosphatase conjugation to the mouse polyclonal antibody to the karp strain was followed b ...	1998	9701944
western blotting analysis of heat shock proteins of rickettsiales and other eubacteria.	heat shock proteins (hsp) of four rickettsia species, three bartonella species, two ehrlichia species, orientia tsutsugamushi and seventeen other eubacterial species were characterized by the enhanced chemiluminescence western blotting (wb) technique with antibodies raised against recombinant hsp from escherichia coli and purified groes from r. typhi. although e. coli dnak and groel have epitopes that are highly conserved among the homologous proteins found in rickettsia, ehrlichia, o. tsutsugam ...	1998	9809424
serological evidence of natural infection of wild rodents (rattus spp and tupaia glis) with rickettsiae in malaysia.		1998	10437957
occurrence of orientia tsutsugamushi in chiggers (acari: trombiculidae) and small animals in an orchard near bangkok, thailand.	the ecology of orientia tsutsugamushi (hayashi) was studied in chiggers and small animals in an orchard near bangkok, thailand. small animals were trapped monthly between july and november 1992 and examined for the presence of o. tsutsugamushi and ectoparasitic chiggers. a total of 40 rattus rattus (l.) and 16 tupaia glis (diard) was trapped. o. tsutsugamushi was isolated from liver and spleen samples of 30.8% of r. rattus and 18.6% of t. glis. antibodies to o. tsutsugamushi were detected in 95% ...	1999	10467771
meningoencephalitis, myocarditis and disseminated intravascular coagulation in a patient with scrub typhus.	a 21-year-old male soldier was admitted due to a sore throat, headache, generalized lymphadenopathy and persistent fever for 12 days. despite empirical antibiotic treatment for four days at a clinic prior to admission, he continued to have persistent abdominal pain over his right upper quadrant region and progressive jaundice was followed by shock. after admission, he developed an episode of clonic seizures and became delirious and agitated. an electrocardiogram showed first degree atrioventricu ...	1999	11561571
[molecular typing of taiwanese orientia tsutsugamushi isolates by restriction fragment profile].	scrub typhus, which is caused by orientia tsutsugamushi, is one of the reportable diseases in taiwan, roc. positive cases seemed to be increasing in recent years and our laboratory had confirmed a total of 247 cases in 1997. in this study, 71 strains of o. tsutsugamushi were isolated from heparinized blood of the patients by cell culture, and their dna was isolated. two-step polymerase chain reaction was then used to amplify a specific sequence from the dna, which was digested with restriction e ...	1999	11565564
redescription of leptotrombidium (leptotrombidium) imphalum (acari: trombiculidae), with observations on bionomics and medical importance in northern thailand.	leptotrombidium (leptotrombidium) imphalum vercammen-grandjean & langston is redescribed and illustrated. specimens were collected from the rodents rattus rattus, rattus losea, and bandicota indica in chiangrai province, northern thailand. the species was found on hosts collected on dikes at the margins of rice fields and in adjacent fruit plantations and along irrigation canals, especially in areas covered with the grasses imperata cylindrica (lalang grass) and saccharum arudinaceum. the etiolo ...	1999	10071498
[classic type tsutsugamushi disease].		1999	10201201
[new type tsutsugamushi disease].		1999	10201202
antigenic relationship among the eight prototype and new serotype strains of orientia tsutsugamushi revealed by monoclonal antibodies.	orientia tsutsugamushi, the etiologic agent of tsutsugamushi disease, exhibits great antigenic variation. three classical strains (karp, gilliam, and kato) and new antigenic types from thailand (ta686, ta678, ta716, ta763, and th1817) have been used as prototype strains of o. tsutsugamushi in many studies. in this study, monoclonal antibodies to the five thailand strains were produced, and their reactivity against prototype strains and newly identified isolates from korea and japan was tested. w ...	1999	10338191
