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the peritrophic membrane of ixodes ricinus.a peritrophic membrane was found in all three stages of ixodes ricinus at no later than 18 h after their placement on rabbits. it was found to remain intact until at least 11, 30 and 10 days after repletion in larvae, nymphs and females, respectively. in blood-feeding i. ricinus, the peritrophic membrane is an uneven single layer with a thickness of about 0.03-0.48 micron in larvae, 0.03-0.79 micron in nymphs and 0.04-0.93 micron in females. it covers the whole surface of the midgut epithelium a ...19911792236
[survey during 4 years of the infestation level of the tick ixodes ricinus (acari ixodidae) by borrelia burgdorferi, the agent of lyme borreliosis, in 2 forests in brittany].the authors followed, during 4 years consecutively, from 1987 to 1990, by immunofluorescence, the frequency of b. burgdorferi in an amount of 677 nymphs of i. ricinus tick, collected fasting by flagging in 2 forests in brittany (france). percentages obtained in each of these forests do not reveal significative differencies statistically and seem to show a relative stability, from one year to the following, during the considered period, of the infestation levels in ticks.19911807855
[preliminary studies of the occurrence of ixodes ricinus (acari: ixodida: ixodidae) in the areas of the cracow-czestochowa highland at various stages of human industrial activities].in the years 1987-88 the density of the population of i. ricinus on the territory of kraków-czestochowa highland including the ojców national park was studied. the method of collection of ticks from 100 m2 fields was applied. on the spite of similar ecological conditions there was marked variation in the population density of i. ricinus. it decreased from east to west, where territories are under the strong pressure of the upper silesia and olkusz industry.19911823484
[morphological anomalies in ticks (acari: ixodida) collected from natural environment].among the ticks with morphological anomalies were: argas persicus--fed female with atrophia of the third right leg together with the coxa from the chicken in the hen house (mfakar alsrki--syria); hyalomma marginatum--partly fed female with complete absence of the fourth right leg, was found on a sheep (mfakar alsrki); ixodes ricinus--partly fed female with asymmetry of the body from the roe-deer (popielno, province suwałki); i. i. ricinus--partly fed female with anomaly in shape of the dorsal di ...19911823491
interference between the viruses of tick-borne encephalitis complex in the ixodes ricinus ticks.the interference of two closely related viruses of the tick-borne encephalitis complex (tbe) in ixodes ricinus ticks has been observed. 42.9 to 65.0% of dually infested ticks developed virus neutralization antibodies in mice without signs of illness, which contrasts with the control ticks infected with 198 strain only. other explanations of this interference could include alteration of viral receptors on host cells or induction of antiviral activity in the infected ticks and/or other vectors suc ...19911823493
[use of original plant communities as indicators for the occurrence of common ticks].in an investigation conducted in the south and west bohemian region the author paid attention to the incidence of the tick ixodes ricinus and foci of tick-borne encephalitis in original plant communities. in southern bohemia in places of original communities of acidophil oak forests, oak-hornbeam woods and their mosaic combinations as well as combinations of flowers and beech forests and meadows and alder trees the author detected 93.5% of the breeding places of ticks. in western bohemia in orig ...19911827360
[lyme borreliosis: should we prepare for an epidemic?].lyme borreliosis results from the persistent infection with a spirochete, borrelia burgdorferi, transmitted by ticks of the ixodes ricinus complex. the geographic distribution of these ticks depends on specific climatic and ecologic conditions. lyme borreliosis is a disease with protean manifestations whose distribution is world-wide. in north america, the disease usually begins between may and august with a characteristic rash, erythema chronicum migrans, accompanied by non specific or meningit ...19911866842
[the ultrastructure of the interaction of rickettsia sibirica and r. slovaca with the cells of ixodid ticks].the ultrastructural aspects of the interaction of r. sibirica and r. slovaca with cells of mites of the species dermacentor reticulatus, d. marginatus and ixodes ricinus after their parenteral infection, as well as in the organs of d. marginatus infected naturally in the environment, have been studied. both rickettsial species have similar morphology in different organs of the vector. these rickettsiae not only multiply, their populations are also partly destroyed in phagolysosomes. the natural ...19911867038
isolation and characterization of a thrombin inhibitor from the tick ixodes ricinus.the secretion of the salivary glands of ticks, ixodes ricinus, contains anticoagulant substances. some years ago an antithromboplastin, ixodin, was described. the present paper refers the isolation and characterization of a second anticoagulant substance of the ticks named ixin. ixin proved to be a relatively stable and specific thrombin inhibitor. the multi step procedure for isolation results in a 850-fold purification. the preparation obtained has a specific activity of 250 antithrombin units ...19911881945
extensive examination of different tick species for infestation with coxiella burnetii in slovakia.between 1987-1989 almost 7000 adult ixodes ricinus, dermacentor reticulatus, dermacentor marginatus, haemaphysalis concinna, haemaphysalis punctata and haemaphysalis inermis ticks collected in all 38 districts of slovakia were screened for the presence of coxiella burnettii. the proportion of ticks containing c. burnetii as indicated by the haemocyte test was less than 3%. attempts to recover c. burnetii by inoculation of yolk sacs of embryonated hen eggs from pools of 1-6 specimens of haemocyte ...19911884784
lyme borreliosis: ten years after discovery of the etiologic agent, borrelia burgdorferi.since the recovery of its causative agent, borrelia burgdorferi, in 1981, lyme borreliosis has become the most prevalent tick-borne disease in the united states as well as in europe. its steadily increasing clinical spectrum now includes erythema migrans, acrodermatitis chronica atrophicans, lymphadenosis beniga cutis, arthritis, myocarditis, progressive meningoencephalitis, myositis, and various ocular and skin disorders. the true incidence of lyme borreliosis in the world is unknown. in the un ...19911917043
[borrelia infections of the skin--progress of knowledge since the discovery of lyme disease].the description of lyme disease in 1976 and the detection of its causative agent, the spirochete borrelia burgdorferi (b. burgdorferi), in 1982 led to an increase in our knowledge of the course of b. burgdorferi infection and its clinical manifestations. the classic tick-borne dermatoses erythema chronicum migrans (ecm), lymphadenosis benigna cutis (labc) and acrodermatitis chronica atrophicans (aca) were proven by isolation of the spirochete from skin lesions to be caused by b. burgdorferi infe ...19911917458
