Publications

depressed affect and historical loss among north american indigenous adolescents.	this study reports on the prevalence and correlates of perceived historical loss among 459 north american indigenous adolescents aged 11-13 years from the northern midwest of the united states and central canada. the adolescents reported daily or more thoughts of historical loss at rates similar to their female caretakers. confirmatory factor analysis indicated that our measure of perceived historical loss and the center for epidemiologic studies depression scale were separate but related constr ...	20052631
toll-like receptors in multiple sclerosis.	multiple sclerosis (ms) is a chronic disease of the central nervous system (cns) characterized by inflammation, demyelination, and axonal pathology. the exact causes of ms are unknown, but environmental factors including pathogens are believed to contribute to the development of disease. toll-like receptors (tlrs) are a family of receptors important in pathogen recognition and host defense. tlrs are expressed by a variety of peripheral immune cells as well as resident cells of the cns. studies i ...	19688333
measurement properties of the centers for epidemiological studies depression scale (ces-d) in a sample of african american and non-hispanic white pregnant women.	this study investigated the appropriateness of using the ces-d scale for comparing depressive symptoms among pregnant women of different races. black and white women were matched on education, age, medicaid status, and marital status-living arrangements. the matching procedure yielded a study sample of 375 in each ethnic group. using a confirmatory factor analysis, the fit of several factor models for the ces-d was evaluated. one ces-d item, "everything was an effort", showed a low item-total co ...	19711708
longitudinal relations among negative affect, substance use, and peer deviance during the transition from middle to late adolescence.	the transition from middle to late adolescence brings challenges that increase risk for emotional, behavioral, and social problems. the nature of the associations among these types of problems is poorly understood. this national institute on drug abuse-funded study examined longitudinal relations among negative affect, substance use, and peer deviance from ages 16 to 18 years. multiwave youth and parent questionnaire data collected from 429 sixth graders (222 girls) and their families residing i ...	19544145
paternal and maternal influences on problem behaviors among homeless and runaway youth.	using an attachment theory conceptual framework, associations were investigated among positive paternal and maternal relationships, and recent problem behaviors among 501 currently homeless and runaway adolescents (253 males, 248 females). homeless and runaway youth commonly exhibit problem behaviors such as substance use, various forms of delinquency and risky sex behaviors, and report more emotional distress than typical adolescents. furthermore, attachments to their families are often straine ...	19290724
work hours, retirement and supportive relations among older adults.	while the literature widely acknowledges the importance of social support to the health, well-being and performance of older adults, little is known about the way in which occupational conditions affect older employees' access to social support over time and whether these effects are maintained after retirement. accordingly, in the current study we examine the degree to which work hours have longer term effects on the amount and type of support older individuals receive from intimate coworkers, ...	20485475
illustration of mimic-model dif testing with the schedule for nonadaptive and adaptive personality.	this research provides an example of testing for differential item functioning (dif) using multiple indicator multiple cause (mimic) structural equation models. true/false items on five scales of the schedule for nonadaptive and adaptive personality (snap) were tested for uniform dif in a sample of air force recruits with groups defined by gender and ethnicity. uniform dif exists when an item is more easily endorsed for one group than the other, controlling for group mean differences on the vari ...	20442793
psychometric properties of a revised form of the drug-taking confidence questionnaire for use with adolescents.	self-efficacy is an important cognitive predictor of substance abuse treatment outcome. while measures of coping self-efficacy are related to substance use relapse in adults, their properties are not well known in adolescent populations. the present study examined 223 adolescents while in treatment for substance abuse and comorbid psychiatric disorders. responses on the drug-taking confidence questionnaire (dtcq; sklar et al., 1997) were used to construct a 37-item, 5-factor version for use with ...	20354581
microinjection of il-1β into the trigeminal transition zone produces bilateral nmda receptor-dependent orofacial hyperalgesia involving descending circuitry.	our recent studies indicate that the prototypic proinflammatory cytokine il-1β is upregulated in astroglial cells in the trigeminal interplolaris/caudalis (vi/vc) transition zone, a region of the spinal trigeminal complex involved in trigeminal pain processing, after masseter muscle inflammation. here we investigated the effect of microinjection of il-1β into the vi/vc transition zone on orofacial nociception. the mechanical sensitivity of the orofacial site was assessed with von frey microfilam ...	20221418
measuring enjoyment of physical activity in children: validation of the physical activity enjoyment scale.	this study sought to determine the reliability and validity of the physical activity enjoyment scale (paces) in elementary school children. the sample consisted of 564 3rd grade students (m age = 8.72 +/- .54; 268 male, 296 female) surveyed at the beginning of the fall semester. results indicated that the paces displayed good internal consistency and item-total correlations. confirmatory factor analyses supported a unidimensional factor structure. scores on the paces were significantly correlate ...	20209028
using epidemiologic methods to test hypotheses regarding causal influences on child and adolescent mental disorders.	epidemiology uses strong sampling methods and study designs to test refutable hypotheses regarding the causes of important health, mental health, and social outcomes. epidemiologic methods are increasingly being used to move developmental psychopathology from studies that catalogue correlates of child and adolescent mental health to designs that can test rival hypotheses regarding causal genetic and environmental influences. a two-part strategy is proposed for the next phase of epidemiologic res ...	19220589
structure and stress: trajectories of depressive symptoms across adolescence and young adulthood.	previous research into the social distribution of early life depression has yielded inconsistent results regarding subgroup differences in depression levels and in the etiology of these differences. using latent curve models and data from the national longitudinal study of adolescent health, this study investigates gender and racial/ethnic disparities in early life depressive symptoms and the explanatory roles of stress and socioeconomic status (ses). results show that females and minorities exp ...	20119501