rickettsia serosurvey in kimberley, western australia.	to determine if antibodies to rickettsiae (scrub typhus, spotted fever, and typhus group rickettsiae) occur among persons living in the kimberley (northern tropical) region of western australia, 920 sera collected in a non-random manner in 1996 from patients in kununurra, broome, fitzroy crossing, wyndham, derby, and halls creek were tested by micro-immunofluorescence for antibodies to a panel of rickettsial antigens. of 920 sera examined, 52 (5.6%) were positive for antibodies to one or more of ...	1999	10344653
seroepidemiologic survey of orientia tsutsugamushi, rickettsia typhi, and tt118 spotted fever group rickettsiae in rubber estate workers in malaysia.	the seroprevalence of orientia tsutsugamushi, rickettsia typhi, and tt118 spotted fever group (sfg) rickettsiae in 300 rubber estate workers in slim river, malaysia was determined in december 1996 and march 1997. in december, which was the wet season, 23.3%, 3.0%, and 57.3% of the population had antibodies detected against the three rickettsiae, respectively. the highest seropositive rate of 40% was detected for single infection with sfg rickettsiae, followed by a rate of 15.3% for both o. tsuts ...	1999	10432060
apoptosis of endothelial cell line ecv304 persistently infected with orientia tsutsugamushi.	endothelial cells are major targets of orientia tsutsugamushi. to examine the consequences of the infection of endothelial cells with o. tsutsugamushi, we used human endothelial cell line ecv304. persistent infection was established and infected cultures could be maintained for over seven months without the addition of normal cells. the heavily infected cells became round and floated in the culture medium, harboring large numbers of organisms inside them. some of the infected ecv304 cells showed ...	1999	10524792
homotypic and heterotypic antibody responses to a 56-kilodalton protein of orientia tsutsugamushi.	we analyzed homotypic and heterotypic antibody responses to a type-specific antigen (tsa), a 56-kda protein of orientia tsutsugamushi, by using sera from mice immunized with strains gilliam, karp, kato, and boryong. we generated a series of deletion constructs of the tsa gene and expressed them as male fusion proteins. variable domain i (vd i) showed strong responses to homotypic antibodies. antigenic domain ii (ad ii) from boryong and karp showed cross-reactivities to each other. vd iii showed ...	1999	10531289
azithromycin activities against orientia tsutsugamushi strains isolated in cases of scrub typhus in northern thailand.	azithromycin was given to mice and humans infected with strains of orientia tsutsugamushi from northern thailand, where drug-resistant scrub typhus occurs. azithromycin and doxycycline yielded comparable mouse survival rates (73 and 79%, respectively; p > 0.5). symptoms, signs, and fever in two pregnant women abated rapidly with azithromycin. prospective human trials are needed.	1999	10543774
disassembly of focal adhesions during apoptosis of endothelial cell line ecv304 infected with orientia tsutsugamushi.	many bacterial pathogens induce apoptosis in their host cells. we observed the cellular effect of ecv304 cells infected with orientia tsutsugamushi. the infected cells became rounded and floated in culture supernatant. these floating cells as well as adherent cells exhibited typical features of apoptosis, such as dna fragmentation and tunel staining. as many cells detached from growth substrate, we examined the focal adhesion using the immunofluorescence assay method and observed decreased focal ...	1999	10545254
phylogenetic analysis of orientia tsutsugamushi strains based on the sequence homologies of 56-kda type-specific antigen genes.	close and distant relationship among 31 strains of orientia tsutsugamushi (20, two, one and eight strains were isolated in japan, korea, china and southeast asia, respectively) were clarified using phylogenetic analyses based on homologies of 56-kda type-specific antigen genes. isolates in japan, korea and china were located in eight separate clusters in the phylogenetic tree, and each was designated as jg (japanese gilliam type), jp-1 and jp-2 (japanese karp 1 and 2 types), kato, kawasaki, kuro ...	1999	10556707
decreased prevalence of orientia tsutsugamushi in trombiculid mites and wild rodents in the primorye region, far east russia.	the isolation of orientia tsutsugamushi was attempted from 249 rodents and approximately 14,000 trombiculid mites captured in the primorye region, far east russia in 1993 and 1994, where high infection rates were recorded in both rodents and mites in the 1960s. however, no rickettsia was isolated from the samples. low antibody titers against o. tsutsugamushi were detected in 7.1% of the rodents. these results indicate that the prevalence of o. tsutsugamushi in the primorye region has decreased c ...	1999	10585144
