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smooth brucella strains invade and replicate in human lung epithelial cells without inducing cell death.inhalation is a common route for brucella infection. we investigated whether brucella species can invade and replicate within alveolar(a549) and bronchial (calu-6 and 16hbe14o-) human epithelial cells. the number of adherent and intracellular bacteria was higher for rough strains (brucella canis and brucella abortus rb51) than for smooth strains (b. abortus 2308 and brucella suis 1330). only smooth strains exhibited efficient intracellular replication (1.5-3.5 log increase at 24 h p.i.). a b. ab ...200919397873
brucella suis infection associated with feral swine hunting - three states, 2007-2008.historically, brucellosis from brucella suis infection occurred among workers in swine slaughterhouses. in 1972, the u.s. department of agriculture national brucellosis eradication program was expanded to cover swine herds. subsequent elimination of brucellosis in commercial swine resulted in a decrease in b. suis-associated illness in humans. currently, swine-associated brucellosis in humans in the united states is predominantly associated with exposure to infected feral swine (i.e., wild boar ...200919521334
proteomic analysis of brucella suis under oxygen deficiency reveals flexibility in adaptive expression of various pathways.low oxygen tension was proposed to be one of the environmental parameters characteristic of the patho-physiological conditions of natural infections by brucella suis. we previously showed that various respiratory pathways may be used by b. suis in response to microaerobiosis and anaerobiosis. here, we compare the whole proteome of b. suis exposed to such low-oxygenated conditions to that obtained from bacteria grown under ambient air using 2-d dige. data showed that the reduction of basal metabo ...200919526545
pathogen exposure in feral swine populations geographically associated with high densities of transitional swine premises and commercial swine production.surveys for evidence of exposure to pseudorabies virus (prv), brucella suis, swine influenza virus (siv; human-like h1n1, reassortant type h1n1, h1n2-like h1n1 and h3n2), porcine circovirus 2 (pcv 2), and porcine respiratory and reproductive syndrome virus (prrsv) in feral swine (sus scrofa) were conducted in areas where feral swine were geographically associated with high densities of transitional swine premises in south carolina and high densities of commercial swine production in north caroli ...200919617481
brucella microti: the genome sequence of an emerging pathogen.using a combination of pyrosequencing and conventional sanger sequencing, the complete genome sequence of the recently described novel brucella species, brucella microti, was determined. b. microti is a member of the genus brucella within the alphaproteobacteria, which consists of medically important highly pathogenic facultative intracellular bacteria. in contrast to all other brucella species, b. microti is a fast growing and biochemically very active microorganism with a phenotype more simila ...200919653890
brucella suis infection in domestic pigs and wild boar in croatia.between the years 2000 and 2004, 93,107 sera from 1,997 pig herds in 11 regions of croatia were tested for the presence of antibodies against brucellosis. positive results were observed in 67 herds from seven regions (mean individual prevalence: approximately 1%; herd prevalence: 3.4%). the herds from all but two of the infected farms were reared outdoors and thus almost certainly came into contact with wildlife. from 2003 to 2004, 424 sera, which were randomly collected from hunted wild boar (s ...200920462164
epidemiologic survey for brucella suis biovar 2 in a wild boar (sus scrofa) population in northwest italy.in 2001, antibodies to brucella spp. were detected in the wild boar (sus scrofa) population of regional park in the piedmont, northwest italy. this was the first report of swine brucellosis in italian wildlife, and in response, we conducted a survey on wild boars culled in the park to evaluate the presence and epidemiologic pattern of brucella. in total, 2,267 serum samples and 1,841 tissue samples were collected and tested from 2001 to 2007. differences in antibody and infection prevalence amon ...200919901393
comparative performance of snp typing and 'bruce-ladder' in the discrimination of brucella suis and brucella canis.two novel molecular assays, 'bruce-ladder' and snp typing, have recently been described designed to differentiate isolates of the genus brucella, causative organisms of the significant zoonotic disease brucellosis, at the species level. differentiation of brucella canis from brucella suis by molecular approaches can be difficult and here we compare the performance of 'bruce-ladder' and snp typing in correctly identifying b. canis isolates. both assays proved easy to perform but while 'bruce-ladd ...201019931322
the new species brucella microti replicates in macrophages and causes death in murine models of infection.the recent isolation of brucella microti from the common vole, the red fox, and the soil raises the possibility of an eventual reemergence of brucellosis in europe. in this work, the pathogenic potential of this new brucella species in both in vitro and in vivo models of infection was analyzed.201020497040
carbonic anhydrase inhibitors.carbonic anhydrases (cas, ec 4.2.1.1) are widespread enzymes in all organisms, catalyzing co2 hydration to bicarbonate and protons. their inhibition is exploited clinically for decades for various classes of diuretics and systemically acting antiglaucoma agents. in the last years novel applications of ca inhibitors (cais) emerged, such as topically acting antiglaucoma, anticonvulsants, antiobesity, antipain, and antitumor agents/diagnostic tools. such cais target diverse isozymes of the 13 catal ...201020529676
characterization of novel brucella strains originating from wild native rodent species in north queensland, australia.we report on the characterization of a group of seven novel brucella strains isolated in 1964 from three native rodent species in north queensland, australia, during a survey of wild animals. the strains were initially reported to be brucella suis biovar 3 on the basis of microbiological test results. our results indicated that the rodent strains had microbiological traits distinct from those of b. suis biovar 3 and all other brucella spp. to reinvestigate these rodent strains, we sequenced the ...201020639360
brucella carbonic anhydrases: new targets for designing anti-infective agents.the facultative intracellular pathogen and zoonotic agent brucella sp. possesses two carbonic anhydrases (cas, ec 4.2.1.1), termed bsca i and bsca ii (in brucella suis), belonging to the β-class of these metalloproteins. these zinc enzymes, present in many other pathogenic bacteria, have been considered recently as potential antibacterial targets. the catalytic activity of bsca ii is higher than that of bsca i (for the conversion of co(2) to bicarbonate). both enzymes were inhibited by the ...201020819063