a comparison of the occurrence of borreliae in nymphal and adult ixodes ricinus ticks.the prevalence of borreliae in 209 nymphal and 251 adult ixodes ricinus was investigated in two areas of southern moravia, czechoslovakia, using the dark-field and the giemsa stained-smear techniques. the proportions of infected ticks were 3.8% in nymphs and 10.6% in adults of area a, while they were 29.1% in nymphs and 35.9% in adults of area b. the mean number of borreliae per tick was about 3 to 10 times greater in adult than in nymphal i. ricinus. the results indicate a significant role of n ...19911930561
lyme disease: a clinical review.lyme disease is caused by the spirochete borrelia burgdorferi, which is transmitted primarily by ixodes dammini ticks in the northeast and upper midwest, by ixodes pacificus in western states, and by ixodes ricinus in europe. lyme disease can affect the skin, nervous system, heart, eyes, and joints, and is diagnosed in patients with these characteristic clinical features: exposure to an endemic area and usually a positive serologic test for b. burgdorferi six or more weeks after infection. full ...19911944020
epizootiology of lyme borreliosis.borrelia burgdorferi is transmitted from animals to humans by ticks belonging primarily to the ixodes ricinus complex. transmission occurs during feeding, either by salivation, regurgitation, or by both processes. two eurasian (ixodes ricinus and i. persulcatus) and three north american (i. dammini, i. scapularis and i. pacificus) species vector b. burgdorferi to humans. all ticks feed on three different host animals during their lives, and each species parasitizes a relatively large number of d ...19911947808
[first isolation of borrelia burgdorferi (lyme spirochaeta) from ticks in hungary].31 field collected ixodes ricinus adult ticks were investigated for the lyme-disease spirochete. 5/31 ixodes ricinus contained borrelia burgdorferi. the spirochete was successfully cultivated in four cases, and they were found in two ticks by immunofluorescence technique and dark field microscopy, as well. two of the isolated strains were tested by western blot. the antigen pattern in both strains showed marked bands in 41 and 60 kd antigen, but only a week band appeared at 32 kd, with the lack ...19911996203
hosts on which nymphal ixodes ricinus most abundantly feed.to identify hosts that may serve as european reservoirs for the agent of lyme disease, borrelia burgdorferi, we determined whether nymphal ixodes ricinus feed mainly on particular mice (apodemus flavicollis or a. agrarius), voles (clethrionomys glareolus) or on sand lizards (lacerta agilis) and whether the abundance of these hosts corresponds to the seasonal activity of the subadult stages of the vector tick. in all sites, the mice appeared most heavily infested by larvae; at least seven parasit ...19911996733
differential detachment from resting hosts of replete larval and nymphal ixodes ticks.to determine whether replete subadult ixodes ticks detach more frequently from resting than from active hosts, diverse rodents and lizards were caged in an apparatus designed to record the ticks' sites of detachment relative to the resting site of the host. replete larval ixodes ricinus and ixodes dammini accumulated mainly beneath the resting places of the mice (apodemus agrarius and peromyscus leucopus) most frequently parasitized in nature. although nymphal i. ricinus similarly detached where ...19912040945
otolaryngologic aspects of lyme disease.lyme disease is a systemic illness caused by the spirochete borrelia burgdorferi and transmitted by the bite of a tick in the ixodes ricinus complex. while the illness is often associated with a characteristic rash, erythema migrans, patients may also present with a variety of complaints in the absence of the rash. the otolaryngologist may be called upon to see both groups of patients, with any number of signs and symptoms referable to the head and neck, including headache, neck pain, odynophagi ...19912041438
[ixodes ricinus, a demonstrated vector of borrelia burgdorferi in spain]. 19912051824
field studies on lyme disease in north america.the primary tick vector of borrelia burgdorferi in eastern and central north america is ixodes dammini; in western north america, ixodes pacificus. searching for the appropriate vector is the first step in determining whether a region is endemic and enzootic for the spirochete b burgdorferi, the etiological agent of lyme disease, followed by examination of the ticks (questing or already attached to hosts) and wildlife for the spirochete. questing ticks can be collected through a variety of metho ...199122529709
consensus conference on lyme disease. 199122529708
haemaphysalis juxtakochi, ixodes pararicinus (ixodidae) and otobius megnini (argasidae) in relation to the phytogeography of argentina.the phytogeographical distributions of haemaphysalis juxtakochi, ixodes pararicinus and otobius megnini in argentina are described from material collected mainly from 1978 to the present. h. juxtakochi was found in the northwestern area of the amazonian domain and in the chaco, espinal and pampean provinces of the chaco domain. it was detected on mazama spp., tapirus terrestris, dog, cattle and on the vegetation. most findings of i. pararicinus were from mountain rangeland, where it was found on ...19921290380
[examination of ticks for the presence of borrelia sp. in kosice and the surrounding region. preliminary results].the authors present preliminary data on the infestation of ticks ixodes ricinus with borrelia in the town of kosice and surroundings. the authors found a mean 4.7% positivity which means that more systematic attention should be paid to the problem.19921394475
incompetence of roe deer as reservoirs of the lyme borreliosis spirochete.to determine whether the roe deer, capreolus capreolus l. may serve as a reservoir host for the lyme disease spirochete, borrelia burgdorferi johnson, schmid, hyde, steigerwalt & brenner, evidence of spirochetal infection was sought in nymphal ixodes ricinus (l.) that had engorged as larvae on roe deer. sixteen roe deer were shot in lyme disease enzootic areas of south-central sweden during august-november 1990 and august 1991. an average of 276 (range, 84-658) larvae of i. ricinus was collected ...19921404260
[the tick fauna of eastern germany].the occurrence of several tick species in selected areas of eastern germany is described. from may 1987 till december 1989 8,472 ticks from 430 places were examined. ixodidae of the genus ixodes, dermacentor and haemaphysalis as well as argasidae of the genus argas were identified. the most common species was ixodes ricinus. furthermore, an endemic area of dermacentor reticulatus was detected in the düben-dahlen and annaburg health. two other species of ticks, which were found frequently and som ...19921416225
