Publications

TitleAbstractYear(sorted ascending)
Filter
PMID
Filter
serosurvey among mediterranean spotted fever patients of a new spotted fever group rickettsial strain (bar29).mediterranean spotted fever is an endemic disease in catalonia, spain. a new spotted fever group (sfg) rickettsial strain (bar29) of unknown pathogenicity for humans was isolated by our group, in 1996, from the dog brown tick, rhipicephalus sanguineus. interestingly, rickettsia conorii was not isolated in this study. the aim of the present study was to assess the possible pathogenic role of the bar29 strain. to this purpose, serum samples from 15 patients with mediterranean spotted fever were ob ...200312803376
transcriptional analysis of p30 major outer membrane protein genes of ehrlichia canis in naturally infected ticks and sequence analysis of p30-10 of e canis from diverse geographic regions.rhipicephalus sanguineus ticks transmit ehrlichia canis, the etiologic agent of canine ehrlichiosis. in experimentally infected ticks, only p30-10 transcript was detected among 22 p30 paralogs encoding immunodominant major outer membrane p30 proteins of e. canis. the present study revealed transcription of p30-10 by e. canis in naturally infected ticks and sequence conservation of p30-10 genes for e. canis from diverse geographic regions.200312574308
identification of tick vectors of ovine theileriosis in an endemic region of iran.this study was made to determine the population of ticks in infected sheep and attempting to identify the tick vectors of ovine theileriosis in an endemic area of iran from 2000 to 2001. a total of 188 suspected cases of ovine theileriosis from 28 flocks were clinically examined and investigated for the presence of theileria lestoquardi in appropriate blood smears and any tick species on body of sheep. in this study, 36.17% of sheep were infected to t. lestoquardi with a parasitemia of 0.01-15%. ...200314519321
first evidence of anaplasma platys in rhipicephalus sanguineus (acari: ixodida) collected from dogs in africa.a total of 27 ticks, comprising rhipicephalus sanguineus (latreille) (n = 21), haemaphysalis leachi (andouin) (n = 4) and haemaphysalis paraleachi (camicas, hoogstraal & el kammah) (n = 2) were recovered from two clinically healthy female dogs in the democratic republic of the congo. dna of anaplasma platys was detected in a female r. sanguineus, using primers derived from the 16s rrna gene, which amplify members of the family anaplasmataceae . anaplasma platys dna was also detected in the blood ...200314621316
a study about tick vectors of bovine theileriosis in an endemic region of iran.the aim of this study was to determine the population of ticks in infected cattle and to identify the tick vectors of bovine theileriosis in an endemic area of iran from 1998 to 1999. a total of 120 suspected cattle suffering from theileriosis were clinically examined and investigated for the presence of theileria annulata in blood smears and the presence of any tick species on the body of cattle. in this study, 680 ticks were collected from 107 cattle infected with t. annulata. the prevalence o ...200314629004
tick infestation of dogs in thessaloniki, northern greece.ticks were collected from 249 dogs, admitted over a one-year period (1996-1997) to a veterinary teaching hospital and four private veterinary practices located in the county of thessaloniki, greece. a total of 2812 ticks (acari: ixodidae) were collected, of which 2511 (89.3%) were rhipicephalus sanguineus (latreille) adults (1070 males, 1441 females), 156 (5.5%) r. turanicus pomerantsev adults (35 males, 121 females), 100 (3.6%) rhipicephalus spp. nymphs and 45 (1.6%) rhipicephalus spp. larvae. ...200312680933
molecular detection of anaplasma platys in dogs using polymerase chain reaction and reverse line blot hybridization.several polymerase chain reactions (pcrs) and a reverse line blot hybridization (rlb) method were used to identify anaplasma platys in dogs held in a kennel in italy. whereas pcr techniques confirmed the presence of a. platys, the rlb method not only correlated the results obtained by pcr but also ruled out the presence of other species such as ehrlichia canis or e. chaffeensis. there was no correlation between infection status and age or breed of the dogs. polymerase chain reaction performed on ...200314667015
genetic variability within borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato genospecies established by pcr-single-strand conformation polymorphism analysis of the rrfa-rrlb intergenic spacer in ixodes ricinus ticks from the czech republic.in europe the borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato complex is represented by five distinct genospecies: borrelia burgdorferi sensu stricto, borrelia afzelii, borrelia garinii, borrelia valaisiana, and borrelia lusitaniae. these taxonomic entities are known to differ in their specific associations with vertebrate hosts and to provoke distinct clinical manifestations in human patients. however, exceptions to these rules have often been observed, indicating that strains belonging to a single genospecies ...200312514035
ehrlichiae and ehrlichial diseases in china.the various ticks collected from different areas of china were examined for the existence of ehrlichial agents by polymerase chain reaction (pcr) with genus- or species-specific primers designed on the basis of ehrlichial 16s rrna genes and sequence analyses. in southern china, e. chaffeensis was detected in amblyomma testudinarium ticks from infested cattle, haemaphysalis yeni ticks from hare, and ixodes ovatus ticks from muntiacus reevesi. e. canis was identified in rhipicephalus sanguineus ti ...200312860598
assay of fipronil efficacy to prevent canine monocytic ehrlichiosis in endemic areas.our objective was to evaluate the efficacy of fipronil for the prevention of ehrlichia canis transmission to dogs by rhipicephalus sanguineus in two endemic areas situated in africa (dakar and djibouti). we carried out controlled trials in kennels for 1 year on 248 dogs, mainly police dogs and military working dogs. eight groups were studied in a multi-centre study. fifty five fipronil treated dogs were located in two separated kennels (g3, 37 dogs in djibouti and g8, 18 dogs in dakar). g1 (66 d ...200312581587
genetic diversity of bacterial agents detected in ticks removed from asymptomatic patients in northeastern italy.a total of 360 ticks were removed from 353 asymptomatic subjects in belluno province, italy and surrounding areas, from 1998 to 2001. ticks were identified as ixodes ricinus (357), ixodes hexagonus (1), rhipicephalus sanguineus (1), and ixodes ventalloi (1). tick dna was investigated by pcr and subsequent sequencing of amplified products to identity associated bacterial agents. primers targeting different genes of rickettsia (glta and ompa), borrelia (16s rdna, rpob), francisella (16s rdna), and ...200312860623
