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diagnosis and control of peste des petits ruminants: a comprehensive review.peste des petits ruminants (ppr) is an acute, highly contagious, world organization for animal health (oie) notifiable and economically important transboundary viral disease of sheep and goats associated with high morbidity and mortality and caused by ppr virus. ppr is considered as one of the main constraints in augmenting the productivity of small ruminants in developing countries and particularly severely affects poor farmer's economy. the disease is clinically manifested by pyrexia, oculo-na ...201424426309
natural peste des petits ruminants virus infection in black bengal goats: virological, pathological and immunohistochemical investigation.peste des petits ruminants (ppr), also known as goat plague, occurs in goats, sheep and related species. it is caused by a morbillivirus in the family paramyxoviridae. in bangladesh ppr is endemic and it causes serious economic losses. pathology of ppr has been reported in different goat and sheep breeds from natural and experimental infections. field results are better indicators of pathogenicity of the circulating virus. the severity of the disease varies with species, breed and immune status ...201425394771
genetic and epidemiological insights into the emergence of peste des petits ruminants virus (pprv) across asia and africa.small ruminants are important components in the livelihood of millions of households in many parts of the world. the spread of the highly contagious peste des petits ruminants (ppr) disease, which is caused by an rna virus, pprv, across asia and africa remains a major concern. the present study explored the evolutionary and epidemiological dynamics of pprv through the analyses of partial n-gene and f-gene sequences of the virus. all the four previously described pprv lineages (i-iv) diverged fro ...201425391314
toll-like receptor responses to peste des petits ruminants virus in goats and water buffalo.ovine rinderpest or goat plague is an economically important and contagious viral disease of sheep and goats, caused by the peste des petits ruminants virus (pprv). differences in susceptibility to goat plague among different breeds and water buffalo exist. the host innate immune system discriminates between pathogen associated molecular patterns and self antigens through surveillance receptors known as toll like receptors (tlr). we investigated the role of tlr and cytokines in differential susc ...201425369126
first complete genome sequence of a lineage iii peste des petits ruminants virus.we report the first complete genome sequence of a lineage iii peste des petits ruminants virus (kn5/2011) using rna extracted from goat lung tissue collected in kenya in 2011. the genome shows the highest nucleotide sequence identity with lineage ii peste des petits ruminants viruses (pprvs) (86.1 to 87.2%) and the lowest with lineage iv pprvs (82.5 to 83.8%).201425342678
complete genome sequences of lineage iii peste des petits ruminants viruses from the middle east and east africa.for the first time, complete genome sequences of four lineage iii peste des petits ruminants (ppr) viruses (oman 1983, united arab emirates 1986, ethiopia 1994, and uganda 2012) originated from the middle east and east africa are reported here. the availability of complete genome sequences from all four lineages (i to iv) of the ppr virus (pprv) would greatly help in a comprehensive understanding of the molecular evolution and emergence of pprv.201425342675
molecular characterization of peste-des-petits ruminants virus (pprv) isolated from an outbreak in the indo-bangladesh border of tripura state of north-east india.peste-des-petits- ruminants (ppr) is a highly contagious and devastating disease of goats and sheep. although india is endemic for ppr, tripura, a state in north east india has never been reported confirmed ppr outbreaks. recently, an outbreak of ppr occurred in non-descript goats at the sabroom town of tripura state in north-east india in june, 2013. the causative agent, ppr virus (pprv) was confirmed by sandwich elisa, virus isolation and n gene based rt-pcr and sequencing. the sequence and ph ...201425465184
peste des petits ruminants virus, tunisia, 2012-2013. 201425420036
peste des petits ruminants virus, eastern asia. 201425419722
molecular evolution of peste des petits ruminants virus.despite safe and efficacious vaccines against peste des petits ruminants virus (pprv), this virus has emerged as the cause of a highly contagious disease with serious economic consequences for small ruminant agriculture across asia, the middle east, and africa. we used complete and partial genome sequences of all 4 lineages of the virus to investigate evolutionary and epidemiologic dynamics of pprv. a bayesian phylogenetic analysis of all pprv lineages mapped the time to most recent common ances ...201425418782
induction of protective immune response against both pprv and fmdv by a novel recombinant pprv expressing fmdv vp1.peste des petits ruminants (ppr) and foot-and-mouth disease (fmd) are both highly contagious diseases of small domestic and wild ruminants caused by the ppr virus (pprv) and the fmd virus (fmdv). in this study, a recombinant pprv expressing the fmdv vp1 gene (rpprv/vp1) was generated and fmdv vp1 expression did not impair replication of the recombinant virus in vitro and immunogenicity in inducing neutralizing antibody against ppr in goats. vaccination with one dose of rpprv/vp1 induced fmdv neu ...201424898430
recombinant adenovirus expressing the haemagglutinin of peste des petits ruminants virus (pprv) protects goats against challenge with pathogenic virus; a diva vaccine for ppr.peste des petits ruminants virus (pprv) is a morbillivirus that can cause severe disease in sheep and goats, characterised by pyrexia, pneumo-enteritis, and gastritis. the socio-economic burden of the disease is increasing in underdeveloped countries, with poor livestock keepers being affected the most. current vaccines consist of cell-culture attenuated strains of pprv, which induce a similar antibody profile to that induced by natural infection. generation of a vaccine that enables differentia ...201424568545
prevalence of peste des petits ruminants in goats in north-east india.the present study describes prevalence of peste des petits ruminants (ppr) virus infection in goats in various parts of north-east (ne) india by screening of suspected serum samples collected during outbreak investigation and random samples during 2013-2014 survey. a total of 391 serum samples (318 random and 73 outbreak/suspected) were collected from 28 districts in 7 states (meghalaya, assam, manipur, nagaland, arunachal pradesh, tripura and mizoram) of ne india. serum samples were screened fo ...201425674627