carbonic anhydrase inhibition/activation: trip of a scientist around the world in the search of novel chemotypes and drug targets.carbonic anhydrases (cas, ec 4.2.1.1) are metalloenzymes which catalyze co(2) hydration to bicarbonate and protons. five genetically distinct classes are known, which represent an excellent example of convergent evolution. inhibition of α-cas from vertebrates, including humans, with sulfonamides was exploited clinically for decades for various classes of diuretics and systemically acting antiglaucoma agents, whereas newer inhibitors are used as topically acting antiglaucoma drugs, anticonvulsant ...201020819070
brucellosis in northern australia.the aim of this study was to define the clinical presentation of brucellosis in northern australia and to assess the long-term impact of brucellosis on individual lives. a retrospective review was conducted to assess 32 patients with brucellosis caused by brucella suis in townsville, australia during 1996-2009. all patients were caucasian males with a mean age of 35 years. the greatest risk factor for brucellosis was feral pig hunting (94%, n = 30). there was one laboratory-acquired case. the mo ...201020889883
immune responses and protection against experimental brucella suis biovar 1 challenge in nonvaccinated or b. abortus strain rb51-vaccinated cattle.twenty hereford heifers approximately 9 months of age were vaccinated with saline (control) or 2 × 10(10) cfu of the brucella abortus strain rb51 (rb51) vaccine. immunologic responses after inoculation demonstrated significantly greater (p < 0.05) antibody and proliferative responses to rb51 antigens in cattle vaccinated with rb51 than in the controls. pregnant cattle received a conjunctival challenge at approximately 6 months of gestation with 10(7) cfu of b. suis bv. 1 strains isolated from na ...201020943881
genomic island 2 is an unstable genetic element contributing to brucella lipopolysaccharide spontaneous smooth-to-rough dissociation.brucella is a gram-negative bacterium that causes a worldwide-distributed zoonosis. the genus includes smooth (s) and rough (r) species that differ in the presence or absence, respectively, of the o-polysaccharide of lipopolysaccharide. in s brucellae, the o-polysaccharide is a critical diagnostic antigen and a virulence determinant. however, s brucellae spontaneously dissociate into r forms, a problem in antigen and s vaccine production. spontaneous r mutants of brucella abortus, brucella melit ...201020952568
immunization of mice with gamma-irradiated brucella neotomae and its recombinant strains induces protection against virulent b. abortus, b. melitensis, and b. suis challenge.human brucellosis, a zoonotic disease of major public health concern in several developing countries, is primarily caused by brucella abortus, brucella melitensis, and brucella suis. no brucellosis vaccine is available for human use. the aim of this study was to determine if brucella neotomae, a bacterium not known to cause disease in any host, can be used for developing brucellosis vaccines. b. neotomae and its recombinant strains overexpressing superoxide dismutase and a 26 kda periplasmic pro ...201021109033
gene expression changes in spleens of the wildlife reservoir species, eurasian wild boar (sus scrofa), naturally infected with brucella suis biovar 2.brucella suis is responsible for swine brucellosis worldwide. of the five different b. suis biovars (bv.), bv. 2 appears restricted to europe where it is frequently isolated from wild boar and hares, can infect pigs and can cause human brucellosis. in this study, the differential gene expression profile was characterized in spleens of eurasian wild boar naturally infected with b. suis bv. 2. of the 20,201 genes analyzed in the microarray, 633 and 1,373 were significantly (fold change > 1.8; p < ...201021115167
a new β-carbonic anhydrase from brucella suis, its cloning, characterization, and inhibition with sulfonamides and sulfamates, leading to impaired pathogen growth.a β-carbonic anhydrase (ca, ec 4.2.1.1) from the bacterial pathogen brucella suis, bsca ii, has been cloned, purified, and characterized kinetically. bsca ii showed high catalytic activity for the hydration of co(2) to bicarbonate, with a k(cat) of 1.1×10(6), and k(cat)/k(m) of 8.9×10(7)m(-1)s(-1). a panel of sulfonamides and sulfamates have been investigated for inhibition of this enzyme. all types of activities, from the low nanomolar to the micromolar, have been detected for these derivatives ...201021251841
brucella inopinata sp. nov., isolated from a breast implant infection.a gram-negative, non-motile, non-spore-forming coccoid bacterium (strain bo1(t)) was isolated recently from a breast implant infection of a 71-year-old female patient with clinical signs of brucellosis. affiliation of strain bo1(t) to the genus brucella was confirmed by means of polyamine pattern, polar lipid profile, fatty acid profile, quinone system, dna-dna hybridization studies and by insertion sequence 711 (is711)-specific pcr. strain bo1(t) harboured four to five copies of the brucella-sp ...201019661515
cloning, characterization, and inhibition studies of a beta-carbonic anhydrase from brucella suis.a beta-carbonic anhydrase (ca, ec 4.2.1.1) from the bacterial pathogen brucella suis, bsca 1, has been cloned, purified, and characterized kinetically. bsca 1 has appreciable activity as catalyst for the hydration of co(2) to bicarbonate, with a k(cat) of 6.4 x 10(5) s(-1) and k(cat)/k(m) of 3.9 x 10(7) m(-1).s(-1). a panel of 38 sulfonamides and one sulfamate have been investigated for inhibition of this new beta-ca. all types of activities have been detected, with k(i)s in the range of 17 nm t ...201020158185
atp-binding cassette systems of brucella.brucellosis is a prevalent zoonotic disease and is endemic in the middle east, south america, and other areas of the world. in this study, complete inventories of putative functional abc systems of five brucella species have been compiled and compared. abc systems of brucella melitensis 16m, brucella abortus 9-941, brucella canis rm6/66, brucella suis 1330, and brucella ovis 63/290 were identified and aligned. high numbers of abc systems, particularly nutrient importers, were found in all brucel ...201020169092
spatial distribution and risk factors of brucellosis in iberian wild ungulates.the role of wildlife as a brucellosis reservoir for humans and domestic livestock remains to be properly established. the aim of this work was to determine the aetiology, apparent prevalence, spatial distribution and risk factors for brucellosis transmission in several iberian wild ungulates.201020205703
inhibition studies of a beta-carbonic anhydrase from brucella suis with a series of water soluble glycosyl sulfanilamides.a beta-carbonic anhydrase (ca, ec 4.2.1.1) from the bacterial pathogen brucella suis, bsca 1, has been cloned, purified characterized kinetically and for inhibition with a series of water soluble glycosylated sulfanilamides. bsca 1 has appreciable activity as catalyst for the hydration of co(2) to bicarbonate, with a k(cat) of 6.4x10(5) s(-1) and k(cat)/k(m) of 3.9x10(7) m(-1) s(-1). all types of inhibitory activities have been detected, with k(i)s in the range of 8.9-110 nm. the best bsca 1 inh ...201020211561