molecular evidence of coxiella-like microorganism harbored by haemaphysalis concinnae ticks in the russian far east.twenty female imago of haemaphysalis concinnae ticks collected from wild vegetation in may of 2001 in the obor region near khabarovsk in the russian far east were studied. dna was extracted with commercially available kits following manufacturer's instructions. we used broad range primers sfg3 and sfg6 proposed for amplification of 16s ribosomal rna gene's portion of spotted fever group rickettsia. initial amplification resulted in positive results in all 20 ticks. direct sequencing of five rand ...200312860630
israeli spotted fever rickettsia in sicilian rhipicephalus sanguineus ticks. 200312899144
the efficacy of collars impregnated with flumethrin and propoxur against experimental infestations of adult rhipicephalus sanguineus on dogs.the efficacy of 2 sets of collars (kiltix collar, bayer ag), containing different plasticisers and impregnated with the acaricides flumethrin (2.25%) and propoxur (10%), was compared against adult rhipicephalus sanguineus on experimentally infested, kennelled dogs. thirty individually penned dogs were infested with 25 male and 25 female, unfed r. sanguineus. on the following day they were allocated to 3 groups of 10 dogs each on the magnitude of their tick burdens. two days after infestation, me ...200315038425
[epidemiologic features of mediterranean spotted fever in portugal].mediterranean spotted fever (msf) is a tick-borne rickettsial disease. it is endemic in portugal and ricardo jorge recognized it in 1930. rhipicephalus sanguineus is the main vector and reservoir of the disease. in portugal the etiologic agents are two strains of rickettsia conorii complex: r. conorii malish and "israeli tick typhus". msf is clinically characterized by a vasculitis process with the classical clinical triad of fever, rash, and lesion at the site of tick bite. although the majorit ...200315631855
new diseases and increased risk of diseases in companion animals and horses due to transport.dogs and horses are transported within the european union for a number of reasons. the transport per se may cause physical problems, exemplified by hyperthermia in dogs and pleuropneumonia in horses, and the stress may reactivate latent infections such as canine herpesvirus-1 and equine herpesvirus-1. preventive treatments are vital to protect dogs from ticks and mosquitoes transmitting their potentially lethal infectious agents, such as leishmania donovani infantum, babesia canis, ehrlichia can ...200316429803
participation of rhipicephalus sanguineus (acari: ixodidae) in the epidemiology of canine visceral leishmaniasis.the vectorial competence of the tick rhipicephalus sanguineus is discussed in relation to the epidemiology of canine visceral leishmaniasis, taking into account its strict association with dogs and the low indices of natural infection presented by its known vector, the phlebotomine sand fly lutzomyia longipalpis. in order to evaluate natural infection by leishmania chagasi and the infectivity of these parasites in the tick, 39 specimens (6 females, 11 males and 22 nymphs) of r. sanguineus were r ...200415725545
cloning and sequencing of putative calreticulin complementary dnas from four hard tick species.calreticulin (crt) is a calcium-binding protein and has many functions in eukaryotic cells. crt is possibly involved in parasite host immune system evasion. to better understand the molecular basis of crt in ticks, we cloned and sequenced 4 full-length complementary dnas (cdnas) from the hard tick species, dermacentor variabilis, haemaphysalis longicornis, ixodes scapularis, and rhipicephalus sanguineus, using the technique of rapid amplification of cdna ends. the deduced amino acid sequences sh ...200415040669
molecular evidence of infections with babesia gibsoni parasites in japan and evaluation of the diagnostic potential of a loop-mediated isothermal amplification method.detection and analysis of babesia gibsoni infection were performed with whole-blood samples collected between july 2002 and july 2003 from 945 and 137 dogs from the aomori and okinawa prefectures of japan, respectively, by pcr and loop-mediated isothermal amplification (lamp). on the basis of the criterion for positivity by pcr, 3.9% (37 of 945) and 10.9% (15 of 137) of the dogs had b. gibsoni dna. all 37 positive animals from aomori prefecture were male tosa dogs (japanese mastiff). the 15 dogs ...200415184421
a laboratory comparison of the life cycles of the dog ticks haemaphysalis leachi and rhipicephalus sanguineus.engorged female haemaphysalis leachi and rhipicephalus sanguineus as well as their eggs, flat and engorged larvae and nymphs were incubated at combinations of five temperatures and three relative humidities. mean pre-oviposition periods for h. leachi varied between 4.3 days and 12.1 days and for r. sanguineus between 4.8 days and 21.0 days. haemaphysalis leachi converted up to 65.7% of their body mass into eggs and produced up to 16.3 eggs/mg body mass, with 4801 eggs the maximum number deposite ...200415185571
molecular differentiation of metastriate tick immatures.hard ticks, family ixodidae, are divided into two groups, the metastriata and the prostriata, based on morphological differences. in the united states, there are four medically important genera of the ixodidae: ixodes, amblyomma, dermacentor, and rhipicephalus. ixodes is the only genus in and representative of the prostriata, whereas the latter three genera are members of the metastriata. all developmental stages of the prostriata can be easily differentiated from the metastriata using morpholog ...200415682516
transcriptional response of rickettsia conorii exposed to temperature variation and stress starvation.rickettsia conorii is an obligate intracellular bacterium transmitted to humans by rhipicephalus sanguineus ticks. the success of this microorganism at surviving in nature implicates the ability to efficiently adapt to different environments, including the arthropod vector and the mammalian host. numerous bacterial species possess a highly evolved system for stress adaptation. this so-called stringent response is mediated by guanosine 3',5'-bispyrophosphate and guanosine 3'-diphosphate 5'-tripho ...200415748986
evaluation of antibiotic susceptibilities of ehrlichia canis, ehrlichia chaffeensis, and anaplasma phagocytophilum by real-time pcr.we determined mics of antibiotics against anaplasma phagocytophilum, ehrlichia chaffeensis, and ehrlichia canis by real-time quantitative pcr. the doubling times of the organisms were established: 19 h for e. chaffeensis, 26 h for a. phagocytophilum, and 28 h for e. canis. in comparison to the reference method for determining sensitivities, which uses diff-quick staining, our pcr assay was very sensitive and specific. we confirmed that doxycycline and rifampin are highly active against these bac ...200415561862
species composition, distribution, and ecological preferences of the ticks of grazing sheep in north-central spain.the distribution and ecological preferences of tick (acari: ixodidae) parasites of grazing sheep in the region of aragón (north-central spain) were surveyed on flocks four times a year and mapped into a 5 x 5 km grid. nine tick species were found. these were species of the rhipicephalus sanguineus group (about 95% of them rhipicephalus turanicus pomerantsev, in 91% of cells of the grid), rhipicephalus bursa canestrini & fanzago (79% of cells), dermacentor marginatus (sulzer) (58% of cells), haem ...200415189237
