Publications

comparative evaluation of in vitro and in vivo assays for the detection of reticuloendotheliosis virus as a contaminant in a live virus vaccine of poultry.	indirect immunofluorescence (ifa), polymerase chain reaction (pcr), and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (elisa) were used for detection of reticuloendotheliosis virus (rev) as a contaminant in a live virus fowl pox (fp) vaccine of poultry. a fp vaccine known to be contaminated with rev was tested by in vitro and in vivo assays in chicken embryo fibroblasts (cefs) and day-old specific-pathogen-free (spf) chicks, respectively. using in vitro assays, ifa and pcr were more sensitive than elisa in ...	1997	9356718
characterization of an internal ribosomal entry segment within the 5' leader of avian reticuloendotheliosis virus type a rna and development of novel mlv-rev-based retroviral vectors.	the murine leukemia virus (mlv)-related type c viruses constitute a major class of retroviruses that includes numerous endogenous and exogenous mammalian viruses and the related avian spleen necrosis virus (snv). the mlv-related viruses possess a long and multifunctional 5' untranslated leader involved in key steps of the viral life cycle--splicing, translation, rna dimerization, encapsidation, and reverse transcription. recent studies have shown that the 5' leader of friend murine leukemia viru ...	1997	9382952
replication of non-defective reticuloendotheliosis viruses in the avian embryo assayed by pcr and immunofluorescence.	congenital transmission of reticuloendotheliosis virus (rev) is known to occur when one of the parents in either tolerantly infected or viraemic; however little attention has been paid to replication of the virus within the embryo itself. in this study five non-defective and one replication-defective strain of rev were inoculated into the yolk sac of 6-day-old embryonated eggs. with the exception of one non-defective strain, the others induced embryonic deformation or lesions that were apparent ...	1997	18483929
field isolates of fowlpox virus contaminated with reticuloendotheliosis virus.	the polymerase chain reaction (pcr) method was used to examine samples from field cases of fowlpox for the presence of reticuloendotheliosis virus (rev). the s-strain fowlpox vaccine, known to be contaminated with rev, served as a positive control. fowlpox virus was grown from field samples and vaccines by inoculation of embryonated hen eggs by the chorioallantoic membrane (cam) route. dna was extracted from the cam lesions and examined for rev proviral sequences using primers specific for the l ...	1998	18483965
rapid induction of lymphoid leukosis and ascites by avian leukosis virus from a lymphoid leukosis cell line.	to examine whether a lymphoid leukosis (ll) cell line releases an ll-specific avian leukosis virus (alv) or not, two viral materials, culture fluid and a concentrated viral material from an ll-cell line, were inoculated into a total of 74 day-old chicks of line 15i in 5 experiments. spectrum of diseases induced, their incidence and incubation periods to onset were examined. fifteen chicks were inoculated with the culture fluid and 9 (60%) developed ascites [59-119 days post inoculation (dpi); ge ...	1998	9492364
isolation of serotype 2 marek's disease virus from a cell line of avian lymphoid leukosis.	to determine a serotype of marek's disease virus (mdv) persistently infected in a lymphoid leukosis (ll)-cell line, lscc-bk3, clone a (bk3a), and to examine the pathogenicity of the virus, an attempt was made to isolate mdv from culture fluid of the ll-cell line, using chick embryo fibroblast cultures resistant to infection with subgroup a avian leukosis virus (alv) to eliminate subgroup a alv. the mdv isolate, serologically identified as serotype 2 mdv and designated as the 2h strain, was free ...	1998	9524935
cytotoxic t lymphocyte response in chickens immunized with a recombinant fowlpox virus expressing marek's disease herpesvirus glycoprotein b.	previously, we demonstrated that cytotoxic t lymphocytes (ctls) from mhc: b19b19 and mhc: b21b21 chickens inoculated with a non-oncogenic marek's disease virus (mdv) vaccine strain, sb-1/12 can lyse syngeneic reticuloendotheliosis virus (rev)-transformed cell lines expressing mdv pp38 or gb genes. in this study, we report the characterization of mdv gb-specific ctls in chickens immunized with recombinant fowlpox virus expressing mdv gb gene (rfpv-gb). spleen cells from rfpv-gb inoculated chicken ...	1998	9618870
orbital lymphosarcoma associated with reticuloendotheliosis virus in a peafowl.	lymphosarcoma associated with infection by avian reticuloendotheliosis virus was diagnosed in an indian peafowl with exophthalmia and exposure keratitis. exenteration of the orbit was complicated by a profound oculocardiac reflex and extensive hemorrhage during surgery. orbital bleeding was controlled by direct pressure, electrocautery, topical administration of bovine thrombin, and application of sterile gelatin sponges and oxidized regenerated cellulose. a blood transfusion was also performed. ...	1998	9702227
retrovirus-induced disease in poultry.	three species of avian retrovirus cause disease in poultry: the avian leukosis/sarcoma virus (alsv), reticuloendotheliosis virus (rev), and lymphoproliferative disease virus (lpdv) of turkeys. the alsv can be classified as slowly transforming viruses, which lack a viral oncogene, and acutely transforming viruses, which possess a viral oncogene. slowly transforming viruses induce late onset leukoses of the b cell lymphoid, erythroid, and myeloid cell lineages, and other tumors, by viral promoter ...	1998	9706091
the secondary structure of the r region of a murine leukemia virus is important for stimulation of long terminal repeat-driven gene expression.	in addition to their role in reverse transcription, the r-region sequences of some retroviruses affect viral transcription. the first 28 nucleotides of the r region within the long terminal repeat (ltr) of the murine type c retrovirus sl3 were predicted to form a stem-loop structure. we tested whether this structure affected the transcriptional activity of the viral ltr. mutations that altered either side of the stem and thus disrupted base pairing were generated. these decreased the level of ex ...	1998	9733816
resistance to salmonella enteritidis organ invasion in day-old turkeys and chickens by transformed t-cell line-produced lymphokines.	we previously reported an increased resistance to salmonella enteritidis (se) organ invasion in chicks and turkey poults injected prophylactically with se-immune lymphokines (ilk). in the present study, concanavalin a (con-a)-activated splenic t cells isolated from se-hyperimmunized hens were transformed in vitro with reticuloendotheliosis virus strain t (rev-t) (chicken syncitial virus). these transformed t cells were then maintained as a long-term (> 1 yr) cell line for the harvest of immune l ...	1998	9777155
reticuloendotheliosis in captive greater and attwater's prairie chickens.	reticuloendotheliosis in captive greater (tympanuchus cupido pinnatus) and attwater's (t. cupido attwateri) prairie chickens is reported for the first time. between september 1993 and august 1994, two adult female wild-caught greater prairie chickens housed at texas a&m university (college station, texas, usa) were observed with multiple subcutaneous nodules. both birds were euthanatized. complete necropsy examinations revealed lesions limited to the skin of each bird. histopathologic examinatio ...	1998	9813849