isolation of orientia tsutsugamushi from patients in shikoku and finding of a strain which grows preferentially at low temperatures.	three strains of orientia tsutsugamushi were isolated from patients in anan city, tokushima prefecture. the strains were identified as karp type by analyses of reactivities with type-specific monoclonal antibodies. one strain, okazaki, was isolated in l cells cultivated at 31 c, but not in cells at 36 c or in mice. this strain showed better growth at 31 c than 36 c. this is the first report of an o. tsutsugamushi strain which grows preferentially at low temperatures.	1999	10585145
mucin-related epitopes distinguish m cells and enterocytes in rabbit appendix and peyer's patches.	the biochemical composition of the apical membranes of epithelial m cells overlying the gut-associated lymphoid tissues (galt) is still largely unknown. we have prepared monoclonal antibodies (mabs) directed against carbonate-washed plasma membranes from epithelial cells detached with edta from rabbit appendix, a tissue particularly rich in galt. as determined by immunofluorescence microscopy, several mabs specifically recognized either m cells or enterocyte-like cells of the domes from rabbit a ...	1999	9864237
seasonal occurrence of leptotrombidium deliense (acari: trombiculidae) attached to sentinel rodents in an orchard near bangkok, thailand.	leptotrombidium deliense walch that attached to sentinel laboratory mice and the roof rat, rattus rattus (l.), placed in an orchard habitat near bangkok, thailand, were studied between april 1993 and april 1995. a single l. deliense larva was attached to only 1 of 51 laboratory mice placed in the study area between april and september 1993. overall, 89/202 (44.1%) r. rattus had 1 or more l. deliense larvae attached, and orientia tsutsugamushi (hayashi), the etiologic agent for scrub typhus, was ...	1999	10593093
[orientia tsutsugamushi].		1999	10635814
[microbiology of orientia tsutsugamushi].		1999	10643299
[analysis of prevalent orientia tsutsugamushi in aichi prefecture].	orientia tsutsugamushi was isolated from one of 8 patients' sera in aichi prefecture, and was identified to have the same antigenicity with the kn-2 strain (kn-2 like) based on the reactivity with 13 types of strain-specific or cross-reactive monoclonal antibodies to karp, gilliam, and kato strains. four isolates from 4 unfed larvae and adult of leptotrombidium pallidum were also classified as the kn-3 like strains. using indirect immunofluorescence, sera from 20 patients with tsutsugamushi dise ...	1999	10655679
scrub and murine typhus among dutch travellers.		1999	10885849
acute respiratory distress syndrome associated with scrub typhus: diffuse alveolar damage without pulmonary vasculitis.	pathologic findings of scrub typhus have been characterized by vasculitis of the microvasculature of the involved organ resulting from a direct invasion by orientia tsutsugamushi. we experienced a case of acute respiratory distress syndrome (ards) associated with scrub typhus. the case was proven by eschar and high titer of serum igm antibody (positive at 1:1280). open lung biopsy showed diffuse alveolar damage (dad) in the organizing stage without evidence of vasculitis. immunofluorescent antib ...	2000	10895979
multiple organ failure complicating probable scrub typhus.	this report describes a case of life-threatening acute respiratory distress syndrome with multiple organ failure complicating probable scrub typhus. favorable outcome was associated with fluoroquinolone therapy. scrub typhus should be suspected in travelers returning from southeast asia presenting with unexplained respiratory manifestations.	2000	10913423
neutralization epitopes on the antigenic domain ii of the orientia tsutsugamushi 56-kda protein revealed by monoclonal antibodies.	monoclonal antibodies (moabs) reactive with the authentic orientia tsutsugamushi 56-kda protein were generated. moab fs10 and fs15 showed in vitro, as well as, in vivo neutralizing activity upon o. tsutsugamushi infection. deletion mutants of the gene for 56-kda protein of o. tsutsugamushi boryong were expressed to map the binding region. fs10 and fs15 are bound to amino acids (aa) located in an antigenic domain ii, at residues 140-160 and 187-214, respectively. computer modeling indicated that ...	2000	10924780
