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new emergence pattern with variant porcine epidemic diarrhea viruses, south korea, 2012-2015.since outbreaks of porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (pedv) in the united states in 2013, explosive outbreaks of ped in south korea have infected all age groups of pigs in 2014-2015year. this study analyzed a large collection of the spike protein coding gene to infer the spatial-temporal diffusion history of pedv. the studying results suggested that pedvs in korea belonged to different genogroups. while classical g1 was continuingly circulating between provinces of korea, the pandemic g2a were rec ...201627345861
comparison of thermal and non-thermal processing of swine feed and the use of selected feed additives on inactivation of porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (pedv).infection with porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (pedv) causes diarrhea, vomiting, and high mortality in suckling pigs. contaminated feed has been suggested as a vehicle of transmission for pedv. the objective of this study was to compare thermal and electron beam processing, and the inclusion of feed additives on the inactivation of pedv in feed. feed samples were spiked with pedv and then heated to 120-145°c for up to 30 min or irradiated at 0-50 kgy. another set of feed samples spiked with pedv ...201627341670
porcine epidemic diarrhea: a retrospect from europe and matters of debate.a retrospect is given on the emergence of porcine epidemic diarrhea (ped) during the early seventies in europe. while, at first, it appeared as a disease affecting feeder pigs, fattening- and adult swine, it later also became pathogenic for neonatal and suckling pigs hereby drastically increasing its economic impact. isolation of the causative virus revealed a new porcine coronavirus, the origin of which has never been clarified. pathogenesis studies with the prototype strain cv777 showed severe ...201627317168
cellular entry of the porcine epidemic diarrhea virus.porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (pedv), a coronavirus discovered more than 40 years ago, regained notoriety recently by its devastating outbreaks in east asia and the americas, causing substantial economic losses to the swine husbandry. the virus replicates extensively and almost exclusively in the epithelial cells of the small intestine resulting in villus atrophy, malabsorption and severe diarrhea. cellular entry of this enveloped virus is mediated by the large spike (s) glycoprotein, trimers ...201627317167
molecular epidemiological investigation of porcine kobuvirus and its coinfection rate with pedv and sav in northwest china.porcine kobuvirus (pkv) has circulated throughout china in recent years. although many studies have detected it throughout the world, its molecular epidemiology has not been characterized in northwest china. to understand its prevalence, 203 fecal samples were collected from different regions of gansu province and tested with reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction. in this study, we tested these samples for pkv, porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (pedv), and sapovirus and analyzed the ampl ...201627294133
phylogenetic and antigenic characterization of newly isolated porcine epidemic diarrhea viruses in japan.to evaluate the mechanism by which a large outbreak of porcine epidemic diarrhea (ped) occurred in japan, where the majority of sows are vaccinated, we isolated two new strains of ped virus (pedv) from the intestines of piglets and found that they showed greater similarity to us isolates (group ii pedv) than to the japanese vaccine strain (group i pedv). we compared the antigenicity of the vaccine type strain and newly isolated strains by means of a neutralization test using sera from a number o ...201627292080
evolution, antigenicity and pathogenicity of global porcine epidemic diarrhea virus strains.emerging and re-emerging coronaviruses cause morbidity and mortality in human and animal populations, resulting in serious public and animal health threats and economic losses. the ongoing outbreak of a highly contagious and deadly porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (pedv) in asia, the americas and europe is one example. genomic sequence analyses of pedv variants have revealed important insights into the evolution of pedv. however, the antigenic variations among different pedv strains are less expl ...201627288724
characterization of anti-porcine epidemic diarrhea virus neutralizing activity in mammary secretions.porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (pedv) causes a severe clinical enteric disease in suckling neonates with up to 100% mortality, resulting in devastating economic losses to the pork industry in recent years. maternal immunity via colostrum and milk is a vital source to neonates of passive protection against diarrhea, dehydration and death caused by pedv. comprehensive information on neutralizing activity (na) against pedv in mammary secretions is critically important for assessing the protective ...201627287711
porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (pedv) detection and antibody response in commercial growing pigs.longitudinal samples from two production sites were used to (1) describe the pattern of pedv shedding (rrt-pcr) in individual rectal swabs, pen fecal samples, and pen oral fluids (of); (2) describe the kinetics of pedv antibody by elisa (iga, igg) testing of pig serum and pen oral fluid samples; and (3) establish cutoffs and performance estimates for pedv wv elisas (iga, igg). site one was pedv positive; site two was pedv negative. on site one, pen samples (feces and oral fluids) and pig samples ...201627287624
porcine deltacoronavirus: overview of infection dynamics, diagnostic methods, prevalence and genetic evolution.porcine deltacoronavirus (pdcov) was first reported in hong kong, china in 2012 and reported in united states swine in february 2014. pdcov has subsequently been detected in south korea, mainland china, and thailand. pdcov has been experimentally confirmed to cause diarrhea in inoculated pigs and need to be differentially diagnosed from porcine epidemic diarrhea virus and transmissible gastroenteritis virus in the field. rapid diagnosis is critical for the implementation of efficient control str ...201627270129
porcine epidemic diarrhea in china.porcine epidemic diarrhea (ped) is a contagious intestinal disease caused by porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (pedv) that characterized by vomiting, diarrhea, and dehydration. pedv was first identified in the 1980s in china, and since then, it has become one of the most common viral causes of diarrhea. in october 2010, a large-scale outbreak of ped caused by a pedv variant occurred in china, resulting in tremendous economic losses. this review presents a comprehensive description of pedv history, ...201627261169
effects of inactivated porcine epidemic diarrhea virus on porcine monocyte-derived dendritic cells and intestinal dendritic cells.porcine epidemic diarrhea (ped) is a serious infection in neonatal piglets. as the causative agent of ped, porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (pedv) results in acute diarrhea and dehydration with high mortality rates in swine. dendritic cells (dcs) are highly effective antigen-presenting cells to uptake and present viral antigens to t cells, which then initiate a distinct immune response. in this study, our results show that the expression of mo-dcs surface markers such as swc3a(+)cd1a(+), swc3a(+) ...201627234553