pulmonary sarcomas in a young chicken.	both lungs of a 5-wk-old broiler chicken contained miliary, round, white tumors. microscopically, these masses were composed of compactly arranged cells with round to oval nuclei and indistinct cytoplasmic borders. immunohistochemically, tumor cells were positive for vimentin but negative for cytokeratin, s-100 protein, neuron-specific enolase, smooth muscle actin, and muscle-specific actin. ultrastructurally, tumor cells were separated by collagen bands and some contained collagen fibrils. thes ...	1998	9876857
a sodium-dependent neutral-amino-acid transporter mediates infections of feline and baboon endogenous retroviruses and simian type d retroviruses.	the type d simian retroviruses cause immunosuppression in macaques and have been reported as a presumptive opportunistic infection in a patient with aids. previous evidence based on viral interference has strongly suggested that the type d simian viruses share a common but unknown cell surface receptor with three type c viruses: feline endogenous virus (rd114), baboon endogenous virus, and avian reticuloendotheliosis virus. furthermore, the receptor gene for these viruses has been mapped to huma ...	1999	10196349
mechanisms of the eimeria tenella growth inhibitory activity induced by concanavalin a and reticuloendotheliosis virus supernatants with interferon gamma activity in chicken macrophages and fibroblasts.	pretreatment of chicken bone marrow macrophages and embryo fibroblasts with supernatants containing chicken interferon gamma (ifn-gamma) for 24 hr prior to inoculation inhibited intracellular eimeria tenella replication, measured by [3h] uracil incorporation. the supernatants (sns) were obtained from culture of lymphoblastoid cells transformed by a reticuloendotheliosis virus (rev) and chicken splenocytes stimulated with concanavalin a (con a). the mechanisms of the e. tenella growth inhibitory ...	1999	10216761
identification of an internal ribosome entry segment in the 5' region of the mouse vl30 retrotransposon and its use in the development of retroviral vectors.	mouse virus-like 30s rnas (vl30m) constitute a family of retrotransposons, present at 100 to 200 copies, dispersed in the mouse genome. they display little sequence homology to moloney murine leukemia virus (momlv), do not encode virus-like proteins, and have not been implicated in retroviral carcinogenesis. however, vl30 rnas are efficiently packaged into mlv particles that are propagated in cell culture. in this study, we addressed whether the 5' region of vl30m could replace the 5' leader of ...	1999	10482590
the nucleocapsid domain is responsible for the ability of spleen necrosis virus (snv) gag polyprotein to package both snv and murine leukemia virus rna.	murine leukemia virus (mlv)-based vector rna can be packaged and propagated by the proteins of spleen necrosis virus (snv). we recently demonstrated that mlv proteins cannot support the replication of an snv-based vector; rna analysis revealed that mlv proteins cannot efficiently package snv-based vector rna. the domain in gag responsible for the specificity of rna packaging was identified using chimeric gag-pol expression constructs. a competitive packaging system was established by generating ...	1999	10516024
development of the hot spot-combined pcr assay for detection of retroviral insertions into marek's disease virus.	a two-step pcr, the hot spot-combined pcr assay, was developed for the identification and characterization of recombinant viruses in marek's disease (herpes) and retrovirus co-infections. in the first pcr the herpesvirus genomic fragment, that was recognized in previous studies as a hot spot site for retroviral integration was amplified [reviewed in bronovskis, p., kung, h.-j., 1996. retrotransposition and herpesvirus evolution. virus genes 11, 259-270]. the products served for a second amplific ...	1999	10894628
a monoclonal antibody to icp4 of mdv recognizing icp4 of serotype 1 and 3 mdv strains.	monoclonal antibodies (mabs) were prepared against icp4 of marek's disease virus (mdv). mice were inoculated with icp4 obtained from high-five insect cells infected with a recombinant baculovirus expressing icp4. mabs were selected by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (elisa) using mdv-infected and control chick kidney cells as antigens. one of the mabs, 5h8, recognized an epitope toward the carboxyl terminus of icp4 based on staining of reticuloendotheliosis virus-transformed cells transfected ...	1999	10696430
inhibition of apoptosis by marek's disease viruses.	strains of marek's disease virus (mdv), a herpesvirus, have been shown to augment the development of lymphoid leukosis induced by retroviruses, the avian leukosis virus (alv) or the reticuloendotheliosis virus. in this study we explored the possibility that the ability to augment lymphoid leukosis may be correlated with the ability of different strains of mdv to block apoptosis. subclones of the alv-transformed b cell line, dt40, which was free of mdv dna were infected with either r2/23 strain o ...	1999	10696433
multiple infection of chickens and turkeys with avian oncogenic viruses: prevalence and molecular analysis.	the avian herpesvirus, marek's disease virus (mdv) and several retroviruses, reticuloendotheliosis virus (rev), avian leukosis virus (alv) (chickens) and lymphoproliferative disease virus (turkeys) are oncogenic and immunosuppressive agents. these viruses were detected either alone, or in various combinations in blood and tumor dnas of commercial birds using pcr. we present a 5-year retrospective study that included 207 chicken and 52 turkey flocks. of these, 32 chicken and 18 turkey flocks were ...	1999	10696434
duck lymphocytes. viii. t-lymphoblastoid cell lines from reticuloendotheliosis virus-induced tumours.	the t strain of reticuloendotheliosis virus (rev-t) obtained, along with the helper chicken syncytia virus (csv), from the cso4 cell line was highly oncogenic and rapidly fatal in ducks. tumours were mainly seen in spleen, but neoplastic cells were observed microscopically in many organs. in vitro rev transformation of duck lymphocytes failed to yield stable cell lines, so cells from organs (blood, bone marrow, spleen, lymph node, bursa of fabricius) of infected birds were used to establish cell ...	1999	26911503
the complete unique long sequence and the overall genomic organization of the ga strain of marek's disease virus.	we have determined the dna sequence of the unique long (ul) region and the repeat long (rl) region in the genome of serotype 1 ga strain of marek's disease virus (mdv), a member of the alpha-herpesvirus family. with this information, the complete nucleotide sequence of ga-mdv is now known. the entire ga-mdv genome is predicted to be about 174 kbp in size, with an organization of trl-ul-irl-irs-us-trs, typical of a alpha-herpesvirus. the ul sequence contains 113,508 bp and has a base composition ...	2000	10823954
re-emerging fowlpox: evaluation of isolates from vaccinated flocks.	vaccines of fowlpox or pigeonpox virus origin have been routinely used for more than half a century to prevent fowlpox in commercial poultry in areas where the disease is endemic. however, in recent years, outbreaks of fowlpox have occurred in previously vaccinated flocks. one possible explanation for this problem is the emergence of variant strains of fowlpox virus (fpv). a second, not mutually exclusive, postulate is that the novel fpv exhibit enhanced virulence due to the integration of avian ...	2000	19184837
neoplastic diseases: marek's disease, avian leukosis and reticuloendotheliosis.	the commercially important neoplastic diseases of poultry are marek's disease, which is caused by a herpesvirus, and the avian leukoses and reticuloendotheliosis, which are caused by retroviruses. these diseases are responsible for economic loss due to both mortality and depressed performance. marek's disease virus (mdv) and avian leukosis viruses (alvs) are prevalent throughout the world, and new strains which arise in particular locations may spread across borders, thereby undermining national ...	2000	10935279