annual incidence of tsutsugamushi disease caused by different serotypes of orientia tsutsugamushi in miyazaki prefecture in 1991-1999.		2000	10957711
antibodies to orientia tsutsugamushi, rickettsia typhi and spotted fever group rickettsiae among febrile patients in rural areas of malaysia.	a serosurvey was conducted in 1995-97 among 1596 febrile patients from 8 health centres in malaysia for antibodies against orientia tsutsugamushi (ot), rickettsia typhi (rt) and tt118 spotted fever group rickettsiae (sfgr) by using an indirect immunoperoxidase assay. a total of 51.4% patients had antibody against at least 1 of those rickettsiae. antibody to sfgr was most prevalent (42.5%), followed by rt (28.1%) and ot (24.9%). the seroprevalences of antibodies to sfgr, rt or ot alone were 12.4, ...	2000	10974999
aids research. the odd intersection of hiv and scrub typhus.	can contracting another disease help suppress hiv? researchers report intriguing new findings suggesting that a disease called scrub typhus may offer novel leads to developing anti-hiv treatments and vaccines.	2000	10979849
hiv-1 suppression during acute scrub-typhus infection.	in hiv-1-infected individuals, viral load has been reported to rise transiently if an acute infection with another organism occurs. our study was prompted by the unexpected finding that hiv-1 copy number fell during an acute infection with orientia tsutsugamushi, the causative agent of scrub typhus.	2000	10981892
heat shock protein 60 sequence comparisons: duplications, lateral transfer, and mitochondrial evolution.	heat shock proteins 60 (groel) are highly expressed essential proteins in eubacterial genomes and in eukaryotic organelles. these chaperone proteins have been advanced as propitious marker sequences for tracing the evolution of mitochondrial (mt) genomes. similarities among hsp60 sequences based on significant segment pair alignment calculations are used to deduce associations of sequences taking into account groel functional/structural domain differences and to relate hsp60 duplications pervasi ...	2000	11027334
development and persistence of antibodies to orientia tsutsugamushi in the roof rat, rattus rattus and laboratory mice following attachment of naturally infected leptotrombidium deliense.	the development and persistence of antibodies to orientia tsutsugamushi in rattus rattus and laboratory mice following infection from the bite of naturally infected leptotrombidium deliense is reported. antibodies in r. rattus were first detected using an indirect immunoperoxidase method 2 weeks after attachment of an infected mite. the igm antibody response was mild, and was detected 2, 4 and 6 weeks after infection, while the igg response was stronger and was detected from 2 to 19 weeks after ...	2000	11114390
pericarditis due to tsutsugamushi disease.	tsutsugamushi disease is an acute febrile illness caused by rickettsia tsutsugamushi, which enters into the human bloodstream through the bite of leptotrombidium. it is characterized by eschar, fever and cutaneous rash. pericardial effusion in tsutsugamushi disease is not a common manifestation, although a high rate of effusion was reported in autopsy in those who had died of the disease. here, we report a case of tsutsugamushi pericarditis documented by indirect immunofluorescent test of perica ...	2000	10716090
reducing the risk of transfusion-transmitted rickettsial disease by wbc filtration, using orientia tsutsugamushiin a model system.	careful donor screening and infectious disease marker testing have significantly reduced the incidence of transfusion-transmitted diseases and improved the safety of the blood supply. however, transfusion-transmitted diseases resulting from the use of asymptomatic yet infectious donors continue to put patients at risk. this study was undertaken to determine if third-generation wbc filters could remove orientia tsutsugamushi-infected cells from contaminated blood.	2000	10738028
