Publications

virucidal effect of transient electric arcs in aqueous systems.	bacterial and animal viruses were inactivated by high voltage electrical discharges in water. the sensitivity of phages to the immediate component of this effect was correlated to the sensitivity to ultraviolet radiation. transient electrical arcs in weak electrolytes also generated chemical compounds which were virucidal against phages t3, t5, and varphix174 but were only slightly virucidal against phages t2 and t4.	1969	4304573
the relationship of dna replication to the control of protein synthesis in protoplasts of t4-infected escherichia coli b.	the relationship of dna replication to the control of early enzyme synthesis and the formation of late proteins was studied in protoplasts of e. coli b cells infected with an amber mutant, t4am130. in this phage-host system the bacterial dna is not completely degraded, and the onset and the extent of phage dna synthesis could be regulated by use of 5-fluorodeoxyuridine and thymidine. it was found that dna replication is necessary for the transcription of "late" regions of the phage genome and, t ...	1969	4307714
isolation and characterization of enzymes with nicking action from phage t4-infected escherichia coli.		1969	4309718
biological effects of substituting cytosine for 5-hydroxymethylcytosine in the deoxyribonucleic acid of bacteriophage t4.	previous work from this laboratory has shown that the cytosine-containing t4 deoxyribonucleic acid (dna) made by deoxycytidine triphosphatase (dctpase) amber mutants is extensively degraded, and that nucleases controlled by genes 46 and 47 participate in this process. in this paper, we examine other consequences of a defective dctpase. included are studies of dna synthesis and phage production, and of the control of both early and late protein synthesis after infection of escherichia coli b with ...	1969	4309878
enzymatic breakage of deoxyribonucleic acid. i. purification and properties of endonuclease ii from t4 phage-infected escherichia coli.		1969	4310836
studies on the morphopoiesis of the head and phage t-even. 6. maturation of t4 polyheads and t4 phage under conditions affecting protein-, dnaor atp-synthesis.		1969	4239920
genetic recombination between closely linked markers of bacteriophage t4. i. a dual mechanism for recombinant formation.		1969	4249863
effect of streptovaricin on rna synthesis in phage t4-infected escherichia coli.		1969	4388547
a new ribonucleotide reductase system after infection with phage t4.	the ribonucleotide reductase system of escherichia coli b participates in the biosynthesis of dna by reducing ribonucleoside diphosphates to the corresponding deoxyribonucleotides. the enzyme is regulated in a complicated way by allosteric modifiers. we now find that infection of e. coli with the bacteriophage t4 results in the appearance of a new ribonucleotide reductase system which shows a somewhat different pattern of regulation. two new proteins, provisionally called fractions a and b, were ...	1969	4389750
identification of a thioredoxin induced by bacteriophage t4.		1969	4390809
mechanism of proflavin mutagenesis.	the mutagenic action of proflavin on bacteriophage t4 is greater in the presence of defective t4 ligase than in the presence of normal t4 ligase. this suggests that the persistence of single-strand breaks in dna enhances proflavin mutagenesis.	1969	5260919
mechanism of dna chain growth. 3. equal annealing of t4 nascent short dna chains with the separated complementary strands of the phage dna.	nascent short dna chains isolated from t4-infected e. coli under a variety of conditions anneal equally to the separated complementary phage dna strands. the samples examined include: pulse-labeled short chains isolated by alkaline sucrose gradient sedimentation from the t4d (wild type)-infected cells in both the early and late stages of phage dna synthesis; nascent chains accumulated during ligase inhibition of t4 ts b20-infected cells; and the single-stranded nascent short chains isolated from ...	1969	5260937
on the replication of incomplete chromosomes of phage t4.	some small particles of phage t4 contain incomplete chromosomes measuring two thirds of the length of normal t4 chromosomes. they cannot produce progeny phage after single infection because their incomplete chromosomes lack random segments of the genetic map. we have investigated the replication of dna following single infection with small particles. our results indicate that approximately two thirds of the incomplete chromosomes can initiate dna replication and apparently extend the process fro ...	1969	5261046
some factors affecting the viability of freeze-thawed t4 bacteriophage. ii. the influence of certain electrolytes on the degree of inactivation.		1969	5261210