cross-sectional survey of ticks (acari: ixodidae) in sheep from an area of the southern italian apennines.a cross-sectional survey of ticks was conducted on 197 ovine farms with animals pasturing in an area (3971 km2) of the southern italian apennines. the farms were selected to be uniformly distributed throughout the study area using geographical information system (gis). ticks were collected from 309 (31.4%) out of the 985 sheep sampled, belonging to 92 (46.7%) out of the 197 farms included in the study. the following tick species were found (farm prevalence): dermacentor marginatus (37.6%), haema ...200415285146
pathogenicity of entomopathogenic fungi beauveria bassiana and metarhizium anisopliae to ixodidae tick species dermacentor variabilis, rhipicephalus sanguineus, and ixodes scapularis.nymphal and adult ticks from three different tick species, dermacentor variabilis say, ixodes scapularis say, and rhipicephalus sanguineus latrielle, were treated with conidia and blastospores of the entomopathogenic fungi beauveria bassiana (bals.) vuill. and metarhizium anisopliae metschnikoff. dose-response experiments indicated that a critical concentration of fungal spores is required for infection and mortality. over a 28-d time course, fungal suspensions of either b. bassiana or m. anisop ...200415311464
use of highly variable intergenic spacer sequences for multispacer typing of rickettsia conorii strains.by use of the nearly perfectly colinear genomes of rickettsia conorii and rickettsia prowazekii, we compared the usefulness of three types of sequences for typing of r. conorii isolates: (i) 5 variable coding genes comprising the 16s ribosomal dna, glta, ompb, and sca4 (gene d) genes, which are present in both genomes, and the ompa gene, which is degraded in r. prowazekii; (ii) 28 genes degraded in r. conorii but intact in r. prowazekii, including 23 split and 5 remnant genes; and (iii) 27 conse ...200415583310
ectoparasitic species from canis familiaris (linné) in buenos aires province, argentina.several arthropods that live as ectoparasites on domestic dogs can cause severe dermatitis or act as vectors of pathogenic agents, resulting in serious diseases not only in dogs, but also in humans. we studied ectoparasites found on canis familiaris sampled in five areas in buenos aires province, argentina. the prevalence of fleas, ticks and lice was analyzed, as well as their seasonal variations through the different sites studied. the kind of infestation found in each host was determined and t ...200415019149
detection of antibodies to tick salivary antigens among patients from a region of spain.with a view to determine which tick species bite humans most frequently in the province of soria (spain) and to know whether these species act as vectors of rickettsia conorii and/or borrelia burgdorferi, we analysed the presence of antibodies against salivary proteins of several tick species and of antibodies against r. conorii and b. burgdorferi sensu lato in 102 samples of serum. the sera were collected from 63 patients who were treated for tick bites at the health services of the soria healt ...200415012027
infection with a proposed new subspecies of babesia canis, babesia canis subsp. presentii, in domestic cats.parasitemia with a large babesia species was identified in two domestic cats from israel. one cat, also coinfected with feline immunodeficiency virus and "candidatus mycoplasma haemominutum," had profound icterus and anemia which resolved after therapy, whereas a second cat was an asymptomatic carrier. amplification and sequencing of the 18s rrna gene, followed by phylogenetic analyses, indicated that infection was caused by babesia canis. however, the sequences of the internal transcribed and 5 ...200414715738
crimean-congo hemorrhagic fever in bulgaria.we report the epidemiologic characteristics of crimean-congo hemorrhagic fever in bulgaria, as well as the first genetic characterization of the virus strains circulating in the country in 2002 to 2003 that caused disease in humans.200415496250
demonstration of two distinct hemotropic mycoplasmas in french dogs.in north america it has been shown that distinct hemotropic mycoplasmas exist in dogs. blood samples from 460 french dogs were analyzed by pcr to evaluate hemoplasma infection status. seventy-one dogs (15.4%) were positive; of these, 44 (9.6%) were infected with an organism closely related to "candidatus mycoplasma haemoparvum" only, 15 (3.3%) were infected with mycoplasma haemocanis only, and 12 dogs (2.6%) were dually infected with both organisms.200415528754
ixodid ticks on dogs in southern mozambique.the objective of this study was to determine the species and distribution of ticks infesting domestic dogs in southern mozambique. to this end 89 collections were taken from dogs and the geographic coordinates of the localities at which they were made noted. fifty-eight of these collections were from animals in the city of maputo and 16 from animals at rural settlements close to maputo. a further 15 collections were made from dogs in rural environments north of maputo. ten ixodid tick species, o ...200415732454
preliminary survey of ticks (acari: ixodidae) on cattle in northern sudan.in a cross sectional survey conducted during the period june 2001 to july 2002, the geographical distribution of ticks on cattle in the sudan was determined. seventeen locations were surveyed from northern, central, eastern, western, blue nile and white nile provinces. total body collections of ticks were made from 20 cattle at each location. four tick genera and 11 species were identified. the tick species collected included amblyomma lepidum, amblyomma variegatum, boophilus decoloratus, hyalom ...200415732459
detection of ehrlichial dna in haemaphysalis ticks recovered from dogs in japan that is closely related to a novel ehrlichia sp. found in cattle ticks from tibet, thailand, and africa.tick dna samples from dogs in japan were examined for ehrlichia infection by 16s rrna gene-based pcr and sequencing. three positive samples were detected from haemaphysalis ticks, and higher levels of similarity (98.46 to 99.06%) were found to recently detected ehrlichia spp. from cattle ticks in tibet, thailand, and africa.200415004117
intracellular symbionts and other bacteria associated with deer ticks (ixodes scapularis) from nantucket and wellfleet, cape cod, massachusetts.the diversity of bacteria associated with the deer tick (ixodes scapularis) was assessed using pcr amplification, cloning, and sequencing of 16s rrna genes originating from seven ticks collected from nantucket island and wellfleet, cape cod, mass. the majority of sequences obtained originated from gram-negative proteobacteria. four intracellular bacteria were detected including strains of ehrlichia, rickettsia, and wolbachia and an organism related to intracellular insect symbionts from the cyto ...200414711698