therapeutic potential of rna interference in pain medicine.	in recent years rna interference (rnai) has rapidly become the most widely used tool for gene knockdown due to its high specificity and potency. rnai is an evolutionarily conserved mechanism for silencing gene expression by targeted degradation of mrna. in the past decade, hundreds of molecular targets have been identified for their roles in pain modulation. but most molecular targets are not readily druggable with small molecules. rnai represents a therapeutic approach applicable to these non-d ...	19966919
invariance, or noninvariance: that is the question.	nesselroade et al. developed a new, interesting way to enforce invariance at the second-order level in p-technique models, while letting first-order structure to stray from invariance. we discuss our concerns with this approach under the headings of falsifiability, the nature of manifest variables included in models, and differential emphasis on generators of behavior versus output behavior. we supply a modified idiographic model for p-technique analyses and discuss the utility of this new appro ...	20046901
neuropathic pain: a maladaptive response of the nervous system to damage.	neuropathic pain is triggered by lesions to the somatosensory nervous system that alter its structure and function so that pain occurs spontaneously and responses to noxious and innocuous stimuli are pathologically amplified. the pain is an expression of maladaptive plasticity within the nociceptive system, a series of changes that constitute a neural disease state. multiple alterations distributed widely across the nervous system contribute to complex pain phenotypes. these alterations include ...	19400724
predictive validity of the international hospital outcomes study questionnaire: an rn4cast pilot study.	to study the predictive validity of the instrument used in the international hospital outcomes study (ihos) for an upcoming eu-funded project (rn4cast), which will indicate the effect of the nursing work environment and nursing staff deployment on nurse recruitment, retention, and productivity; and on patient outcomes in 11 european countries.	19538705
development and psychometric testing of a multidimensional instrument of perceived discrimination among african americans in the jackson heart study.	assessing the discrimination-health disparities hypothesis requires psychometrically sound, multidimensional measures of discrimination. among the available discrimination measures, few are multidimensional and none have adequate psychometric testing in a large, african american sample. we report the development and psychometric testing of the multidimensional jackson heart study discrimination (jhsdis) instrument.	19341164
a population based survey of the prevalence and types of glaucoma in rural west bengal: the west bengal glaucoma study.	to determine (i) the prevalence of glaucoma in people aged > or =50 years, (ii) the proportions of different types of glaucoma, (iii) the distributions of intraocular pressure and vertical cup disc ratio.	16299129
methods used to streamline the cahps hospital survey.	to identify a parsimonious subset of reliable, valid, and consumer-salient items from 33 questions asking for patient reports about hospital care quality.	16316438
monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 promotes macrophage-mediated tubular injury, but not glomerular injury, in nephrotoxic serum nephritis.	monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (mcp-1) is upregulated in renal parenchymal cells during kidney disease. to investigate whether mcp-1 promotes tubular and/or glomerular injury, we induced nephrotoxic serum nephritis (nsn) in mcp-1 genetically deficient mice. mice were analyzed when tubules and glomeruli were severely damaged in the mcp-1-intact strain (day 7). mcp-1 transcripts increased fivefold in mcp-1-intact mice. mcp-1 was predominantly localized within cortical tubules (90%), and most c ...	9884336
prevention of peripheral tolerance by a dendritic cell growth factor: flt3 ligand as an adjuvant.	injections of soluble proteins are poorly immunogenic, and often elicit antigen-specific tolerance. the mechanism of this phenomenon has been an enduring puzzle, but it has been speculated that tolerance induction may be due to antigen presentation by poorly stimulatory, resting b cells, which lack specific immunoglobulin receptors for the protein. in contrast, adjuvants, or infectious agents, which cause the release of proinflammatory cytokines such as tumor necrosis factor alpha and interleuki ...	9841921
b cells directly tolerize cd8(+) t cells.	this report investigates the response of cd8(+) t cells to antigens presented by b cells. when c57bl/6 mice were injected with syngeneic b cells coated with the kb-restricted ovalbumin (ova) determinant ova257-264, ova-specific cytotoxic t lymphocyte (ctl) tolerance was observed. to investigate the mechanism of tolerance induction, in vitro-activated cd8(+) t cells from the kb-restricted, ova-specific t cell receptor transgenic line ot-i (ot-i cells) were cultured for 15 h with antigen-bearing b ...	9841912
detection of anti-cytokeratin 8 antibody in the serum of patients with cryptogenic fibrosing alveolitis and pulmonary fibrosis associated with collagen vascular disorders.	it has been suggested that the humoral immune system plays a role in the pathogenesis of cryptogenic fibrosing alveolitis (cfa). although circulating autoantibodies to lung protein(s) have been suggested, none of the lung proteins have been characterised. the purpose of this study was to determine the antigen to which the serum from patients with pulmonary fibrosis reacted.	10193397
gene therapy in allergic encephalomyelitis using myelin basic protein-specific t cells engineered to express latent transforming growth factor-beta1.	a myelin basic protein (mbp)-specific balb/c t helper 1 (th1) clone was transduced with cdna for murine latent transforming growth factor-beta1 (tgf-beta1) by coculture with fibroblasts producing a genetically engineered retrovirus. when sjl x balb/c f1 mice, immunized 12-15 days earlier with proteolipid protein in complete freund's adjuvant, were injected with 3 x 10(6) cells from mbp-activated untransduced cloned th1 cells, the severity of experimental allergic encephalomyelitis (eae) was slig ...	9770517
cfa with preserved lung volumes.		10319070
t cell-independent type i antibody response against b cell epitopes expressed repetitively on recombinant virus particles.	recombinant viral or virus-like particles offer new tools for vaccine development. this study investigated hepatitis b core antigen (hbcag) capsids and rna phage qbeta coats as carriers of a foreign epitope to induce antibody responses in mice. hbcag capsids were shown to induce t cell-independent (ti) antibodies. we found that these particles behave as antigen-specific ti type 1 (ti-1) ag comparable to other rigidly structured viruses. when a 5-aa long epitope of the pre-s1 domain of hepatitis ...	9689105
in search of a cause of cryptogenic fibrosing alveolitis (cfa): one initiating factor or many?	the history of patients with idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (ipf) shows that the disease may be preceded by a viral-like illness. although viruses have not been demonstrated, it is possible that viruses were not detected in culture because they do not replicate during latency. we investigated the presence of adenovirus in ipf and interstitial pneumonia associated with collagen vascular disease (cvd-ip), using the nested polymerase chain reaction (pcr) and in situ hybridization (ish) for the e1a r ...	10193340