a genetic assay for mrna's of phage t4.	a method has been developed by which many gene-specific mrna's in t4-infected cells can be quantitatively assayed. the method involves separation of complementary strands of phage t4 dna, hybridization of the strands with rna, digestion of nonhybridized regions of dna with an endonuclease specific for single-stranded dna, and assay of protected genetic markers by transformation. it has been shown that the gene gammaiib is transcribed early from the light strand and that the gene 21 is transcribe ...	1969	5263003
determination of triiodothyronine concentration in human serum.	a simplified method has been described for the measurement of triiodothyronine (t3) in human serum. the sensitivity was sufficient for determinations on hypothyroid as well as normal and thyrotoxic sera. the values obtained have been in reasonable agreement with a double isotope derivative assay. the normal t3 concentration in human serum approximates 0.2 mug/100 ml; the mean +/-sd of 31 normal sera was 220 +/-27 ng/100 ml. elevations were observed in sera from 40 patients with thyrotoxicosis (7 ...	1969	5771194
sequence of the in vitro transcription of t4 dna.		1969	5774392
transcription of denatured t4 dna.		1969	5776189
anti-trinitrophenyl (tnp) antibody detection by neutralization of tnp-coliphage t4.		1969	5778775
inactivation of bacteriophage t4, of poly-d-alanyl bacteriophage and of penicilloyl bacteriophage by immunospecifically isolated igm and igg antibodies.		1969	5796859
in vitro resin sponge uptake test of t3 and t4 in animals and man.		1969	5799093
frameshift mutations resulting in the changes of the same amino acid residue (140) in t4 bacteriophage lysozyme and in vivo codons for trp, tyr, met, val and ile.		1969	5803289
regulation of gene-specific rna synthesis in bacteriophage t4.		1969	5803291
interpretation of sucrose gradient sedimentation pattern of deoxyribonucleic acid fragments resulting from random breaks.	mass distribution in a sucrose gradient of deoxyribonucleic acid (dna) fragments arising as a result of random breaks is predicted by analytical means from which computer evaluations are plotted. the analytical results are compared with the results of verifying experiments: (i) a monte carlo computer experiment in which simulated molecules of dna were individuals of unit length subjected to random "breaks" applied by a random number generator, and (ii) an in vitro experiment in which molecules o ...	1969	5804949
acriflavin resistant rii deletions of bacteriophage t4.		1969	5806172
detection of anti-penicilloyl antibodies by the inactivation of penicill- oylated t4 bacteriophage.		1969	5809809
tissue iodoprotein formation during the peripheral metabolism of the thyroid hormones.	the formation of tissue iodoproteins during the peripheral metabolism of the thyroid hormones was examined by determining the concentration of nonethanol-extractable (125)i (ne(125)i) in various tissues after the intravenous injection of 3,5,3'-triiodo-l-thyronine (t3-(125)i) and l-thyroxine-(125)i (t4-(125)i) in groups of rats with iodide-blocked thyroid glands. 3 days after t3-(125)i and 7 days after t4-(125)i injection the concentration of ne(125)i in the liver and kidney was 5-10 times great ...	1969	5824076
mechanism of dna chain growth. iv. direction of synthesis of t4 short dna chains as revealed by exonucleolytic degradation.	t4 nascent short chains labeled at their growing ends with h(3)-thymidine and uniformly with c(14)-thymidine were prepared, separated into complementary strands, and degraded by e. coli exonuclease i in the 3' to 5' direction or by b. subtilis nuclease in the 5' to 3' direction. the kinetics of release of h(3) and c(14) labels by both enzymes was consistent with the conclusion that the h(3) label is at the 3' end of the nascent short chains of both strands and that the short chains are products ...	1969	4989398
addition of nucleotides to parental dna early in infection by bacteriophage t4.		1969	4940918
biochemistry of dna-defective amber mutants of bacteriophage t4. ii. intracellular dna forms in infection by gene 44 mutants.		1969	4940919
conservation of the rifamycin sensitivity of transcription during t4 development.		1969	4974639
effect of epinephrine on the peripheral metabolism of thyroxine.	10 normal young men received repository epinephrine repeatedly for 4 days during the course of a radiothyroxine (radio-t4) disappearance curve. during epinephrine administration, serum radio-t4 disappearance rate (k) slowed abruptly, fecal clearance decreased, urinary clearance was initially unchanged but later decreased slightly, volume of thyroxine distribution decreased, and external radioactivity over the liver remained unchanged. beginning on day 2 of epinephrine and persisting at least 1 d ...	1969	4977031