a rhesus macaque (macaca mulatta) model of aerosol-exposure brucellosis (brucella suis): pathology and diagnostic implications.the us centers for disease control and prevention lists brucella as a potential bioterrorism threat requiring enhanced diagnostic capacity and surveillance (http://emergency.cdc.gov/bioterrorism/). successful treatment and management of patients after exposure to biological threat agents depends on accurate and timely diagnosis, but many biothreat agents present with similar, vague clinical signs--commonly referred to as 'flu-like illness'. diagnosis of brucellosis is notoriously challenging, es ...201020223898
brucellosis in the united states: role and significance of wildlife reservoirs.regulatory programs for brucellosis in domestic livestock have been active in the u.s. for almost 80 years. wildlife reservoirs of brucellosis include bison (bison bison) and elk (cervus elaphus nelsonii) for brucella abortus whereas brucella suis is the predominant species infecting feral swine. the persistence of brucellosis in wildlife reservoirs poses a risk for reintroduction of brucella into domestic livestock. reducing the prevalence of brucellosis in wildlife reservoirs is anticipated to ...201020362627
quantitative analysis of virb8-virb9-virb10 interactions provides a dynamic model of type iv secretion system core complex assembly.type iv secretion systems are multiprotein complexes that translocate macromolecules across the bacterial cell envelope. the type iv secretion system in brucella species encodes 12 virb proteins that permit this pathogen to translocate effectors into mammalian cells, where they contribute to its survival inside the host. the "core" complex proteins are conserved in all type iv secretion systems, and they are believed to form the channel for substrate translocation. we have investigated the in vi ...201020426418
the feasibility of using antigens prepared with rough brucella strains for diagnosis of canine brucellosis.clinical diagnosis of canine brucellosis is not sensitive enough and a negative blood culture cannot rule out the disease. indirect methods of serological testing such as agar gel immunodiffusion (agid), rapid slide agglutination test (rsat) and indirect enzyme linked immunoassay (ielisa) are preferred for routine diagnosis. since brucella canis shares antigenic components with the brucella ovis and brucella abortus rb51 strain, it would seem that either strain could be used as antigen. we prese ...201020461292
b. melitensis rough strain b115 is protective against heterologous brucella spp. infections.brucellosis is one of the most serious zoonoses all over the world, with b. melitensis, b. abortus and b. suis being the most pathogenic species for humans. vaccination of domesticated livestock still represents the most efficient way to prevent human infection. however, the available brucella vaccines retain an important residual virulence and induce antibodies interfering with surveillance programs. moreover, each vaccine shows different protective effects versus different brucella species and ...201121300102
over-expression of homologous antigens in a leucine auxotroph of brucella abortus strain rb51 protects mice against a virulent b. suis challenge.infection by members of the gram-negative bacterial genus brucella causes brucellosis in a variety of mammals. brucellosis in swine remains a challenge, as there is no vaccine in the usa approved for use in swine against brucellosis. here, we developed an improved recombinant brucella abortus vaccine strain rb51 that could afford protection against brucella suis infection by over-expressing genes encoding homologous proteins: l7/l12 ribosomal protein, cu/zn superoxide dismutase [sod] and glycosy ...201121376799
anti-virulence strategy against brucella suis: synthesis, biological evaluation and molecular modeling of selective histidinol dehydrogenase inhibitors.in the facultative intracellular pathogen brucella suis, histidinol dehydrogenase (hdh) activity, catalyzing the last step in histidine biosynthesis, is essential for intramacrophagic replication. the inhibition of this virulence factor by substituted benzylic ketones was a proof of concept that disarming bacteria leads to inhibition of intracellular bacterial growth in macrophage infection. this work describes the design, synthesis and evaluation of 19 new potential hdh inhibitors, using a comb ...201121461427
proinflammatory caspase-2-mediated macrophage cell death induced by a rough attenuated brucella suis strain.brucella spp. are intracellular bacteria that cause an infectious disease called brucellosis in humans and many domestic and wildlife animals. b. suis primarily infects pigs and is pathogenic to humans. the macrophage-brucella interaction is critical for the establishment of a chronic brucella infection. our studies showed that smooth virulent b. suis strain 1330 (s1330) prevented programmed cell death of infected macrophages and rough attenuated b. suis strain vtrs1 (a vaccine candidate) induce ...201121464087
role of nkg2d and its ligands in the anti-infectious activity of vγ9vδ2 t cells against intracellular bacteria.human vγ9vδ2 t cells play a crucial role in early immune response to intracellular pathogens. their number is drastically increased in the peripheral blood of patients during the acute phase of brucellosis. in vitro, vγ9vδ2 t cells exhibit strong cytolytic activity against brucella-infected cells and impair intracellular growth of brucella suis in autologous macrophages. vγ9vδ2 t cells use cell contact-dependent mechanisms such as the release of lytic granules and fas-mediated signals to lyse in ...201121469127
a novel isolation method of brucella species and molecular tracking of brucella suis biovar 2 in domestic and wild animals.brucella suis biovar 2 is the most common aetiological agent of porcine brucellosis in europe. b. suis biovar 2 is considered to have low zoonotic potential, but is a causative agent of reproductive losses in pigs, and it is thus economically important. the multilocus variable-number of tandem repeats genotyping analysis of 16 loci (mlva-16) has proven to be highly discriminatory and is the most suitable assay for simultaneously identifying b. suis and tracking infections. the aim of this study ...201121474256
brucellosis of the european brown hare (lepus europaeus).the european brown hare (lepus europaeus) is an important reservoir of brucella suis biovar 2 and also of the life-threatening zoonotic agent francisella tularensis. since both bacteria can produce similar gross pathological lesions in this species, laboratory tests are necessary for the final diagnosis. the aim of the present study was to develop an immunohistochemical method for the detection of b. suis infection and to describe the pathological and histological lesions caused by b. suis in eu ...201121511271