detection of subclinical peste des petits ruminants virus infection in experimental cattle.the present study was undertaken to investigate the possible involvement of cattle in the epidemiology of peste des petits ruminants (ppr) as subclinical carriers. cattle were exposed experimentally to ppr virus (pprv) infection or placed in contact with ppr infected goats. clinical samples including heparinized/edta blood, plasma, peripheral blood monocyte cells (pbmcs) and clotted blood (for serum) were collected periodically from 21 days post infection (dpi) to 397 dpi (21, 45, 50, 57, 65, 95 ...201425674614
protective immune response of live attenuated thermo-adapted peste des petits ruminants vaccine in goats.virulent isolate of peste des petits ruminants virus (pprv) of indian origin (pprv jhansi 2003) initially adapted in vero cells was further propagated in thermo-adapted (ta) vero cells grown at 40 °c for attaining thermo-adaption and attenuation of virus for development of ta vaccine against ppr in goats and sheep. the virus was attenuated up to 50 passages in ta vero cells, at which, the virus was found sterile, innocuous in mice and guinea pigs and safe in seronegative goats and sheep. the dev ...201425674603
complete genome sequence of a novel variant strain of peste des petits ruminants virus, china/xjyl/2013.here, we announce the complete genome sequence of a novel variant strain of peste des petits ruminants virus, termed china/xjyl/2013. the genome is 15,954 nucleotides long with a 6-nucleotide insertion in the 5' untranslated region of the f gene. this strain is phylogenetically classified as a lineage iv virus.201425301639
withdrawn: identification of peste-des-petits ruminants virus (pprv) lineage iv, the asian lineage, in nigeria and co-circulation with pprv lineage ii.this article has been withdrawn at the request of the author(s) and/or editor. the publisher apologizes for any inconvenience this may cause. the full elsevier policy on article withdrawal can be found at http://www.elsevier.com/locate/withdrawalpolicy.201425301280
dried fluid spots for peste des petits ruminants virus load evaluation allowing for non-invasive diagnosis and genotyping.active surveillance of peste des petits ruminants (ppr) should ease prevention and control of this disease widely present across africa, middle east, central and southern asia. ppr is now present in turkey at the gateway to the european union. in bangladesh, the diagnosis and genotyping of ppr virus (pprv) may be hampered by inadequate infrastructures and by lack of proper clinical material, which is often not preserved under cold chain up to laboratories. it has been shown previously that whatm ...201425301058
complete genome sequence of a field strain of peste des petits ruminants virus isolated during 2010-2014 epidemics in senegal.peste des petits ruminants virus (pprv) infection is expanding and results in regular epizootic activities in africa, the middle east, and asia. here, we report the complete genome sequence of a field strain of pprv isolated in senegal (sndk11i13) in 2013.201425291758
molecular characterisation of lineage iv peste des petits ruminants virus using multi gene sequence data.peste des petits ruminants is responsible for an economically important plague of small ruminants that is endemic across much of the developing world. here we describe the detection and characterisation of a ppr virus from a recent outbreak in tamil nadu, india. we demonstrate the isolation of ppr virus from rectal swab and highlight the potential spread of disease to in-contact animals through faecal materials and use of faecal material as non-invasive method of sampling for susceptible wild ru ...201425248690
current perspectives on conventional and novel vaccines against peste des petits ruminants.peste des petits ruminants (ppr) is an acute or subacute, highly contagious viral disease of small ruminants, characterized by fever, oculonasal discharges, stomatitis, diarrhoea and pneumonia. this disease is included in the oie (office international des epizooties) list of notifiable terrestrial animal diseases. ppr was first described in the early 1940s in côte d'ivoire, and at present, ppr is mainly circulating in western and central africa, the arabian peninsula and southern asia. peste des ...201425224755
emergence of peste des petits ruminants virus lineage iv in ismailia province, egypt.peste des petits ruminants (ppr) is an acute, highly contagious fatal disease of small ruminants characterized by high fever, ocular and nasal discharge, pneumonia, erosive stomatitis and severe enteritis that ultimately results in high mortalities. peste des petits ruminants virus (pprv) is widely distributed and endemic in several african, middle eastern and south asian countries and it poses a threat to european countries. egyptian veterinary medical authorities stated that egypt is free from ...201425200722
full genome sequence of a peste des petits ruminants virus (pprv) from ghana.the full genome of a peste des petits ruminants virus (pprv) isolated from a sheep lung sample collected in ghana, western africa, in 2010, has been sequenced. phylogenetic analysis demonstrated that the virus clustered within the lineage ii clade while comparison of its full genome with those of other pprv strains revealed the highest identity (96.6 %) at a nucleotide level with the pprv strain nigeria/76/1. this is the first full genome sequence generated for a pprv lineage ii isolated since 1 ...201425150987
partial genetic characterization of peste des petits ruminants virus from goats in northern and eastern tanzania.peste des petits ruminants (ppr) is an acute viral disease of small ruminants. the disease was first reported in tanzania in 2008 when it was confined to the northern zone districts bordering kenya. the present study was carried out to confirm the presence of ppr virus (pprv) in tanzania and to establish their phylogenetic relationships. samples (oculonasal swabs, tissues and whole blood) were obtained from live goats with clinical presentation suggestive of ppr and goats that died naturally in ...201425135464
preliminary investigation on presence of peste des petits ruminants in dakawa, mvomero district, morogoro region, tanzania.peste des petits ruminants (ppr) is an acute viral disease of small ruminants characterised by the sudden onset of depression, fever, oculonasal discharges, sores in the mouth, foul-smelling diarrhoea and death. for many years, in africa, the disease was mainly confined to west and central africa but it has now spread southwards to previously ppr-free countries including tanzania, democratic republic of congo and angola. the disease was first reported in tanzania in 2008 when it was confined to ...201425134174
self-assembly and release of peste des petits ruminants virus-like particles in an insect cell-baculovirus system and their immunogenicity in mice and goats.peste des petits ruminants (ppr) is an acute, febrile, viral disease of small ruminants that has a significant economic impact. for many viral diseases, vaccination with virus-like particles (vlps) has shown considerable promise as a prophylactic approach; however, the processes of assembly and release of peste des petits ruminants virus (pprv) vlps are not well characterized, and their immunogenicity in the host is unknown. in this study, vlps of pprv were generated in a baculovirus system thro ...201425117931