b lymphocytes producing demyelinating autoantibodies: development and function in gene-targeted transgenic mice.	we studied the cellular basis of self tolerance of b cells specific for brain autoantigens using transgenic mice engineered to produce high titers of autoantibodies against the myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein (mog), a surface component of central nervous system myelin. we generated "knock-in" mice by replacing the germline jh locus with the rearranged immunoglobulin (ig) h chain variable (v) gene of a pathogenic mog-specific monoclonal antibody. in the transgenic mice, conventional b cells r ...	9653093
l1 antibodies block lymph node fibroblastic reticular matrix remodeling in vivo.	l1 is an immunoglobulin superfamily adhesion molecule highly expressed on neurons and involved in cell motility, neurite outgrowth, axon fasciculation, myelination, and synaptic plasticity. l1 is also expressed by nonneural cells, but its function outside of the nervous system has not been studied extensively. we find that administration of an l1 monoclonal antibody in vivo disrupts the normal remodeling of lymph node reticular matrix during an immune response. ultrastructural examination reveal ...	9625755
endogenous myelin basic protein inactivates the high avidity t cell repertoire.	to study the contribution of endogenous myelin basic protein (mbp) to the positive and/or negative selection of the mbp-specific t cell repertoire, we studied the t cell response to mbp in mbp-deficient shiverer and mbp-expressing congenic c3h mice. immunization with mbp induced a vigorous t cell response in shiverer mice directed against a single i-ak- restricted immunodominant determinant, the core of which is peptide mbp:79-87 (denpvvhff). injection of this peptide induced a high avidity t ce ...	9625765
abortive proliferation of rare t cells induced by direct or indirect antigen presentation by rare b cells in vivo.	antigen-specific b cells are implicated as antigen-presenting cells in memory and tolerance responses because they capture antigens efficiently and localize to t cell zones after antigen capture. it has not been possible, however, to visualize the effect of specific b cells on specific cd4+ helper t cells under physiological conditions. we demonstrate here that rare t cells are activated in vivo by minute quantities of antigen captured by antigen-specific b cells. antigen-activated b cells are h ...	9584139
exogenously provided peptides of a self-antigen can be processed into forms that are recognized by self-t cells.	major histocompatibility complex (mhc) class ii molecules can present peptides derived from two different sources. the predominant source of peptide in uninfected antigen presenting cells (apcs) is from self-proteins that are synthesized within the cell and traffic through the mhc class ii compartment. the other source of antigen is endocytosed proteins, which includes both self- and foreign proteins. foreign protein antigens generate adaptive immune responses, whereas self-peptides stabilize th ...	9565633
challenging cytokine redundancy: inflammatory cell movement and clinical course of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis are normal in lymphotoxin-deficient, but not tumor necrosis factor-deficient, mice.	lymphotoxin (lt) is widely regarded as a proinflammatory cytokine with activities equivalent to tumor necrosis factor (tnf). the contribution of lt to experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (eae) was examined using tnf/ltalpha-/- mice, tnf-/- mice, and a new ltalpha-/- line described here. all mice were generated directly in the c57bl/6 strain and used for the preparation of radiation bone marrow chimeras to reconstitute peripheral lymphoid organs and restore immunocompetence. this approach o ...	9565643
cd28-independent induction of t helper cells and immunoglobulin class switches requires costimulation by the heat-stable antigen.	it is well established that b7-cd28/ctla4 interactions play an important role in the induction of t helper cells for t-dependent antibody responses. however, targeted mutation of cd28 does not significantly affect production of igg and activation of cd4 t helper cells in response to infections by some viruses and nematode parasites. to test whether the cd28-independent induction of ig class switches requires costimulation by the heat-stable antigen (hsa), we compared t helper cell induction and ...	9529332
dna as an adjuvant: capacity of insect dna and synthetic oligodeoxynucleotides to augment t cell responses to specific antigen.	how strong adjuvants such as complete freund's adjuvant (cfa) promote t cell priming to protein antigens in vivo is still unclear. since the unmethylated cpg motifs in dna of bacteria and other nonvertebrates are stimulatory for b cells and antigen-presenting cells, the strong adjuvanticity of cfa could be attributed, at least in part, to the presence of dead bacteria, i.e., a source of stimulatory dna. in support of this possibility, evidence is presented that insect dna in mineral oil has even ...	9529331
protection against peroxynitrite-induced fibroblast injury and arthritis development by inhibition of poly(adp-ribose) synthase.	peroxynitrite, a cytotoxic oxidant formed from nitric oxide (no) and superoxide, induces dna strand breakage, which activates the nuclear enzyme poly(adp-ribose) synthase (pars; ec 2.4.2.30). the cellular function of pars was determined in fibroblast lines from pars knockout animals (pars-/-) and corresponding wild-type animals (pars+/+), with the aid of the lipophilic pars inhibitor 5-iodo-6-amino-1,2-benzopyrone (inh2bp). we investigated the role of pars in peroxynitrite-induced fibroblast inj ...	9520459
monocyte chemotactic protein 1 regulates oral tolerance induction by inhibition of t helper cell 1-related cytokines.	experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (eae) is a t cell-mediated autoimmune demyelinating disease of the central nervous system that serves as an animal model for multiple sclerosis. antigen-specific tolerance regimens, including oral tolerance, have been used prophylactically to prevent development of acute eae as well as a number of other autoimmune diseases. two mechanisms have been proposed to explain the immunologic basis for disease inhibition: bystander immune suppression and clonal a ...	9480983
a natural immunological adjuvant enhances t cell clonal expansion through a cd28-dependent, interleukin (il)-2-independent mechanism.	the adoptive transfer of naive cd4(+) t cell receptor (tcr) transgenic t cells was used to investigate the mechanisms by which the adjuvant lipopolysaccharide (lps) enhance t cell clonal expansion in vivo. subcutaneous administration of soluble antigen (ag) resulted in rapid and transient accumulation of the ag-specific t cells in the draining lymph nodes (lns), which was preceded by the production of interleukin (il)-2. cd28-deficient, ag-specific t cells produced only small amounts of il-2 in ...	9432980