borrelia burgdorferi infection in ixodes ricinus from habitats in denmark.a total of 2647 ticks of the genus ixodes was sampled by flagging the vegetation in thirty-one sites in eastern jutland, denmark. all ticks were identified as ixodes ricinus linnaeus. a total of 317 ticks (202 nymphs and 115 adults) from three different sites were examined for the spirochaete borrelia burgdorferi johnson et al. by indirect fluorescent antibody staining; the frequency of infection varied from 7% to 22%. it is concluded that i. ricinus, known to be the most common tick in denmark, ...19921421487
[ixodid ticks in the mountainous part of the crimea].about a hundred of patients with tick-borne encephalitis (tbe) were recorded over the latest decade in the crimea, and 60 tbe virus strains were isolated from the ticks collected on the peninsula. the results of studies carried out in 1986-1990 helped define the borders of 4 local natural foci of tbe, study their acarifauna, detect the principal tbe vector--ixodes ricinus (with a mean virophority of 0.6%), and distinguish two foci with a combination of tbe and crimean-congo hemorrhagic fever.19921435578
[the age-related structure of an ixodes ricinus population studied by using a rapid anatomical method].a rapid anatomic method for the assessment of the physiologic age of ticks and their virtual age was used in studies of the age structure of a natural population of i. ricinus in the moscow region. the anatomic method was found quite fit for the purpose. the findings evidence that the age structure of i. ricinus (active imago) population is heterogeneous with variously directed seasonal fluctuations. in spring the structure is the youngest (up to 60% of imagoes are in the second age, 8 months) a ...19921435580
changes in the protein profile and antigenicity of different borrelia burgdorferi strains after reintroduction to ixodes ricinus ticks.eight swiss strains of borrelia burgdorferi, with various protein profiles and the north-american strain b31 were artificially introduced into ixodes ricinus ticks and reisolated 10 days later. all isolates were subsequently examined by sds-page analysis. comparing initial isolates with the reisolates, we observed that 7 out of 9 strains changed their protein pattern with respect to the major proteins ospa, ospb and the 22 kda protein after passage in the tick. the strains ne2, ne4 and ne83 with ...19921437234
arthropoda as zoonoses and their implications.some aspects of changing patterns of arthropodal infections and arthropod-borne diseases in mediterranean areas are briefly discussed. selected examples are given, with particular emphasis on the phenomenon of the synanthropic flea ctenocephalides felis felis and on health problems caused by human infections with argas reflexus, the common tick of urban pigeons in europe. finally, the risk of the emergence of lyme borreliosis (borrelia burgdorferi) is considered in relation to the increasing spr ...19921441188
[survey of the infestation level of the ixodes ricinus tick by borrelia burgdorferi. complimentary report].in a recent report, we gave results of a 4 year consecutively survey (1987 to 1990) of the level of ixodes ricinus nymphs infested by borrelia burgdorferi in two forests of the western part of france. this brought us to conclude that there was a relative stability for this level in course of time. results of this survey kept on in 1991 oblige us to partly modify our conclusion, on account of an important dropping of the tick infection frequency in one of the two forests, this perhaps in connecti ...19921446183
the diagnosis and treatment of lyme disease.lyme disease has probably been reported for at least 80 years, with the cause unknown until the discovery of the ixodes ricinus complex tick-borne spirochete b. burgdorferi. the incidence of diagnosed cases appears to be increasing in kansas and elsewhere. a negative laboratory test does not exclude the possibility of the disease. at present, no accurate laboratory screen for the illness is available. the diagnosis must be considered when acute or chronic clinical manifestations reviewed in this ...19921447864
studies on the ecology of lyme disease in a deer forest in county galway, ireland.the abundance of the tick ixodes ricinus (l.) and the infection rate of ticks with borrelia burgdorferi (johnson et al.) were compared on either side of a deer fence in a forest park in county galway, ireland, in an attempt to elucidate the role of fallow deer, dama dama, and woodmice, apodemus sylvaticus, in determining the population density of i. ricinus and the transmission of b. burgdorferi. the results showed that tick numbers were much higher on the deer side of the fence, although the de ...19921460628
tick infection rates with borrelia: ixodes ricinus versus haemaphysalis concinna and dermacentor reticulatus in two locations in eastern germany.unfed nymphal ixodes ricinus, haemaphysalis concinna, and adult dermacentor reticulatus were collected in two locations of saxony in july and september 1991 by flagging. in july, the abundance of nymphal i. ricinus was about 2-3 times higher than that of nymphal h. concinna, a time of the year when nymphs of both species are reported to have a seasonal peak of activity. no d. reticulatus were flagged concurrently. in september, host-seeking activity of nymphal i. ricinus was again quite high as ...19921463902
stage-associated risk of transmission of the lyme disease spirochete by european ixodes ticks.to more closely define the risk of infection by the agent of lyme disease in europe, we determined whether spirochetal prevalence increases throughout the development of the ixodes ricinus vector tick. of all ticks that could be flagged from vegetation, i. ricinus were by far the most abundant. spirochetal infection rates in the adult stage of this tick (15%) are no higher than those in nymphs (18%) but greatly exceed those in larvae (0.7%). this tick therefore appears to attain infection mainly ...19921480608
[human babesiosis. study of vectors].babesiosis in an entity transmitted by tick bite presented in our medium producing high morbidity and mortality in immunodepressed patients.19921489774
regeneration of haller's sensory organ in the tick ixodes ricinus l.amputation of legs in nymphs of ticks, obtained from the first laboratory generation, resulted in regeneration of the legs after moulting to adults. haller's sensory organ on the upper surface of each foreleg tarsus was significantly modified following regeneration. haller's organ in non-amputated legs of the experimental ticks remained unchanged, being comparable to controls. pored olfactory sensilla in the anterior pit, in a capsule and on a distal knoll usually increased in number, as well as ...19921511638