development and testing of a field diagnostic assay for peste des petits ruminants virus.we have developed an immunochromatographic test for the diagnosis of peste des petits ruminants (ppr) under field conditions. the diagnostic assay has been tested in the laboratory and also under field conditions in ivory coast, pakistan, ethiopia and uganda. the test is carried out on a superficial swab sample (ocular or nasal) and showed a sensitivity of 84% relative to pcr. the specificity was 95% over all nasal and ocular samples. the test detected as little as 10(3) tcid50 (50% tissue cultu ...201425073647
vaccination with recombinant adenoviruses expressing the peste des petits ruminants virus f or h proteins overcomes viral immunosuppression and induces protective immunity against pprv challenge in sheep.peste des petits ruminants (ppr) is a highly contagious disease of small ruminants caused by the morbillivirus peste des petits ruminants virus (pprv). two recombinant replication-defective human adenoviruses serotype 5 (ad5) expressing either the highly immunogenic fusion protein (f) or hemagglutinin protein (h) from pprv were used to vaccinate sheep by intramuscular inoculation. both recombinant adenovirus vaccines elicited pprv-specific b- and t-cell responses. thus, neutralizing antibodies w ...201425013961
budding of peste des petits ruminants virus-like particles from insect cell membrane based on intracellular co-expression of peste des petits ruminants virus m, h and n proteins by recombinant baculoviruses.peste des petits ruminants virus (pprv), an etiological agent of peste des petits ruminants (ppr), is classified into the genus morbillivirus in the family paramyxovirida. in this study, two full-length open reading frames (orf) corresponding to the pprv matrix (m) and haemagglutinin (h) genes underwent a codon-optimization based on insect cells, respectively. two codon-optimized orfs along with one native nucleocapsid (n) orf were used to construct recombinant baculoviruses co-expressing the pp ...201424992672
silver nanoparticles impair peste des petits ruminants virus replication.in the present study, we evaluated the antiviral efficacy of the silver nanoparticles (snps) against peste des petits ruminants virus (pprv), a prototype morbillivirus. the leaf extract of the argemone maxicana was used as a reducing agent for biological synthesis of the snps from silver nitrate. the snps were characterized using uv-vis absorption spectroscopy, x-ray diffraction (xrd) and transmission electron microscopy (tem). the tem analysis revealed particle size of 5-30 nm and the xrd analy ...201424979044
experimental infection of sheep and goats with a recent isolate of peste des petits ruminants virus from kurdistan.peste des petits ruminants (ppr) is a contagious viral disease of sheep and goats common in africa and asia. its high morbidity and mortality has a devastating impact on agriculture in developing countries. as an example, an asian lineage iv strain of pprv was responsible for mass fatalities among wild goats in kurdistan in 2010/2011. in separate experiments, three sheep and three goats of german domestic breeds were subcutaneously inoculated with the kurdish virus isolate; three uninfected shee ...201424908276
a sybr green i based real time rt-pcr assay for specific detection and quantitation of peste des petits ruminants virus.peste des petits ruminants (ppr) is an economically important disease of small ruminants such as sheep and goats. the disease is characterized by severe pyrexia, oculo-nasal discharge, pneumonia, necrosis and ulceration of the mucous membrane and inflammation of the gastro-intestinal tract leading to severe diarrhea. a sybr green i based real time rt-pcr targeting the n gene of pprv has not been established for pprv detection. thus, the objective of present study was to develop highly sensitive ...201424423231
development of a two-step sybr green i based real time rt-pcr assay for detecting and quantifying peste des petits ruminants virus in clinical samples.a two-step sybr green i based real time rt-pcr targeting the matrix (m) gene of peste des petits ruminants virus (pprv) was developed. the specificity of the assay was assessed against viral nucleic acid extracted from a range of animal viruses of clinical and structural similarities to pprv including canine distemper virus, measles virus, bluetongue virus and newcastle disease virus. but none of the viruses and no template control showed an amplification signal. sensitivity of the same assay wa ...201425194891
taqman based real-time duplex pcr for simultaneous detection and quantitation of capripox and orf virus genomes in clinical samples.a rapid and sensitive taqman based real-time duplex pcr (drt-pcr) assay for simultaneous detection, differentiation and quantitation of capripoxvirus (capv) and orf virus (orfv) dna, was optimized targeting the highly conserved dna polymerase genes of these virus genomes. two pairs of oligonucleotide primers and two hybridization probes labeled with cy5/bhq1 and hex/bhq1 for capv and orfv, respectively, were used in the drt-pcr assay. the assay was found to be specific only to targeted viruses a ...201424552953
a retrospective study on the epidemiology of anthrax, foot and mouth disease, haemorrhagic septicaemia, peste des petits ruminants and rabies in bangladesh, 2010-2012.anthrax, foot and mouth disease (fmd), haemorrhagic septicaemia (hs), peste des petits ruminants (ppr) and rabies are considered to be endemic in bangladesh. this retrospective study was conducted to understand the geographic and seasonal distribution of these major infectious diseases in livestock based on data collected through passive surveillance from 1 january 2010 to 31 december 2012. data analysis for this period revealed 5,937 cases of anthrax, 300,333 of fmd, 13,436 of hs, 247,783 of pp ...201425101836
use of slam and pvrl4 and identification of pro-hb-egf as cell entry receptors for wild type phocine distemper virus.signalling lymphocyte activation molecule (slam) has been identified as an immune cell receptor for the morbilliviruses, measles (mv), canine distemper (cdv), rinderpest and peste des petits ruminants (pprv) viruses, while cd46 is a receptor for vaccine strains of mv. more recently poliovirus like receptor 4 (pvrl4), also known as nectin 4, has been identified as a receptor for mv, cdv and pprv on the basolateral surface of polarised epithelial cells. pvrl4 is also up-regulated by mv in human br ...201425171206