pig epidemic diarrhoea virus s gene variant with a large deletion non-lethal to colostrum-deprived newborn piglets.we previously identified a third porcine epidemic diarrhoea virus (pedv) s variant with a large deletion of 582 nucleotides in the 5' terminal region of the s gene, in addition to the north american type and the s indels type. to investigate the pathogenicity of this variant, ttr-2/jpn/2014, we performed experimental infection using colostrum-deprived piglets and compared the results with those from the north american type pedv, okn-1/jpn/2013. fifteen newborn piglets were divided into two group ...201627226332
a computationally designed serological assay for porcine epidemic diarrhea virus.the periodic emergence of new infectious agents and the genetic and antigenic evolution of existing agents necessitate the improvement of technology for the rapid development of diagnostic assays. the porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (pedv) emerged in the united states in 2013, causing severe economic damage to the pork industry. the primary goal of this study was to develop methods to reduce the lead time for serological assay development. an approach involving the computational prediction of di ...201627225413
isolation and molecular characterization of porcine epidemic diarrhea viruses collected in japan in 2014.porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (pedv) is the etiological agent of porcine epidemic diarrhea (ped), which is threatening the swine industry all over the world. in japan, although there were no reported ped cases from 2007 to 2012, a large-scale ped outbreak started in 2013, causing severe economic losses. although several pedv studies have been conducted in japan, more pedv isolates and sequence information are needed to understand the molecular biology and epidemiology of pedv. here, we isolate ...201627224981
jnk and p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase pathways contribute to porcine epidemic diarrhea virus infection.the mitogen-activated protein kinase (mapk) pathways, which are central building blocks in the intracellular signaling network, are often manipulated by viruses of diverse families to favor their replication. among the mapk family, the extracellular signal-regulated kinase (erk) pathway is known to be modulated during the infection with porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (pedv); however, involvement of stress-activated protein kinases (sapks) comprising p38 mapk and c-jun nh2-terminal kinase (jnk) ...201627215486
lactogenic immunity and vaccines for porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (pedv): historical and current concepts.morbidity, mortality, and loss of productivity from enteric diseases in neonatal piglets cost swine producers millions of dollars annually. in 2013-2014, the porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (pedv) outbreak led to $900 million to $1.8 billion in annual losses to us swine producers. passive lactogenic immunity remains the most promising and effective way to protect neonatal suckling piglets from enteric diseases like pedv. protecting suckling piglets through lactogenic immunity is dependent on tra ...201627212686
deciphering the biology of porcine epidemic diarrhea virus in the era of reverse genetics.emergence of the porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (pedv) as a global threat to the swine industry underlies the urgent need for deeper understanding of this virus. to date, we have yet to identify functions for all the major gene products, much less grasp their implications for the viral life cycle and pathogenic mechanisms. a major reason is the lack of genetic tools for studying pedv. in this review, we discuss the reverse genetics approaches that have been successfully used to engineer infecti ...201627212685
immune evasion of porcine enteric coronaviruses and viral modulation of antiviral innate signaling.porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (pedv) and porcine deltacoronavirus (pdcov) are emerged and reemerging viruses in pigs, and together with transmissible gastroenteritis virus (tgev), pose significant economic concerns to the swine industry. these viruses infect epithelial cells of the small intestine and cause watery diarrhea, dehydration, and a high mortality in neonatal piglets. type i interferons (ifn-α/β) are major antiviral cytokines forming host innate immunity, and in turn, these enteric c ...201627212682
porcine epidemic diarrhea virus: an overview of current virological and serological diagnostic methods.porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (pedv) is the causative agent of an acute, highly contagious, and severe enteric disease that leads to high mortality rates in suckling piglets. therefore, accurate diagnosis of pedv infection is critical for the implementation of control measures for the virus. many diagnostic tests have been recently developed and are currently available for the detection of pedv, its proteins or nucleic acid, including virus isolation, immunofluorescence (if) or immunohistochem ...201627189041
efficacy of an inactivated genotype 2b porcine epidemic diarrhea virus vaccine in neonatal piglets.massive outbreaks of porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (pedv) recurred in south korea in 2013-2014 and affected approximately 40% of the swine breeding herds across the country, incurring a tremendous financial impact on producers and consumers. despite the nationwide use of commercially available attenuated and inactivated vaccines in south korea, pedv has continued to plague the domestic pork industry, raising concerns regarding their protective efficacies and the need for new vaccine developmen ...201627185262
genetic characteristics of porcine epidemic diarrhea virus in chinese mainland, revealing genetic markers of classical and variant virulent parental/attenuated strains.since october 2010, porcine epidemic diarrhea (ped) caused by variant porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (pedv) has led great economic losses to the global pig industry, especially in china. to study the genetic characteristics of pedv strains in chinese mainland, a total of 603 clinical samples from nine provinces/districts of chinese mainland from january 2014 to december 2015 were collected for rt-pcr detection and 1-1323bp of s gene of 91 isolates and orf3 gene of 46 isolates were sequenced. th ...201627178127
x-ray structure and inhibition of 3c-like protease from porcine epidemic diarrhea virus.porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (pedv) is a coronavirus that infects pigs and can have mortality rates approaching 100% in piglets, causing serious economic impact. the 3c-like protease (3cl(pro)) is essential for the coronaviral life cycle and is an appealing target for the development of therapeutics. we report the expression, purification, crystallization and 2.10 å x-ray structure of 3cl(pro) from pedv. analysis of the pedv 3cl(pro) structure and comparison to other coronaviral 3cl(pro)'s fr ...201627173881
impact of a porcine epidemic diarrhea outbreak on swine productivity in japan: a retrospective cohort study.the objective was to investigate porcine epidemic diarrhea (ped) outbreak that occurred in 2014 in japan and its effects on herd-level productivity using a data recording system (piginfo). the study herds were selected from farrow-to-finish herds (n=99) that entered in the piginfo system between july 2013 and march 2015. from 1 april to 30 june 2014 (ped epidemic), any herds with clinical signs of ped and feces positive for porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (pedv) on polymerase chain reaction anal ...201627170488