[anaplasma phagocytophila and protozoans of babesia genus in dogs from endemic areas of lyme disease in north-western poland].infections caused by the spirochete borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato may be accompanied by other microorganisms, such as anaplasma, ehrlichia and babesia. these pathogens are transmitted by the ticks and are a risk to humans and animals. ixodes ricinus ticks collected from recreational areas of szczecin and northwestern poland contained dna of the pathogens mentioned above and cases of double and triple coinfection have been documented. the aim of this paper was to determine if dogs suspect to ti ...200416865968
immunization effect of recombinant p27/30 protein expressed in escherichia coli against the hard tick haemaphysalis longicornis (acari: ixodidae) in rabbits.we investigated the induction of resistance to haemaphysalis longicornis infestation in rabbits that had been immunized with recombinant h. longicornis p27/30 protein. the success of immunological control methods is dependent upon the use of potential key antigens as tick vaccine candidates. previously, we cloned a gene encoding 27 kda and 30 kda proteins (p27/30) of h. longicornis, and identified p27/30 as a troponin i-like protein. in this study, rabbits that were immunized with recombinant p2 ...200415591837
complete mitochondrial genome sequence of urechis caupo, a representative of the phylum echiura.mitochondria contain small genomes that are physically separate from those of nuclei. their comparison serves as a model system for understanding the processes of genome evolution. although hundreds of these genome sequences have been reported, the taxonomic sampling is highly biased toward vertebrates and arthropods, with many whole phyla remaining unstudied. this is the first description of a complete mitochondrial genome sequence of a representative of the phylum echiura, that of the fat innk ...200415369601
a secondary structural common core in the ribosomal its2 (internal transcribed spacer) of culexspecies from diverse geographical locations.in the present study, sequence and structural analysis of its2 region (the spacer segment between 5.8s and 28s rrna of mature rrna sequences) of 7 culex species belonging to 5 different geographical locations was carried out. alignment of the its2 sequence from the 7 species revealed 8 homologous domains. four species namely c. vishnui, c. annulus, c. pipiens, c. quiquefasciatusshowed high sequence (98-100%) and rna secondary structure similarity. the its2 similarity among different species is h ...200517597853
exotic diseases of dogs and cats at risk of importation to ireland.: changes in legislation that facilitate movement of companion animals within the european union will expose those animals to microbial and parasitic organisms currently exotic to ireland. this paper reviewed information on the exotic diseases most likely to be introduced to ireland by travelling dogs and cats: rabies, leishmaniosis, babesiosis, ehrlichiosis, anaplasmosis and dirofilariosis.200521851670
comparison of the external morphology of rhipicephalus sanguineus (latreille, 1806) (acari: ixodidae) ticks from brazil and argentina.in the present study the external morphology of semi-engorged rhipicephalus sanguineus females ticks from brazil and argentina were compared by scanning electron microscopy. many differences were detected among the r. sanguineus collected at the two localities, such as body size, shape of the genital pore, and morphology of the sensory structures. all these characteristics are fundamental for the diagnosis of species of the genus rhipicephalus and thus indicate the need for further comparisons a ...200515817214
anti-hepatozoon canis serum antibodies and gamonts in naturally-occurring canine monocytic ehrlichiosis.the prevalence of igg antibodies to hepatozoon canis and the presence of gamonts in the blood and hemolymphatic tissues were studied in dogs with canine monocytic ehrlichiosis (cme) caused by ehrlichia canis. both pathogens are transmitted by the tick rhipicephalus sanguineus. forty-five out of 69 (65.2%) dogs with cme were seropositive to h. canis by an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (elisa). intra-neutrophilic gamonts of h. canis were found in 2 out of 69 dogs (2.9%) comprising 4.5% of the ...200515845277
biochemical fingerprints of salivary gland for some ticks species in egypt by sds-polyacrylamide gel electrophresis.sds-page gel electrophoresis as a sensitive method is used for simultaneously comparing the total protein extracted from salivary glands in some ticks species (argas percsicus, hyalomm antolicum excavatum, h. an. antolicum, h. dromedarii, h. impeltatum and rhipicephalus sanguineus). results of a. persicus were characterized by 4 bands with molecular weights ranging from 82.76 to 16.076 kd. on the other hand, h. an. excavatum females were characterized by 6 bands with molecular weights ranging fr ...200515881001
[ticks (acarina: ixodidae) as vectors and reservoirs of pathogen microorganisms in spain].hard and soft-ticks are obligate haematophagous arachnids of medical and veterinary significance mainly because of the animal disease agents transmitted by them, which include an array of different pathogens (virus, bacteria, protozoa and nematodes). ticks transmit microbes by several routes including salivary secretions, coxal fluids, regurgitation and faeces. among the biological factors that contribute to the high vector potential of ticks are their living habits and characteristic properties ...200515743581
efficacy of a collar impregnated with amitraz and pyriproxyfen for prevention of experimental tick infestations by rhipicephalus sanguineus, ixodes ricinus, and ixodes scapularis in dogs.to compare the efficacy of collars impregnated with 9% amitraz or 9% amitraz and 0.5% pyriproxyfen (ppf) for control of newly established tick infestations by rhipicephalus sanguineus, ixodes ricinus, and ixodes scapularis in dogs and determine whether egg production by surviving female ticks was decreased.200515706971
tick saliva inhibits differentiation, maturation and function of murine bone-marrow-derived dendritic cells.haematophagous arthropod vectors such as mosquitoes, tsetse flies, sandflies and ticks have evolved salivary immunomodulatory factors that prevent the vertebrate host from rejecting them meanwhile enhancing pathogen transmission. as dendritic cells (dc) play a major role in host immune responses, we studied the effects of rhipicephalus sanguineus tick saliva on dc differentiation and maturation. flow cytometry analysis revealed that the addition of saliva to bone marrow cells inhibits the differ ...200515667568
experimental infection models of ticks of the rhipicephalus sanguineus group with rickettsia conorii.rhipicephalus sanguineus group ticks collected on dogs in thailand were maintained in the laboratory over several generations to test methods to infect these ticks with rickettsia conorii, the agent of mediterranean spotted fever. three methods were tested: (1) infection of adults and nymphs through artificially induced bacteremic rabbit, (2) capillary feeding of solution containing 5 x 10(3) and 5 x 10(5)pfu/ml of r. conorii to adult female ticks, and (3) immersion of engorged nymphs which were ...200516417432