persistence of peptide-induced cd4+ t cell anergy in vitro.	clonal t cell unresponsiveness, or anergy, has been proposed as a mechanism of peripheral tolerance in vivo, and as a potential means of curbing unwanted t cell responses. in this study, anergy was induced in a t helper cell (th) clone reactive to hemoglobin (hb) peptide 64-76 by coculture of the t cells with live antigen-presenting cells (apcs) and 74l, a peptide analog of hb(64-76) that contains a single amino acid substitution of leucine for glycine at position 74, or with a low concentration ...	9419214
suppressive role of b cells in chronic colitis of t cell receptor alpha mutant mice.	the role of antibodies (abs) in the development of chronic colitis in t cell receptor (tcr)-alpha-/- mice was explored by creating double mutant mice (tcr-alpha-/- x immunoglobulin (ig)mu-/-), which lack b cells. tcr-alpha-/- x ig mu-/- mice spontaneously developed colitis at an earlier age, and the colitis was more severe than in tcr-alpha-/- mice. colitis was induced in recombination-activating gene-1 (rag-1-/-) mice by the transfer of mesenteric lymph node (mln) cells from tcr-alpha-/- x ig m ...	9362534
cryptogenic fibrosing alveolitis with preserved lung volumes.	cryptogenic fibrosing alveolitis (cfa) is an uncommon disorder of unknown aetiology characterised by interstitial fibrosis which typically shows a restrictive pattern on pulmonary function testing. some patients with cfa and relative preservation of lung volumes have been described and it has been suggested that their volume preservation may be due to concomitant emphysema. in a retrospective study the relative frequency of preserved lung volumes in cfa, its relationship to emphysema determined ...	9487350
immunostimulatory oligodeoxynucleotides containing the cpg motif are effective as immune adjuvants in tumor antigen immunization.	recent advances in our understanding of the immune response are allowing for the logical design of new approaches to cancer immunization. one area of interest is the development of new immune adjuvants. immunostimulatory oligodeoxynucleotides containing the cpg motif (cpg odn) can induce production of a wide variety of cytokines and activate b cells, monocytes, dendritic cells, and nk cells. using the 38c13 b cell lymphoma model, we assessed whether cpg odn can function as immune adjuvants in tu ...	9380720
autopathogenic t helper cell type 1 (th1) and protective th2 clones differ in their recognition of the autoantigenic peptide of myelin proteolipid protein.	we previously generated a panel of t helper cell 1 (th1) clones specific for an encephalitogenic peptide of myelin proteolipid protein (plp) peptide 139-151 (hslgkwlghpdkf) that induces experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (eae) upon adoptive transfer. in spite of the differences in their t cell receptor (tcr) gene usage, all these th1 clones required w144 as the primary and most critical tcr contact residue for the activation. in this study, we determined the tcr contact residues of a pane ...	9294141
induction of a cd8+ cytotoxic t lymphocyte response by cross-priming requires cognate cd4+ t cell help.	class i-restricted presentation is usually associated with cytoplasmic degradation of cellular proteins and is often considered inaccessible to exogenous antigens. nonetheless, certain exogenous elements can gain entry into this so-called endogenous pathway by a mechanism termed cross-presentation. this is known to be effective for class i-restricted cytotoxic t lymphocyte (ctl) cross-priming directed against a variety of exogenous tumor, viral, and minor transplantation antigens. the related ef ...	9206998
presentation of a t cell receptor antagonist peptide by immunoglobulins ablates activation of t cells by a synthetic peptide or proteins requiring endocytic processing.	t cell receptor (tcr) antagonism is being considered for inactivation of aggressive t cells and reversal of t cell-mediated autoimmune diseases. tcr antagonist peptides silence aggressive t cells and reverse experimental allergic encephalomyelitis induced with free peptides. however, it is not clear whether free antagonist peptides could reverse natural disease where the antigen is presumably available for endocytic processing and peptides gain access to newly synthesized class ii mhc molecules. ...	9091578
cryptogenic fibrosing alveolitis and the fibrosing alveolitis of systemic sclerosis: morphological differences on computed tomographic scans.	the purpose of this study was to identify morphological differences on the computed tomographic (ct) scan between cryptogenic fibrosing alveolitis (cfa) and the fibrosing alveolitis associated with systemic sclerosis (fassc), and to examine their biological relevance.	9093344
increased adjuvant efficacy in stimulation of antibody responses after macrophage elimination in vivo.	to investigate whether macrophages influence the efficacy of adjuvants, we locally eliminated lymph node macrophages with dichloromethylene diphosphonate containing-liposomes before primary immunization. after macrophage elimination, animals were immunized with a soluble antigen (tnp-klh; 2,4,6-trinitrophenyl-keyhole limpet haemocyanin) either in phosphate-buffered saline (pbs), in complete freund's adjuvant (cfa), or in specol is a water-in-oil emulsion, considered to be less aggressive than cf ...	9155638
british thoracic society study of cryptogenic fibrosing alveolitis: current presentation and initial management. fibrosing alveolitis subcommittee of the research committee of the british thoracic society.	mortality due to cryptogenic fibrosing alveolitis (cfa) is increasing, particularly in the elderly. optimum management remains uncertain and previous studies of the disease have largely been from specialist centres. a national study was carried out of the presentation and initial management of cfa in the uk.	9039238
experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis induction in genetically b cell-deficient mice.	experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (eae) is an animal model for autoimmune central nervous system disease mediated by cd4 t cells. to examine the role of b cells in the induction of eae, we used b10.pl (i-au) mice rendered deficient in b cells by deletion of their mu chain transmembrane region (b10.plmicromt). by immunizing b10.pl and b10.plmicromt mice with the nh-terminal myelin basic protein encephalitogenic peptide ac1-11, we observed no difference in the onset or severity of disease ...	8976182
treatment of experimental encephalomyelitis with a novel chimeric fusion protein of myelin basic protein and proteolipid protein.	it has been shown that peripheral t cell tolerance can be induced by systemic antigen administration. we have been interested in using this phenomenon to develop antigen-specific immunotherapies for t cell-mediated autoimmune diseases. in patients with the demyelinating disease multiple sclerosis (ms), multiple potentially autoantigenic epitopes have been identified on the two major proteins of the myelin sheath, myelin basic protein (mbp) and proteolipid protein (plp). to generate a tolerogenic ...	8833909