cellular invasion of orientia tsutsugamushi requires initial interaction with cell surface heparan sulfate.	role of transmembrane heparan sulfate proteoglycans on invasion of orientia tsutsugamushi into host cells was investigated. pretreatment with heparan sulfate and heparin inhibited the infection of o. tsutsugamushi for l cell, mouse fibroblast, whereas other glycosaminoglycans had little effect. these same treatments were also shown to reduce the infection in a dose-dependent manner, and enzymatic treatment of cells with heparitinase, but not chondroitinase abc, inhibited the infection. in additi ...	2000	10764614
isolation of orientia tsutsugamushi from leptotrombidium fuji and its characterization.	in our attempts to isolate orientia tsutsugamushi from trombiculid mites, a strain was successfully isolated from leptotrombidium fuji collected in aichi prefecture, japan. this is the first case of isolation of o. tsutsugamushi from l. fuji. a phylogenetic analysis based on the base-sequence homology of the 56-kda type-specific antigen-gene indicated that the strain is a new type which is not closely related to any strains analyzed previously. three strains isolated from leptotrombidium pallidu ...	2000	10789509
antibiotics for treating scrub typhus.	scrub typhus is a cause of fever in regions of asia and the pacific. recently, resistance to antibiotics has been reported.	2000	10796680
occurrence of scrub typhus (tsutsugamushi) in kanagawa prefecture and types of orientia tsutsugamushi involved.		2000	10871922
transmission of orientia tsutsugamushi, the aetiological agent for scrub typhus, to co-feeding mites.	experiments were conducted to investigate the potential for transmission of orientia tsutsugamushi, the aetiological agent for scrub typhus, when naturally infected mite larvae were co-feeding with uninfected larvae. larvae from colonies of leptotrombidium deliense and l. imphalum infected with o. tsutsugamushi were used. transmission of o. tsutsugamushi to previously uninfected l. deliense and blankaartia acuscutellaris co-fed with infected l. deliense was shown to occur. the overall minimum ra ...	2000	10874723
evaluation of a commercially available recombinant-protein enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for detection of antibodies produced in scrub typhus rickettsial infections.	the 56-kda major outer membrane protein antigen of orientia tsutsugamuchi is the immunodominant antigen in human scrub typhus (st) infections. an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (elisa) using a recombinant 56-kda protein (r56) to detect specific immunoglobulin m (igm) produced in st infections was developed, and its performance was evaluated using sera from patients with active st (n = 59), spotted fever (sf) (n = 31), and murine typhus (mt) (n = 6) and from those without rickettsial infection ...	2000	10878067
human anti-scrub typhus rickettsia and rabbit anti-proteus antibodies recognize similar epitope in the o-polysaccharide part of proteus mirabilis oxk lipopolysaccharide.	in the weil-felix test, sera from patients infected with orientia tsutsugamushi reacted with lipopolysaccharide (lps) from proteus mirabilis oxk strains. the o-polysaccharide of p. mirabilis oxk lps consisted of pentasaccharide repeating units, with amidically-linked lysine residues. the lysine, linked to galacturonic residues, which plays an important role in the reaction with rabbit anti-oxk antibodies, was revealed with the aid of synthetic antigens. using elisa, immunoglobulin m antibodies f ...	2000	11131808
psoralen photochemical inactivation of orientia tsutsugamushi in platelet concentrates.	the risk of transfusion transmission of disease has been reduced by the combination of predonation questions and improved transfusion-transmitted disease assays, but the risk is still present. this study was conducted to determine if psoralen photochemistry could inactivate an obligate intracellular bacterium, with documented potential for transfusion, in pcs to further improve safety.	2000	11134571
evaluation on the occurrence of tsutsugamushi disease in tottori prefecture.	in tottori prefecture, we gathered the data of all patients known to have been infected with tsutsugamushi disease (td) over a span of 49 years, from 1950 to 1998. the total number of patients reported so far has been 19, 16 of which occurred after 1988. recently, it has been observed that the incidence tended to increase. of the 13 laboratory confirmed patients, 7 came from saji village and chizu town, in the yazu district, a place whereby, a body of water known as the sendai river partly passe ...	2000	11138539