experimental infection of young pigs with an early european strain of porcine epidemic diarrhoea virus and a recent us strain.outbreaks of porcine epidemic diarrhoea (ped) were reported across europe during the 1980s and 1990s, but only sporadic outbreaks occurred in recent years. ped virus (pedv) spread for the first time into the usa in 2013 and has caused severe economic losses. retrospectively, it was found that two different strains of pedv have been introduced into the united states, both are closely related to strains circulating in china where a new wave of the disease occurred from 2010 onwards. since autumn 2 ...201627161288
reverse transcription-pcr assays for the differentiation of various us porcine epidemic diarrhea virus strains.concurrently, several porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (pedv) variants are circulating in us swine farms, including the original us and the spike insertion-deletion (s-indel) strains. in this study, reverse transcription (rt)-pcr assays for the detection and differentiation of different us pedv variants were developed based on the differences in the s1 domain of the spike (s) gene. this assay successfully differentiated three pedv strains: pc22a (the original us virulent), iowa106 (s-indel), and ...201627134071
structural basis for the dimerization and substrate recognition specificity of porcine epidemic diarrhea virus 3c-like protease.porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (pedv), a member of the genus alphacoronavirus, has caused significant damage to the asian and american pork industries. coronavirus 3c-like protease (3cl(pro)), which is involved in the processing of viral polyproteins for viral replication, is an appealing antiviral drug target. here, we present the crystal structures of pedv 3cl(pro) and a molecular complex between an inactive pedv 3cl(pro) variant c144a bound to a peptide substrate. structural characterization ...201627128350
complete genome sequence of porcine epidemic diarrhea virus strain col/cundinamarca/2014 from colombia.porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (pedv) has been found throughout europe and asia, and has emerged in north and south america. a whole genome sequence was obtained from a paraffin-embedded tissue sample from the instituto colombiano agropecuario (ica), colombia through next generation sequencing techniques to further understand the evolution of pedv.201627103712
epidemic strain yc2014 of porcine epidemic diarrhea virus could provide piglets against homologous challenge.porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (pedv) is the main causative agent of porcine epidemic diarrhea (ped). since december 2010, a large-scale outbreak of diarrhea has been observed in swine farms in china. accumulated evidence indicates that this large-scale outbreak of diarrhea were caused by highly virulent pedv variants.201627103490
isolation and genetic analysis of a variant porcine epidemic diarrhea virus in china.porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (pedv) is having a severe effect on the pig breeding industry in central china. the mucosa and the content of the small intestine from newborn pre-weaned piglets with diarrhea were tested for the presence of pedv by molecular and morphologic methods, and found to be positive. negative-staining electron microscopy (em) revealed the presence of coronavirus- like particles in the samples. the result of molecular detection by nested rt-pcr based on the amplification o ...201627096789
reverse transcription cross-priming amplification-nucleic acid test strip for rapid detection of porcine epidemic diarrhea virus.porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (pedv) is a highly transmissible coronavirus that causes a severe enteric disease particularly in neonatal piglets. in this study, a rapid method for detecting pedv was developed based on cross-priming amplification and nucleic acid test strip(cpa-nats). five primers specific for the n gene sequence of pedv were used for the cross-priming amplification. detection of amplification products based on labeled probe primers was conducted with strip binding antibody of ...201627090105
porcine deltacoronavirus infection: etiology, cell culture for virus isolation and propagation, molecular epidemiology and pathogenesis.porcine deltacoronavirus (pdcov) (family coronaviridae, genus deltacoronavirus) is a novel swine enteropathogenic coronavirus that causes acute diarrhea/vomiting, dehydration and mortality in seronegative neonatal piglets. pdcov diarrhea was first reported in the us in early 2014, concurrently with co-circulation of porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (pedv) (family coronaviridae, genus alphacoronavirus). the origin of pdcov in pigs and also its sudden emergence or route of introduction into the us ...201627086031
new chimeric porcine coronavirus in swine feces, germany, 2012. 201627070291
the effect of porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus and porcine epidemic diarrhea virus challenge on growing pigs ii: intestinal integrity and function.the objective of this study was to determine if intestinal function and integrity is altered due to porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome (prrs) virus and porcine epidemic diarrhea (ped) virus infection in growing pigs. forty-two gilts (16.8 ± 0.6 kg bw), naïve for prrs and ped, were selected and randomly assigned to 1 of 4 treatments: 1) a control (con; = 6), 2) prrs virus challenge only (prrs; = 12), 3) ped virus challenge only (; = 12), or 4) coinfection of prrs + ped viruses (prp; = ...201627065122
the effect of porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus and porcine epidemic diarrhea virus challenge on growing pigs i: growth performance and digestibility.porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome (prrs) and porcine epidemic diarrhea (ped) are two diseases costly to the u.s. swine industry. the objective of this study was to determine the impact of prrs virus and ped virus, alone or in combination, on growth performance, feed efficiency, and digestibility in grower pigs. forty-two gilts (16 ± 0.98 kg bw) naïve for prrs and ped were selected and allocated to 1 of 4 treatments. treatments included 1) a control, 2) prrs virus infected, 3) ped vir ...201627065121
evaluation of two singleplex reverse transcription-insulated isothermal pcr tests and a duplex real-time rt-pcr test for the detection of porcine epidemic diarrhea virus and porcine deltacoronavirus.recent outbreaks of porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (pedv) and porcine deltacoronavirus (pdcov) in multiple countries have caused significant economic losses and remain a serious challenge to the swine industry. rapid diagnosis is critical for the implementation of efficient control strategies before and during pedv and pdcov outbreaks. insulated isothermal pcr (iipcr) on the portable pockit™ device is user friendly for on-site pathogen detection. in the present study, a singleplex pedv rt-iipcr ...201627060624
us variant porcine epidemic diarrhea virus: histological lesions and genetic characterization.porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (pedv) was first recognized in pigs in the united states (us) in may 2013. since then, the virus has spread to over 30 states and caused significant economic losses in the us swine industry due to the high mortality in newborn piglets less than 2 weeks of age. a mild-variant strain oh851 of pedv in the us was first reported in january 2014. here, we report histological changes in the small intestines of five piglets infected with the variant strain oh851 of pedv. ...201627059242