the tumor-associated marker, pvrl4 (nectin-4), is the epithelial receptor for morbilliviruses.pvrl4 (nectin-4) was recently identified as the epithelial receptor for members of the morbillivirus genus, including measles virus, canine distemper virus and peste des petits ruminants virus. here, we describe the role of pvrl4 in morbillivirus pathogenesis and its promising use in cancer therapies. this discovery establishes a new paradigm for the spread of virus from lymphocytes to airway epithelial cells and its subsequent release into the environment. measles virus vaccine strains have eme ...201424892636
morbillivirus vaccines: recent successes and future hopes.the impact of morbilliviruses on both human and animal populations is well documented in the history of mankind. indeed, prior to the development of vaccines for these diseases, morbilliviruses plagued both humans and their livestock that were heavily relied upon for food and motor power within communities. measles virus (mev) was responsible for the death of millions of people annually across the world and those fortunate enough to escape the disease often faced starvation where their livestock ...201424703852
early changes in cytokine expression in peste des petits ruminants disease.peste des petits ruminants is a viral disease of sheep and goats that has spread through most of africa as well as the middle east and the indian subcontinent. although, the spread of the disease and its economic impact has made it a focus of international concern, relatively little is known about the nature of the disease itself. we have studied the early stages of pathogenesis in goats infected with six different isolates of peste des petits ruminants virus representing all four known lineages ...201424559207
advances in diagnosis of respiratory diseases of small ruminants.irrespective of aetiology, infectious respiratory diseases of sheep and goats contribute to 5.6 percent of the total diseases of small ruminants. these infectious respiratory disorders are divided into two groups: the diseases of upper respiratory tract, namely, nasal myiasis and enzootic nasal tumors, and diseases of lower respiratory tract, namely, peste des petits ruminants (ppr), parainfluenza, pasteurellosis, ovine progressive pneumonia, mycoplasmosis, caprine arthritis encephalitis virus, ...201425028620
peste des petits ruminants virus infection of small ruminants: a comprehensive review.peste des petits ruminants (ppr) is caused by a morbillivirus that belongs to the family paramyxoviridae. ppr is an acute, highly contagious and fatal disease primarily affecting goats and sheep, whereas cattle undergo sub-clinical infection. with morbidity and mortality rates that can be as high as 90%, ppr is classified as an oie (office international des epizooties)-listed disease. considering the importance of sheep and goats in the livelihood of the poor and marginal farmers in africa and s ...201424915458
seroprevalence of sheep and goat pox, peste des petits ruminants and rift valley fever in saudi arabia.sheep and goat pox, peste des petits ruminants and rift valley fever are important diseases of small ruminant livestock. sheep and goat pox, along with peste des petits ruminants, are endemic throughout most of africa, asia and the middle east. whereas rift valley fever is endemic in africa, outbreaks in the middle east have been reported over the past decade, including the arabian peninsula. saudi arabia is a major importer of livestock, and understanding the prevalence of these viral infection ...201526462199
genomic analysis of host - peste des petits ruminants vaccine viral transcriptome uncovers transcription factors modulating immune regulatory pathways.peste des petits ruminants (ppr), is an acute transboundary viral disease of economic importance, affecting goats and sheep. mass vaccination programs around the world resulted in the decline of ppr outbreaks. sungri 96 is a live attenuated vaccine, widely used in northern india against ppr. this vaccine virus, isolated from goat works efficiently both in sheep and goat. global gene expression changes under ppr vaccine virus infection are not yet well defined. therefore, in this study we investi ...201525827022
development of a fluorescent probe-based recombinase polymerase amplification assay for rapid detection of orf virus.orf virus (orfv) is the causative agent of orf (also known as contagious ecthyma or contagious papular dermatitis), a severe infectious skin disease in goats, sheep and other ruminants. the rapid detection of orfv is of great importance in disease control and highly needed. a isothermal molecular diagnostic approach, termed recombinase polymerase amplification (rpa), is considered as an novel and rapid alternative techonology to pcr assay.201526631157
mapping of major diseases and devising prevention and control regimen to common diseases in cattle and shoats in dassenech district of south omo zone, south-western ethiopia.livestock production system, particularly in pastoral areas, is mainly constrained by rampant livestock diseases and seasonal feed and water shortages. in areas like dassenech, bordering kenya and south sudan, this risks are pronounced due to the unavailability of appropriate prevention and control. the research was conducted with the objectives of identifying major rampant diseases and designing appropriate prevention and control strategies. a cross-sectional study was employed, conducted using ...201525480484
mixed infection of peste des petits ruminants virus (pprv) and other respiratory viruses in dromedary camels in sudan, an abattoir study.this study was intended to determine the role played by peste des petits ruminants (ppr) in causing respiratory infections in camels and its association with other respiratory viruses. a total of 474 lung specimens showing pneumonia were collected from clinically healthy camels in slaughterhouses at five different areas in sudan. using immunocapture elisa (icelisa), 214 specimens (45.1 %) were found to be positive for ppr antigen. the highest prevalence was found in central sudan (59.9 %) then n ...201525904508
diagnosis of peste des petits ruminants infection in small ruminants through in-house developed indirect elisa: practical considerations.the work was conducted to diagnose peste des petits ruminants (ppr) outbreak through an in house developed indirect elisa (thereafter referred as ielisa) its comparison with other available diagnostic tests and description of practical considerations in its development, utility and limitations.201527047112
spillover of peste des petits ruminants virus from domestic to wild ruminants in the serengeti ecosystem, tanzania.we tested wildlife inhabiting areas near domestic livestock, pastures, and water sources in the ngorongoro district in the serengeti ecosystem of northern tanzania and found 63% seropositivity for peste des petits ruminants virus. sequencing of the viral genome from sick sheep in the area confirmed lineage ii virus circulation.201526583961