the whole genome sequences of four brucella strains.brucella melitensis and brucella suis are intracellular pathogens to livestock and humans. here we report four genome sequences, the virulent strain b. melitensis m28-12 and vaccine strains b. melitensis m5, m111 and b. suis s2 that show varied virulence and pathogenicity, which will help to design more effective brucellosis vaccine.201121602346
proinflammatory response of human endothelial cells to brucella infection.although vascular pathologies such as vasculitis, endocarditis and mycotic aneurysms have been described in brucellosis patients, the interaction of brucella with the endothelium has not been characterized. in this study we show that brucella abortus and brucella suis can infect and replicate in primary human umbilical vein endothelial cells (huvec) and in the microvascular endothelial cell line hmec-1. infection led to an increased production of il-8, mcp-1 and il-6 in huvec and hmec-1 cells, a ...201121621633
molecular typing of brucella species isolates from livestock and human.although host specificity has been observed in different species of brucella, crossing the animal host boundary is likely to occur at any time. in this study, bruce ladder pcr and abortus-melitensis-ovis-suis (amos) pcr assays were used to characterize 47 brucella isolates from indian origin in order to know exact species for understanding epidemiology of brucellosis. out of them, 28, 14, and 5 isolates were found to be brucella abortus, brucella melitensis, and brucella suis, respectively. furt ...201121647774
advanced multiplex pcr assay for differentiation of brucella species.two new primer sets of a 766- and a 344-bp fragment were introduced into the conventional bruce-ladder pcr assay. this novel multiplex pcr assay rapidly and concisely discriminates brucella canis and brucella microti from brucella suis strains and also may differentiate all of the 10 brucella species.201121666028
new bruce-ladder multiplex pcr assay for the biovar typing of brucella suis and the discrimination of brucella suis and brucella canis.rapid and specific identification of brucella suis at the biovar level is necessary because some of the biovars that infect animals are pathogenic for humans. none of the molecular typing methods described so far are able to discriminate b. suis biovars in a single test and differentiation of b. suis from brucella canis by molecular approaches can be difficult. this article describes a new multiplex pcr assay, suis-ladder, for fast and accurate identification of b. suis at the biovar level and t ...201121782356
a single amino acid change in the transmembrane domain of the virb8 protein affects dimerization, interaction with virb10 and brucella suis virulence.virb8 is a critical component of the brucella suis type iv secretion system (t4ss). we previously showed that the transmembrane (tm) domain plays an essential role in interactions of this protein with itself and the other proteins of the t4ss. we report that a point mutation in this tm domain stabilizes homodimers of virb8 and heterodimers with virb10. a similar variant of agrobacterium tumefaciens virb8 showed the same phenotype. the b. suis virb8 variant was unable to complement a virb8 mutant ...201121763312
epidemiological and clinical aspects of human brucella suis infection in polynesia.summaryhigh brucellosis seroprevalence rates in domestic swine herds have been reported in wallis and futuna islands and are associated with a significant burden of human infection by brucella suis, a species that is rarely incriminated in human disease. between 2003 and 2010, seven patients had a positive blood culture for b. suis biovar 1, 11 symptomatic patients had a positive rose bengal test (rbt) and a positive serum agglutination test (sat) and three asymptomatic cases were found to be po ...201121733252
Blood, guts and knife cuts: reducing the risk of swine brucellosis in feral pig hunters in north-west New South Wales, Australia.Humans who have close contact with livestock, wild or feral animals can risk acquiring zoonotic infections such as brucellosis, Q fever, and leptospirosis. Human infection with <em>Brucella suis</em> (swine brucellosis) usually follows occupational or recreational exposure to infected animals. Worldwide, many cases of human infection follow contact with infected feral pigs. In Australia there is a growing market for the export of 'wild boar' and a considerable number of people are involved in fe ...201122182348
Development and evaluation of a selective medium for Brucella suis.A new selective medium, named LNIV-M, has been developed for isolation of Brucella suis. In this work, we evaluated the growth of B. suis reference and field strains from domestic pigs in different basal media and the susceptibility to different antibiotics contained in the currently used Farrell's and modified Thayer-Martin media. We also determined the efficacy of LNIV-M and its diagnostic performance for isolating B. suis from wild boar tissue samples. A total of 1649 samples from 918 hunter- ...201121968103
revised genome sequence of brucella suis 1330.brucella suis is a causative agent of porcine brucellosis. we report the resequencing of the original sample upon which the published sequence of brucella suis 1330 is based and describe the differences between the published assembly and our assembly at 12 loci.201122038969
experimental infection of rabbits (cuniculus orictolagus) with brucella suis biovar 1 isolated from wild hares (lepus europaeus).brucella suis biovar 1 is the causative agent of brucellosis in several domestic and wild animals and it is a common agent of human brucellosis. european hares (lepus europaeus) have been shown to be infected by b. suis biovar 1 and the transmission to other animals has been suggested. in this work, experimental rabbits (cuniculus orictolagus) were infected with b. suis biovar 1 isolated from wild hares. infected rabbits showed high serological response in 2 weeks after discharge and typical gra ...201122137773
Free-ranging wild boar: a disease threat to domestic pigs in Switzerland?The risk of transmission of pathogens from free-ranging wild boars (Sus scrofa scrofa) to outdoor domestic pigs (S. scrofa domesticus) is of increasing concern in many European countries. We assess this risk, using Switzerland as an example. We estimated 1) the prevalence of important pathogens in wild boars and 2) the risk of interactions between wild boars and outdoor pigs. First, we tested 252 wild boars from selected areas between 2008 and 2010 for infection with Brucella spp. Bacterial prev ...201122102657
Brucella suis Infection in Dogs, Georgia, USA.TO THE EDITOR: Brucellosis is a serious, globally distributed zoonotic disease. Humans are susceptible to infection by Brucella suis, B. abortus, B. melitensis, and B. canis and can have lifelong symptoms of undulating fever, enlarged lymph nodes, malaise, and arthritis (1). In 2009, the United States was officially classified free of B. abortus. All states except Texas are classified as stage III (free) for swine brucellosis caused by B. suis (2).201122172146