ehrlichial infection in cameroonian canines by ehrlichia canis and ehrlichia ewingii.ehrlichia chaffeensis and ehrlichia ewingii are agents of emerging human ehrlichioses in north america and are transmitted primarily by amblyomma americanum ticks, while ehrlichia canis is the globally distributed cause of canine monocytic ehrlichiosis (cme) and is transmitted by the brown dog tick, rhipicephalus sanguineus. although e. canis and ehrlichia ruminantium are endemic in africa, the presence of ehrlichial agents in dogs and ticks in cameroon has not been investigated. the objective o ...200516181750
dogs with hepatozoon canis respond to the oxidative stress by increased production of glutathione and nitric oxide.canine hepatozoonosis is a disease caused by the tick-borne protozoan hepatozoon spp. it has been reported in the united states, southern europe, the middle east, africa and the far east. in turkey, canine hepatozoonosis was reported for the first time in 1933. in the present study, serum glutathione (gsh), malondialdehyde (mda), nitric oxide (no) and ceruloplasmin levels were analysed in 14 dogs infected with hepatozoon canis as well as in 10 healthy dogs. blood smears were prepared from periph ...200515936891
rocky mountain spotted fever--changing ecology and persisting virulence. 200516093463
rocky mountain spotted fever from an unexpected tick vector in arizona.rocky mountain spotted fever is a life-threatening, tick-borne disease caused by rickettsia rickettsii. this disease is rarely reported in arizona, and the principal vectors, dermacentor species ticks, are uncommon in the state. from 2002 through 2004, a focus of rocky mountain spotted fever was investigated in rural eastern arizona.200516093467
transmission of rickettsia massiliae in the tick, rhipicephalus turanicus.rickettsia massiliae, strain bar29, was detected in engorged female ticks of the rhiphicephalus sanguineus group collected in corsica, a french mediterranean island. ticks were identified by molecular analysis as rhipicephalus turanicus (pomerantsev) (acari: ixodidae). twenty larvae of the second generation obtained from a r. massiliae-infected, engorged female were tested by polymerase chain reaction (pcr) and all were positive for r. massiliae. larvae of the same cohort were fed on rabbits and ...200516134974
hemorrhagic disease in dogs infected with an unclassified intraendothelial piroplasm in southern brazil.a hemorrhagic disease affecting dogs in brazil, referred to popularly as "nambiuvú" (bloody ears) and believed to be transmitted by ticks, has been observed in animals infected with an organism described originally in 1910 as a piroplasm, and known locally as rangelia vitalii. in this series of 10 cases, the disease was characterized by anaemia, jaundice, fever, spleno- and lymphadenomegaly, hemorrhage in the gastrointestinal tract, and persistent bleeding from the nose, oral cavity and tips, ma ...200516153781
[distribution and control of acari as vectors of human disease in urban population of moscow].human ectoparasites, such as itch mites and the follicular mites demodex brevis and d. folliculorum are notified on the territory of moscow. the bird and rodent mites ornythonyssus bacoti and the larvae of harvest mites may attack human beings indoors. the ticks ixodes ricinus and i. persulcatus begin to inhabit the tree belts and environs of moscow and other cities and towns. in the cities and towns of more southern regions of the russian federation, the red hen-mites dermanyssus gallinae are a ...200516212087
transstadial and intrastadial experimental transmission of ehrlichia canis by male rhipicephalus sanguineus.the acquisition and transmission of rickettsial pathogens by different tick developmental stages has important epidemiological implications. the purpose of this study was to determine if male rhipicephalus sanguineus can experimentally acquire and transmit ehrlichia canis in the absence of female ticks. two trials were performed where nymphal and male r. sanguineus were simultaneously acquisition fed on the same infected donor hosts, and transstadially or intrastadially exposed male ticks were f ...200515941624
tick-borne rickettsioses around the world: emerging diseases challenging old concepts.during most of the 20th century, the epidemiology of tick-borne rickettsioses could be summarized as the occurrence of a single pathogenic rickettsia on each continent. an element of this paradigm suggested that the many other characterized and noncharacterized rickettsiae isolated from ticks were not pathogenic to humans. in this context, it was considered that relatively few tick-borne rickettsiae caused human disease. this concept was modified extensively from 1984 through 2005 by the identif ...200516223955
[in vitro pathogenicity of fungic formulation on nymphs and adults of rhipicephalus sanguineus (latreile, 1806) (acari:ixodidae)].rhipicephalus sanguineus is responsible for transmitting several pathogenic agents, such as: babesia sp. and ehrlichia sp.. this species is known as the brown dog tick and has wide geographical distribution. the purpose of this work was to evaluate the pathogenicity of biological formulations of beauveria bassiana and metarhizium anisopliae applied to the fed nymphs and adults of r. sanguineus under laboratory conditions. the following treatments were evaluated: control, distilled water with twe ...200516229753
cerebral infarction: an unusual complication of mediterranean spotted fever.mediterranean spotted fever is a rickettsiosis caused by rickettsia conorii and transmitted by the brown dog tick. it is considered as a benign disease but 5% to 10% of patients present with a malignant form which is the result of a diffuse vasculitis. we report here the first case of mediterranean spotted fever with cerebral vasculitis and thrombosis leading to a massive cerebral infarct and death.200516275553
detection of babesia canis rossi, b. canis vogeli, and hepatozoon canis in dogs in a village of eastern sudan by using a screening pcr and sequencing methodologies.babesia and hepatozoon infections of dogs in a village of eastern sudan were analyzed by using a single pcr and sequencing. among 78 dogs, 5 were infected with babesia canis rossi and 2 others were infected with b. canis vogeli. thirty-three dogs were positive for hepatozoon. hepatozoon canis was detected by sequence analysis.200516275954
[ixodidae ticks in bishkek].the fauna of ixodidae ticks was studied in bishkek in 1998-2004. the city is situated in the center of the chuisk valley, at the foot of the kirghiz ridge, at the boundary of a submountain-plain-arid region and a plain-piedmont-semiarid one with steppe fragments. the ticks were gathered on a flag from small mammalians caught by gero traps, from birds, domestic and agricultural animals. a total of 648 animals of 13 species were examined. the bites of ticks were registered in 98 persons in the cit ...200516445237