complete genome sequence of the porcine epidemic diarrhea virus strain slo/jh-11/2015.porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (pedv) was detected for the first time in slovenia in january 2015. the complete genome sequence of pedv strain slo/jh-11/2015, obtained from a fecal sample of a fattening pig with diarrhea in september 2015, is closely related to recently detected european strains.201627056240
molecular characterization and phylogenetic analysis of porcine epidemic diarrhea virus samples obtained from farms in gansu, china.porcine epidemic diarrhea poses significant sanitation problems in the porcine industry, and has negatively affected the economy in recent years. in this study, 48 fecal specimens were collected from piglets from four intensive swine farms located in the gansu province of china. the molecular diversity and phylogenetic relationships between porcine epidemic diarrhea viruses (pedv) prevalent in gansu were probed, and the resultant proteins were characterized. sequence analysis of the spike protei ...201627051033
does circulating antibody play a role in the protection of piglets against porcine epidemic diarrhea virus?the contribution of circulating antibody to the protection of naïve piglets against porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (pedv) was evaluated using a passive antibody transfer model. piglets (n = 62) derived from 6 sows were assigned to one of 6 different treatments using a randomized block design which provided for allocation of all treatments to all sows' litters. each treatment was designed to achieve a different level of circulating anti-pedv antibody via intraperitoneally administration of conce ...201627050556
evaluation of serological cross-reactivity and cross-neutralization between the united states porcine epidemic diarrhea virus prototype and s-indel-variant strains.at least two genetically different porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (pedv) strains have been identified in the united states (u.s. pedv prototype and s-indel-variant strains). the current serological assays offered at veterinary diagnostic laboratories for detection of pedv-specific antibody are based on the u.s. pedv prototype strain. the objectives of this study were: 1) isolate the u.s. pedv s-indel-variant strain in cell culture; 2) generate antisera against the u.s. pedv prototype and s-inde ...201627044253
s1 domain of the porcine epidemic diarrhea virus spike protein as a vaccine antigen.porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (pedv) is a highly contagious virus infecting pigs of all ages with high morbidity and mortality among newborn piglets. currently, there is no effective vaccine available to protect the pigs from pedv. the n-terminal subunit of spike protein (s1) is responsible for virus binding to the cellular receptor and contains a number of neutralizing antibody epitopes. thus, we expressed and produced recombinant s1 protein to protect newborn piglets by immunization of sows.201627036203
two-way antigenic cross-reactivity between porcine epidemic diarrhea virus and porcine deltacoronavirus.porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (pedv) and porcine deltacoronavirus (pdcv) cause indistinguishable clinical signs and pathological changes in swine. here we investigated the antigenic relationship between pedv and pdcv. we provide the first evidence that conserved epitope(s) on the respective viral nucleocapsid proteins cross-react with each other although virus neutralization cross-reactivity was not observed. as a practical matter, prevention of these two very similar diseases of swine will re ...201627016762
monitoring the spread of swine enteric coronavirus diseases in the united states in the absence of a regulatory framework.the reporting and monitoring of swine enteric coronavirus diseases (secd), including porcine epidemic diarrhea virus and porcine delta coronavirus, in the united states have been challenging because of the initial absence of a regulatory framework and the emerging nature of these diseases. the national animal health laboratory network, the emergency management and response system, and the swine health monitoring project were used to monitor the disease situation between may 2013 and march 2015. ...201627014703
monitoring survivability and infectivity of porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (pedv) in the infected on-farm earthen manure storages (ems).in recent years, porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (pedv) has caused major epidemics, which has been a burden to north america's swine industry. low infectious dose and high viability in the environment are major challenges in eradication of this virus. to further understand the viability of pedv in the infected manure, we longitudinally monitored survivability and infectivity of pedv in two open earthen manure storages (ems; previously referred to as lagoon) from two different infected swine farm ...201627014197
the rate of co-infection for piglet diarrhea viruses in china and the genetic characterization of porcine epidemic diarrhea virus and porcine kobuvirus.piglet diarrhea epidemics result in major economic losses for the swine industry. four viruses are closely linked to porcine diarrhea: porcine kobuvirus (pkv), porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (pedv), porcine transmissible gastroenteritis virus (tgev), and porcine rotavirus (prov). we have conducted an epidemiology study to determine the frequency of infection and co-infection with these viruses in china, and characterized the genetic variation of the isolated pedv and pkv strains. stool and inte ...201626982468
construction of a bivalent dna vaccine co-expressing s genes of transmissible gastroenteritis virus and porcine epidemic diarrhea virus delivered by attenuated salmonella typhimurium.porcine transmissible gastroenteritis virus (tgev) and porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (pedv) can cause severe diarrhea in newborn piglets and led to significant economic losses. the s proteins are the main structural proteins of pedv and tgev capable of inducing neutralizing antibodies in vivo. in this study, a dna vaccine sl7207 (pvaxd-ps1-ts) co-expressing s proteins of tgev and pedv delivered by attenuated salmonella typhimurium was constructed and its immunogenicity in piglets was investiga ...201626980672
modeling the transboundary risk of feed ingredients contaminated with porcine epidemic diarrhea virus.this study describes a model developed to evaluate the transboundary risk of pedv-contaminated swine feed ingredients and the effect of two mitigation strategies during a simulated transport event from china to the us.201626968372
comparison of lentiviruses pseudotyped with s proteins from coronaviruses and cell tropisms of porcine coronaviruses.the surface glycoproteins of coronaviruses play an important role in receptor binding and cell entry. different coronaviruses interact with their specific receptors to enter host cells. lentiviruses pseudotyped with their spike proteins (s) were compared to analyze the entry efficiency of various coronaviruses. our results indicated that s proteins from different coronaviruses displayed varied abilities to mediate pseudotyped virus infection. furthermore, the cell tropisms of porcine epidemic di ...201626908211
complete genome sequence of a porcine epidemic diarrhea virus strain from vietnam, hua-14ped96, with a large genomic deletion.a highly virulent strain of porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (pedv) causing severe diarrhea has recently emerged in vietnam. genomic sequences from a novel strain, hua-14ped96, isolated from a vietnamese piglet with serious diarrhea show relatively high identity with u.s.-like pedv strains, and have a 72-nt deletion in the open reading frame 1a (orf1a) gene.201626893409