ribosomal rna sequence analysis of brucella infection misidentified as ochrobactrum anthropi infection.a brucella isolate was identified from purulent material collected during a hip surgery. two previous blood cultures from the same patient yielded ochrobactrum anthropi. after rrna sequencing, all the isolates were identified as brucella species and subsequently serotyped as brucella suis. misidentification of brucella species remains a problem with bacterial identification systems.201121209167
complete genome sequence of brucella suis vbi22, isolated from bovine milk.brucella suis is the causative agent of swine brucellosis and is known to be able to infect several different hosts, including cattle, dogs, and horses, without causing disease symptoms. here we report the complete genome sequence of brucella suis vbi22, which was isolated from raw milk from an infected cow.201222275106
identification of the virb operon genes encoding the type iv secretion system, in colombian brucella canis isolates.canine brucellosis is a zoonotic disease caused by brucella canis. the establishment of intracellular replicative niches of b. canis is mediated by proteins secreted by the type iv secretion system, which is encoded by the virb operon. the characterization of such genes has been conducted in other species of the genus, but not in b. canis. we report the design of a multiplex pcr test for the detection of the virb operon genes of b. canis. primers for each of the 12 genes were designed and evalua ...201223290573
isolation of brucella suis biovar 2 from a wild boar in the abruzzo region of italy.a female wild boar, aged approximately two years, was found dead by local veterinary services in pianola di roio in l'aquila province situated in the abruzzo region of central italy. the carcass was submitted to the istituto zooprofilattico sperimentale dell'abruzzo e del molise 'g. caporale' in teramo for necropsy. brucella suis biovar 2 was isolated from submandibular lymph nodes. this is the first report of isolation of b. suis in the abruzzo region. several authors agreed in the past on the ...201223277120
bacteraemias in tropical australia: changing trends over a 10-year period.bacteraemia is an important cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide. this is the largest reported study of bacteraemias in australia. the presence of organisms endemic to the tropical region and the changing trends described have significant implications for empirical antibiotic therapy. this retrospective study examined 8976 blood cultures from townsville hospital, a regional australian hospital located in the tropics over a 10-year period. the rate of bacteraemic episodes during the study p ...201223276769
risk factors for contacts between wild boar and outdoor pigs in switzerland and investigations on potential brucella suis spill-over.due to the parallel increase of the number of free-ranging wild boar and domestic pigs reared outdoor, the risk that they interact has become higher. contacts with wild boar can be the origin of disease outbreaks in pigs, as it has been documented for brucellosis in some european countries. this study aimed at quantifying the occurrence of contacts between wild boar and outdoor domestic pigs in switzerland, and identifying risk factors for these contacts. furthermore, exposed pigs were tested fo ...201222817843
a serological and bacteriological survey of brucellosis in wild boar (sus scrofa) in belgium.brucellosis is frequently reported among wild boar populations in europe. the aim of the study was to assess the epidemiological situation in belgium, regarding the steady increase of wild boar populations over the last decades. several serological tests were used and compared with culture and is711 polymerase chain reaction (pcr), to determine the most suitable combination of diagnostic tools for conducting a successful prevalence study in wildlife.201222709889
the 2.5 å structure of the enterococcus conjugation protein tram resembles virb8 type iv secretion proteins.conjugative plasmid transfer is the most important means of spreading antibiotic resistance and virulence genes among bacteria and therefore presents a serious threat to human health. the process requires direct cell-cell contact made possible by a multiprotein complex that spans cellular membranes and serves as a channel for macromolecular secretion. thus far, well studied conjugative type iv secretion systems (t4ss) are of gram-negative (g-) origin. although many medically relevant pathogens ( ...201223188825
improved variation calling via an iterative backbone remapping and local assembly method for bacterial genomes.sequencing data analysis remains limiting and problematic, especially for low complexity repeat sequences and transposon elements due to inherent sequencing errors and short sequence read lengths. we have developed a program, reviseq, which uses a hybrid method composed of iterative remapping and local assembly upon a bacterial sequence backbone. application of this method to six brucella suis field isolates compared to the newly revised b. suis 1330 reference genome identified on average 13, 15 ...201222967795
a rare case of seronegative culture--proven infection with brucella suis.brucellosis is a chronic infection produced by members of the brucella family. diagnosis of this condition requires either isolation of the organism in culture or positive serological tests.we describe a 27-year-old male admitted as a case of pyrexia of unknown origin (puo), who tested negative for brucella igm elisa test on preliminary evaluation but was subsequently diagnosed on the strength of positive blood and bone marrow cultures to be a case of brucellosis secondary to brucella suis infec ...201222905059
fatal case of brucellosis misdiagnosed in early stages of brucella suis infection in a 46-year-old patient with marfan syndrome.we report a fatal case of brucella suis endocarditis initially misdiagnosed by automated identification systems as ochrobactrum anthropi infection in a patient with a history of marfan syndrome and recreational feral swine hunting. this report emphasizes the need to consider brucellosis as a part of the differential diagnosis of acute febrile illness, particularly in patients with known risk of exposure.201222495564
[brucella suis--a little-known zoonotic agent].brucellosis is a rare but serious bacterial zoonosis. officially, the czech republic is among countries that are free from brucellosis in livestock. in the country, sporadic imported human infections may occur, caused by e.g. brucella melitensis. in wild hare populations, however, rare cases of infection caused by brucella suis are still observed, potentially threatening humans. the short communication reports two cases of hare brucellosis in moravia, czech republic, and experiences with isolate ...201222997779