mortality rates from cryptogenic fibrosing alveolitis in seven countries.	registered mortality from cryptogenic fibrosing alveolitis (cfa) in england and wales has increased substantially since the specific international classification of diseases code for cfa was introduced in 1979. however, since a significant proportion of deaths from cfa are misclassified as post inflammatory fibrosis (pif), it is possible that the observed rise in cfa mortality is due to diagnostic transfer from this code. to investigate this, and to assess mortality trends in other countries, an ...	8882078
[complementary nutrition for the young child following the devaluation of the cfa franc (african financial community): 2 case studies in the congo and senegal urban environment].	developing countries frequently see their currency depreciated to varying degrees. the consequences of such monetary disturbances on the nutrition of young children are not well known, though children are the most vulnerable in nutritional terms. one year after the 50% devaluation of the cfa franc (communauté financière africaine, "african financial community"), which took place on 12 january 1994 simultaneously in fourteen countries, nine of which are on the undp list of least developed countri ...	8653818
a type 2 (th2-like) pattern of immune response predominates in the pulmonary interstitium of patients with cryptogenic fibrosing alveolitis (cfa).	cfa is an inflammatory condition of the lungs resulting in scarring, pulmonary failure and death. the etiology of the disease is unknown, but the pathogenesis is believed to involve a persistent immunological reaction to unidentified antigen in the lung resulting in tissue damage. recent advances in our understanding of the immune system have shown that different patterns of stimulatory cytokines are produced at sites of inflammation by a range of cell types. patterns of cytokine reproduction by ...	7664490
superantigens and conventional antigens induce different responses in alpha beta t-cell receptor transgenic mice.	while superantigens such as staphylococcal enterotoxin b (seb) have been shown to induce both clonal deletion and clonal anergy, it is still not known why tolerance rather than memory is induced. to address this issue, we tested the proliferative capacity of t cells from ovalbumin (ova)-specific alpha beta t-cell receptor transgenic mice primed with either seb emulsified in complete freund's adjuvant (cfa) or with ova peptide, the specific antigen, in cfa. by contrast cells from mice primed with ...	7635522
therapeutic algorithms for the management of sexually transmitted diseases at the peripheral level in côte d'ivoire: assessment of efficacy and cost.	in the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (aids) era, adequate management of sexually transmitted diseases (stds) is a primary concern in africa. assessed in this study is the clinical efficacy and feasibility of who-recommended therapeutic algorithms for genital discharges and ulcers, diagnosed without laboratory tests, for use at the primary health care level. drugs were sold on a cost-recovery basis and included intramuscular ceftriaxone and oral ciprofloxacin for single-dose therapy of gonor ...	7614662
biological monitoring of exposure to 3-chloro-4-fluoroaniline by determination of a urinary metabolite and a hemoglobin adduct.	in two studies, involving 75 and 72 workers, potential exposure to 3-chloro-4-fluoroaniline (cfa) was biologically monitored by determination of its main urinary metabolite 2-amino-4-chloro-5-fluorophenol sulfate (cfa-s). as this method only allows the detection of recent exposure, analysis of cfa adducts bound to hemoglobin (hb) was investigated as a method that allows biological monitoring of exposure to cfa over longer periods. the median cfa-s concentration in 67 samples from the first study ...	7889853
the effect of ifn-gamma, alum and complete freund adjuvant on tnp-klh induced ig.g(1), ige and igg(2a) responses in mice.	adjuvants are considered to play an important role in directing the isotype and amount of antibodies produced upon immunization by conducting the development of either th-1 or th-2 cells upon t-cell stimulation. this is based on the different cytokine production patterns that were observed after in vitro resttmulation of t cells isolated from mice immunized with antigen either adsorbed on alum or emulsified in complete freund adjuvant (cfa). however, other studies suggest that primarily the type ...	18475585
comparison of factor analysis options using the home/employment orientation scale.		8455988
the role of antigen-presenting cells in the regulation of delayed-type hypersensitivity. i. spleen dendritic cells.	a previously unreported mechanism for the induction of delayed-type hypersensitivity (dth) was studied in detail. the subcutaneous injection (without adjuvant) of spleen dendritic cells (dc) pulsed with keyhole limpet haemocyanin (klh) into syngeneic balb/c mice caused dth when the ear was later injected with the same antigen. when klh-pulsed dc were transferred intravenously, dth was not induced, although the titre of anti-klh antibodies rose after such transfer. the intravenous transfer of klh ...	1398768
a dendritic-cell-stromal axis maintains immune responses in lymph nodes.	within secondary lymphoid tissues, stromal reticular cells support lymphocyte function, and targeting reticular cells is a potential strategy for controlling pathogenic lymphocytes in disease. however, the mechanisms that regulate reticular cell function are not well understood. here we found that during an immune response in lymph nodes, dendritic cells (dcs) maintain reticular cell survival in multiple compartments. dc-derived lymphotoxin beta receptor (ltβr) ligands were critical mediators, a ...	25902483
continuity and change in early school engagement: predictive of children's achievement trajectories from first to eighth grade?	premises about the effects of early engagement on achievement were investigated with 383 children who were followed from ages 5.5 to 13.5. change and continuity in behavioral (cooperative-resistant classroom participation) and emotional (school liking-avoidance) engagement were assessed during grades 1-3 and examined within variable- and person-oriented analyses as antecedents of scholastic progress from grades 1-8. findings corroborated the premises that change as well as continuity in early sc ...	23060683
reduced cognitive ability in alcohol dependence: examining the role of covarying externalizing psychopathology.	reduced executive cognitive ability is associated with alcohol dependence (ad) and other comorbid externalizing disorders. working memory capacity, short-term memory, conditional associative learning, and intelligence were assessed in a sample (n = 477) with variation in lifetime histories of externalizing problems (conduct disorder, adult antisocial behavior, substance problems); this included a subsample (n = 285) with a diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (4th ed.; american ...	19222318
cultural and contextual influences on parenting in mexican american families.	family stress theory can explain associations between contextual stressors and parenting. however, the theory has not been tested among mexican americans or expanded to include cultural-contextual risks. this study examined associations between neighborhood, economic, and acculturative stressors and parenting behaviors in a sample of 570 two-parent mexican american families. results support the negative impact of economic stress on parenting through parental depressive symptoms. neighborhood str ...	20126298