inhibition of eimeria tenella replication after recombinant ifn-gamma activation in chicken macrophages, fibroblasts and epithelial cells.	we have previously shown that activation of primary cultures of chicken bone-marrow macrophages and embryo fibroblasts with supernatants of concanavaline a-stimulated or reticuloendotheliosis virus (rev)-transformed chicken spleen cells as source of ifn-gamma significantly decreases eimeria tenella growth in vitro. in the present study, we used various chicken cell lines, hd11 macrophages and du24 fibroblasts, both virally transformed, chcc-ou2 fibroblasts and lmh hepatic epithelial cells, both ...	2000	10936544
tricistronic and tetracistronic retroviral vectors for gene transfer.	we have combined the picornavirus foot-and-mouth disease virus (fmdv) 2a sequence and the internal ribosome entry sites (ireses) from encephalomyocarditis virus (ecmv) and avian reticuloendotheliosis virus type a (rev-a) to construct tricistronic and tetracistronic vectors. all the polycistronic constructs show high titers and expression of the genes inserted. clones have been obtained in which cells simultaneously express the three or four genes carried by the polycistronic vectors.	2000	10986564
defence mechanisms against viral infection in poultry: a review.	defence against viral infections in poultry consists of innate and adaptive mechanisms. the innate defence is mainly formed by natural killer cells, granulocytes, and macrophages and their secreted products, such as nitric oxide and various cytokines. the innate defence is of crucial importance early in viral infections. natural killer cell activity can be routinely determined in chickens of 4 weeks and older using the rp9 tumour cell line. in vitro assays to determine the phagocytosis and killi ...	2000	11087131
rous sarcoma virus translation revisited: characterization of an internal ribosome entry segment in the 5' leader of the genomic rna.	the 5' leader of rous sarcoma virus (rsv) genomic rna and of retroviruses in general is long and contains stable secondary structures that are critical in the early and late steps of virus replication such as rna dimerization and packaging and in the process of reverse transcription. the initiation of rsv gag translation has been reported to be 5' cap dependent and controlled by three short open reading frames located in the 380-nucleotide leader upstream of the gag start codon. translation of r ...	2000	11090156
reticuloendotheliosis virus (rev) long terminal repeats incorporated in the genomes of commercial fowl poxvirus vaccines and pigeon poxviruses without indication of the presence of infectious rev.	because of reticuloendotheliosis virus (rev) contamination in commercial poultry vaccines, polymerase chain reaction (pcr) assays have been described to increase the sensitivity of biological assays used to detect rev in vaccines. the pcr assay designed to amplify the long terminal repeat (ltr) region of rev identified rev ltrs in many of the commercial fowl poxvirus (fpv) vaccines evaluated. these commercial vaccines were not thought to be contaminated with replicating rev because of the lack o ...	2000	11195637
avian reticuloendotheliosis virus strain a and spleen necrosis virus do not infect human cells.	spleen necrosis virus (snv) and reticuloendotheliosis virus strain a (rev-a) belong to the family of reticuloendotheliosis viruses and are 90% sequence related. snv-derived retroviral vectors produced by the rev-a-based d17.2g packaging cell line were shown to infect human cells (h.-m. koo, a. m. c. brown, y. ron, and j. p. dougherty, j. virol. 65:4769-4776, 1991), while similar vectors produced by another snv-based packaging cell line, dsh134g, are not infectious in human cells (reviewed by r. ...	2000	10590142
in vivo events of retroviral long terminal repeat integration into marek's disease virus in commercial poultry: detection of chimeric molecules as a marker.	the present study demonstrated, for the first time, that not only in vitro, but also in vivo, coinfections with marek's disease virus (mdv) and each of the three avian retroviruses (reticuloendotheliosis virus [rev], avian lymphoid leukosis virus [alv], and alv-j) lead to retroviral long terminal repeat (ltr) integration into mdv. a total of 306 chicken and 59 turkey commercial flocks, submitted for differential avian oncogenic virus diagnosis, served to evaluate the flock mixed virus infection ...	2001	11332471
growth hormone interacts with the marek's disease virus sorf2 protein and is associated with disease resistance in chicken.	marek's disease (md) is a lymphoproliferative disease of chickens induced by a herpesvirus, the md virus (mdv). because md is a significant economic problem to the poultry industry, there is great interest in enhancing genetic resistance, which is controlled by multiple genes. the influence of the mhc has been clearly demonstrated, and several relevant quantitative trait loci have been mapped; however, no single gene influencing md resistance has been identified. transcription of sorf2 is pertur ...	2001	11470922
efficient gene transfer in mouse neural precursors with a bicistronic retroviral vector.	gene transfer into neural precursors is a powerful approach to study the function of specific gene products during nervous system development. here we describe a retrovirus-based methodology to transduce foreign genes into mouse neural precursors. we used a high-titer bicistronic retroviral vector that encodes a marker gene, placental alkaline phosphatase (plap), and a selection gene, neomycin phosphotransferase ii (neor), under the translational control of two retroviral internal ribosome entry ...	2001	11494355
reticuloendotheliosis virus integration in the fowl poxvirus genome: not a recent event.	integration of reticuloendotheliosis virus (rev) into the genome of fowl poxvirus (fpv) has been reported recently. with a view to determine whether this event had occurred in the past, we screened by polymerase chain reaction (pcr) for the presence of rev provirus in the dnas of nine avian poxviruses, some of which had been lyophilized 50 yr ago. for rev, 5' long terminal repeat (ltr) and rev envelope sequences were amplified, whereas for fpv, the major envelope antigen gene and the region flan ...	2001	11569741
serological investigations on reticuloendotheliosis in turkey flocks.	four meat turkey and one turkey breeding flocks were surveyed for antibodies against reticuloendotheliosis virus (rev) at different intervals using commercial enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays. in addition, serum samples collected from 18 flocks at different ages were also tested for antibodies against rev. no antibodies were detected in any of the four meat turkey flocks that were surveyed. in the breeder flock, 20%) of tested samples from 1-day-old poults were positive. between the fourth and ...	2001	11666037
mutational analysis of the v-rel dimerization interface reveals a critical role for v-rel homodimers in transformation.	the v-rel oncogene encoded by reticuloendotheliosis virus strain t is the acutely transforming member of the rel/nf-kappab family of transcription factors. in v-rel-transformed cells, v-rel exists as homodimers or heterodimers with the endogenous rel/nf-kappab proteins c-rel, nf-kappab1, nf-kappab2, and rela. to examine the contribution of these complexes to v-rel-mediated transformation, mutations were introduced into the dimerization interface of v-rel to generate v-rel mutants with selective ...	2002	11967310