capacity of european animals as reservoir hosts for the lyme disease spirochete.the abundance of spirochete-infected ixodes ricinus ticks naturally derived from endemic rodents was compared to identify the reservoir hosts of the agent of lyme disease at a series of enzootic sites in central europe. black-striped mice appear to be the most important rodent host for the tick and infect more ticks with borrelia burgdorferi than do other mice and voles tested. although rodents infect about half of the ticks that feed on them, lizards infect none. these spirochete-incompetent ho ...19921538153
[the characterization of a spanish strain of borrelia burgdorferi].the characteristics of a spanish strain of borrelia burgdorferi, the spirochete which causes lyme's disease, and which, up to the present, has not been isolated in spain, are described.19921552756
seroepidemiological studies of borrelia burgdorferi infection in sheep in norway.an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for antibodies to borrelia burgdorferi in sheep was established. the assay was used in a seroepidemiological survey in which serum samples from 327 norwegian rams were screened for antibodies to b. burgdorferi. these rams were randomly chosen, clinically healthy animals from all parts of norway. they came both from areas where ixodes ricinus is common and from areas where the tick has not been found. the age of the animals varied from 0.5 to 7.5 years. sera f ...19921583130
suspected lyme borreliosis in sheep.two cases of suspected lyme borreliosis in lambs are described. the clinical signs observed resemble those described for lyme borreliosis in dogs and horses. the lambs were approximately six months old and came from two different flocks in a district heavily infested with ixodes ricinus ticks. the lambs had pronounced lameness in one leg, generally bad condition and poor appetite. they had high serum levels of igg antibodies to borrelia burgdorferi when tested in an elisa. the other lambs in the ...19921595160
[ixodes ricinus proven as a vector of lyme borreliosis in yugoslavia].263 fasting female ixodes ricinus were examined for borrelia burgorferi, the vector of lyme borreliosis. female ticks were collected by flagella in the biotopes (belgrade and osijek) in which ticks bite patients with lyme borreliosis. borrelia burgorferi was proved in 58 (22%) of 263 female ticks in the native preparations of the intestinal contents by darkfield microscopy. in macerates of two groups of 5 female ticks each, borrelia burgorferi was isolated by cultivation in the modified kelly nu ...19921595237
[lyme disease in switzerland: ocular involvement].lyme disease is a multisystem disorder caused by the spirochete borrelia burgdorferi, which is transmitted by a tick (ixodes ricinus). lyme disease is divided into three stages (infection, dissemination and immunological reactions). ocular manifestations are rare except for conjunctivitis and facial nerve palsy. switzerland is an endemic zone for lyme disease; the presence of an atypical pars planitis should prompt a search for lyme disease.19921614153
epidemiology and prevalence of seropositivity against borrelia burgdorferi antigen in la rioja, spain.the aim of this study was to acquire a better knowledge of the epidemiology of lyme disease. a seroepidemiologic study was made by evaluating the different levels of antibodies to borrelia burgdorferi in a five hundred serum representative sample of a population from the province of la rioja, spain. samples were randomly selected and stratified to take into account sex, age, rural or urban residence, and geographical area. all subjects included in the study were asked to fill out a questionnaire ...19921631381
toxic effect of endocytobionts from dermacentor reticulatus ticks in three tick species after in vivo application.the endocytobionts from ovaries of partially engorged female dermacentor reticulatus ticks, inoculated introcoelomally into females of three tick species, d. reticulatus, ixodes ricinus and haemaphysalis inermis, caused considerable morphological alterations in the examined cells and tissues of the synganglion, fat body, tracheal complex and ovary of these recipients.19921638925
molecular characterization of borrelia burgdorferi isolated from ixodes ricinus in northern sweden.ixodes ricinus ticks, harbouring borrelia burgdorferi, were found in an area in northern sweden, not thought to be endemic for lyme borreliosis. this investigation took place at norrbyskär, an island situated in the bothnian gulf, 63 degrees 33'n/19 degrees 52'e. one of 42 nymphal and 8/43 adult i. ricinus ticks collected carried spirochetes as seen by phase contrast microscopy. pure bacterial cultures were obtained from 2 of the ticks. western blot analysis using species-specific monoclonal ant ...19921641595
the alsatian tick-borne encephalitis focus: presence of the virus among ticks and small mammals.an extensive epidemiologic survey was carried out from 1970 to 1974 in order to understand the condition of circulation of tick-borne encephalitis virus between ticks and small mammals in the alsatian focus, france. the virus has been isolated from ixodes ricinus adult ticks (30 lots out of 369, representing a total of 5617 ticks), and from ixodes ricinus nymphs (4 lots out of 251, representing a total of 8587 ticks). the virus has also been isolated from 11 pools of rodent organs (out of 3361 r ...19921644133
loss of lyme disease spirochetes from ixodes ricinus ticks feeding on european blackbirds.to determine whether blackbirds (turdus merula), the most abundant and most abundantly tick-infested ecotonal bird of central europe, may contribute to the transmission of the lyme disease spirochete (borrelia burgdorferi), we compared the infectivity to ticks of naturally as well as experimentally infected blackbirds and rodents. european blackbirds experience intense exposure to ixodes ricinus ticks and to the pathogens that they transmit. in nature, subadult i. ricinus ticks found feeding on ...19921740177
occurrence of borrelia spirochaetes in ticks (acari, ixodidae) collected in the forest areas in olsztyn province (north central poland).in 1993, 2178 out of 3816 ixodes ricinus and 45 out of 82 dermacentor reticulatus collected from vegetation at 35 sites and removed from hunter-killed deer in olsztyn province (n. c. poland) were examined individually for the presence of borrelia spirochaetes. detection of spirochaetes was carried out by the routine indirect immunofluorescence assay (ifa) using polyclonal antibody anti-b. burgdorferi, strain 1 b 29. borreliae, presumably b. burgdorferi, were evident in 192 (11.5%) i. ricinus (ny ...19937580351
the first isolation of borrelia burgdorferi from ixodes ricinus (acari, ixodidae) ticks in poland.among ticks ixodes ricinus collected in april 1994 in the forest near fraknowo (olsztyn province, n. c. poland), 17 ticks were evaluated for borrelia infection by cultivating in the bsk-h medium (sigma). the ticks were examined in five pools--four of 3 females and one pool of 5 nymphs. spirochaetes were cultured successfully only from one pool of females and identified as borrelia burgdorferi with monoclonal antibodies: h 9724, h 5332, h 3ts and 11 g 1 by indirect immunofluorescence assay (ifa). ...19937580352