pathogenesis comparison between the united states porcine epidemic diarrhoea virus prototype and s-indel-variant strains in conventional neonatal piglets.at least two genetically different porcine epidemic diarrhoea virus (pedv) strains have been identified in the usa: us pedv prototype and s-indel-variant strains. the objective of this study was to compare the pathogenicity differences of the us pedv prototype and s-indel-variant strains in conventional neonatal piglets under experimental infections. fifty pedv-negative 5-day-old pigs were divided into five groups of ten pigs each and were inoculated orogastrically with three us pedv prototype i ...201626841768
erratum to: immunogenicity and antigenic relationships among spike proteins of porcine epidemic diarrhea virus subtypes g1 and g2. 201626839087
erratum to: porcine epidemic diarrhea virus: an emerging and re-emerging epizootic swine virus. 201626833094
erratum to: first detection, clinical presentation and phylogenetic characterization of porcine epidemic diarrhea virus in austria. 201626832742
genomic motifs as a novel indicator of the relationship between strains isolated from the epidemic of porcine epidemic diarrhea in 2013-2014.porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (pedv) is a positive-sense rna virus that causes infectious gastroenteritis in pigs. following a ped outbreak that occurred in china in 2010, the disease was identified for the first time in the united states in april 2013, and was reported in many other countries worldwide from 2013 to 2014. as a novel approach to elucidate the epidemiological relationship between pedv strains, we explored their genome sequences to identify the motifs that were shared within rela ...201626808527
molecular characterization of the spike and orf3 genes of porcine epidemic diarrhea virus in the philippines.porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (pedv) is a highly contagious enteric pathogen of swine. in the present study, we analyzed the spike genes and orf3 genes of seven pedv strains detected in philippine pigs in june 2014. there are four major epitope regions in the spike glycoprotein: a co-26k equivalent (coe) domain, ss2 and ss6 epitopes, and an epitope region recognized by the 2c10 monoclonal antibody. analysis of philippine strains revealed amino acid substitutions in the ss6 epitope region (lqdg ...201626801789
suppression of type i interferon production by porcine epidemic diarrhea virus and degradation of creb-binding protein by nsp1.type i interferons (ifn-α/β) are the major components of the innate immune response of hosts, and in turn many viruses have evolved to modulate the host response during infection. we found that the ifn-β production was significantly suppressed during pedv infection in cells. to identify viral ifn antagonists and to study their suppressive function, viral coding sequences for the entire structural and nonstructural proteins were cloned and expressed. of 16 pedv nonstructural proteins (nsps), nsp1 ...201626773386
development of a neutralizing monoclonal antibody against porcine epidemic diarrhea virus s1 protein.the truncated spike protein (s1, 390-789aa) of porcine epidemic diarrhea virus was expressed as a recombinant protein in baculorvirus expression system. female balb/c mice were immunized with the purified recombinant s1 (rs1) protein and two monoclonal antibodies, designated 8a3a10 and 12c4g12, were generated by hybridoma technique. the two monoclonal antibodies specifically reacted with pedv rs1 protein, as proven by western blot and indirect immunofluorescence assay. 8a3a10 monoclonal antibody ...201626771404
production impact & time to stability in sow herds infected with porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (pedv).pedv was first detected in united states in may, 2013. the virus spread through the swine industry and was reported in 30 us states by june, 2014 (morrison and goede, 2014). there are limited data describing the impact on production in sow farms. veterinarians attempt to control the virus in sow herds with a program that stimulates herd immunity. there are no data on how long it takes with this control program to achieve a stable state of consistently produce weaned pigs that are not infected wi ...201626748596
genome sequencing and analysis of a novel recombinant porcine epidemic diarrhea virus strain from henan, china.porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (pedv) has caused devastating impact on pig-rearing industry in china and current vaccine is not effective against the circulating pedv variants. in the present study, the full-length genome sequence from a pedv isolate (ch/hnqx-3/14) was determined. the complete genome sequence analysis showed that the ch/hnqx-3/14 possessed unique deletion regions in the s and orf3 genes. it was identified as a recombinant strain using phylogenetic analysis and recombination det ...201626743534
outbreak investigation of porcine epidemic diarrhea in swine in ontario.porcine epidemic diarrhea virus was first diagnosed in ontario in january of 2014. an outbreak investigation was conducted and it was hypothesized that feed containing spray-dried porcine plasma contaminated with the virus was a risk factor in the introduction and spread of the disease in ontario.201626740705
epidemiology and vaccine of porcine epidemic diarrhea virus in china: a mini-review.porcine epidemic diarrhea (ped) is an intestinal infectious disease caused by porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (pedv); manifestations of the disease are diarrhea, vomiting and dehydration. starting from the end of 2010, a ped outbreak occurred in several pig-producing provinces in southern china. subsequently, the disease spread throughout the country and caused enormous economic losses to the pork industry. accumulating studies demonstrated that new pedv variants that appeared in china were resp ...201626537549
evaluation of two real-time polymerase chain reaction assays for porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (pedv) to assess pedv transmission in growing pigs.in april 2013, a porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (pedv) epidemic began in the united states. as part of the response, real-time reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (rt-pcr) assays to detect pedv were developed by several veterinary diagnostic laboratories. our study evaluated rt-pcr pedv assays that detect the n gene (gn) and s gene (gs) for their ability to detect pedv infection and the transmission potential of pigs experimentally exposed to pedv. detection limits and quantificatio ...201626699519
characterization of porcine epidemic diarrhea virus isolate us/iowa/18984/2013 infection in 1-day-old cesarean-derived colostrum-deprived piglets.porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (pedv) was first recognized in north america in april 2013 and has since caused devastating disease. the objective of this study was to characterize disease and viral detection associated with an original north american pedv isolate inoculated in neonatal piglets. thirty-six 1-day-old cesarean-derived and colostrum-deprived piglets were randomly assigned to the control (n = 16) or challenged group (n = 20); the latter were orogastrically inoculated with 1 ml of us ...201626113613