genome characterization and phylogenetic analysis of a lineage iv peste des petits ruminants virus in southern china.since 2013, the second outbreak of peste des petits ruminants (ppr) caused by peste des petits ruminants virus (pprv) has spread over more than 20 provinces, municipalities, and autonomous regions in china, resulting in major economic losses for livestock industry. in 2014, we encountered a clinical ppr case on a goat farm in guangdong province, southern china. the complete genome of this pprv strain, named ch/gddg/2014, was sequenced to determine its similarities and differences with other stra ...201526573282
peste des petits ruminants.peste des petits ruminants virus causes a highly infectious disease of small ruminants that is endemic across africa, the middle east and large regions of asia. the virus is considered to be a major obstacle to the development of sustainable agriculture across the developing world and has recently been targeted by the world organisation for animal health (oie) and the food and agriculture organisation (fao) for eradication with the aim of global elimination of the disease by 2030. fundamentally, ...201526443889
development of a helper cell-dependent form of peste des petits ruminants virus: a system for making biosafe antigen.peste des petits ruminants (ppr) is a viral disease of sheep and goats that is spreading through many countries in the developing world. work on the virus is often restricted to studies of attenuated vaccine strains or to work in laboratories that have high containment facilities. we have created a helper cell dependent form of ppr virus by removing the entire rna polymerase gene and complementing it with polymerase made constitutively in a cell line. the resultant l-deleted virus grows efficien ...201526396073
a suicidal dna vaccine expressing the fusion protein of peste des petits ruminants virus induces both humoral and cell-mediated immune responses in mice.peste des petits ruminants (ppr), a highly contagious disease induced by ppr virus (pprv), affects sheep and goats. pprv fusion (f) protein is important for the induction of immune responses against pprv. we constructed a semliki forest virus (sfv) replicon-vectored dna vaccine ("suicidal dna vaccine") and evaluated its immunogenicity in balb/c mice. the f gene of pprv was cloned and inserted into the sfv replicon-based vector psca1. the antigenicity of the resultant plasmid psca1/f was identifi ...201526343487
small interfering rnas targeting peste des petits ruminants virus m mrna increase virus-mediated fusogenicity and inhibit viral replication in vitro.peste des petits ruminants (ppr), caused by peste des petits ruminants virus (pprv), is an acute or subacute, highly contagious and economically important disease of small ruminants. the pprv is classified into the genus morbillivirus in the family paramyxoviridae. the pprv matrix (m) protein possesses an intrinsic ability to bind to lipid membranes, and plays a crucial role in viral assembly and further budding. in this study, three different small interfering rnas (sirna) were designed on the ...201526318517
peste des petits ruminants outbreaks in white nile state, sudan.eight outbreaks of peste des petits ruminants in sheep and goats were reported in white nile state, sudan, between 2008 and 2009. a mortality rate of 4.2% was reported across the different outbreaks. clinically the disease was characterised by high fever, ocular and nasal discharge, pneumonia, ulceration of the mucous membranes, diarrhoea and death. the postmortem findings included necrotic lesions in the mouth and gastrointestinal tract, and swollen, oedematous lymph nodes associated with the l ...201526304168
evaluating the role of vaccine to combat peste des petits ruminants outbreaks in endemic disease situation.among the main intimidation to the sheep and goat population, ppr outbreaks are causing huge losses especially in endemic areas. during recent times, six outbreaks of ppr were confirmed at semi-organized goat farms/herds in various regions of punjab province and islamabad capital territory (ict), pakistan. the disease started after introduction of new animals at these farms with no history of previous ppr vaccination. the clinical signs appeared affecting respiratory and enteric systems and spre ...201526290722
correction: toll-like receptor responses to peste des petits ruminants virus in goats and water buffalo. 201525634030
complete genome sequence of a lineage i peste des petits ruminants virus isolated in 1969 in west africa.we report the complete genome sequence of a lineage i peste des petits ruminants virus (e32/1969) isolated in a senegalese laboratory in 1969. this is the earliest peste des petits ruminants virus of any lineage sequenced to date and only the second lineage i virus available in public databases.201525953180
sero-epidemiology of peste des petits ruminants virus infection in turkana county, kenya.peste des petits ruminants (ppr) is a contagious viral disease of small ruminants. serum samples from sheep (n = 431) and goats (n = 538) of all ages were collected in a cross-sectional study in turkana county, kenya. the objective was to estimate the sero-prevalence of ppr virus (pprv) infection and associated risk factors in both species. pprv competitive enzyme-linked immuno-sorbent assay (c-elisa) analysed the presence of antibodies in the samples. all analyses were conducted for each specie ...201525888990
peste des petits ruminants virus in heilongjiang province, china, 2014.during march 25-may 5, 2014, we investigated 11 outbreaks of peste des petits ruminants in heilongjiang province, china. we found that the most likely source of the outbreaks was animals from livestock markets in shandong. peste des petits ruminants viruses belonging to lineages ii and iv were detected in sick animals.201525811935
receptor tyrosine kinase signaling regulates replication of the peste des petits ruminants virus.in this study, we found out that blocking the receptor tyrosine kinase (rtk) signaling in vero cells by tryphostin ag879 impairs the in vitro replication of the peste des petits ruminants virus (pprv). a reduced virus replication in trk1-knockdown (sirna) vero cells confirmed the essential role of rtk in the virus replication, in particular a specific regulation of viral rna synthesis. these data represent the first evidence that the rtk signaling regulates replication of a morbillivirus.201525790054
complete genome sequence of a novel mutant of peste des petits ruminants virus obtained from china.here, we announce the complete genome sequence of a spontaneous mutant of peste des petits ruminants virus (pprv), termed china/bj/2014, suggesting that pprv continues to evolve. this information is crucial for developing strategies for the efficient prevention and control of pprv.201525676751