presence of rickettsia conorii subsp. israelensis, the causative agent of israeli spotted fever, in sicily, italy, ascertained in a retrospective study.a retrospective analysis by molecular-sequence-based techniques was performed to correctly identify the etiological agent of 24 mediterranean spotted fever cases occurring in western sicily, italy, from 1987 to 2001. restriction analysis of a 632-bp pcr-amplified portion of the ompa gene allowed presumptive identification of five clinical isolates as belonging to rickettsia conorii subsp. israelensis, the etiological agent of israeli spotted fever (isf). the remaining 19 rickettsial isolates wer ...200516333093
a study of ectoparasites of canis lupus familiaris in mueang district, khon kaen, thailand.we studied ectoparasites found on canis lupus familiaris sampled in five areas in mueang district, khon kaen province, thailand. the prevalence of fleas and ticks as well as their density were determined in 100 dogs that did not receive treatments. a total number of 458 ectoparasites was found corresponding to two species: 25.8% ctenocephalides canis and 74.2% rhipicephalus sanguineus. r. sanguineus was the most abundant species, and ct. canis was the only flea species found. the stages of r. sa ...200516438201
transcription analysis of the major antigenic protein 1 multigene family of three in vitro-cultured ehrlichia ruminantium isolates.ehrlichia ruminantium, an obligate intracellular bacterium transmitted by ticks of the genus amblyomma, causes heartwater disease in ruminants. the gene coding for the major antigenic protein map1 is part of a multigene family consisting of a cluster containing 16 paralogs. in the search for differentially regulated genes between e. ruminantium grown in endothelial and tick cell lines that could be used in vaccine development and to determine if differences in the map1 gene cluster exist between ...200515995193
[autochthonous cases of canine babesiosis in the canton solothurn].starting in november 2003 a series of five clinical cases of canine babesiosis was registered in the region of obergösgen (canton solothurn). all presented dogs showed increased body temperature, thrombocytopenia and hemoglobinuria, and none of the dogs had been abroad or visited endemic regions in the southern or western part of switzerland so far. babesia canis was detected in the blood smears of all five patients, but only three had detectable specific antibodies against this parasite. howeve ...200515999636
immune-mediated thrombocytopenia in a 4-month-old german shepherd dog.a 4-month-old, intact female, german shepherd dog exhibited a painful abdomen and lethargy. immune-mediated thrombocytopenia was diagnosed and initial remission attained using prednisone. upon relapse, prednisone and vincristine together were unsuccessful in achieving remission. this case is unique due to the young age of the dog.200516018567
a cross-reactive tick cement antigen is a candidate broad-spectrum tick vaccine.truncated constructs of 64p (64trps), a secreted cement protein from salivary glands of the tick rhipicephalus appendiculatus, provided cross-protection against rhipicephalus sanguineus and ixodes ricinus, apparently by targeting antigens in the midgut and salivary glands of adults and nymphs, causing mortality. tick feeding on 64trp-immunised animals stimulated local inflammatory immune responses (involving basophils, eosinophils, lymphocytes, mast cells, macrophages and dendritic-like cells) t ...200515913855
assessment of fungal isolates for development of a myco-acaricide for cattle tick control.entomopathogenic fungal isolates of arachnid origin were assessed for their ability to produce mortality and inhibit egg hatching in boophilus microplus with the aim of selecting an isolate for development into a myco-acaricide for control of cattle ticks. the ability of the most promising isolate to target developmental stages of more than one tick species and the optimum concentration of fungal inoculum to be used for future studies were determined. metarhizium anisopliae was the most pathogen ...200516187897
anaplasma phagocytophilum, sardinia, italy. 200516110587
efficacy of a combination of imidacloprid 10%/permethrin 50% versus fipronil 10%/(s)-methoprene 12%, against ticks in naturally infected dogs.preventing tick bites is a fundamental step towards reducing the impact of tick-borne protozoal, bacterial and viral diseases (tbds) in humans and animals. the aim of this study was to evaluate the efficacy of a combination of imidacloprid 10%/permethrin 50% and of fipronil 10%/s-methoprene 12% against ticks in naturally infected dogs and to assess methodological parameters to calculate drug efficacy on tick immature stages. from july to august 2004, 45 privately owned dogs of various sexes, age ...200515893431
ticks (acari: ixodoidea: argasidae, ixodidae) of chile.the tick species recorded from chile can be listed under the following headings: (1) endemic or established: argas keiransi estrada-peña, venzal and gonzalez-acuña, a. neghmei kohls and hoogstraal; ornithodoros amblus chamberlin; otobius megnini (dugès); amblyomma parvitarsum neumann; a. tigrinum koch; ixodes auritulus neumann; i. chilensis kohls; i. cornuae arthur, i. sigelos keirans, clifford and corwin; i. stilesi neumann; i. uriae white; rhipicephalus sanguineus koch. (2) probably establishe ...200515777007
rickettsiae in ixodid ticks, sicily. 200515789496
diagnosis of hepatozoon spp. in amblyomma ovale and its experimental transmission in domestic dogs in brazil.transmission of hepatozoon spp. to dogs was investigated using four species of ixodid ticks: rhipicephalus sanguineus, amblyomma aureolatum, amblyomma ovale and amblyomma cajennense. we collected completely or partially engorged adult ticks of these species from dogs that were naturally infested and positive for hepatozoon spp. we selected some of these ixodids and inoculated them orally in four negative dogs. the other ticks were dissected and examined for oocysts. of all dogs inoculated orally ...200516081219
morphological characterization of the ovary and oocytes vitellogenesis of the tick rhipicephalus sanguineus (latreille, 1806) (acari: ixodidae).this study presents the morphology of the ovary, as well as the process of the vitellogenesis in oocytes of the tick rhipicephalus sanguineus. the ovary of these individuals is of the panoistic type; therefore, it lacks nurse cells. this organ consists of a single tubular structure, continuous, and composed of a wall formed by small epithelial cells with rounded nuclei which delimit the lumen. the oocytes in the different developmental stages in this tick species were classified into five stages ...200515888297
extract of the seeds of the plant vitex agnus castus proven to be highly efficacious as a repellent against ticks, fleas, mosquitoes and biting flies.about 70 plant extracts were tested for their ability to repel the attacks of blood-sucking arthropods. it was found that a co2 extract of the seeds of the mediterranean plant vitex agnus castus (monk's pepper) can be used as a spray to keep away especially ixodes ricinus and rhipicephalus sanguineus ticks from animals and humans for at least 6 h. in addition mosquitoes, biting flies and fleas are also repelled for about 6 h.200515682335