reticuloendotheliosis in hungarian partridge.	a large commercial flock of hungarian partridge (perdix perdix) experienced elevated mortality associated with a wasting disease in may 1998. postmortem examination of females consistently revealed a distended crop and abnormal gray-white tissue infiltrating the wall of the crop and thoracic esophagus. neoplasia in male partridge was observed in the liver. microscopic examination of the crop and thoracic esophagus revealed transmural masses of immature lymphocytes with frequent mitotic figures. ...	2002	12038145
characterization of t-cell lymphomas associated with an outbreak of reticuloendotheliosis in turkeys.	increased mortality and decreased egg production associated with disseminated lymphoma were observed in a turkey breeding flock for more than 20 weeks. a few unrelated meat turkey flocks, from the same integrator, experienced increased condemnation due to neoplasia in a few organs. lymphoma was characterized by a uniform population of large lymphocytes with large vesicular nuclei containing one or two nucleoli and with little, faintly staining, basophilic cytoplasm. neoplastic cells replaced nor ...	2002	12396336
differential regulation of the inhibitor of apoptosis ch-iap1 by v-rel and the proto-oncogene c-rel.	the v-rel oncogene encoded by reticuloendotheliosis virus is the acutely transforming member of the rel/nf-kappab family of transcription factors. v-rel is a truncated and mutated form of c-rel and transforms cells by inducing the aberrant expression of genes regulated by rel/nf-kappab proteins. the expression of ch-iap1, a member of the inhibitor-of-apoptosis family, is highly elevated in cells expressing v-rel and contributes to the immortalization of cells transformed by this oncoprotein. in ...	2002	12414938
isolation and characterization of chicken interleukin-17 cdna.	interleukin-17 (il-17) is a proinflammatory cytokine produced by activated t cells. a 917-bp cdna encoding the il-17 gene was isolated from our est cdna library prepared from intestinal intraepithelial lymphocytes (iels) of eimeria-infected chickens. it contained a 507-bp open reading frame (orf) predicted to encode a protein of 169 amino acids (aa) with a molecular mass of 18.9 kda, a 27-residue nh(2)-terminal signal peptide, a single potential n-linked glycosylation site, and 6 cysteine residu ...	2002	12513911
infectious disease survey of rio grande wild turkeys in the edwards plateau of texas.	state wildlife agencies have translocated thousands of wild turkeys (meleagris gallopavo) since the 1930s to reestablish this species. because of threats to the domestic poultry industry and wild birds, screening for selected infectious agents has become routine since the early 1980s. one of the principal sources for rio grande wild turkeys (m. gallopavo intermedia) for translocation purposes was the edwards plateau of texas (usa). unfortunately, turkey abundance has declined in the southern edw ...	2002	12528453
infectious disease survey of lesser prairie chickens in north texas.	lesser prairie chicken (tympanuchus pallidicinctus) abundance, like that of most grassland birds, has declined rangewide for decades. although habitat loss and degradation are likely ultimate causes for this decline, infectious agents, particularly microparasites, could be proximate contributors. no surveys of pathogenic bacteria or viruses have been published for this species. we surveyed 24 free-living lesser prairie chickens from hemphill county, texas (usa), for evidence of exposure to salmo ...	2002	12528454
reticuloendotheliosis viruses and derived vectors for human gene therapy.	the reticuloendotheliosis viruses (rev) spleen necrosis virus (snv) and reticuloendotheliosis virus strain-a (rev-a) are amphotropic retroviruses which infect a large variety of cells of avian and some mammalian species. they normally do not infect primate or rodent cells. however, they efficiently infect and integrate their genome into that of human cells when they are pseudotyped with the envelope protein of other mammalian retroviruses or the g protein of vesicular stomatitis virus (vsv) or r ...	2003	12700113
reticuloendotheliosis virus sequences within the genomes of field strains of fowlpox virus display variability.	nine field strains of fowlpox virus (fpv) isolated during a 24-year span from geographically diverse outbreaks of fowlpox in the united states were screened for the presence of reticuloendotheliosis virus (rev) sequences in their genomes by pcr. each isolate appeared to be heterogeneous in that either a nearly intact provirus or just a 248- or 508-nucleotide fusion of portions of the integrated rev 5' and 3' long terminal repeats (ltrs) was exclusively present at the same genomic site. in contra ...	2003	12719579
infection with chicken anaemia virus impairs the generation of pathogen-specific cytotoxic t lymphocytes.	infection with chicken anaemia virus (cav), a circovirus, can result in immunosuppression and subsequent increased susceptibility to secondary infections. this is the first report of impairment of pathogen-specific cytotoxic t lymphocytes (ctl) after natural and experimental infection of chickens with cav and marek's disease virus (mdv) or reticuloendotheliosis virus (rev). mdv- and rev-specific ctl were generated at 7 days post infection by 9-30-day-old-chickens that were positive for maternal ...	2003	12757624
detection of specific reticuloendotheliosis virus sequence and protein from rev-integrated fowlpox virus strains.	the detection is described of reticuloendotheliosis virus (rev) protein in tissue culture of chicken embryonated cells (cefs) infected with field isolates of fowl poxvirus (fpv). by the polymerase chain reaction (pcr), five out of the six field isolates, but two out of the seven vaccine strains of fpv, were found to have had a 291 bp repeat sequence of rev-ltr integrated in their genomic dna. an immunofluorescence (if) method was employed using a monoclonal antibody (mab) known to specify strain ...	2003	12757926
molecular characterization of reticuloendotheliosis virus insertions in the genome of field and vaccine strains of fowl poxvirus.	evidence of the widespread occurrence of reticuloendotheliosis virus (rev) sequence insertions in fowl poxvirus (fpv) genome of field isolates and vaccine strains has increased in recent years. however, only those strains carrying a near intact rev provirus are more likely to cause problems in the field. detection of the intact provirus or rev protein expression from fpv stocks has proven to be technically difficult. the objective of the present study was to evaluate current and newly developed ...	2003	12887193
a novel method to analyze viral antigen-specific cytolytic activity in the chicken utilizing flow cytometry.	in order to overcome some of the main drawbacks that have emerged in the conventional assays for cytotoxic t-lymphocytes (ctls) in the chicken, a novel approach to analyze viral antigen-specific cytolytic activity utilizing flow cytometry was developed. in this method, the target cells were distinguished from the effector cells by pre-labelling them with a fluorescent dye pkh67. cell death was detected with propidium iodide which labels the dna of damaged cells. flow cytometric assay also enable ...	2003	12969631
prevalence of infectious diseases in ring-necked pheasant flocks in poland.	the health status of ring-necked pheasants in view of the prevalence of infectious diseases was estimated in polish pheasantries in the years 1997-2000. anatomicopathological, microbiological and serological examinations were carried out on birds derived from 26 pheasantries, including birds randomly selected from 18 flocks and sick or dead birds sent from 8 pheasantries. antibodies specific to the following viruses were detected in serum blood samples: he, ae, ap, reo, ai, adeno group 1, md, nd ...	2003	14510048