itraq-based comparative proteomic analysis of vero cells infected with virulent and cv777 vaccine strain-like strains of porcine epidemic diarrhea virus.the re-emerging porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (pedv) variant related diarrhea has been documented in china since late 2010 and now with global distribution. currently, a virulent pedv ch/ynkm-8/2013 and a cv777 vaccine strain-like ah-m have been successfully isolated from the clinical samples. to dissect out the underlying pathogenic mechanism of virulent pedv and clarify the differences between virulent and cv777 vaccine strain-like pedv infections, we performed an itraq-based comparative qua ...201626361011
spatial and temporal epidemiology of porcine epidemic diarrhea (ped) in the midwest and southeast regions of the united states.emergence of porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (pedv) in the us in 2013 caused a major impact in the swine industry due to its high mortality and rapid spread through the country. even though the role of potential sources of infection in the epidemiology of the disease at the farm level (feed, fomites) has been extensively investigated, there is a lack of knowledge about the dynamics of disease spread at the regional level. here, we investigated the dissemination of pedv infection in two areas loc ...201626586344
porcine epidemic diarrhea virus and discovery of a recombinant swine enteric coronavirus, italy.porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (pedv) has been detected sporadically in italy since the 1990s. we report the phylogenetic relationship of swine enteric coronaviruses collected in italy during 2007-2014 and identify a drastic shift in pedv strain variability and a new swine enteric coronavirus generated by recombination of transmissible gastroenteritis virus and pedv.201626689738
immunogenicity and antigenic relationships among spike proteins of porcine epidemic diarrhea virus subtypes g1 and g2.porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (pedv) is a coronavirus that infects cells lining the small intestine of swine, resulting in vomiting, diarrhea, and dehydration. the amino acid sequence of the spike (s) protein, which is the principal target recognized by host immune cells, has multiple mutations that distinguish the two pedv genotypes, g1 and g2. to determine whether these mutations lead to changes in antigenicity, as suggested by the failure of pedv vaccines in china, we first optimized the co ...201626611909
genomic and evolutionary inferences between american and global strains of porcine epidemic diarrhea virus.porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (pedv) has caused severe economic losses both recently in the united states (us) and historically throughout europe and asia. traditionally, analysis of the spike gene has been used to determine phylogenetic relationships between pedv strains. we determined the complete genomes of 93 pedv field samples from us swine and analyzed the data in conjunction with complete genome sequences available from genbank (n=126) to determine the most variable genomic areas. our r ...201626611651
retrospective testing and case series study of porcine delta coronavirus in u.s. swine herds.porcine deltacoronavirus (pdcov) was first reported in the united states (us) in february 2014. this was the second novel swine enteric coronavirus detected in the us since may 2013. in this study, we conducted retrospective testing of samples submitted to three veterinary diagnostic laboratories where qualifying biological samples were derived from previously submitted diagnostic case submissions from us commercial swine farms with a clinical history of enteric disease or from cases that had be ...201626603048
porcine epidemic diarrhea virus introduction into the united states: root cause investigation.porcine epidemic diarrhea (ped) was identified in the united states in the spring of 2013, and professionals from many parts of the u.s. swine industry responded rapidly to understand and control the newly emerging disease. in less than two months, the disease had spread to more than 200 herds in thirteen states. experts from the us department of agriculture (usda) engaged in laboratory diagnostics, analytic support, epidemiology expertise, and data management to facilitate the effort. by 2014, ...201626711302
orally administrated whole yeast vaccine against porcine epidemic diarrhea virus induced high levels of iga response in mice and piglets.the mucosal immune response against the porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (pedv) is very important in piglets. to develop a pedv vaccine suitable for inducing high levels of intestinal iga in piglets, recombinant yeast expressing the pedv s1 gene was constructed and tested by oral immunization of mice and piglets. the s1-specific igg and iga were tested at 0, 14, and 28 days postimmunization (dpi) in mice. compared to the control group, the mice treated with s1 expressing yeast, demonstrated signi ...201627598459
a retrospective study detects a novel variant of porcine epidemic diarrhea virus in england in archived material from the year 2000.outbreaks of porcine epidemic diarrhea (ped) were first recorded in england in the 1970s and continued to be confirmed until 2002. retrospective analysis of archived material from one of the last confirmed cases in england in the year 2000 demonstrates the previous existence of a very diverse ped virus strain. following the outbreaks of ped in north america in 2013, there has been renewed interest in phylogenetic analysis of sequences from pedv strains worldwide. there is a gap in the available ...201627812401
elevated plasma-soluble cd16 levels in porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus-infected pigs: correlation with adam17-mediated shedding.soluble cd16 (scd16) is closely correlated with chronic diseases in humans. here, plasma scd16 levels in pigs were increased by infection with porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (prrsv) but not with porcine epidemic diarrhea virus, porcine circovirus type 2 and pseudorabies virus. of interest, prrsv attached to blood neutrophils and reduced surface cd16 expression on neutrophils. in vitro data confirmed that prrsv caused cd16 shedding in neutrophils. further analyses revealed th ...201626653711
identification and comparison of receptor binding characteristics of the spike protein of two porcine epidemic diarrhea virus strains.porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (pedv), a member of alphacoronavirus, has caused huge economic losses for the global pork industry recently. the spike (s) protein mediates pedv entry into host cells. herein, we investigated the interactions between the s protein and its receptor porcine aminopeptidase n (papn) or co-receptor sugars. the c-terminal domain (ctd) of the s1 domain is bound to papn. the prototype strain demonstrated similar receptor-binding activity compared with the variant field is ...201626907329
porcine epidemic diarrhea virus shedding and antibody response in swine farms: a longitudinal study.the porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (pedv) causes an acute and highly contagious enteric disease characterized by severe enteritis, vomiting, watery diarrhea, and a high mortality rate in seronegative neonatal piglets. in the last few years, ped had a large economic impact on the swine industries in asia and the us, and in 2014, the pedv also re-emerged in europe. two main pedv variants circulate worldwide but only the s indel variant, considered a mild strain, is spreading in europe. to gain in ...201628018330