eperythrozoon--a lesson for arbovirologists.eperythrozoon was detected in suckling mice inoculated with a suspension of nymphal ixodes ricinus ticks. the organism was filterable through 220 nm millipore membranes, moderately sensitive to diethyl ether, pathogenic to suckling but not to adult mice when given intracerebrally, intraperitoneally or subcutaneously, and mimicked an arbovirus. eperythrozoon should be considered as an agent potentially interfering with experiments performed on laboratory mice.19938010190
confirmation that rickettsia helvetica sp. nov. is a distinct species of the spotted fever group of rickettsiae.we propose the name rickettsia helvetica sp. nov. for a rickettsial serotype of unknown pathogenicity isolated in 1979 in switzerland from ixodes ricinus ticks and designated the swiss agent. the growth characteristics and the results of microimmunofluorescence serologic typing, sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, western blotting (immunoblotting) with specific mice sera, and a polymerase chain reaction followed by restriction fragment length polymorphism analysis confirme ...19938102245
tick-borne encephalitis virus activity in styria, austria.from 3,404 ixodes ricinus ticks collected in 12 localities of styria, austria in 1990, 15 tick-borne encephalitis (tbe) virus isolates were recovered. minimal field infection rate reached 4.4 virus containing ticks out of 1,000 collected ticks. five isolates of tbe virus were obtained from target organs of apodemus flavicollis trapped in locality wagnitz. in a serosurvey based on virus neutralizing antibodies high prevalence of tbe virus was demonstrated in a. flavicollis (47.9%) and clethrionom ...19938105665
efficient transmission of tick-borne encephalitis virus between cofeeding ticks.most of the data on oral infections of ticks with tick-borne encephalitis virus have been derived from experiments using animals infected by syringe inoculation. to mimic the natural conditions of virus transmission, tick-borne encephalitis virus-infected ixodes ricinus (linnaeus) or rhipicephalus appendiculatus neumann adults (donors) were cofed with uninfected nymphs (recipients) of either tick species on uninfected guinea pigs. two tick-retaining cells were attached to each guinea pig: cell 1 ...19938433342
a serological survey and review of clinical lyme borreliosis in spain.a serosurvey for lyme disease was conducted by the national reference center for microbiology in spain. all serum specimens received from patients with erythema migrans (em), arthritis, and cardiac and neurological disorders were tested for antibodies to borrelia burgdorferi. sera from 499 patients were tested. of these patients, 310 had neurological disease, 101 had carditis, 79 had arthropathies, and 9 had em; for 35 patients, a diagnosis of lyme disease was confirmed. of these 35, 68% had neu ...19938443316
mode of inoculation of the lyme disease agent borrelia burgdorferi influences infection and immune responses in inbred strains of mice.mice were infected with borrelia burgdorferi by infection via ixodes ricinus and experimental inoculation to determine whether transmission rates of spirochetes and antibody responses are influenced. mice infected by the natural route were substantially more infective for ticks; two- to sixfold more tick larvae were positive for b. burgdorferi than those fed on experimentally inoculated mice. in natural infection, spirochetemia may be greater or spirochetes may be more accessible for transmissio ...19938450262
advances in investigations of lyme borreliosis in the territory of the former ussr.whereas late manifestations of lyme borreliosis were described in russia more than 100 years ago, early manifestations were described as different disease entities such as tick-borne erythema, etc. in 1985 lyme borreliosis was first verified serologically and the agent was first identified in 1986. by the beginning of 1992 lyme borreliosis was serologically confirmed in patients from the baltics to the far east. their geographical patterns in russia are closely related to areas of the hard ticks ...19938472805
changes in immunity to ixodes ricinus by rabbits infested at different levels.two groups of rabbits were infested twice with different numbers of ixodes ricinus adults: one group (high infestation) with twenty-five females and twenty-five males and the other group (low infestation) with five pairs. a third infestation was performed in both groups with fifteen adult pairs. tick biology was monitored for resistance effects. at the second infestation, the feeding and the egg production were more perturbed in ticks fed on high infestation rabbits. the embryogenesis was only a ...19938481536
enhancement of tick-borne encephalitis virus transmission by tick salivary gland extracts.to investigate the role of ticks in tbe virus transmission, salivary gland extract (sge) was derived from partially fed female ixodes ricinus, dermacentor reticulatus and rhipicephalus appendiculatus ticks. guinea-pigs were infested with uninfected r. appendiculatus nymphs and inoculated with a mixture of tbe virus and sge or with virus alone. the number of ticks which on average acquired virus from feeding on animals inoculated with tbe virus and sge from partially fed ticks was 4-fold greater ...19938481537
[relation between the level of infection in ixodes ricinus with francisella tularensis and the level of bacteremia in the host].the dynamics of bacteremia on white mice subcutaneously infected with an inoculum of 100 and 10 cells of f. tularensis (strain 273) was compared in two parallel experiments. the rise of bacteremia was relatively uniform, about 3 logarithms a day in both groups of animals, so that it reached values of 10(9)-10(10) cells per 1 ml of blood ante finem. larvae of ixodes ricinus were fed on white mice in different stages of bacteremia, so that groups of ticks with different degrees of infection were o ...19938485771
diversionary role of hoofed game in the transmission of lyme disease spirochetes.to determine whether the presence of ungulates may inhibit transmission of the agent of lyme disease (borrelia burgdorferi) while promoting the abundance of its european vector tick (ixodes ricinus), we compared the feeding density of subadult ticks on roe deer (capreolus capreolus), red deer (cervus elaphus), fallow deer (dama dama), and wild sheep (ovis ammon) near berlin and in brandenburg state, germany. the prevalence of spirochetal infection in these ticks was compared with that in ticks s ...19938517488
studies of the prevalence of coxiella burnetii, the agent of q fever, in the foothills of the southern bavarian forest, germany.in studies carried out in 1991 in the foothills of the southern part of the bavarian forest, in the district of freyung/grafenau, ticks and small mammals were collected and examined for the presence of coxiella (c.) burnetii and sera of small mammals and cattle investigated for antibodies against this rickettsia. a total of 1716 imagines and nymphs of ixodes ricinus were collected by flagging and 892 larvae and nymphs of the same tick species removed from small mammals. in addition to 1095 serum ...19938518509