couples' reasons for cohabitation: associations with individual well-being and relationship quality.	this study used a new measure to examine how different types of reasons for cohabitation were associated with individual well-being and relationship quality in a sample of 120 cohabiting heterosexual couples (n = 240). spending more time together and convenience were the most strongly endorsed reasons. the degree to which individuals reported cohabiting to test their relationships was associated with more negative couple communication and more physical aggression as well as lower relationship ad ...	19756225
not all conscientiousness scales change alike: a multimethod, multisample study of age differences in the facets of conscientiousness.	previous research has shown that traits from the domain of conscientiousness tend to increase with age. however, previous research has not tested whether all aspects of conscientiousness change with age. the present research tests age differences in multiple facets of conscientiousness (industriousness, orderliness, impulse control, reliability, and conventionality) using multiple methods and multiple samples. in a community sample (n = 274) and a representative statewide sample (n = 613) of 18- ...	19159142
development of a measure of sense of community for individuals with serious mental illness residing in community settings.	the psychological sense of community is one of the most commonly investigated constructs in community psychology. sense of community may be particularly important for individuals with serious mental illness (smi) because they often face societal barriers to participation in community living, including stigma and discrimination. to date, no published studies have investigated the psychometric qualities of sense of community measures among individuals with smi. the current study tested a series of ...	19305637
cross-linking of cd80 on cd4+ t cells activates a calcium-dependent signaling pathway.	cd80 expressed on the surface of apcs provides a positive costimulatory signal to naive cd4+ t cells via cd28 during activation. however, cd80 is also expressed on the surface of activated cd4+ t cells, and cross-linking cd80 on the surface of cd4+ t cells activated in the presence of th1-promoting cytokines induces a direct up-regulation of t-bet, ifn-gamma, and bcl(xl) expression in primary cd4+ t cells. the present data show that naive cd4+ t cells activated in th1-promoting conditions in the ...	19124719
applicability of the social development model to urban ethnic minority youth: examining the relationship between external constraints, family socialization, and problem behaviors.	the development of preventive interventions targeting adolescent problem behaviors requires a thorough understanding of risk and protective factors for such behaviors. however, few studies examine whether different cultural and ethnic groups share these factors. this study is an attempt to fill a gap in research by examining similarities and differences in risk factors across racial and ethnic groups. the social development model has shown promise in organizing predictors of problem behaviors. t ...	21625351
hypoxia inducible factor-1α in astrocytes and/or myeloid cells is not required for the development of autoimmune demyelinating disease(,.)	hypoxia-like tissue alterations, characterized by the upregulation of hypoxia-inducible factor-1α (hif-1α), have been described in the normal appearing white matter and pre-demyelinating lesions of multiple sclerosis (ms) patients. as hif-1α regulates the transcription of a wide set of genes involved in neuroprotection and neuroinflammation, hif-1α expression may contribute to the pathogenesis of inflammatory demyelination. to test this hypothesis, we analyzed the effect of cell-specific genetic ...	26213713
treg cells expressing the coinhibitory molecule tigit selectively inhibit proinflammatory th1 and th17 cell responses.	foxp3(+) t regulatory (treg) cells regulate immune responses and maintain self-tolerance. recent work shows that treg cells are comprised of many subpopulations with specialized regulatory functions. here we identified foxp3(+) t cells expressing the coinhibitory molecule tigit as a distinct treg cell subset that specifically suppresses proinflammatory t helper 1 (th1) and th17 cell, but not th2 cell responses. transcriptional profiling characterized tigit(+) treg cells as an activated treg cell ...	24745333
small-molecule rorγt antagonists inhibit t helper 17 cell transcriptional network by divergent mechanisms.	we identified three retinoid-related orphan receptor gamma t (rorγt)-specific inhibitors that suppress t helper 17 (th17) cell responses, including th17-cell-mediated autoimmune disease. we systemically characterized rorγt binding in the presence and absence of drugs with corresponding whole-genome transcriptome sequencing. rorγt acts as a direct activator of th17 cell signature genes and a direct repressor of signature genes from other t cell lineages; its strongest transcriptional effects are ...	24745332
an abbreviated impulsiveness scale (abis) constructed through confirmatory factor analysis of the bis-11.	impulsiveness is a personality trait that reflects an urge to act spontaneously, without thinking or planning ahead for the consequences of your actions. high impulsiveness is characteristic of a variety of problematic behaviors including attention deficit disorder, hyperactivity, excessive gambling, risk-taking, drug use, and alcoholism. researchers studying attention and self-control often assess impulsiveness using personality questionnaires, notably the common barratt impulsiveness scale ver ...	26258000
δ-opioid receptor agonists inhibit migraine-related hyperalgesia, aversive state and cortical spreading depression in mice.	migraine is an extraordinarily common brain disorder for which treatment options continue to be limited. agonists that activate the δ-opioid receptor may be promising for the treatment of migraine as they are highly effective for the treatment of chronic rather than acute pain, do not induce hyperalgesia, have low abuse potential and have anxiolytic and antidepressant properties. the aim of this study was to investigate the therapeutic potential of δ-opioid receptor agonists for migraine by char ...	24467301
delivery of an mir155 inhibitor by anti-cd20 single-chain antibody into b cells reduces the acetylcholine receptor-specific autoantibodies and ameliorates experimental autoimmune myasthenia gravis.	microrna-155 (mir155) is required for antibody production after vaccination with attenuated salmonella. mir155-deficient b cells generated reduced germinal centre responses and failed to produce high-affinity immunoglobulin (ig)g1 antibodies. in this study, we observed up-regulation of mir155 in the peripheral blood mononuclear cells (pbmcs) of patients with myasthenia gravis (mg), and mir155 was also up-regulated in torpedo acetylcholine receptor (t-achr)-stimulated b cells. we used an inhibito ...	24387321