the identification and characterization of two novel epitopes on the nucleocapsid protein of the porcine epidemic diarrhea virus.porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (pedv) is a highly contagious coronavirus that causes severe diarrhea and death, particularly in neonatal piglets. the nucleocapsid protein (n protein) of pedv presents strong immunogenicity and contributes to the cross-reactivity between pedv and tgev. however, the characterization of epitopes on the pedv n protein remains largely unknown. here, two monoclonal antibodies (mabs) specific to the n protein of a pedv strain, fjzz1/2011, were generated and screened ag ...201627991537
vaccines for porcine epidemic diarrhea virus and other swine coronaviruses.the recent introduction of the porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (pedv) into the north american swine herd has highlighted again the need for effective vaccines for swine coronaviruses. while vaccines for transmissible gastroenteritis virus (tgev) have been available to producers around the world for a long time, effective vaccines for pedv and deltacoronaviruses were only recently developed or are still in development. here, we review existing vaccine technologies for swine coronaviruses and high ...201627964998
quantifying the effect of lactogenic antibody on porcine epidemic diarrhea virus infection in neonatal piglets.the contribution of lactogenic antibody to the protection of piglets against porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (pedv) was evaluated. pregnant multiparous sows and their litters were allocated to one of 3 treatment groups: group 1-6 serum antibody-negative sows and a subset (n=11) of their piglets. group 2-8 serum antibody-positive sows and their 91 piglets. piglets were orally inoculated with pedv at 4 (group 1) or 2 (group 2) days of age. group 3-2 pedv serum antibody-negative sows and 22 piglets ...201627938689
inter-laboratory study to characterize the detection of serum antibodies against porcine epidemic diarrhoea virus.porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (pedv) has caused extensive economic losses to pig producers in many countries. it was recently introduced, for the first time, into north america and outbreaks have occurred again in multiple countries within europe as well. to assess the properties of various diagnostic assays for the detection of pedv infection, multiple panels of porcine sera have been shared and tested for the presence of antibodies against pedv in an inter-laboratory ring trial. different la ...201627938678
ultrasensitive detection of porcine epidemic diarrhea virus from fecal samples using functionalized nanoparticles.porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (pedv) is the main causative agent of porcine diarrhea, which has resulted in devastating damage to swine industry and become a perplexed global problem. pedv infection causes lesions and clinical symptoms, and infected pigs often succumb to severe dehydration. if there is not a timely and effective method to control its infection, pedv will spread rapidly across the whole swine farm. therefore, preclinical identification of pedv is of great significance for preve ...201627936019
diagnostic evaluation of assays for detection of antibodies against porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (pedv) in pigs exposed to different pedv strains.porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (pedv) has caused economic losses in the americas, asia and europe in recent years. reliable serological assays are essential for epidemiological studies and vaccine evaluation. the objective of this study was to compare the ability of five enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (elisas) to detect antibodies against different pedv strains in pig serum. a total of 732 serum samples from north american or european pigs were tested. samples included experimental samples ...201627931933
detection and phylogenetic analysis of porcine epidemic diarrhea virus in central china based on the orf3 gene and the s1 gene.porcine epidemic diarrhea (ped) has increased in severity in china since 2010. to investigate further the infectivity, genetic diversity and molecular epidemiology of its causative agent, the porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (pedv), we assessed 129 clinical samples, which were the intestinal tissue of piglets with severe diarrhea, from 17 cities in central china. both the spike (s) glycoprotein (s1, 1-789 amino acids (aa)) and the full-length orf3 gene of 21 representative field strains from 21 f ...201627887624
increased frequency of porcine epidemic diarrhea virus shedding and lesions in suckling pigs compared to nursery pigs and protective immunity in nursery pigs after homologous re-challenge.porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (pedv) causes enteric disease in pigs and spreads rapidly after entering naïve pig populations. the objectives were to (1) compare the disease course following inoculation with pedv isolate us/colorado/2013 in naïve 10 day and 8 week-old pigs, and (2) contrast the naïve response to homologous challenge in 8 week-old pigs. pigs were randomly assigned into group 1 (n = 40, no pedv exposure), group 2 (n = 43, pedv inoculation at 10 days of age) and group 3 (n = 48, p ...201627871312
complete genome sequences of porcine epidemic diarrhea virus strains jsls-1/2015 and js-2/2015 isolated from china.two porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (pedv) strains, jsls-1/2015 and js-2/2015, were isolated from piglets with watery diarrhea in south china. two genomic sequences were highly homologous to the attenuated dr13 strain. furthermore, jsls-1/2015 contains a 24-amino-acid deletion in open reading frame 1b, which was first reported in pedv isolates.201627834697
inactivation of porcine epidemic diarrhea virus using heated water.porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (pedv) is a very contagious swine pathogen that spreads easily via the fecal-oral route, notably from contaminated fomites. the present study investigated heated water as a method for rapid thermal inactivation of pedv. cell-culture adapted pedv was treated with water at varying temperatures and viral titers were measured at multiple time points post-treatment. viable pedv was not recovered after a ten second or longer treatment with water heated to ≥76 °c; howeve ...201632289093
[identification and characterzation of the porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (pedv) isolates].to explore the porcine epidemic diarrhea virus(pedv)epidemiology in domestic pigs, virus isolation and identification were carried out in pig herds in shanghai and jiangsu province. based on sequences of pedv strains in genbank, a pair of primers targeting the m gene were designed for pedv detection. two clinical pig diarrhea samples were amplified and sequencing results confirmed that the fragments amplified were m gene. pedv-positive samples were inoculated in vero cells with different concent ...201630001583
[microrna expression profiles of porcine kidney 15 cell line infected with porcine epidemic diahorrea virus].to explore the effect of porcine epidemic diarrhea virus(pedv)on microrna expression profiles of porcine kidney 15cell(pk-15),total rna was isolated from pk-15 cells with or without pedv infection. then, we obtained the mirnas by using solexa sequencing technology and analyzed these differentially expressed mirnas. heatmap cluster analysis and go (ontology, go) (gene function, mf, molecular) analysis was performed on the significant differences in expression of the mirna, and 10 significant diff ...201629995369