late lyme borreliosis: epidemiology, diagnosis and clinical features.lyme borreliosis is endemic in the aland islands. exposure of the inhabitants to bites of the tick ixodes ricinus is heavy. the purpose of this study was to describe symptoms and signs of patients with late lyme borreliosis in this area, and to correlate the findings with the epidemiological setting. the first 100 consecutive patients with late lyme borreliosis found in the region since 1984 are included in this study. neurological, articular and muscular symptoms and signs dominate. general scr ...19938217100
[faunistic-ecological studies of ixodes ricinus in the urban area of leipzig].the urban-ecological rule of decrease of the population size from the environs to the town centre is established also for ixodes ricinus. the manifold impairments are shown which urban influences have on the cycle of the parasite, especially in the transitional zone between the forest area and the totally sealed ground. the presentation of an urban gradient is tried for the first time. there is potential danger of infection with borrelia burgdorferi deep into the conurbation.19938220577
investigation of the validity of species status of ixodes dammini (acari: ixodidae) using rdna.the two internal transcribed spacers (its1 and its2) of rdna of three members of the ixodes ricinus "complex" (acari: ixodidae) were sequenced. sequence variation was assessed for the north american species i. scapularis, i. dammini, and i. pacificus at three levels: within individual/population, between individuals of different geographic origin within a species, and between species. both spacers are highly variable, particularly with regard to small deletions and additions which may arise via ...19938234280
the ixodes ricinus tick as a vector of borrelia burgdorferi in slovenia.in many parts of slovenia, the vegetation, climate and animals form an ideal natural environment for the persistence of different tick species. in this study, ixodes ricinus ticks, the prevalent tick species in our country, are identified as the vectors of borrelia burgdorferi in slovenia. ticks were collected by flagging between may and october 1990. all the ticks collected from different parts of slovenia were i. ricinus and each one was examined individually. the ticks were tested to determin ...19938243594
isolation of a rickettsial organism (eperythrozoon) from mice during virological testing of ixodid ticks.a strain of eperythrozoon (rickettsiales: anaplasmataceae) was isolated from suckling spf mice (sm) inoculated with a homogenate of nymphal ixodes ricinus (l.) ticks. the strain, passaged in the sm brain, was partially filterable through a 220-nm millipore membrane, moderately sensitive to diethylether, and pathogenic for sm while no symptoms were observed in inoculated adult mice or male guinea pigs. a conspicuous cytopathic effect was produced in ps and spev (embryo pig kidney) stable cell lin ...19938244209
seasonal prevalence of borrelia burgdorferi in ixodes ricinus in different vegetation types in sweden.the aim of this investigation was to estimate the seasonal risk of contracting human lyme disease in different vegetation types in southern sweden. host-seeking ixodes ricinus ticks (acari: ixodidae) were collected with standardized methods during may-september 1988 and march-october 1989 at 10 different sampling sites. tick abundance was greatest during may-june and august-september. prevalence of borrelia burgdorferi infection of the ticks was assessed by phase-contrast microscopy complemented ...19938248744
[epidemiologic study of lyme disease in asturias].the aim of this study was to confirm the sierra del sueve (asturias) as an endemic area for lyme's disease and determine the seroprevalence of this disease in inhabitants of this and other zones of asturias.19938260513
[use of repellents for protection against vectors of lyme borreliosis].preparations with repellent effects in the form of lotion and ointment are formulated. the active substance is deet (n,n-diethyl-toluamide) and the base constitutes of isopropanil and polyethylene glycol 300 and 1500. the physico-chemical examinations (deet identification, examination of density, refraction index and deet contents) have been previously performed. by these investigations the deet structure was conformed, relative density was determined (1,0014) and also the refraction index (1,52 ...19938262394
[epidemiology of lyme borreliosis].our prospective study covered 1093 patients with epidemiological features and demonstrable clinical manifestations of lyme borreliosis from 1987 to 1992. basic criteria for the inclusion of our patients in the study were: tick bite, erythema migrans and antibodies to b. burgdorferi in each patient's serum. various clinical manifestations were found un 1034 (94.6%) patients out of whom 829 (80.2%) had a history of tick bite, 901 (87.1%) had erythema migrans and 217 (21.0%) had serologic confirmat ...19938262395
[cutaneous manifestations of lyme disease and results of our study].an investigation of 395 patients with tick bites or suspected tick bites has been conducted. patients were from 14 months to 86 years old. erythema migrans was found in 83 (21.01%), lympocytoma in 2 (0.5%) and scleroderma lesions in 2 (0.5%) patients. there were 12 asymptomatic seropositive patients. the presence of borrelia burgdorferi in two ixodes ricinus ticks was investigated and demonstrated.19938262400
[analysis of skin changes in outpatients bitten by a tick during a 1-year period].ninety-two patients with tick bites (ixodes ricinus) visited outpatient clinic for dermatovenerology of military medical academy during a period od one year. tick bites were generally localized on lower extremities and were seasonal in character. most patients were 50-59 years old. typical early skin manifestations in the form of erythema migrans were diagnosed in 19.56%, and atypical forms of erythema in 8.69%. late manifestations of illness were found on only two patients.19938262405
[ecology of borrelia burgdorferi].much still remains to be understood about ecology of borrelia burgdorferi which is transmitted by a number of ticks belonging primarily to the ixodes complex, known to feed on different animal hosts and humans. this article pretends to be a review of previous knowledge of borrelia burgdorferi ecology. special emphasis is placed on the preliminary results of an investigation conducted in yugoslavia on the risk of developing lyme borreliosis after a tick bite (ixodes ricinus). lyme borreliosis was ...19938262424
[vectors of borrelia burgdorferi].during the period 1990-1992-5,915 ticks were collected and identified in the area of belgrade. identification has shown that 99.8% were ixodes ricinus and 0.2% dermacentor marginatus. infection with borrelia burgdorferi was found in 27.0% to 31.7%. females were more often infected than males and nymphs more often than larvae. tick infection was at lowest degree in parks, little bit higher in woods and highest in mixed park-wood areas. out of 28 locations, six can not be defined as foci of lyme b ...19938262425