biological and dna evidence of two dissimilar populations of the rhipicephalus sanguineus tick group (acari: ixodidae) in south america.in this work, the biology, mitochondrial dna and fertility of hybrids from two strains of rhipicephalus sanguineus, from brazil and argentina, were compared. engorged larvae, nymphs and adults from argentina weighed more and the engorgement period of adult females was significantly longer than those of their brazilian counterparts, whereas adult female tick yield rate was higher for the brazilian strain. high intraspecific divergence of mitochondrial dna was detected between r. sanguineus from b ...200515893080
cloning of a novel babesia equi gene encoding a 158-kilodalton protein useful for serological diagnosis.in this study, we characterized a babesia equi be158 gene obtained by immunoscreening a b. equi cdna expression phage library with b. equi-infected horse serum. the be158 gene consists of an open reading frame of 3,510 nucleotides. the recombinant be158 gene product was produced in escherichia coli and used for the immunization of mice. in western blot analysis, mouse immune serum against the be158 gene product recognized 75- and 158-kda proteins from the lysate of b. equi-infected erythrocytes. ...200515699430
allergens of the entomopathogenic fungus beauveria bassiana.background: beauveria bassiana is an important entomopathogenic fungus currently under development as a bio-control agent for a variety of insect pests. although reported to be non-toxic to vertebrates, the potential allergenicity of beauveria species has not been widely studied. methods: ige-reactivity studies were performed using sera from patients displaying mould hypersensitivity by immunoblot and immunoblot inhibition. skin reactivity to b. bassiana extracts was measured using intradermal s ...200515644142
detection and identification of ehrlichia spp. in ticks collected in tunisia and morocco.a broad-range 16s rrna gene pcr assay followed by partial sequencing of the 16s rrna gene was used for the detection of members of the family anaplasmataceae in ticks in north africa. a total of 418 questing ixodes ricinus ticks collected in tunisia and morocco, as well as 188 rhipicephalus ticks from dogs and 52 hyalomma ticks from bovines in tunisia, were included in this study. of 324 adult i. ricinus ticks, 16.3% were positive for ehrlichia spp., whereas only 3.4 and 2.8% of nymphs and larva ...200515750072
proposal to create subspecies of rickettsia conorii based on multi-locus sequence typing and an emended description of rickettsia conorii.rickettsiae closely related to the malish strain, the reference rickettsia conorii strain, include indian tick typhus rickettsia (ittr), israeli spotted fever rickettsia (isfr), and astrakhan fever rickettsia (afr). although closely related genotypically, they are distinct serotypically. using multilocus sequence typing (mlst), we have recently found that distinct serotypes may not always represent distinct species within the rickettsia genus. we investigated the possibility of classifying ricke ...200515766388
some observations on ticks (acari: ixodidae) infesting sheep in river nile province of northern sudan.five species of ixodid ticks were found in a cross-sectional survey in which 200 sheep were examined for ticks in river nile province, sudan. hyalomma anatolicum anatolicum was the predominant species (73.6%), whereas ticks belonging to the rhipicephalus sanguineus group (14.7%), rhipicephalus evertsi evertsi (9.1%), rhipicephalus simus (2%) and hyalomma dromedarii (0.5%) were also found. the mean tick load was 11.2 per animal. in a subsequent longitudinal survey ticks were collected on a monthl ...200516300192
histopathology of tick-bite lesions in naturally infested capybaras (hydrochoerus hydrochaeris) in brazil.in the present work features of tick-bite lesions were evaluated in capybaras naturally infested with amblyomma cajennense and amblyomma dubitatum ticks. gross appearance of tick bite site was characterized by a mild swelling and erythema. microscopic examination revealed the cement cone, a tube-like homogenous eosinophilic mass penetrating deep into the dermis. this structure was surrounded in the dermis by a cellular infiltrate and free eosinophilic granules and was associated to edema of vari ...200516323054
mitochondrial-encoded membrane protein transcripts are pyrimidine-rich while soluble protein transcripts and ribosomal rna are purine-rich.eukaryotic organisms contain mitochondria, organelles capable of producing large amounts of atp by oxidative phosphorylation. each cell contains many mitochondria with many copies of mitochondrial dna in each organelle. the mitochondrial dna encodes a small but functionally critical portion of the oxidative phosphorylation machinery, a few other species-specific proteins, and the rrna and trna used for the translation of these transcripts. because the microenvironment of the mitochondrion is uni ...200516185363
ticks infesting livestock on farms in western sicily, italy.the results of a 2-year survey on ticks infesting livestock on farms in western sicily, italy, are reported. several dogs living in the same area were also examined for ticks. moreover, free-living ticks from one cattle farm were caught by co(2) traps and flagging. a total of 6208 specimens was collected belonging to 9 species: rhipicephalus bursa (32.4%), rhipicephalus turanicus (22.7%), rhipicephalus sanguineus (19.3%), hyalomma lusitanicum (12.0%), haemaphysalis punctata (7.8%), hyalomma marg ...200616550337
mediterranean spotted fever: clinical and laboratory characteristics of 415 sicilian children.mediterranean spotted fever (msf) is an acute febrile, zoonotic disease caused by rickettsia conorii and transmitted to humans by the brown dogtick rhipicephalus sanguineus. nearly four hundred cases are reported every year (mainly from june to september) on the italian island of sicily. the aim of the study was to analyze the clinical and laboratory characteristics of patients with msf and the efficacy of the drugs administered.200616553943
prevalence, risk factor analysis, and follow-up of infections caused by three feline hemoplasma species in cats in switzerland.recently, a third novel feline hemotropic mycoplasma sp. (aka hemoplasma), "candidatus mycoplasma turicensis," in a cat with hemolytic anemia has been described. this is the first study to investigate the prevalence, clinical manifestations, and risk factors for all three feline hemoplasma infections in a sample of 713 healthy and ill swiss cats using newly designed quantitative real-time pcr assays. "candidatus mycoplasma haemominutum" infection was detected in 7.0% and 8.7% and mycoplasma haem ...200616517884
an investigation into the distribution, host-preference and population density of ixodid ticks affecting domestic animals in bangladesh.to study the distribution, host-preference and population density of ixodid ticks in bangladesh, an attempt was made to collect adult ticks from various host animals in three distinct topographic zones, viz. flood plains, hills and steppe 'barind'. five species of ixodid ticks were recorded, namely, boophilus microplus (56.3%), haemaphysalis bispinosa (11.3%), rhipicephalus sanguineus (14.7%), hyalomma anatolicum anatolicum (15.0%) and amblyomma testudinarium (2.8%). the data showed that b. micr ...200617243476