porcine epidemic diarrhea (ped) infection, diagnosis and vaccination: a mini review.porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (pedv) is a main etiology causing severe enteric disease in piglets with clinical signs of anorexia, vomiting, diarrhea and dehydration resulting in loss of condition and death within a few days. historically, ped is one of major causes of loss in swine and remains prevalent in some parts of the world. even with increase in the available tests for ped diagnosis, which include histological diagnosis; virological diagnosis and serological diagnosis, there is no vacc ...201632226596
immunogenicity of an s1d epitope from porcine epidemic diarrhea virus and cholera toxin b subunit fusion protein transiently expressed in infiltrated nicotiana benthamiana leaves.porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (pedv) belongs to the coronaviridae family and causes acute enteritis in pigs. a fragment of the large spike glycoprotein, termed the s1d epitope (aa 636-789), alone and fused with cholera toxin b subunit, were independently cloned into plant expression vectors, yielding plasmids pmyv717 and pmyv719, respectively. plant expression vectors were transformed into agrobacterium tumefaciens and subsequently infiltrated into nicotiana benthamiana leaves. the highest exp ...201632214565
spray dried plasma as an alternative to antibiotics in piglet feeds, mode of action and biosafety.the use of growth promoting and therapeutic antibiotics in piglet feed has been a concerning subject over the last few decades because of the risk of generating antimicrobial resistance that could be transferred to humans. as a result, many products have been proposed as potential alternatives to the use of antibiotics, and among these, spray dried plasma is considered one of the most promising. however, there have been concerns about its biosafety, particularly during periods of emergence or re ...201628405442
[development and application of reverse transcription loop-mediated isothermal amplification method for detection of porcine rotavirus of swine].we wished to establish a method for rapid and sensitive detection of reverse transcription loop-mediated isothermal amplification(rt-lamp)for the rapid and sensitive detection of porcine rotavirus (porv). according to the published porv vp7 sequences in genbank,6specific primers were designed. according to the concentrations of foward and reverse primers, bst dna polymerase, mg(2+), and dntp, reaction conditions were optimized. results revealed the concentration ratio of foward and reverse prime ...201630004206
evaluation of an accelerated hydrogen peroxide disinfectant to inactivate porcine epidemic diarrhea virus in swine feces on aluminum surfaces under freezing conditions.since its emergence in 2013, porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (pedv) spread rapidly throughout the country due, in part, to contaminated livestock trailers. the objective of this study was to test the efficacy of an accelerated hydrogen peroxide (ahp) disinfectant for inactivating pedv in swine feces on metal surfaces under freezing conditions. one 15.24 x 15.24 x 2.54 cm aluminum coupon, contaminated with swine feces, and randomly matched to one pig was the experimental unit. eight treatment gro ...201729191202
trypsin-independent porcine epidemic diarrhea virus us strain with altered virus entry mechanism.porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (pedv) is a coronavirus that infects the intestinal tract and causes diarrhea and vomiting in older pigs or extreme dehydration and death that could reach 100% mortality in neonatal piglets. in the us, the first pedv outbreaks occurred in 2013 and since then us pedv strains have quickly spread throughout the us and worldwide, causing significant economic and public health concerns. currently two conditionally approved vaccines exist in the us, but there is no live ...201729178878
a sensitive duplex nanoparticle-assisted pcr assay for identifying porcine epidemic diarrhea virus and porcine transmissible gastroenteritis virus from clinical specimens.in this study, a novel duplex nanoparticle-assisted polymerase chain reaction (nanopcr) assay was developed to detect porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (pedv) and porcine transmissible gastroenteritis virus (tgev). two pairs of primers were designed based on the conserved region within the n gene of pedv and tgev. in a screening of 114 clinical samples from four provinces in china for pedv and tgev, 48.2 and 3.5 % of the samples, respectively, tested positive. under optimized conditions, the duple ...201727815750
genomic investigation of piglet resilience following porcine epidemic diarrhea outbreaks.porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (pedv) belongs to the coronaviridae family and causes malabsorptive watery diarrhea, vomiting, dehydration and imbalanced blood electrolytes in pigs. since the 1970s, ped outbreaks have become a source of problems in pig producing countries all over the world, causing large economic losses for pig producers. although the infection in adults is not fatal, in naïve suckling piglets mortality is close to 100%. in this study, we investigated genome-wide differences be ...201727943331
dynamics of virus distribution in a defined swine production network using enteric viruses as molecular markers.modern swine production systems represent complex and dynamic networks involving numerous stakeholders. for instance, livestock transporters carry live animals between fattening sites, abattoirs, and other premises on a daily basis. this interconnected system may increase the risk of microbial spread within and between networks, although little information is available in that regard. in the present study, a swine network composed of 10 finishing farms, one abattoir, and three types of stakehold ...201727940545
porcine deltacoronavirus nsp5 inhibits interferon-β production through the cleavage of nemo.porcine deltacoronavirus (pdcov) causes acute enteric disease and mortality in seronegative neonatal piglets. previously we have demonstrated that pdcov infection suppresses the production of interferon-beta (ifn-β), while the detailed mechanisms are poorly understood. here, we demonstrate that nonstructural protein 5 (nsp5) of pdcov, the 3c-like protease, significantly inhibits sendai virus (sev)-induced ifn-β production by targeting the nf-κb essential modulator (nemo), confirmed by the dimini ...201727984784
efficient priming of cd4 t cells by langerin-expressing dendritic cells targeted with porcine epidemic diarrhea virus spike protein domains in pigs.porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (pedv) first emerged in the united states in 2013 causing high mortality and morbidity in neonatal piglets with immense economic losses to the swine industry. pedv is an alpha-coronavirus replicating primarily in porcine intestinal cells. pedv vaccines are available in asia and europe, and conditionally-licensed vaccines recently became available in the united states but the efficacies of these vaccines in eliminating pedv from swine populations are questionable. ...201727784629
porcine amino peptidase n domain vii has critical role in binding and entry of porcine epidemic diarrhea virus.porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (pedv) infects swine intestinal cells causing enteric disease. research has shown that the entry into these cells is through porcine aminopeptidase n (papn) receptor. to gain insights into mechanisms of pedv-papn interactions, the present study aimed at identifying the domain that is critical for pedv binding. to this end, nih3t3 cell lines constitutively expressing papn or papn mutants were generated. the mutants were; domain vii deletion mutant and domains iv-vi ...201727732876
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