brucellosis due to brucella suis in a swine herd associated with a human clinical case in the state of são paulo, brazil.brucella suis has been recognized as the major etiological agent of human brucellosis in areas free from brucella melitensis infection. however, with changes in swine management, the occurrence of swine brucellosis has decreased as has the human incidence of b. suis infection. a swine brucellosis outbreak within a herd from jaboticabal (são paulo, brazil) was detected in july 2006. the herd comprised approximately 300 sows and 1,500 finishing animals. many sows within this herd experienced abort ...201222388711
molecular modeling studies on nucleoside hydrolase from the biological warfare agent brucella suis.brucella suis is a dangerous biological warfare agent already used for military purposes. this bacteria cause brucellosis, a zoonosis highly infective and difficult to fight. an important selective target for chemotherapy against this disease is nucleoside hydrolase (nh), an enzyme still not found in mammals. we present here the first three-dimensional structure of b. suis nh (bsnh) and propose this enzyme as a molecular target to the drug design in the fight against brucellosis. in addition, we ...201222571438
a serosurvey for brucella suis, classical swine fever virus, porcine circovirus type 2, and pseudorabies virus in feral swine (sus scrofa) of eastern north carolina.as feral swine (sus scrofa) populations expand their range and the opportunity for feral swine hunting increases, there is increased potential for disease transmission that may impact humans, domestic swine, and wildlife. from september 2007 to march 2010, in 13 north carolina, usa, counties and at howell woods environmental learning center, we conducted a serosurvey of feral swine for brucella suis, pseudorabies virus (prv), and classical swine fever virus (csfv); the samples obtained at howell ...201222493123
regulation of the type iv secretion atpase trwd by magnesium: implications for catalytic mechanism of the secretion atpase superfamily.trwd, the virb11 homologue in conjugative plasmid r388, is a member of the large secretion atpase superfamily, which includes atpases from bacterial type ii and type iv secretion systems, type iv pilus, and archaeal flagellae assembly. based on structural studies of the virb11 homologues in helicobacter pylori and brucella suis and the archaeal type ii secretion atpase gspe, a unified mechanism for the secretion atpase superfamily has been proposed. here, we have found that the atp turnover of t ...201222467878
inhibition of beta-carbonic anhydrases from the bacterial pathogen brucella suis with inorganic anions.the bacterial pathogen brucella suis encodes two carbonic anhydrases (cas, ec 4.2.1.1) belonging to the β-class, bsca1 and bsca2, which are crucial for its life cycle. sulfonamides, strong inhibitors of these enzymes, were shown to block the growth of the pathogen in vitro. here we report the inhibition of these two cas by inorganic and complex anions and other molecules interacting with zinc proteins, such as sulfamide, sulfamic acid, and phenylboronic/arsonic acids. the enzyme bsca1 was inhibi ...201222459172
brucella suis biovar 1 isolated from a hepatic abscess drainage.positive cultures from hepatic abscess drainage are extremely rare, and in this case the infection would have remained undiagnosed if brucella suis had not been isolated. failure to correctly diagnose this zoonosis delays patient treatment and is dangerous, as in this case that could have been a laboratory-acquired disease. this type of infection is preventable if proper safety protocols are established and followed.201222448721
assessment of performance of selected serological tests for diagnosing brucellosis in pigs.swine brucellosis due to brucella suis is considered an emerging zoonotic disease whose control is based on serological testing and the subsequent culling of seropositive animals or the full depopulation of affected flocks. here we assessed the performance of several serological tests (rose bengal test [rbt], indirect elisa [i-elisa], blocking elisa [b-elisa], and two competitive elisas [c-elisa]) for diagnosing swine brucellosis caused by b. suis biovar 2. both frequentistic and bayesian statis ...201222445082
the effects of environmental conditions on persistence and inactivation of brucella suis on building material surfaces.the purpose of this study was to evaluate the effects of environmental conditions and material type on persistence and inactivation of brucella suis.201222409312
bmac, a novel autotransporter of brucella suis, is involved in bacterial adhesion to host cells.brucella is an intracellular pathogen responsible of a zoonotic disease called brucellosis. brucella survives and proliferates within several types of phagocytic and non-phagocytic cells. like in other pathogens, adhesion of brucellae to host surfaces was proposed to be an important step in the infection process. indeed, brucella has the capacity to bind to culture human cells and key components of the extracellular matrix, such as fibronectin. however, little is known about the molecular bases ...201222321605
restoring virulence to mutants lacking subunits of multiprotein machines: functional complementation of a brucella virb5 mutant.complementation for virulence of a non-polar virb5 mutant in brucella suis 1330 was not possible using a pbbr-based plasmid but was with low copy vector pgl10. presence of the pbbr-based replicon in wildtype b. suis had a dominant negative effect, leading to complete attenuation in j774 macrophages. this was due to pleiotropic effects on virb protein expression due to multiple copies of the virb promoter region and over expression of virb5. functional complementation of mutants in individual com ...201223650582
complete genome sequence of brucella suis field strain bcb025 of sequence type st22.brucella is a genus of relatively conservative pathogenic bacteria. brucella suis is the most diversified brucella species. strains of b. suis belong to different sequence types. here, we report the genome sequence of b. suis strain bcb025, one isolate of the sequence type 22 epidemic in china.201223209218
genetic comparison of brucella suis biovar 3 in clinical cases in china. 201222784920
an evaluation of the capability of existing and novel serodiagnostic methods for porcine brucellosis to reduce false positive serological reactions.porcine brucellosis is a zoonotic disease of truly global significance because even in countries without the disease the occurrence of false positive serological reactions (fpsrs) creates significant problems. statutory diagnostic testing is required in many disease free countries or regions and is often a prerequisite for the movement of live animals. currently this testing is dependent almost entirely on serological assays and these may result in a significant number of fpsrs. the aim of this ...201222763172
development and evaluation of diagnostic tests for the serological diagnosis of brucellosis in swine.a competitive enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (c-elisa), an indirect elisa (i-elisa) and a dissociation-enhanced lanthanide fluorescence immunoassay (delfia) were developed to test for antibodies to brucella suis in pig and wild boar sera. an anti-brucella-lps monoclonal antibody (mab 4b5a) (c-elisa and delfia) and an anti-swine igg monoclonal antibody (mab 10c2g5) (i-elisa) were used for the three assays. the specificity (sp) and sensitivity (se) of the assays gave the following results: se a ...201322718331