[attachment of lambda and t4 phage deoxyribonucleic acids to an escherichia coli membrane particle fraction and functions of the complex in transcription of dna to specific messenger rna].		1969	4979265
separation of microbial deoxyribonucleic acids into complementary strands.	dna preparations from seven bacterial species and from the e. coli phage t4 can, after denaturation with alkali, be separated chromatographically into two distinct components (l and h) through intermittent gradient elution from methylated albumin kieselguhr columns. the direct chemical analysis of the l and h fractions isolated from dna specimens of the at type shows them to exhibit a high degree of complementarity; but despite a bias in the distribution of purines and pyrimidines, either fracti ...	1969	4980029
[the radiological treatment of deeply infiltrating bladder cancer (t3-t4)].		1969	4982980
some factors affecting the viability of freeze-thawed t4 bacteriophage.		1969	4993555
bacteriophage t4 lysozyme mrna.		1969	5345400
attachment of tail fibers in bacteriophage t4 assembly: some properties of the reaction in vitro and its genetic control.		1969	5357214
the lysozyme of a triple frame-shift mutant strain of bacteriophage t4.		1969	5365013
genetic determinant of an internal peptide of bacteriophage t4.		1969	5365956
the actvity of mouse kupffer cells following intravenous injection of t4 bacteriophage.		1969	5370053
the immunogenicity of phagocytosed t4 bacteriophage: cell replacement studies with splenectomized and irradiated mice.		1969	5370054
assembly of bacteriophage t4 tail fibers: the sequence of gene product interaction.		1969	5390559
[the activity of each of the dna chains of t4 phage in genetic recombination].		1969	5398946
amino acid regulation of messenger ribonucleic acid synthesis in t4-infected escherichia coli.	the effect of amino acid starvation on the synthesis of t4 messenger ribonucleic acid (mrna) was studied by measuring the uptake of labeled precursors into escherichia coli cells which were infected prior to amino acid starvation. the results indicated that the rate of uptake of labeled uracil and adenine into t4 mrna was reduced by approximately 50% when amino acids were withheld from stringent k-12 strains, but not when they were withheld from a stringent strain b or a relaxed strain k-12. chl ...	1969	4884817
in vitro synthesis of t4 proteins.		1969	4886115
a t4 bacteriophage mutant which lacks deoxyribonucleic acid polymerase but retains the polymerase-associated nuclease.		1969	4886429
incorporation and phosphorylation of 5-azacytidine by normal and t4-phage-infected cells of e. coli.		1969	4889173
separation of t-even bacteriophage deoxyribonucleic acid from host deoxyribonucleic acid by hydroxyapatite chromatography.	a simple and rapid method is described for separation of t-even bacteriophage deoxyribonucleic acid (dna) from host (escherichia coli) dna by hydroxyapatite column chromatography with a shallow gradient of phosphate buffer at neutral ph. by this method, bacteriophage t2, t4, and t6 dna (but not t5, t7, or lambda dna) could be separated from host e. coli dna. it was found that glucosylation of the t-even phage dna is an important factor in separation.	1969	4889266
control of pyrimidine biosynthesis by phage t4: mutants unable to catalyze the reduction of cytidine diphosphate.		1969	4889429
effect of hydroxyurea on replication of bacteriophage t4 in escherichia coli.	hydroxyurea inhibited the replication of bacteriophage t4 in escherichia coli b. the concentration of hydroxyurea required to inhibit net deoxyribonucleic acid (dna) synthesis 50% was about 50-fold less than that required in uninfected cells. even in the presence of high hydroxyurea concentrations, phage dna was readily synthesized from the products of breakdown of the e. coli dna, and viable phage were made. deoxyribonucleotide, but not ribonucleotide, synthesis was strongly inhibited in the pr ...	1969	4889472
loss of lysis inhibition in filamentous escherichia coli infected with wild-type bacteriophage t4.	the plaque enlargement of wild-type t4 bacteriophage observed when assayed in the presence of low concentrations of mitomycin c or after exposure to very low doses of ultraviolet light was studied by using solid as well as liquid culture media. it was found that the filamentous cell formed by the treatment with the agents is responsible for the phenomenon. the filamentous cell was also shown to be characterized not only by the loss of capacity of lysis inhibition but also by a shortening of the ...	1969	4889473
covalent repair of molecular recombinants in the ligase-negative amber mutant of t4 bacteriophage.		1969	4890770
unbiased participation of t4 phage dna strands in replication.		1969	4890822