cell-type-specific gene delivery into neuronal cells in vitro and in vivo.	the avian retroviruses reticuloendotheliosis virus strain a (rev-a) and spleen necrosis virus (snv) are not naturally infectious in human cells. however, rev-a-derived viral vectors efficiently infect human cells when they are pseudotyped with envelope proteins displaying targeting ligands specific for human cell-surface receptors. here we report that vectors containing the gag region of rev-a and pol of snv can be pseudotyped with the envelope protein of vesicular stomatitis virus (vsv) and the ...	2003	14517061
characterization of an avianpox virus isolated from an andean condor (vultur gryphus).	a novel pox virus, condorpox virus (cpv) isolated from the spleen of an andean condor (vultur gryphus) by inoculation of chorioallantoic membranes (cam) of specific pathogen free (spf) chicken embryos was compared biologically, antigenically and genetically with fowlpox virus (fpv), the type species of the genus avipoxvirus. susceptible chickens inoculated with cpv developed only mild localized lesions but were not protected against subsequent challenge with fpv. based on western blotting, in ad ...	2003	14559171
spliced spleen necrosis virus vector rna is not encapsidated: implications for retroviral replication and vector design.	rna splicing is a complex event in the retroviral life cycle and can involve multiple steps, as well as cis-acting sequences, to maintain a proper balance of spliced and unspliced viral rna for translation and encapsidation. the retroviral rna can be processed by cellular machinery and enables the removal of intronic sequences. we aimed to utilize the removal of a synthetic intron for targeted gene expression. to analyze intron removal and gene expression, we have constructed a novel self-inacti ...	2004	15093186
chicken primary enterocytes: inhibition of eimeria tenella replication after activation with crude interferon-gamma supernatants.	a reproducible and original method for the preparation of chicken intestine epithelial cells from 18-day-old embryos for long-term culture was obtained by using a mechanical isolation procedure, as opposed to previous isolation methods using relatively high concentrations of trypsin, collagenase, or edta. chicken intestine epithelial cells typically expressed keratin and chicken e-cadherin, in contrast to chicken embryo fibroblasts, and they increased cell surface mhc ii after activation with cr ...	2004	15529984
insect contribution to horizontal transmission of reticuloendotheliosis virus.	the involvement of insects in reticuloendotheliosis virus (rev) transmission was examined by testing insects trapped at commercial farms and by controlled feeding experiments using mosquitoes, culex pipiens l. and house flies, musca domestica l. we established sensitive methods of rev detection, including reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (pcr) for rev-ltr and rev-gag genes, rev antigenemia measurements by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, and virus isolation in tissue cultures. a ...	2005	15799521
isolation of recombinant field strains of marek's disease virus integrated with reticuloendotheliosis virus genome fragments.	two marek's disease virus (mdv) field strains were isolated from chickens with tumors independently from guangdong and guangxi provinces, and it was confirmed that there were no co-infections with reticuloendotheliosis viruses (rev) in chicken embryo fibroblast cells (cef) in indirect fluorescence antibody test (ifa) with rev-specific monoclonal antibodies. by dot blot hybridization and pcr of genomic dna of mdv-infected cef, it was indicated that ltr fragments of rev genome were integrated into ...	2005	15844360
distinct roles for the nf-kappab1 and c-rel transcription factors in the differentiation and survival of plasmacytoid and conventional dendritic cells activated by tlr-9 signals.	reticuloendotheliosis viral oncogene homolog/nuclear factor of kappa light polypeptide gene enhancer in b cells 1 (rel/nf-kappab) activation is a ubiquitous outcome of engaging toll-like receptors (tlrs), yet the cell-type-specific functions of this pathway in response to particular microbial signals remain poorly defined. here we show that nf-kappab1 and c-rel, rel/nf-kappab proteins induced in conventional dendritic cells (cdcs) and plasmacytoid dendritic cells (pdcs) by cytosine-phosphate-gua ...	2005	16037393
novel criteria for the diagnosis of marek's disease virus-induced lymphomas.	several novel criteria have been tested to assist in the differential diagnosis of tumours induced by marek's disease virus (mdv) from those induced by avian leukosis virus (alv) and reticuloendotheliosis virus (rev). a collection of tumours induced by inoculation of specific strains of mdv, alv and rev, alone or in combination, were tested for quantification of mdv dna by real-time polymerase chain reaction, expression of the mdv oncogene meq, expression of several cell markers associated with ...	2005	16147570
[immunogenicity of envelope glycoprotein gene of reticuloendotheliosis virus expressed in insect cell].	a recombinant baculovirus expressing reticuloendotheliosis virus env gene was constructed with bac-to-bac baculovirus expression systems. after transfecting the recombinant virus into sf9 cells for 3 days, rev env can be detected by indirect immunofluorescence antibody assay (ifa) and western blot with specific monoclonal antibodies of rev. the oil-water emulsion vaccine was then produced using this infected sf9 cells lycates and inoculated spf chickens to validate the immunogenicity for rev. th ...	2005	16245878
construction and characterization of a fowlpox virus field isolate whose genome lacks reticuloendotheliosis provirus nucleotide sequences.	fowlpox virus (fwpv) has been isolated from vaccinated chicken flocks during subsequent fowlpox outbreaks that were characterized by a high degree of mortality and significant economic losses. this inability of current vaccines to induce adequate immunity in poultry could be reflective of an antigenic and/or biologic distinctiveness of fwpv field isolates. in this regard, whereas an infectious reticuloendotheliosis virus (rev) provirus is present in the majority of the field viruses' genomes, on ...	2005	16252496
phylogenetic analyses indicate little variation among reticuloendotheliosis viruses infecting avian species, including the endangered attwater's prairie chicken.	reticuloendotheliosis virus infection, which typically causes systemic lymphomas and high mortality in the endangered attwater's prairie chicken, has been described as a major obstacle in repopulation efforts of captive breeding facilities in texas. although antigenic relationships among reticuloendotheliosis virus (rev) strains have been previously determined, phylogenetic relationships have not been reported. the pol and env of rev proviral dna from prairie chickens (pc-r92 and pc-2404), from ...	2006	16497405
antigenic and genetic characterization of an avian poxvirus isolated from an endangered hawaiian goose (branta sandvicensis).	an avian poxvirus from cutaneous lesions in a hawaiian goose (branta sandvicensis) was characterized in this study. the virus was isolated by inoculation onto the chorioallantoic membranes (cams) of developing chicken embryos. cytoplasmic inclusion bodies were observed on histopathological examination of cam lesions. western blotting analysis using polyclonal antiserum against fowl poxvirus (fwpv) showed differences from fwpv, but a similar antigenic profile between hawaiian goosepox (hgp) isola ...	2006	16617975