evaluation of five serological tests for the diagnosis of porcine brucellosis in french polynesia.porcine brucellosis due to brucella suis biovar 1 raises important issues for pig breeders in french polynesia. in this region, the disease is enzootic, spreads silently and engenders economic losses in infected farms as well as sporadic human cases. while serological tests are essential in surveillance and control programmes of animal diseases, to date none of the available tests have been shown to be reliable enough to be used as a gold standard in routine individual diagnosis of porcine bruce ...201323135984
the epitopic and structural characterization of brucella suis biovar 2 o-polysaccharide demonstrates the existence of a new m-negative c-negative smooth brucella serovar.the brucellae are gram-negative bacteria that cause an important zoonosis. studies with the main brucella species have shown that the o-antigens of the brucella smooth lipopolysaccharide are α-(1 → 2) and α-(1 → 3)-linked n-formyl-perosamine polysaccharides that carry m, a and c (a = m, a>m and a<m) epitopes relevant in serodiagnosis and typing. we report that, in contrast to the b. suis biovar 1 o-antigen used as a reference or to all described brucella o-antigens, b. suis biovar 2 o-antigen fa ...201323335981
[comparison of macrophages and dendritic cells infected by brucella s(2)].objective to make a comparison of the characteristics between macrophages and dendritic cells (dc) infected by brucella suis (b. suis) s(2);. methods wrights-giemsa's stainning was used to observe the cell morphology and calculate the phagocytic rate. elisa was employed to detect the expressions of il-12 and tnf-α in cell culture supernatants as well as the contents of ifn-γ and il-4 in the co-culture with t cells. with annexin-v-fitc/pi double staining, the cell apoptosis rate was determined by ...201323294709
food-safety hazards in the pork chain in nagaland, north east india: implications for human health.pork occupies an important place in the diet of the population of nagaland, one of the north east indian states. we carried out a pilot study along the pork meat production chain, from live animal to end consumer. the goal was to obtain information about the presence of selected food borne hazards in pork in order to assess the risk deriving from these hazards to the health of the local consumers and make recommendations for improving food safety. a secondary objective was to evaluate the utilit ...201324368430
brucella suis biovar 2 isolations from cattle in poland.bovine brucellosis is an infectious disease caused by bacteria of the brucella genus, primarily by b. abortus, less frequently by b. melitensis, and occasionally by b. suis. in the european union, brucellosis in cattle has been eradicated in most of the member states, which are recognized as 'officially free from bovine brucellosis'. nevertheless, cattle herds continue to be serologically monitored for the potential re-emergence of the disease. the aim of the presented study was to show the resu ...201324364432
[pattern recognition and activation effect of mast cells in vitro infected by brucella suis s2].to study the pattern recognition and activation effect of mast cells infected by brucella (b.) suis s2.201324200058
human brucellosis at a pig slaughterhouse.seventeen workers in a pig slaughterhouse with signs and symptoms compatible with brucellosis were clinically examined at the outpatient service of different health institutions and studied by serological tests during the period 2005-2011. eleven blood cultures were taken and six brucella suis strains were isolated, three biovar 1 and three with atypical characteristics. in order to confirm that these cases had no common source, a variable number of tandem repeat (vntr) analyses were performed o ...201324138958
molecular typing of brucella suis collected from 1960s to 2010s in china by mlva and pfge. 201323816586
immunogenicity and safety of a natural rough mutant of brucella suis as a vaccine for swine.the objective of the current study was to evaluate the safety, immunogenicity and clearance of the natural rough mutant of brucella suis strain 353-1 (353-1) as a vaccine in domestic swine. in three studies encompassing 105 animals, pigs were inoculated with 353-1 by conjunctival (5 × 10(7) cfu) or im (1-2 × 10(10) cfu) routes. clearance, tissue distribution, and pathology of the vaccine strain were determined by periodic blood culture, collection of tissues at periodic necropsy times after vacc ...201323659743
rega, the regulator of the two-component system regb/rega of brucella suis, is a controller of both oxidative respiration and denitrification required for chronic infection in mice.adaptation to oxygen deficiency is essential for virulence and persistence of brucella inside the host. the flexibility of this bacterium with respect to oxygen depletion is remarkable, since brucella suis can use an oxygen-dependent transcriptional regulator of the fnrn family, two high-oxygen-affinity terminal oxidases, and a complete denitrification pathway to resist various conditions of oxygen deficiency. moreover, our previous results suggested that oxidative respiration and denitrificatio ...201323529617
brucellosis in guangdong province, people's republic of china, 2005-2010. 201323697913
epidemiology of brucellosis in domestic animals caused by brucella melitensis, brucella suis and brucella abortus.brucellosis is a disease that causes severe economic losses for livestock farms worldwide. brucella melitensis, b. abortus and b. suis, which are transmitted between animals both vertically and horizontally, cause abortion and infertility in their primary natural hosts - goats and sheep (b. melitensis), cows (b. abortus) and sows (b. suis). brucella spp. infect not only their preferred hosts but also other domestic and wild animal species, which in turn can act as reservoirs of the disease for o ...201323837364
use of serology and bacterial culture to determine prevalence of brucella spp. in feral swine (sus scrofa) in proximity to a beef cattle herd positive for brucella suis and brucella abortus.using serology and bacterial culture, we determined the prevalence of brucella spp. and the antibody to brucella spp. in a feral swine (sus scrofa) population in proximity to a cattle herd that was culture positive for brucella abortus and brucella suis in north-central texas, usa. during a prospective cross-sectional quantitative study in april 2005, we collected blood and tissue samples from 40 feral swine within a 30-km radius of the infected herd. serum samples were tested by the rose bengal ...201323568896
unexpected brucella suis biovar 2 infection in a dairy cow, belgium. 201324274041