genetic characterization of peste des petits ruminants virus, turkey, 2009-2013.peste des petits ruminants is an endemic disease of small ruminants in turkey and vaccination has been the method of control but sporadic outbreaks have been reported. this study was carried out to characterize the local peste des petits ruminants virus (pprv) by sequencing fusion (f) protein and nucleoprotein (n) gene segments and phylogenetic analysis, so as to focus on genetic variation in the field viruses. samples were collected from sheep and goats clinically suspected of having pprv infec ...201526022069
immunization of sheep with dna coding for the variable region of anti-idiotypic antibody generates humoral and cell mediated immune responses specific for peste des petits ruminants virus. 201526003542
identification of amino-acid residues in the v protein of peste des petits ruminants essential for interference and suppression of stat-mediated interferon signaling.peste des petits ruminants virus (pprv) causes a fatal disease in small ruminants. v protein of pprv plays a pivotal role in interfering with host innate immunity by blocking ifns signaling through interacting with stat1 and stat2. in the present study, the results demonstrated that pprv v protein blocks ifn actions in a dose dependent manner and restrains the translocation of stat1/2 proteins. we speculate that the translocation inhibition might be caused by the interfering of the downstream of ...201525965795
rescue of a vaccine strain of peste des petits ruminants virus: in vivo evaluation and comparison with standard vaccine.across the developing world peste des petits ruminants virus places a huge disease burden on agriculture, primarily affecting the production of small ruminant. the disease is most effectively controlled by vaccinating sheep and goats with live attenuated vaccines that provide lifelong immunity. however, the current vaccines and serological tests are unable to enable differentiation between naturally infected and vaccinated animals (diva). this factor precludes meaningful assessment of vaccine co ...201525444790
syndromic surveillance of peste des petits ruminants and other animal diseases in koinadugu district, sierra leone, 2011-2012.the purpose of this study was to conduct syndromic surveillance for important veterinary diseases in koinadugu district, northern province, sierra leone.201525433648
serological evidence of camel exposure to peste des petits ruminants virus (pprv) in nigeria.peste des petits ruminants (ppr), a viral disease of sheep and goats, is endemic in nigeria. there are reports indicating the involvement of peste des petits ruminants virus (pprv), the causative agent of ppr, in a camel respiratory syndrome in africa. considering that camels share the same grazing land and drinking points with other ruminants, this study was undertaken to determine the seroprevalence and extent of pprv antibodies in nigerian camels. a total of 1517 camel sera samples were colle ...201525547805
peste des petits ruminants virus-like particles induce both complete virus-specific antibodies and virus neutralizing antibodies in mice.peste des petits ruminants virus (pprv), an etiological agent of peste des petits ruminants (ppr), is classified into the genus morbillivirus in the family paramyxoviridae. in a previous study, a recombinant baculovirus has been constructed to co-express the pprv matrix (m), haemagglutinin (h) and nucleocapsid (n) proteins in insect cells, causing budding of ppr virus-like particles (vlps) from insect cell membranes by viewing of ultrathin section with a transmission electron microscope. in this ...201525486084
fine mapping and conservation analysis of linear b-cell epitopes of peste des petits ruminants virus nucleoprotein.nucleoprotein (np) is the most abundant and highly immunogenic protein of morbillivirus, and is presently the basis of most diagnostic assays for peste des petits ruminants virus (pprv). in this study, fine epitope mapping and conservation analysis of linear b-cell epitopes on the pprv np has been undertaken using biosynthetic peptides. nineteen linear b-cell epitopes were identified and their corresponding minimal motifs were located on the np of pprv china/tibet/geg/07-30. conservation analysi ...201525465659
detection of peste des petits ruminants virus in formalin-fixed tissues.peste des petits ruminants virus that causes a highly infectious and often fatal disease of sheep and goats is confirmed by various diagnostic techniques among them being isolation of the virus from cell culture systems, viral ribonucleic acid (rna) detection by molecular assays, and viral antigen detection by immunocapture enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ic elisa), immunohistochemistry (ihc), and agar gel test. whereas most of the confirmatory diagnostic procedures require pathological sampl ...201525326718
development and preliminary evaluation of a new real-time rt-pcr assay for detection of peste des petits ruminants virus genome.a duplex real-time reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (qrt-pcr) assay was developed for a simple and rapid diagnosis of peste des petits ruminants (ppr). qrt-pcr primers and taqman probe were designed on a conserved region of nucleocapsid protein (np) of ppr virus (pprv) genome. an in vitro transcript of the target region was constructed and tested to determine analytical sensitivity. commercial heterologous armored rna(®) was used as an internal positive control (ipc) for either rn ...201523865439
molecular characterization of peste des petits ruminants viruses from outbreaks caused by unrestricted movements of small ruminants in pakistan.peste des petits ruminants (ppr) is an endemic disease of small ruminants, and vaccination has been the method of control but outbreaks are continuously occurring in pakistan. the following study presents a detailed investigation of an outbreak, suspected to be ppr, probably introduced by pprv-infected sheep and goats from sindh province (north-west) to punjab province (central) of pakistan during the flood relief campaign in 2011. a total of 70 serum samples from 28 different flocks were tested ...201523590481
[veterinarians in the field: the fight against drought and peste-des-petits-ruminants]. 201526898021
peste des petits ruminants vaccine and vaccination in india: sharing experience with disease endemic countries.peste des petits ruminants, a viral disease of small ruminants, the control of which is important for poverty alleviation and to ensure livelihood security in asia, middle east and africa. in recognition of these issues, we developed and applied vaccine and diagnostics to demonstrate effective control of ppr during preceding 6 years in a sub-population of small ruminants in india. two south indian states, namely andhra pradesh and karnataka, strongly indicated possibility of ppr control with mor ...201526645031