evaluation of immune effects of fowlpox vaccine strains and field isolates.	the immune effects of fowlpox virus (fpv) field isolates and vaccine strains were evaluated in chickens infected at the age of 1 day and 6 weeks. the field isolates and the obsolete vaccine strain (fpv s) contained integrated reticuloendotheliosis virus (rev) provirus, while the current vaccine strain (fpvst) carries only rev ltr sequences. an indirect antibody elisa was used to measure the fpv-specific antibody response. the non-specific humoral response was evaluated by injection of two t-cell ...	2006	16650660
sequence analysis for the complete proviral genome of reticuloendotheliosis virus chinese strain ha9901.	the genomic dna extracted from chicken embryo fibroblast (cef) infected with a chinese field isolate ha9901 of reticuloendotheliosis virus (rev) was used as the template to amplify the rev proviral genomic cdna by pcr with 6 pairs of primers according to published sequences. six overlapping fragments were amplified, cloned into the ta vector and sequenced, including a fragment which was amplified from the circular proviral cdna and covering both 5'- and 3'-ends. the complete sequence of the whol ...	2006	16704118
sarcomas and myelocytomas induced by a retrovirus related to myeloblastosis-associated virus type 1 in white leghorn egg layer chickens.	an outbreak of subcutaneous sarcomas in commercial white leghorn egg layers was observed in the northeastern united states during late 2004. subcutaneous tumors were confined to three flocks distributed in two locations and belonging to the same company. the tumors were first observed grossly by farm personnel at approximately 7 wk of age and persisted throughout the economic life of the flocks. most of the tumors observed during the growing period were present on the facial region or around the ...	2006	16863068
chicken major histocompatibility complex class ii molecules of the b haplotype present self and foreign peptides.	the chicken major histocompatibility complex (mhc), or b-complex, mediates genetic resistance and susceptibility to infectious disease. for example, the b19 haplotype is associated with susceptibility to marek's disease. here, we describe the sequencing and analysis of peptides presented by b19 mhc class ii molecules. a b19/b19 b-cell line was used for the immunoaffinity purification of mhc class ii molecules, which was followed by acid elution of the bound peptides. the eluted peptides were the ...	2006	16879355
[sequence analysis of integration sites of reticuloendotheliosis virus ltr in fowlpox vaccine virus genomes].	by use of genomic dna prepared from 5 fowlpox virus (fpv) vaccines made in china (from shandong, beijing, liaoning, zhejing and shanghai respectively) as the templates, reticuloendotheliosis virus (rev) ltr was amplified in pcr with a pair of primers synthesized according to the sequences flanking the integrated rev-5'ltr in fpv genomes published in us and australia. sequence analysis indicated that the rev-5'ltr integration sites in genomes of all 5 chinese pfv vaccine products were identical t ...	2006	17037075
isolation and molecular biological investigations of avian poxviruses from chickens, a turkey, and a pigeon in croatia.	in the last 3 yr, several outbreaks of avian poxviruses (apvs) have been observed in different parts of croatia. four strains of apvs, from chickens, a pigeon, and a turkey, were isolated from cutaneous lesions by inoculation onto the chorioallantoic membranes (cam) of 12-day-old specific-pathogen-free chicken embryos. the resulting proliferative cam lesions contained eosinophilic cytoplasmic inclusion bodies. the characteristic viral particles of poxvirus were detected in the infected cam and a ...	2006	17039847
detection of reticuloendotheliosis virus in live virus vaccines of poultry.	in vitro and in vivo assays have been used for the detection of reticuloendotheliosis virus (rev) in live virus vaccines of poultry. the presence of rev is confirmed by the demonstration of viral antigen or provirus in chicken embryo fibroblasts (cefs) or in specific-pathogen-free chickens inoculated with vaccine. using rev polyclonal or monoclonal antibodies, cefs inoculated with vaccines can be examined for rev by immunofluorescence or immunoperoxidase staining methods. cell lysates from such ...	2006	17058506
serological and virological surveys of reticuloendotheliosis in chickens in taiwan.	reticuloendotheliosis virus (rev) is widespread in the world. no related data has been reported in taiwan. to determine the rev infection status, antibody determination and virus isolation were performed on chickens in taiwan. the results revealed that serological flock prevalence for the rev antibody reached 92.8% (39/42) amongst breeders (> 16 weeks old). two different rev isolates were identified by reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction, electron microscopic, immunofluorescent, and ...	2006	17213700
enzootic reticuloendotheliosis in the endangered attwater's and greater prairie chickens.	reticuloendotheliosis (re) in captive greater prairie chickens (gpc, tympanuchus cupido pinnatus) and attwater's prairie chickens (apc, tympanuchus cupido attwateri) was first reported in 1998. re is caused by avian reticuloendotheliosis virus (rev), an oncogenic and immunosuppressive retrovirus infecting multiple species of wild and domestic birds. during august 2004 through may 2006 a captive population of prairie chickens was affected simultaneously with a neoplastic condition and also avian ...	2006	17274288
experimental infection of attwater's/greater prairie chicken hybrids with the reticuloendotheliosis virus.	reticuloendotheliosis virus (rev), a common pathogen of poultry, has been associated with runting and neoplasia in an endangered subspecies of grouse, the attwater's prairie chicken. the pathogenesis of rev infection was examined in experimentally infected prairie chickens. three groups of four attwater's/greater prairie chicken hybrids were infected intravenously with varying doses (tissue culture infective dose [tcid50], 200, 1000, and 5000) of a prairie chicken-isolated rev. a fourth group of ...	2006	17274303
effects of reticuloendotheliosis virus and marek's disease virus infection and co-infection on ifn-gamma production in spf chickens.	two experiments were used to examine the potential role of ifn-gamma in chickens infected with reticuloendotheliosis virus (rev) and marek's disease virus (mdv). first, chickens were infected with rev and/or mdv at 5 days of age and examined from 3 to 50 days post-infection (dpi). in rev+mdv co-infection chickens, ifn-gamma elisa demonstrated a 3-fold increase at 7 dpi compared to the controls, while rev alone caused a 5-fold increase, the ifn-gamma levels peaked, and then gradually decreased. i ...	2007	17339769
rna helicase a interacts with divergent lymphotropic retroviruses and promotes translation of human t-cell leukemia virus type 1.	the 5' untranslated region (utr) of retroviruses contain structured replication motifs that impose barriers to efficient ribosome scanning. two rna structural motifs that facilitate efficient translation initiation despite a complex 5' utr are internal ribosome entry site (ires) and 5' proximal post-transcriptional control element (pce). here, stringent rna and protein analyses determined the 5' utr of spleen necrosis virus (snv), reticuloendotheliosis virus a (rev-a) and human t-cell leukemia v ...	2007	17426138