[exposure to ixodes ricinus bites among soldiers].results of an investigation on the exposure to tick bites among soldiers in 6 permanent army structures on the territory of belgrade are shown. four army structures were found to be active foci of lyme borreliosis. infection rates among ixodes ticks were from 10% in urban structures to 42.1% in rural structures. exposure of soldiers to tick bites was the largest in rural army structures--3.40%, while in urban army structures it was 0.14%. among 38 tick bitten army members, 1 developed clinical m ...19938262429
[distribution of ixodes ricinus ticks in yugoslavia].in this paper the authors present distribution of tick ixodes ricinus in both republics of yugoslavia--serbia and montenegro. the ticks were collected from domestic animals and humans sporadically. the determination showed following species: ixodes ricinus, i. persulcatus, i. hexagonus, dermacentor marginatus, d. pictus, rhipicephalus bursa, r. sanguineus, haemaphysalis punctata, h. inermis, h. sulcata, h. leporis-palustriis, h. concinna, boophilus (margaporus) calcaratus, hyalomma savignyi, h. ...19938262430
[ticks in the region of belgrade].the paper gives a brief introduction concerning the role of ticks in transmission of numerous diseases to both animals and humans. methods of work, research goals and finally, results of tick findings on animals and people in belgrade area are presented. occasional findings of those arthropodes in various urban areas have also been described. the collected ticks belong to the species ixodes ricinus and rhipicephalus sanguineus. the authors conclude that ecologic research of ticks should be conti ...19938262431
[the first isolation of borrelia burgdorferi in apodemus flavicollis in yugoslavia].small rodent species, as well as their ectoparasitic fauna, and the presence of borrelia burgdorferi in their blood and internal organs (liver and spleen) was investigated, at two locations (kosutnjak, lipovicka suma) in belgrade. animals were caught between september 15-17, 1992. on location kosutnjak two apodemus flavicollis were trapped and borrelia burgdorferi was isolated from the spleen of one of them. on location lipovicka suma 13 rodents were trapped as follows: 10 apodemus flavicollis, ...19938262432
detection of tick-borne encephalitis virus rna in ticks (ixodes ricinus) by the polymerase chain reaction.a polymerase chain reaction for the detection of tick-borne encephalitis virus (tbev) rna in ticks was developed. two pairs of primers for nested pcr were selected from the 5'-ncr and the 5'-terminus of the c protein coding region, which are highly conserved among the tbev isolates sequenced so far. the sensitivity of the nested pcr was tested by dilution experiments of a tbev positive brain suspension. the specificity of the pcr products was confirmed by southern blotting. in a pilot study, 60 ...19938270651
[tick bite and lyme borreliosis. an epidemiologic study in the erlangen area].lyme borreliosis is transmitted by tick bites. approximately every fifth local tick (ixodes ricinus) is infected. transmission, therefore does not occur with every bite, and disease doesn't always follow infection. the goal of the study was to investigate the risks of infection and disease after tick bites in the area of erlangen/germany.19938283994
the prevalence of small terrestrial mammals infected with tick-borne encephalitis virus and leptospirae in the foothills of the southern bavarian forest, germany.in the district of grafenau/freyung (bavaria, germany), 266 specimens of small terrestrial mammals of 8 species were captured using live traps. from these mammals, apodemus flavicollis (42.1%) and clethrionomys glareolus (39.5%) were prevalent. all animals were tested for neutralizing antibodies to tick-borne encephalitis (tbe) virus and agglutinating antibodies to leptospirae. seropositivity against tbe virus was 14.0% and against leptospirae 7.9%, respectively. seropositivity to leptospirae ap ...19938298661
[long-term study of natural foci of tick-borne encephalitis in the district of olomouc].the incidence of natural foci of tick-borne encephalitis in the olomouc district has been characterized as general. this finding is based on analyses of results of earlier reports and results of serological blood tests of 397 small mammals from localities where probably transmission of the infection to humans occurred. the incidence almost corresponds to the incidence of the tick ixodes ricinus. it has a long-lasting and also cumulative character; the number of reported cases from the main focal ...19938306399
[the ecology index, an epidemiologic marker of foci of lyme borreliosis].the ecological index (ei) as defined by schulze et al. was determined in three localities of western slovakia (malacky, podunajské biskupice, olichov) using the following criteria: suitability of the habitats for the occurrence of ixodes ricinus ticks and their number, accessibility of habitat for men (i. phase); furthermore the abundance and infection rate of ticks (ii. phase). a scoring procedure (point values of 1-5 for each parameter) was used to evaluate the ei of three localities studied. ...19938306400
ixodes ricinus immatures on birds in a focus of lyme borreliosis.the infestation of birds by immature ixodes ricinus was studied during 6 months in a swiss woodland, where lyme borreliosis is endemic. thirteen passerine species were found to be parasitized by i. ricinus subadults and specially turdus merula, t. philomelos and erithacus rubecula. overall, 300 larvae and 162 nymphs were collected on 95 avian hosts. prevalence of infestation of nymphs on birds was higher in spring; larvae peaked in summer. the infection of birds by borrelia burgdorferi was also ...19938314179
borrelia burgdorferi in a focus of lyme borreliosis: epizootiologic contribution of small mammals.the contribution of woodmice (apodemus sylvaticus), yellow-necked mice (apodemus flavicollis) and bank voles (clethrionomys glareolus) was compared in a focus of lyme borreliosis in switzerland during a 7 months' study. all three species of mice and one species of shrews (sorex araneus) were shown parasitized by infected ixodes ricinus immatures. about 14% of larvae and 50% of nymphs collected on small mammals were infected with b. burgdorferi. spirochetes were isolated from blood of 3 woodmice ...19938325567
[transstadial transmission of francisella tularensis in the tick, ixodes ricinus, infected during the larval stage].based on previous studies which proved the decisive importance of the degree of bacteraemia of experimentally infected white mice for the degree of infection of ticks ixodes ricinus the authors confirmed the possibility of transstadial transmission of francisella tularensis from larvae via nymphs to imagos by the detection of germs in the ticks and by experiments attempting their transmission to white mice. this applied to imagos even one year after the infection of larvae. transmission was reco ...19938348625