tolerogenic dendritic cells produced by lentiviral-mediated cd40- and interleukin-23p19-specific shrna can ameliorate experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis by suppressing t helper type 17 cells.	down-regulation of soluble or membrane-bound co-stimulatory molecules by rnai in dendritic cells can prevent the activation of immune responses. therefore, this study was designed to evaluate the therapeutic efficacy of bone marrow-derived dcs (bmdcs) transduced with lentiviral vectors to permanently expressed shrna specific for cd40 (cd40lv-dcs) and/or p19 subunit of interleukin (il)-23 (p19lv-dcs) mrnas in experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (eae). in-vitro studies showed that double-tra ...	24387596
neuronopathy in the motor neocortex in a chronic model of multiple sclerosis.	we provide evidence of cortical neuronopathy in myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein peptide-induced experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis, an established model of chronic multiple sclerosis. to investigate phenotypic perturbations in neurons in this model, we used apoptotic markers and immunohistochemistry with antibodies to neun and other surrogate markers known to be expressed by adult pyramidal layer v somas, including annexin v, encephalopsin, and emx1. we found no consistent evidence of ...	24607968
the functional idiographic assessment template-questionnaire (fiat-q): initial psychometric properties.	the evidence based assessment (eba) movement stresses the importance of psychological measures with strong psychometric properties and clinical utility. the functional idiographic assessment template system (fiat; callaghan, 2006) is a functional analytic behavioral approach to the assessment of interpersonal functioning for use with therapies like functional analytic psychotherapy (fap; kohlenberg & tsai, 1991). while research has begun to demonstrate the clinical utility of the fiat, its psych ...	25250219
effect of antiasthma simplified herbal medicine intervention on neutrophil predominant airway inflammation in a ragweed sensitized murine asthma model.	neutrophil-predominant asthma is less responsive to steroids and associated with poorer disease control. the effects of antiasthma simplified herbal medicine intervention (ashmi), a traditional chinese medicine formula reported to be efficacious in asthmatic patients and murine asthma models, on neutrophil predominant asthma are unknown.	24679734
the cultural health attributions questionnaire (chaq): reliability, validity, and refinement.	this study describes the reliability and validity of scores on the cultural health attributions questionnaire (chaq), and proposes a refined short form. murguía, zea, reisen, and peterson (2000) developed the 24-item chaq to assess health beliefs among latinos/hispanics. the chaq incorporates two 12-item subscales: equity attributions (ea) and behavioral-environmental attributions (bea). although the chaq has been published in spanish and english, psychometric properties have only been evaluated ...	24773009
assessing older adults' obsessive-compulsive disorder symptoms: psychometric characteristics of the obsessive compulsive inventory-revised.	the lack of obsessive-compulsive disorder (ocd) symptom measures validated for use with older adults has hindered research and treatment development for the age group. we evaluated the obsessive-compulsive inventory-revised (oci-r; foa et al., 2002) with participants aged 65 and older (n = 180) to determine if the measure was an effective tool for evaluating obsessional symptoms. participants completed the oci-r and a comprehensive assessment battery up to four times over approximately 18 months ...	24949284
anti-inflammatory and antimicrobial effects of heat-clearing chinese herbs: a current review.	inflammation is a normal immune response; but if the body's regulation of inflammation is dysfunctional, then it will have an adverse effect on the body. although use of modern drugs for inflammation has a relieving effect, it is still unsatisfactory. moreover, the emergence of drug-resistant strains and even new kinds of microorganisms is causing significant morbidity and mortality. recently, more attention has been focused on herbal medicine to treat various diseases because of the ability of ...	24860732
generating a battery of monoclonal antibodies against native green fluorescent protein for immunostaining, facs, ip, and chip using a unique adjuvant.	using a unique, nontoxic adjuvant compound of poly(i:c) and anti-cd40 mab, a battery of eight mouse monoclonal antibodies was generated against native green fluorescent protein. all were effective to varying degrees for immunostaining paraformaldehyde-fixed cells, six for staining sections of paraffin-embedded tissue, all to varying degrees in fluorescent-activated cell sorting, five for immunoprecipitation, and seven for chromatin immunoprecipitation. none worked in denaturing western blots sin ...	24746148
margaritaria discoidea (euphorbiaceae) stem bark extract attenuates allergy and freund's adjuvant-induced arthritis in rodents.	various parts of margaritaria discoidea find use in traditional medicine in the treatment of pain and oedema. this study evaluated the anti-allergic, anti-inflammatory and anti-arthritic effects of a 70% (v/v) aqueous ethanol extract of the stem bark of margaritaria discoidea, mde in rodents.	24761122
the contribution of executive function to source memory development in early childhood.	age-related differences in episodic memory judgments assessing recall of fact information and the source of this information were examined. the role of executive function in supporting early episodic memory ability was also explored. four- and 6-year-old children were taught 10 novel facts from two different sources (experimenter or puppet) and memory for both fact and source information was later tested. measures of working memory, inhibitory control, and set-shifting were obtained to produce a ...	24829540
factor structure of the gender role conflict scale-short form in chinese heterosexual and gay samples.	the current study examined the validity of gender role conflict scale-short form (grcs-sf) among a sample of 256 chinese heterosexual men and 250 chinese gay men. confirmatory factor analysis (cfa) supported the conclusion that a chinese translated version of the grcs-sf had acceptable structural validity. specifically, the four-factor solution (i.e., success, power, competition; restricted emotionality; restricted affectionate behavior between men; conflict between work and family relations) wa ...	26185486
vista is an immune checkpoint molecule for human t cells.	v-domain ig suppressor of t cell activation (vista) is a potent negative regulator of t-cell function that is expressed on hematopoietic cells. vista levels are heightened within the tumor microenvironment, in which its blockade can enhance antitumor immune responses in mice. in humans, blockade of the related programmed cell death 1 (pd-1) pathway has shown great potential in clinical immunotherapy trials. here, we report the structure of human vista and examine its function in lymphocyte negat ...	24691993
national survey of sensory features in children with asd: factor structure of the sensory experience questionnaire (3.0).	this national online survey study characterized sensory features in 1,307 children with autism spectrum disorder (asd) ages 2-12 years using the sensory experiences questionnaire version 3.0 (seq-3.0). using the seq-3.0, a confirmatory factor analytic model with four substantive factors of hypothesized sensory response patterns (i.e., hyporesponsiveness; hyperresponsiveness; sensory interests, repetitions and seeking behaviors; enhanced perception), five method factors of sensory modalities (i.e ...	24097141