pathogenicity and transmission of reticuloendotheliosis virus isolated from endangered prairie chickens.	the pathogenicity and transmission of a field isolate of reticuloendotheliosis virus (rev) was studied using an experimental model in japanese quail. oncogenicity was also evaluated after inoculations in chickens and turkeys. the original rev (designated apc-566) was isolated from attwater's prairie chickens (tympanuchus cupido attwateri), an endangered wild avian species of the southern united states. the transmissibility of the rev isolate was studied in young naive japanese quail in contact w ...	2007	17461264
epidemiological and pathological studies of subgroup j avian leukosis virus infections in chinese local "yellow" chickens.	epidemiological, pathological and molecular studies indicate that subgroup j avian leukosis virus (alv-j) infections are widely spread in "yellow chickens" of local breeds in china. alv-j induced tumour mortality and the serological conversion rates to alv-j were very high in some breeder flocks. typical myelocytomatosis was demonstrated not only in livers, spleens, kidneys, and sternums, as in white meat-type chickens, but also in thymuses and the bursa of fabricius. especially, severe myeloid ...	2007	17497335
full genome sequence and some biological properties of reticuloendotheliosis virus strain apc-566 isolated from endangered attwater's prairie chickens.	reticuloendotheliosis virus (rev) causes runting, high mortality, immunosuppression, and chronic neoplasia associated with t and/or b cell lymphomas in a variety of domestic and wild birds, including attwater's prairie chickens (apc) (tympanuchus cupido attwateri). the complete proviral sequence of a recent rev isolate from apc (rev apc-566) was determined. this virus was isolated from an apc maintained in captivity in a reproduction program intended to avoid its extinction. rev apc-566 was dete ...	2007	17098316
[pathogenicity and genomic sequence comparison of a chicken infectious anemia virus field isolate].	a field strain c14 of chicken infectious anemia virus (cav) was isolated from a 14 day-old broiler flock with growth runting syndromes. antibody reactions to inactivated vaccines to avian influenza viruses (aiv) were suppressed in spf chickens inoculated with c14 strain cav at 1 day-old. also c14 strain cav and reticuloendotheliosis virus demonstrated a synergism in immunosuppression when chickens were infected with both virus. the viral genomic dna was amplified by pcr in 3 overlapped fragments ...	2007	18062269
occurrence of reticuloendotheliosis in chinese partridge.	two commercial flocks of chinese partridge experienced increased mortality associated with a wasting disease at 120-day old in june 2006. postmortem examination of dead chickens consistently showed visceral tissues mainly proventriculus, liver and spleen were diffuse enlargement. microscopic examination revealed masses of immature lymphocytes with frequent mitotic figures were seen in various tissues including proventriculus, liver, spleen, kidney, heart, lung, thymus and intestine. reticuloendo ...	2007	18176029
[reticuloendotheliosis virus infection in ducks--an epidemiological studies].	to study the epidemiological status of reticuloendotheliosis virus (rev) infection in ducks.	2008	18590239
detection of reticuloendotheliosis virus by immunohistochemistry and in situ hybridization in experimentally infected japanese quail embryos and archived formalin-fixed and paraffin-embedded tumours.	reticuloendotheliosis virus (rev) infection can result in immunosuppression, a runting syndrome, high mortality, acute reticulum cell neoplasia, or t-cell and/or b-cell lymphomas, in a variety of domestic and wild birds. histopathological changes in rev infection are not sufficient to differentiate it from avian lymphoid leukosis and marek's disease, and currently there are no available in situ diagnostic methods for detection of active rev presence in pathologic specimens. to develop immunohist ...	2008	18622864
detection and differentiation of re-emerging fowlpox virus (fwpv) strains carrying integrated reticuloendotheliosis virus (fwpv-rev) by real-time pcr.	current strains of fowlpox virus (fwpv) carrying circulating reticuloendotheliosis virus (fwpv-rev) sequence are becoming more pathogenic to poultry. this is evidenced by the fact that vaccination with current available fwpv vaccines provides limited protection against them. to characterize rev insertions in a collection of both older and more recent field isolates, we developed three different types of adjacent oligoprobes and primer sets from specific genomic locations of fwpv and rev: rev-env ...	2008	17913400
integration of the reticuloendotheliosis virus envelope gene into the poultry fowlpox virus genome is not universal.	fowlpox virus (fwpv) is found worldwide in poultry and wild birds. fwpv is a natural example of recombination between viruses, as reticuloendotheliosis virus (rev) fragments have been found in all poultry fwpvs and these are implicated in virulence alteration. we aimed to determine the commonality of this phenomenon and analysed fwpvs collected from 128 poultry flocks and birds over the last 10 years. various fragments of both viruses were amplified and sequenced at the fwpv integration site, lo ...	2008	18796713
molecular characterization of a poxvirus isolated from an american flamingo (phoeniconais ruber rubber).	an avian poxvirus from the beak scab of an american flamingo (phoeniconais ruber rubber) was isolated by inoculation on the chorioallantoic membrane (cam) of specific-pathogen-free (spf) chicken embryos. the virus produced multifocal areas of epithelial hyperplasia along with foci of inflammation in the cam, and rare cells contained small eosinophilic intracytoplasmic bodies. chickens inoculated with the isolated virus in the feather follicle of the leg did not develop significant lesions. nucle ...	2008	18939646
caperalpha is a novel rel-tad-interacting factor that inhibits lymphocyte transformation by the potent rel/nf-kappab oncoprotein v-rel.	the rel/nf-kappab transcription factors are constitutively activated in many human cancers. the rel proteins in this family are implicated in leukemia/lymphomagenesis, but the mechanism is not completely understood. previous studies showed that the transcription activation domains (tads) of the viral oncoprotein v-rel and its cellular rel/nf-kappab homologues c-rel and rela are key determinants of their different transforming activities in primary lymphocytes. substitution of a rel tad for that ...	2008	18753212
isolation, identification, and complete genome sequence of an avian reticuloendotheliosis virus isolated from geese.	naturally occurring lymphoreticular tumors in geese have been found from time to time in taiwan, but their etiology has not been determined except through morphological descriptions. this study observed a reticuloendotheliosis virus (rev) infection occurring in a white roman goose (anser anser) farm in yunlin, taiwan in 2006. these geese showed growth-retarded and nodular lymphoma-like tumors in the liver, lung, kidney, and pancreas. thirty blood samples were taken for rev detection and 21 (70%) ...	2009	19131189
protective efficacy of vaccination against highly pathogenic avian influenza is dramatically suppressed by early infection of chickens with reticuloendotheliosis virus.	the present study was conducted to understand epidemiological factors that depress the protective efficacy of vaccination against highly pathogenic avian influenza (hpai). specific pathogen free chickens were infected at different ages with immunosuppressive reticuloendotheliosis virus (rev), then vaccinated with inactivated vaccine h5n2 and challenged with hpai h5n1. compared with control birds, early rev infection significantly inhibited antibody response to h5n2 vaccine and dramatically decre ...	2009	19145513