removal of attached nymphs and adults of ixodes ricinus (acari: ixodidae).chemical and mechanical methods of removing ixodes ricinus (l.) attached to the skin of pigs and sheep were tested experimentally. three frequently advocated chemical treatments (gasoline, fingernail polish, and methylated spirit) failed to induce self-detachment of the ticks within 30 min. also, the success of the subsequent mechanical removal was not influenced by chemical treatment. two methods of mechanical removal of the ticks also were compared: (1) pulling straight out with a blunt forcep ...19938360898
seasonal variation in the capacity of the bank vole to infect larval ticks (acari: ixodidae) with the lyme disease spirochete, borrelia burgdorferi.seasonal variation in the capacity of bank voles, clethrionomys glareolus (schreber), to infect larval ixodes ricinus (l.) ticks with borrelia burgdorferi johnson, schmid, hyde, steigerwalt & brenner was examined from may through october 1991 at bogesund, near stockholm in south-central sweden. although larval infestations of bank voles were greatest in june and july, nearly 70% of all larval ticks infected with spirochetes by bank voles at this site became infected during august and september. ...19938360909
comparison of western blot and microimmunofluorescence as tools for lyme disease seroepidemiology.sera from a population of 212 farmers of the puy de dôme (midlands of france) who are in close contact with ixodes ricinus, the vector of lyme disease in europe, and sera from 100 urban blood donors from the nearly city of clermont ferrand were examined by microimmunofluorescence (mif) for antibodies reacting with borrelia burgdorferi. the results showed a higher seroprevalence of igg > 1/100 in farmers (25%) than in blood donors (10%). using western blot with antibody at a 1/200 dilution, and r ...19938405312
the major histocompatibility complex-restricted response of recombinant inbred strains of mice to natural tick transmission of borrelia burgdorferi.the causative agent of lyme disease, borrelia burgdorferi, is transmitted by ticks of the ixodes ricinus complex. in this study, we report the antibody response of recombinant inbred strains of mice of the h-2, b, d, and k haplotypes, infected with b. burgdorferi as a result of exposure to infected i. dammini. the patterns of antibody response assayed by western blot analysis indicate significant major histocompatibility complex (mhc) restriction to bacterial antigens within the first 2 mo of in ...19938418212
maintenance by hares of european borrelia burgdorferi in ecosystems without rodents.during may-october 1991 shrews (sorex spp.), small rodents (apodemus spp., clethrionomys glareolus [schreber]), and hares (lepus spp.) were sampled near stockholm, sweden. nymphal ixodes ricinus (l.) derived from blood-engorged larvae collected from these mammals were investigated by phase-contrast microscopy and immunofluorescence assay (ifa) using the monoclonal antibody h6831 directed against the ospb protein of borrelia burgdorferi johnson, schmid, hyde, steigerwalt & brenner. three rodent s ...19938433337
change in phenotype of tick-borne encephalitis virus following passage in ixodes ricinus ticks and associated amino acid substitution in the envelope protein.serial passage of an uncloned tick-borne encephalitis virus (strain 4387 isolated from the liver and lungs of a bank vole) in ixodes ricinus ticks, was accompanied by gradual reduction in virulence of the virus, as indicated by transmission of virus by infected ticks feeding on laboratory mice. after the 7th serial passage in ticks (strain 4387/7), 95% of mice survived the bite of infected ticks. the surviving infected mice showed either no or only low viraemia although virus could be isolated f ...19948191785
humoral and cellular immune response of balb/c mice to repeated infestations with ixodes ricinus nymphs.the capacity of female balb/c mice to mount an immune response and effective resistance to repeated infestations with i. ricinus nymphs was studied. an anamnestic antibody response and transient in vitro responsiveness of spleen lymphocytes to tick antigens were demonstrated in repeatedly infested mice. on the other hand, the response to concanavalin a--a t-cell mitogen, was suppressed at the same time. in the presented experiment, balb/c mice did not manifest tick resistance after three success ...19948021100
use of ivermectin against a heavy ixodes ricinus infestation in a cat. 19947975108
infiltration of cd4+ cd8+ t cells, and expression of icam-1, ia antigens, il-1 alpha and tnf-alpha in the skin lesion of balb/c mice undergoing repeated infestations with nymphal ixodes ricinus ticks.the skin cellular immune response of balb/c mice was examined during three successive infestations with nymphal ixodes ricinus ticks. an immunohistochemical analysis of skin cryostat sections 72 hr post-tick attachment revealed that cd4+ t cells outnumbered cd8+ t cells in all infestations. the cd4+:cd8+ t-cell ratio was 2.2:1 in the primary infestation, then increased to 3.2:1 and 4.7:1 in the secondary and tertiary infestations. no b lymphocytes (cd45r) were detected in the skin of control and ...19947835923
cuticular hydrocarbon composition and phenotypic variability in sympatric populations of ixodes ricinus ticks from poland.gas chromatography of cuticular hydrocarbons was used to assess genetic similarity and heterozygosity between 18 sympatric populations of adult ixodes ricinus ticks collected from poland. sixteen n-alkanes, 45 monomethylalkanes, and 36 dimethylalkanes were identified. forty-one compounds were detected in 90% of the specimens and nine hydrocarbons were present in all the specimens studied. visual inspection of chromatograms revealed major differences in the relative abundance of hydrocarbons betw ...19947628246
sites of attachment and density assessment of female ixodes ricinus (acari: ixodidae) on dairy cows.a sample of 110 lactating dairy cows was examined to describe the attachment sites of female ixodes ricinus ticks and to assess whether counts on one or two body areas can predict infestation and its level. seventy per cent of the cows were infested by i. ricinus and the average tick burden on the infested cows was 15, ranging from 1 to 136. preferred attachment sites were the axilla, udder/groin, neck, dewlap and flank. udder/groin and axilla carried respectively 35.3% and 44.1% of the total ti ...19947555410
absence of acquired resistance to nymphal ixodes ricinus ticks in balb/c mice developing cutaneous reactions.balb/c mice underwent 3 successive infestations with 15 ixodes ricinus nymphs. no resistance was acquired as assessed by evaluating tick attachment, duration of blood meal, weights of engorged nymphs, and molting success. however, the hosts developed cutaneous immediate- and delayed-type hypersensitivity reactions when reinfested. histological examination of tick attachment sites showed that inflammatory cells consisting of neutrophils, eosinophils, and mononuclear cells (lymphocytes and monocyt ...19948308662
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