peste des petits ruminants in pakistan; past, present and future perspectives.peste des petits ruminants (ppr) is considered to be one of the main constraints to enhancing the productivity of goats and sheep in regions where it is present and becoming endemic. ppr was recognized in pakistan in early 1990s but got importance during the participatory disease surveillance (pds) of rinderpest eradication campaign. lot of research work has been initiated during last decade towards disease epidemiology, risk factor recognition, laboratory diagnosis, vaccination and demonstratio ...201526528398
seroprevalence, distribution and risk factor for peste des petits ruminants (ppr) in algeria.peste des petit ruminants (ppr) is a highly contagious and infectious viral disease of small ruminants with severe socio-economic implications. the disease was first reported in the southern part of algeria in 2011 and by february 2012 it has reached the central part of the country. estimating national prevalence, distribution and identification of risk factors remains a key component in understanding the epidemiology and control of the disease. the present study was carried out between january ...201526388524
complete genome sequences of lineage iv peste des petits ruminants viruses from the indian subcontinent.the complete genome sequences of two virulent lineage iv peste des petits ruminants viruses (pprvs) isolated from clinically infected goats in the indian subcontinent are reported here. this is the first report of a complete genome sequence of a virulent pprv isolate from india in recent decades.201526358594
development of reverse transcription loop mediated isothermal amplification assay for rapid detection of bluetongue viruses.a single-step reverse transcription loop mediated isothermal amplification (rt-lamp) assay targeting ns1 - a highly conserved gene among btv serotypes was optimized and validated with seven serotypes: btv-1, btv-2, btv-9, btv-10, btv-16, btv-21 and btv-23. the relative sensitivity of the assay was 0.3 tcid50 and no cross reactivity could be observed with foot and mouth disease, peste-des-petits-ruminants, goatpox, sheeppox and orf viruses. the established assay was also assessed by screening of ...201526073661
first serological and molecular evidence of pprv occurrence in ghardaïa district, center of algeria.in february 2012, an outbreak of peste des petits ruminants (ppr) was suspected in ghardaïa district at the center of algeria. clinical, serological, and molecular investigations were performed to confirm the occurrence of pprv. the overall morbidity, mortality, and case fatality rates of the ten flocks investigated were 12.2, 2.5, and 20.3 %, respectively. at the flock level, positivity to ppr was 100, 90, and 100 % by competitive elisa (c-elisa), rt-pcr of blood samples, and oculo-nasal swabs, ...201526017753
eradication of peste des petits ruminants 'within reach'. 201525908737
risks to the eu from peste des petits ruminants and lumpy skin disease. 201525634917
the gordon scott topical collection: articles on peste des petits ruminants and other infectious diseases of domestic livestock. 201525395011
seroprevelance and molecular detection of peste des petits ruminants in goats of assam.the present study was undertaken to detect the presence of pprv in the goats of assam. competitive elisa and sandwich elisa are used to detect the ppr viral antibody and antigen respectively. in addition, the study also involved the assessment of specific gene targets for detection of pprv by rt-pcr from the clinical samples. a total of 579 sera samples (68.65 % in outbreak samples and 5.29 % in random samples) collected from different parts of assam were tested by c-elisa, indicated overall pre ...201626925449
impact and epidemiological investigations into the incursion and spread of peste des petits ruminants in the comoros archipelago: an increased threat to surrounding islands.late october 2012, a great number of deaths of unknown origin occurred in goat herds in the suburbs of ngazidja, located in the comoros archipelago. few weeks later, laboratory testing requested by the animal health authorities resulted in the identification of peste des petits ruminants (ppr) infection. notably, the index case could be attributed to a sick goat imported from tanzania. viral isolation was successful from the lungs leading to the whole n nucleoprotein gene sequencing. phylogeneti ...201625430822
the economic impact of eradicating peste des petits ruminants: a benefit-cost analysis.peste des petits ruminants (ppr) is an important cause of mortality and production loss among sheep and goats in the developing world. despite control efforts in a number of countries, it has continued to spread across africa and asia, placing an increasing burden on the livelihoods of livestock keepers and on veterinary resources in affected countries. given the similarities between ppr and rinderpest, and the lessons learned from the successful global eradication of rinderpest, the eradication ...201626900944
co-circulation of peste-des-petits-ruminants virus asian lineage iv with lineage ii in nigeria.peste-des-petits-ruminants (ppr), a major small ruminant transboundary animal disease, is endemic in nigeria. strains of the causal agent, peste-des-petits-ruminants virus (pprv), have been differentiated into four genetically distinct lineages based on the partial sequence of the virus nucleoprotein (n) or fusion (f) genes. peste-des-petits-ruminants virus strains that were identified initially in africa were grouped into lineages i, ii and iii and viruses from asia were classified as lineage i ...201626095085
efficiency of the clinical veterinary diagnostic practices and drug choices for infectious diseases in livestock in bangladesh.as in most low-income countries, adequate laboratory facilities are not available in bangladesh to assist veterinarians in diagnosing animal diseases. we aimed to determine the efficiency of veterinary diagnoses for two common ruminant diseases in bangladesh: peste des petits ruminants (ppr) and foot-and-mouth disease (fmd). we conducted the study from may 2009 to august 2010 in three government veterinary hospitals where veterinarians collected samples from sick livestock and recorded the presu ...201627062143
emergence of lineage iv peste des petits ruminants virus in ethiopia: complete genome sequence of an ethiopian isolate 2010.isolates of peste des petits ruminants virus (pprv) can be segregated genetically into four lineages. for decades, lineages i-iii have been reported across africa whilst lineage iv has predominantly circulated across asia. however, the lineage distribution is currently changing in africa. importantly, full genome sequence data for african field isolates have been lacking. here, we announce the first complete genome sequence of a field isolate of peste des petits ruminants virus (pprv) from east ...201625400010
development of an isothermoal amplification-based assay for rapid visual detection of an orf virus.orf virus (orfv) is the causative agent of a severe infectious skin disease (also known as contagious ecthyma) in goats, sheep and other small ruminants. importantly, orfv also infect humans which causes a public health concern in the context of changing environment and increase in human populations. the rapid detection is critical in effective control of the disease and urgently needed.201626993468