an avian, oncogenic retrovirus replicates in vivo in more than 50% of cd4+ and cd8+ t lymphocytes from an endangered grouse.	reoccurring infection of reticuloendotheliosis virus (rev), an avian oncogenic retrovirus, has been a major obstacle in attempts to breed and release an endangered grouse, the attwater's prairie chicken (tympanicus cupido attwateri). rev infection of these birds in breeding facilities was found to result in significant decreases in the cd4(+) and increases in the cd8(+) lymphocyte populations, although experimental infection of birds resulted in only increases in the cd8(+) lymphocytes. because ...	2009	19237181
[comparision of pathogenicity and horizontal transmission ability between recombinant marek's disease virus field strain with rev-ltr and a very virulent reference strain].	gx0101 is a recombinant field strain of marek's disease virus (mdv) with a long terminal repeat (ltr) insert from reticuloendotheliosis virus, a chicken retrovirus. in this study, gx0101 strain was compared to a very virulent reference strain md5 for their pathogenicity and transmission ability.	2009	19621645
latency of marek's disease virus (mdv) in a reticuloendotheliosis virus-transformed t-cell line. i: uptake and structure of the latent mdv genome.	marek's disease virus (mdv) is an acute transforming alphaherpesvirus of chickens that causes marek's disease. during the infection of chickens, mdv establishes latency in cd4+ (t-helper) cells, which are also the target of transformation. the study of mdv latency has been limited to the use of mdv tumor-derived cell lines or blood cells isolated from chickens during presumed periods of latent infection. in 1992 pratt et al. described the uptake of the mdv genome by a reticuloendotheliosis-trans ...	2009	19630217
latency of marek's disease virus (mdv) in a reticuloendotheliosis virus-transformed t-cell line. ii: expression of the latent mdv genome.	marek's disease virus (mdv) is an alphaherpesvirus of chickens that causes the paralysis and rapid lymphoma formation known as marek's disease. mdv establishes latent infection in activated cd4+ t-cells, and these cells are also the target for transformation. mdv latency has been studied using mdv lymphoma-derived cell lines and t-cells isolated from infected chickens. each of these models has limitations because mdv-transformed cell lines require the use of oncogenic viruses; conversely, pools ...	2009	19630218
serologic response against fowl poxvirus and reticuloendotheliosis virus after experimental and natural infections of chickens with fowl poxvirus.	two infection studies in chickens were done to investigate the humoral immune response against fowl poxvirus (fpv) and reticuloendotheliosis virus (rev) after intradermal infection with different passages of a field isolate and with the vaccine strain hp b. the field isolate in a low passage carried the near-full-length rev provirus and induced antibodies to rev, but not to fpv. the vaccine strain carried only remnants of the long terminal repeat and induced antibodies against fpv, but not again ...	2009	19630225
quantitative pcr as a tool to determine the reticuloendotheliosis virus-proviral load of fowl poxvirus.	sequences of the reticuloendotheliosis virus (rev), an avian retrovirus, are integrated into the genome of fowl poxvirus (fpv). we developed and evaluated a quantitative multiplex real-time pcr (multiplex qpcr) assay to determine the rev-proviral load of fpv strains. amplification efficiencies were 98.7% for the amplification of the fpv dna and 88.7% for the amplification of rev-proviral dna. the ratio between fpv dna and rev-proviral dna was calculated from the pcr efficiencies and the threshol ...	2009	19630226
reticuloendotheliosis virus strain t induces mir-155, which targets jarid2 and promotes cell survival.	the oncogenic microrna mir-155 is upregulated by several oncogenic viruses. the precursor of mir-155, termed bic, was first observed to cooperate with myc in chicken b-cell lymphomas induced by avian leukosis proviral integrations. we identified another oncogenic retrovirus, reticuloendotheliosis virus strain t (rev-t), that upregulates mir-155 in chicken embryo fibroblasts. we also observed very high levels of mir-155 in rev-t-induced b-cell lymphomas. to study the role of mir-155 in these tumo ...	2009	19759154
full genome sequences of two reticuloendotheliosis viruses contaminating commercial vaccines.	reticuloendotheliosis virus (rev) fragments are a common contaminant in some commercial vaccines such as fowl poxvirus (fpv) and marek's disease virus. however, only those strains integrating or containing a near-intact rev provirus are more likely to cause problems in the field. we confirm here, by pcr assays and animal experiments, that vaccines against fpv and herpes virus of turkeys were contaminated with full genome sequences of rev. further, we determined the complete proviral sequence of ...	2009	19848070
[prokaryotic expression, purification and identification of the recombinant gp90 protein of reticuloendotheliosis virus].	to obtain the recombinant gp90 protein of reticuloendotheliosis virus (rev) and the anti-gp90 serum with high titer.	2009	20069886
[receptors for animal retroviruses].	diseases caused by animal retroviruses have been recognized since 19th century in veterinary field. most livestock and companion animals have own retroviruses. to disclose the receptors for these retroviruses will be useful for understanding retroviral pathogenesis, developments of anti-retroviral drugs and vectors for human and animal gene therapies. of retroviruses in veterinary field, receptors for the following viruses have been identified; equine infectious anemia virus, feline immunodefici ...	2009	20218331
simultaneous endemic infections with subgroup j avian leukosis virus and reticuloendotheliosis virus in commercial and local breeds of chickens.	epidemiological studies of subgroup j avian leukosis virus (alv-j) and reticuloendotheliosis virus (rev) infections were conducted during 1999 to 2009 on 29 chicken flocks of various commercial and local breeds located in six provinces in china. samples were typically from chickens with myelocytomas or proventricular lesions. alv-j was isolated from 25 flocks including seven out of seven flocks containing "yellow chickens" or other local breeds and several flocks of layer chickens. rev was isola ...	2009	19937533
functional evaluation of the role of reticuloendotheliosis virus long terminal repeat (ltr) integrated into the genome of a field strain of marek's disease virus.	mdv-gx0101 is a field strain of marek's disease virus with a naturally occurring insertion of the reticuloendotheliosis virus (rev) ltr fragment. in order to study the biological properties of rev-ltr insertion in the mdv genome, we constructed a full-length infectious bac clone of mdv-gx0101 strain and deleted the ltr sequences by bac mutagenesis. the pathogenic properties of the ltr-deleted virus were evaluated in infected spf birds. the study demonstrated that the ltr-deleted virus had a stro ...	2010	19962172
molecular and biological characterization of a marek's disease virus field strain with reticuloendotheliosis virus ltr insert.	a marek's disease virus (mdv) field strain designated gx0101 was isolated from a layer flock and confirmed to be a recombinant virus with an insert of a long terminal repeat (ltr) from the reticuloendotheliosis virus (rev). a chimeric molecule containing an rev-ltr insert of 539 bp and its flanking sequences from mdv was amplified and sequenced. an rev-ltr downstream from the internal repeat short (irs) region has 77.4-98.6% homology to seven rev field strains isolated from different avian speci ...	2010	20043197