the btaf trimeric autotransporter of brucella suis is involved in attachment to various surfaces, resistance to serum and virulence.the adhesion of bacterial pathogens to host cells is an event that determines infection, and ultimately invasion and intracellular multiplication. several evidences have recently shown that this rule is also truth for the intracellular pathogen brucella. brucella suis displays the unipolar bmac and btae adhesins, which belong to the monomeric and trimeric autotransporter (ta) families, respectively. it was previously shown that these adhesins are involved in bacterial adhesion to host cells and ...201324236157
mlva genotyping of brucella melitensis and brucella abortus isolates from different animal species and humans and identification of brucella suis vaccine strain s2 from cattle in china.in china, brucellosis is an endemic disease and the main sources of brucellosis in animals and humans are infected sheep, cattle and swine. brucella melitensis (biovars 1 and 3) is the predominant species, associated with sporadic cases and outbreak in humans. isolates of b. abortus, primarily biovars 1 and 3, and b. suis biovars 1 and 3 are also associated with sporadic human brucellosis. in this study, the genetic profiles of b. melitensis and b. abortus isolates from humans and animals were a ...201324124546
quantitative analysis of the brucella suis proteome reveals metabolic adaptation to long-term nutrient starvation.during the infection process, bacteria are confronted with various stress factors including nutrient starvation. in an in vitro model, adaptation strategies of nutrient-starved brucellae, which are facultative intracellular pathogens capable of long-term persistence, were determined.201324007556
entry and elimination of marine mammal brucella spp. by hooded seal (cystophora cristata) alveolar macrophages in vitro.a high prevalence of brucellapinnipedialis serology and bacteriology positive animals has been found in the northeast atlantic stock of hooded seal (cystophoracristata); however no associated gross pathological changes have been identified. marine mammal brucellae have previously displayed different infection patterns in human and murine macrophages. to investigate if marine mammal brucella spp. are able to invade and multiply in cells originating from a presumed host species, we infected alveol ...201323936159
global rsh-dependent transcription profile of brucella suis during stringent response unravels adaptation to nutrient starvation and cross-talk with other stress responses.in the intracellular pathogen brucella spp., the activation of the stringent response, a global regulatory network providing rapid adaptation to growth-affecting stress conditions such as nutrient deficiency, is essential for replication in the host. a single, bi-functional enzyme rsh catalyzes synthesis and hydrolysis of the alarmone (p)ppgpp, responsible for differential gene expression under stringent conditions.201323834488
btae, an adhesin that belongs to the trimeric autotransporter family, is required for full virulence and defines a specific adhesive pole of brucella suis.brucella is responsible for brucellosis, one of the most common zoonoses worldwide that causes important economic losses in several countries. increasing evidence indicates that adhesion of brucella spp. to host cells is an important step to establish infection. we have previously shown that the bmac unipolar monomeric autotransporter mediates the binding of brucella suis to host cells through cell-associated fibronectin. our genome analysis shows that the b. suis genome encodes several addition ...201323319562
peptide nucleic acids inhibit growth of brucella suis in pure culture and in infected murine macrophages.peptide nucleic acids (pnas) are single-stranded, synthetic nucleic acid analogues containing a pseudopeptide backbone in place of the phosphodiester sugar-phosphate. when pnas are covalently linked to cell-penetrating peptides (cpps) they readily penetrate the bacterial cell envelope, inhibit expression of targeted genes and cause growth inhibition both of gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria. however, the effectiveness of pnas against brucella, a facultative intracellular bacterial pathoge ...201323305655
type iv secretion machinery: molecular architecture and function.bacteria have evolved several secretion machineries to bring about transport of various virulence factors, nutrients, nucleic acids and cell-surface appendages that are essential for their pathogenesis. t4s (type iv secretion) systems are versatile secretion systems found in various gram-negative and gram-positive bacteria and in few archaea. they are large multisubunit translocons secreting a diverse array of substrates varying in size and nature from monomeric proteins to nucleoprotein complex ...201323356253
highly potent silver-organoalkoxysilane antimicrobial porous nanomembrane.we used a simple electrospinning technique to fabricate a highly potent silver-organoalkoxysilane antimicrobial composite from agno3-polyvinylpyrrolidone (pvp)/3-aminopropyltrimethoxysilane (aptms)/tetraethoxysilane (teos) solution. spectroscopic and microscopic analyses of the composite showed that the fibers contain an organoalkoxysilane 'skeleton,' 0.18 molecules/nm2 surface amino groups, and highly dispersed and uniformly distributed silver nanoparticles (5 nm in size). incorporation of orga ...201323574791
the brucella suis ibpa heat-shock chaperone is not required for virulence or for expression of the virb type iv secretion system virb8 protein.brucella suis, facultative intracellular bacterial pathogen of mammals, and agrobacterium tumefaciens, a plant pathogen, both use a virb type iv secretion system (t4ss) to translocate effector molecules into host cells. hspl, an α-crystalline-type small heat-shock protein, acts as a chaperone for the agrobacterium virb8 protein, an essential component of the virb system. an agrobacterium mutant lacking hspl is attenuated due to a misfunctional t4ss. we have investigated whether ibpa (bra0051), t ...201424517122
pathogen presence in feral pigs and their movement around two commercial piggeries in queensland, australia.feral pigs are wild animal reservoirs of infectious pathogens transmissible to other species, all of which are transmissible to domestic pigs. the objective of this study was to detect the presence of harmful production-limiting pathogens; brucella suis, leptospira species, lawsonia intracellularis, mycoplasma hyopneumoniae and actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae in a feral pig population within a 10 km radius of two large-scale commercial piggeries in southern queensland, australia. the movement pa ...201424572722
complete genome sequences of two central european brucella suis bv. 2 haplotype 2c strains isolated from wild boars.the brucella suis haplotype 2c is commonly isolated from wild boars and domestic pigs across central europe, though it is rarely described in the iberian peninsula. we report here the complete and annotated genome sequences of two haplotype 2c strains isolated from wild boars in the northeast region of spain, above the ebro river.201425013144
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