influence of season and host age on wild boar parasites in corsica using indicator species analysis.the indicator value (ind val) method which combines measures of fidelity and specificity has been used in a study on wild boar parasites in corsica during 2001-2003. because of its resilience to changes in abundance, indval is a particularly effective tool for ecological bioindication. the ind val method showed how season can influence the occurrence of parasite species in the wild boar, and also identified parasites as bioindicators relative to host age. the randomization test identified five p ...200616469171
novel acetylcholinesterase target site for malaria mosquito control.current anticholinesterase pesticides were developed during world war ii and are toxic to mammals because they target a catalytic serine residue of acetylcholinesterases (aches) in insects and in mammals. a sequence analysis of aches from 73 species and a three-dimensional model of a malaria-carrying mosquito (anopheles gambiae) ache (agache) reported here show that c286 and r339 of agache are conserved at the opening of the active site of aches in 17 invertebrate and four insect species, respec ...200617183688
[evaluation of ectoparasites and hemoparasites in dogs kept in apartments and houses with yards in the city of juiz de fora, minas gerais, brazil].fleas and ticks transmit various pathogens while feeding on the blood of dogs. this study sought to verify the occurrence of ectoparasitism and hemoparasitism in dogs from two urban areas in the city of juiz de fora, minas gerais, brazil. between february and august 2003, 101 dogs were studied: 50 came from apartments in the downtown region and 51 from houses with grassy yards. the ectoparasites were collected and conserved in etanol 70%. the occurrence of hemoparasites was verified by examining ...200616646996
dog tick-borne diseases in sicily.in sicily many tick borne diseases are endemic, in particular way those that see like main carrier ticks that prefer, for their vital cycle, climatic conditions characterized by high temperatures and a warmth-humid atmosphere. the more important pathologies transmitted by ticks causing diseases in dogs are babesiosis and ehrlichiosis. borrelia burgdorferi, anaplasma phagocytophilum, rickettsia conorii, coxiella burnetii and tick transmitted encephalitis virus assume particular relevance because ...200616881419
an unexpected inhibitory activity of kunitz-type serine proteinase inhibitor derived from boophilus microplus trypsin inhibitor on cathepsin l.several bpti-kunitz-type serine proteinase inhibitors were described in tick boophilus microplus and rhipicephalus sanguineus species. in this work, we present a synthetic gene based on two tick bpti-kunitz-type serine proteinase inhibitors, the first domain of b. microplus trypsin inhibitor-a (bmti-a) and the carrapatin, the inhibitors were named bmtisint and bmtisint mut. our present results showed that bmtisint and bmtisint mut inhibited trypsin (k(i) 3.3 and 1.0 nm) and human plasma kallikre ...200616414023
genetic diversity of the q fever agent, coxiella burnetii, assessed by microarray-based whole-genome comparisons.coxiella burnetii, a gram-negative obligate intracellular bacterium, causes human q fever and is considered a potential agent of bioterrorism. distinct genomic groups of c. burnetii are revealed by restriction fragment-length polymorphisms (rflp). here we comprehensively define the genetic diversity of c. burnetii by hybridizing the genomes of 20 rflp-grouped and four ungrouped isolates from disparate sources to a high-density custom affymetrix genechip containing all open reading frames (orfs) ...200616547017
ticks, ivermectin, and experimental chagas disease.following an infestation of dogticks in kennels housing dogs used for long-term studies of the pathogenesis of chagas disease, we examined the effect of ivermectin treatment on the dogs, ticks, trypanosome parasites, and also on triatomine vectors of chagas disease. ivermectin treatment was highly effective in eliminating the ticks, but showed no apparent effect on the dogs nor on their trypanosome infection. triatominae fed on the dogs soon after ivermectin treatment showed high mortality, but ...200616444412
rickettsia africae in the west indies.rickettsia africae is the agent of african tick-bite fever, a mild but common disease of local persons and tourists in africa. the major vector of this spotted fever group rickettsia is most likely amblyomma variegatum, the tropical bont tick, which has become widely distributed through the west indies in the last 30 years. this report reviews all available information on r. africae in the west indies.200616494746
rhipicephalus sanguineus (acari: ixodidae), the brown dog tick, parasitizing humans in brazil.the objective of this paper is to describe four cases of human parasitism by rhipicephalus sanguineus (latrielle) in brazil. during an investigation regarding the species of ectoparasites of domestic dogs from the metropolitan region of recife, pernambuco state, four dog owners were found to be parasitized by ticks. the ticks were collected from these individuals and their dogs. all the ticks were identified as rhipicephalus sanguineus . these are, to our knowledge, the first four cases of human ...200616501769
rickettsia massiliae human isolation. 200616634183
the genome of the obligately intracellular bacterium ehrlichia canis reveals themes of complex membrane structure and immune evasion strategies.ehrlichia canis, a small obligately intracellular, tick-transmitted, gram-negative, alpha-proteobacterium, is the primary etiologic agent of globally distributed canine monocytic ehrlichiosis. complete genome sequencing revealed that the e. canis genome consists of a single circular chromosome of 1,315,030 bp predicted to encode 925 proteins, 40 stable rna species, 17 putative pseudogenes, and a substantial proportion of noncoding sequence (27%). interesting genome features include a large set o ...200616707693
canine babesiosis in france.canine babesiosis has a high prevalence in france and continues to constitute a diagnostic challenge. this paper presents essential data derived from epidemiological surveys in order to define the main features of this disease. atypical forms are frequent, the diagnosis must be confirmed by blood smears and treatment is based on the use of imidocarb. prophylaxis currently remains insufficient.200616507334
surveys on seroprevalence of canine monocytic ehrlichiosis among dogs living in the ivory coast and gabon and evaluation of a quick commercial test kit dot-elisa.canine monocytic ehlichiosis (cme), an enzootic disease in africa, has been studied in canine blood samples (serum). these dogs, without any clinical sign of disease, were living in abidjan (ivory coast) and in several small villages located in northeasst gabon (ogooué ivindo). the results obtained by indirect fluorescent antibody (ifa) test, used as a point of reference, and by a quick test dot-elisa were compared. blood samples taken from 390 asymptomatic dogs in 2003 (137 in ivory coast and 2 ...200617114755
Displaying items 401 - 500 of 1724