detection of peste des petits ruminants virus and goatpox virus from an outbreak in goats with high mortality in meghalaya state, india.we describe a laboratory investigation carried out to confirm the etiology of the heavy mortality (37 animals died out of total 44, i.e. 84%) in goats in ri-bhoi district of meghalaya, northeast region of india in december 2015. the clinical signs observed were abortion, diarrhea, high fever (up to 104°f), pox lesion in the skin, and respiratory distress.201627733807
peste des petits ruminants viruses re-emerging in china, 2013-2014.re-emergence of peste des petits ruminants (ppr) was officially reported in xinjiang uygur autonomous region in north-western china in november 2013, and then along with the movements of goats and sheep, this disease rapidly spread to other provinces, autonomous regions and municipalities (p/a/m) of china. a total of 256 ppr-affected counties in 22 p/a/m were identified up to september 2014. phylogenetic analysis revealed that the current circulating strains and tibet strains isolated previously ...201625620455
evaluation of humoral response and protective efficacy of an inactivated vaccine against peste des petits ruminants virus in goats.four goats were inoculated with an inactivated peste des petits ruminants virus (pprv) vaccine. three unvaccinated goats were kept as controls. after 36 days, the four goats were revaccinated. the immune response was monitored by virus neutralization test showing that two doses of the vaccine were able to stimulate strong immune response in all the vaccinated animals. the vaccinated goat and the controls were challenged with virulent pprv intranasally. after pprv challenge, the three control goa ...201625594237
detection of peste des petits ruminants virus (pprv) genome from nasal swabs of dogs.peste des petits ruminants virus (pprv) one of the most important viruses of small ruminants has a restricted host range. we report here the presence of pprv virus in the nasal swabs of 3 out of 12 dogs in a routine microarray screening. the presence of pprv sequence was further confirmed by pcr and sequencing. the sequence analysis revealed that the pprv virus has close similarities with the viruses present in indian subcontinent but was not identical to the vaccine virus used in india. results ...201627040823
molecular evolution and characterization of hemagglutinin (h) in peste des petits ruminants virus.peste des petits ruminants (ppr) is an acute, highly contagious, and febrile viral disease that affects both domestic and wild small ruminants. the disease has become a major obstacle to the development of sustainable agriculture. hemagglutinin (h), the envelope glycoprotein of peste des petits ruminants virus (pprv), plays a crucial role in regulating viral adsorption and entry, thus determining pathogenicity, and release of newly produced viral particles. in order to accurately understand the ...201627035347
major mutation events in structural genes of peste des petits ruminants virus through serial passages in vitro.peste des petits ruminants (ppr) is an highly contagious disease of small ruminants, and caused by peste des petits ruminants virus (pprv), a member of the genus morbillivirus in the family paramyxoviridae. the first outbreak of ppr in china was officially reported in july 2007, when a pprv strain was successfully isolated from a sick goat in tibet, followed by sequencing at a full-genome level (china/tibet/geg/07-30, genbank: fj905304.1). to date, this isolate has been virulently attenuated by ...201626995222
protection of cattle against rinderpest by vaccination with wild-type but not attenuated strains of peste des petits ruminants virus.although rinderpest virus (rpv) has been eradicated in the wild, efforts are still continuing to restrict the extent to which live virus is distributed in facilities around the world and to prepare for any reappearance of the disease, whether through deliberate or accidental release. in an effort to find an alternative vaccine which could be used in place of the traditional live attenuated rpv strains, we have determined whether cattle can be protected from rinderpest by inoculation with vaccine ...201626984722
serosurvey of peste des petits ruminants virus in small ruminants from different agro-ecological zones of nigeria.peste des petits ruminants, caused by the peste des petits ruminants virus (pprv), is a highly contagious and economically important transboundary viral disease of domestic and wild small ruminants and a major hindrance to small-ruminant production in nigeria. the seroprevalence and distribution of pprv antibodies in small ruminants in rural households, farms, live animal markets and slaughter slabs across the six different agro-ecological zones of nigeria were determined. a total of 4548 serum ...201626974177
the global eradication of peste des petits ruminants (ppr) within 15 years--is this a pipe dream?gordon scott did much to inspire the eradication of rinderpest, probably the most outstanding veterinary achievement of the twentieth century, and one currently inspiring is the proposed eradication of peste des petits ruminants (ppr), a disease of sheep and goats caused by a closely related morbillivirus. the evolution and geographic spread of ppr along with its epidemiological characteristics are discussed and related to ways in which its spread can be reduced through the provision of diagnost ...201626851956
peste des petits ruminants in benin: persistence of a single virus genotype in the country for over 42 years.peste des petits ruminants (ppr) is a contagious and often fatal disease affecting sheep and goats. currently, it is endemic in africa, the middle and near east, the indian subcontinent and china. understanding the molecular epidemiology and evolution of ppr virus (pprv) can assist in the control of the transboundary spread of this economically important disease. we isolated pprv from pathological and swab samples collected 42 years apart (1969 and 2011) in benin, west africa, and sequenced the ...201626801518
determination of the minimum fully protective dose of adenovirus-based diva vaccine against peste des petits ruminants virus challenge in east african goats.peste des petits ruminants virus (pprv) causes an economically important disease of sheep and goats, primarily in developing countries. it is becoming the object of intensive international control efforts. current vaccines do not allow vaccinated and infected animals to be distinguished (no diva capability). we have previously shown that recombinant, replication-defective, adenovirus expressing the pprv h glycoprotein (adh) gives full protection against wild type pprv challenge. we have now test ...201626796101
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