a role for phospholipid hydrolysis in the lysis of escherichia coli infected with bacteriophage t4.		1969	4891410
the infection of escherichia coli by t2 and t4 bacteriophages as seen in the electron microscope. 3. membrane-associated intracellular bacteriophages.		1969	4891411
the inability to alter limited heterocatalytic expression in phage t4-infected escherichia coli by growth of host cells under various physiological conditions.		1969	4891414
enzymatic activities on cell walls in bacteriophage t4.		1969	4891420
phospholipid metabolism in t4 bacteriophage infected escherichia coli k-12 (lambda).	infection of escherichia coli k-12 (lambda) by bacteriophage results in an altered labeling pattern of phospholipids in the host cell. although the overall incorporation of (32)p(i) into phospholipids is decreased by infection, the relative amounts of phosphatidylglycerol and cardiolipin are increased. phospholipid changes occurring at later stages in the lytic cycle of infected bacteria are more prominent than those at earlier time intervals. the uptake of (32)p(i) into phospholipids of cells i ...	1969	4891751
site- and gene-specific limited heterocatalytic expression in bacteriophage t4-infected escherichia coli.	genetic evidence for site- and gene-specific variation in limited heterocatalytic expression in phage t4-infected escherichia coli is reported, and the implications of such variation are discussed.	1969	4891752
functions of f pili in mating-pair formation and male bacteriophage infection studies by blending spectra and reappearance kinetics.	the extent of removal at various blending speeds (blending spectrum) and the kinetics of reappearance after blending of the ability of male escherichia coli bacteria to form mating pairs, to adsorb and be infected by ribonucleic acid male phage, and to adsorb and be infected by deoxyribonucleic male phage were identical to the blending spectrum and reappearance kinetics of microscopically visible f pili. the same results were obtained with an hfr (high-frequency recombinant), f', or resistance t ...	1969	4892378
studies of deoxycytidylate deaminase from t4-infected escherichia coli.		1969	4893683
kinetics of the alteration and modification of dna-dependent rna-polymerase in t4-infected e. coli cells.		1969	4894028
transcription specificity of e. coli and t4 rna polymerase.		1969	4906604
in vitro synthesis of t4 glucosyl transferase.		1969	4909528
in vitro synthesis of t4 proteins: lysozyme and the products of genes 22 and 57.		1969	4909532
proteins associated with ribosomes in t4-infected e. coli.		1969	4909533
[synthesis of early phage messengers in escherichia coli infected by t4 during a specific amino acid deficiency].		1969	4894287
dna-dependent rna polymerase from phage t4 infected e. coli: an enzyme missing a factor required for transcription of t4 dna.		1969	4894360
events occurring during the replication of bacteriophage t4 dna.	ten temperature-sensitive mutants of t4d have been examined to find the times in the lytic cycle at which a shift to a restrictive temperature no longer exerts a lethal effect. nine of these mutants play a role in phage dna synthesis. the results of these experiments suggest that the products of three of the genes tested-genes 42, 44, and 45-have control or complexing functions in addition to any enzymatic ones. the data also indicate that the products of genes 30 and 41 may act cooperatively. t ...	1969	4894686
bacteriophage-induced inhibition of host functions. ii. evidence for multiple, sequential bacteriophage-induced deoxyribonucleases responsible for degradation of cellular deoxyribonucleic acid.	degradation of bacterial deoxyribonucleic acid (dna) after infection with t4 bacteriophage was studied in an endonuclease i-deficient host. the kinetics of degradation were similar to those seen in other hosts with a normal level of this enzyme. irradiation of extracellular phage with ultraviolet (uv) destroyed the capacity of the infecting virus to induce extensive breakdown of host dna, which was, however, converted to high-molecular-weight material. addition of chloramphenicol to t4-infected ...	1969	4894764
synthesis of phage-specific alpha- and beta-glucosyl transferases directed by t-even dna in vitro.	-bacteriophage t4 dna, when added to a ribonucleic acid- and protein-synthesizing system from uninfected escherichia coli, directed the in vitro synthesis of virus-specific glucosyl transferases. the t4-specific alpha- and beta-glucosyl transferases are synthesized in vivo early after infection, and function to glucosylate the hydroxymethylcytosine residues of phage dna. the in vitro glucosyl transferase synthesis was dependent upon transcription of t4 dna, as well as upon protein synthesis. dna ...	1969	4895217