text comprehension mediates morphological awareness, syntactic processing, and working memory in predicting chinese written composition performance.	the goal of the present study was to test opposing views about four issues concerning predictors of individual differences in chinese written composition: (a) whether morphological awareness, syntactic processing, and working memory represent distinct and measureable constructs in chinese or are just manifestations of general language ability; (b) whether they are important predictors of chinese written composition, and if so, the relative magnitudes and independence of their predictive relation ...	25530630
psychometric properties of the child's reaction to traumatic events scale-revised in english and lugandan.	brief and age-appropriate measures of trauma-related symptoms are useful for identifying children in need of clinical services. the current study examines the psychometric properties of the 23-item child's reaction to traumatic events scale-revised (crtes-r). the crtes-r includes subscales assessing hyperarousal, avoidance and intrusion. to date, no studies have examined the psychometric properties of this revised measure or cross-cultural differences in its factor structure. two samples of (a) ...	26085785
ex-vivo tolerogenic f4/80⁺ antigen-presenting cells (apc) induce efferent cd8⁺ regulatory t cell-dependent suppression of experimental autoimmune uveitis.	it is known that inoculation of antigen into the anterior chamber (a.c.) of a mouse eye induces a.c.-associated immune deviation (acaid), which is mediated in part by antigen-specific local and peripheral tolerance to the inciting antigen. acaid can also be induced in vivo by intravenous (i.v.) inoculation of ex-vivo-generated tolerogenic antigen-presenting cells (tolapc). the purpose of this study was to test if in-vitro-generated retinal antigen-pulsed tolapc suppressed established experimenta ...	24266626
antihyperalgesic effects of imidazoline i(2) receptor ligands in rat models of inflammatory and neuropathic pain.	a new imidazoline i2 receptor ligand, cr4056, is effective for chronic inflammatory pain and diabetic neuropathy. however, it is unclear whether other i2 receptor ligands have similar effects and whether antinociceptive tolerance develops with repeated treatment.	24329196
le135, a retinoid acid receptor antagonist, produces pain through direct activation of trp channels.	retinoids, through their activation of retinoic acid receptors (rars) and retinoid x receptors, regulate diverse cellular processes, and pharmacological intervention in their actions has been successful in the treatment of skin disorders and cancers. despite the many beneficial effects, administration of retinoids causes irritating side effects with unknown mechanisms. here, we demonstrate that le135 [4-(7,8,9,10-tetrahydro-5,7,7,10,10-pentamethyl-5h-benzo[e]naphtho[2,3-b][1,4]diazepin-13-yl)ben ...	24308840
understanding autoimmunity in the eye: from animal models to novel therapies.	in recent years considerable headway has been made on understanding the mechanisms underlying inflammatory diseases of the eye. this includes the role of the innate vs. adaptive arms of the immune systems in disease, the concept that distinct immune pathways can drive end-organ pathology, and the role as well as limitations of immune privilege in controlling the innate and adaptive effector responses that lead to eye pathology and loss of vision. these insights have largely been derived from bas ...	24641958
patterns of arteriosclerotic lesions of the lower extremity in a west indian population based on angiographic findings and ethnicity.	this study aimed to determine whether ethnic differences show different patterns of arterial disease in the lower limb.	24780669
pharmacologic repression of retinoic acid receptor-related orphan nuclear receptor γ is therapeutic in the collagen-induced arthritis experimental model.	the nuclear receptor retinoic acid receptor-related orphan nuclear receptor γ (rorγ; t cell-specific isoform rorγt) is a key regulator of th17 cell differentiation, controlling the production of the inflammatory cytokine interleukin-17 (il-17). lipopolysaccharide (lps) stimulation of monocytes leads to the induction of rorγ. we previously showed that the potent and selective inverse agonist of rorγ, sr2211, was effective at suppressing il-17 production in el4 cells. the aim of this study was to ...	24574218
a single functional group substitution in c5a breaks b cell and t cell tolerance and protects against experimental arthritis.	a deficiency in c5 protects against arthritis development. however, there is currently no approach successfully translating these findings into arthritis therapy, as by targeting the key component, c5a. the aim of this study was to develop a vaccination strategy targeting c5a as therapy for patients with rheumatoid arthritis.	24574221
refining the evidence-based practice attitude scale: an alternative confirmatory factor analysis.	barriers to adopting evidence-based practices into real-world mental health organizations have received considerable attention and study. one particular attempt is aarons's evidence-based practice attitude scale (ebpas), which measures a worker's attitudes toward adopting new treatments, interventions, and practices. this study follows aarons's work by conducting a confirmatory factor analysis of the ebpas administered in a large child and family human service agency in new york state (n = 1,273 ...	25400495
the p factor: one general psychopathology factor in the structure of psychiatric disorders?	mental disorders traditionally have been viewed as distinct, episodic, and categorical conditions. this view has been challenged by evidence that many disorders are sequentially comorbid, recurrent/chronic, and exist on a continuum. using the dunedin multidisciplinary health and development study, we examined the structure of psychopathology, taking into account dimensionality, persistence, co-occurrence, and sequential comorbidity of mental disorders across 20 years, from adolescence to midlife ...	25360393
inhibition of nr2b-containing n-methyl-d-aspartate receptors (nmdars) in experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis, a model of multiple sclerosis.	neurodegeneration is the pathophysiological basis for permanent neurological disabilities in multiple sclerosis (ms); thus neuroprotection is emerging as a therapeutic approach in ms research. modulation of excitotoxicity by inhibition of nmdars has been suggested for neuroprotection, but selective antagonisation of the nr2b subtype of these receptors, a subtype believed to play a more pivotal role in neurodegeneration, has not been tested in ms. in this study inhibition of nr2b-containing nmdar ...	25237366
an instrument to assess subjective task value beliefs regarding the decision to pursue postgraduate training.	to develop and validate an instrument to assess subjective ratings of the perceived value of various postgraduate training paths followed using expectancy-value as a theoretical framework; and to explore differences in value beliefs across type of postgraduate training pursued and type of pharmacy training completed prior to postgraduate training.	24558279