transient activation of rna polymerase in escherichia coli b after infection with bacteriophage t4.	sköld and buchanan(1) have reported that there is a rapid loss of rna polymerase activity in escherichia coli b after infection with t4 bacteriophage. more recent studies on the mechanism of this inactivation have been made in this(2) and other laboratories.(3, 4) in this communication, we report the observation of a transient stimulation of rna polymerase activity when measurement is made immediately after infection and when cells are ruptured by a gentle lysis procedure. the increase in activi ...	1969	4895538
initiation factor requirements for the in vitro synthesis of t4 lysozyme.		1969	4896045
on the role of ligase in genetic recombination in bacteriophage t4.		1969	4896157
effect of host cell wall material on the adsorbability of cofactor-requiring t4.	the adsorbability of t4 on host cells was determined as a function of time after their liberation from infected cells. freshly liberated (nascent) particles are readily adsorbed but lose their adsorbability with a half-time of about 2 days at 5 c, but only about 20 min at 37 c. they can be made adsorbable again with an alpha-amino acid cofactor like l-tryptophan, and this state of adsorbability can be stabilized by cell wall material from escherichia coli. such stabilized particles lose their ad ...	1969	4897124
freezing of bacteriophage t4: temperature and rate effects as a function of salt concentration.		1969	4897178
e. coli sigma factor: a positive control element in phage t4 development.		1969	4897820
the effect of genetic complexity on the time-course of ribonucleic acid-deoxyribonucleic acid hybridization.	1. the rate of rna-dna hybridization was studied under conditions of rna excess, with rna synthesized in vitro. the initial rate of the reaction was proportional to the initial rna concentration. throughout the observed course of the reaction there was a linear relationship between the reciprocal of the amount of rna hybridized/mug. of dna and the reciprocal of time. the slope of the reciprocal plot was inversely proportional to the initial rna concentration. 2. a comparison was made of the hybr ...	1969	4898022
messenger rna concentration and protein synthesis during t4 infection of escherichia coli b.		1969	4898490
mutator gene studies in escherichia coli.	an escherichia coli mutator gene, mutt, has been shown by p1-mediated crosses to map between the leucine and azide loci. the mutt1 and azi-r alleles cotransduce with a frequency of >92%. in mutt1/mutt(+) merodiploids, the mutt1 phenotype is recessive; in mutt1/f'trp or mutt1/f'lac merodiploids, the mutt1 allele has a trans effect. the gene can mutate lambda and t7 phage but not t1, t3, t4, t5, and s13.	1969	4899001
the initiation of t4 deoxyribonucleic acid-dependent beta-glucosyltransferase synthesis in vitro.		1969	4899011
growth and transformation of phage t4 in escherichia coli b-4, salmonella, aerobacter, proteus, and serratia.		1969	4899052
dna replication of phage t4 rii mutants without polynucleotide ligase (gene 30).		1969	4900136
enzymatic breakage of deoxyribonucleic acid. ii. purification and properties of endonuclease iv from t4 phage-infected escherichia coli.		1969	4900512
large-scale preparations of viruses by steric chromatography on columns of controlled pore glass. phi-x174, m13, m12, q-beta and t4 bacteriophages.		1969	4900580
synthesis of early rna in bacteriophage t4-infected escherichia coli b.		1969	4900943
transcription of bacteriophage t4 deoxyribonucleic acid in vitro.	1. rna was synthesized in vitro from a template of bacteriophage t4 dna, in the presence of mn(2+). a comparison was made of the rna synthesized by purified rna polymerase from two sources, micrococcus lysodeikticus and escherichia coli; these are referred to as micrococcus crna and e. coli crna respectively (where crna indicates rna synthesized in vitro by using purified rna polymerase and a dna primer). 2. both types of rna were self-complementary as judged by resistance to digestion with ribo ...	1969	4901068
transcription of the bacteriophage t4 template: strand selection by e. coli rna polymerase in vitro.		1969	4901110
endonucleolytic cleavage of uv-irradiated dna controlled by the v+ gene in phage t4.		1969	4901156
bacteriophage t4 dna-dependent in vitro synthesis of lysozyme.	a cell-free system derived from uninfected escherichia coli previously was shown to synthesize beta-glucosyl transferase in response to t4 dna. this same in vitro system, when incubated at slightly higher magnesium concentrations, also synthesized enzymatically active lysozyme. the lysozyme activity that appeared was judged to be t4-specific since antibodies prepared against authentic t4-lysozyme inactivated the in vitro synthesized enzyme. dna from a t4 mutant carrying a deletion in the lysozym ...	1969	4901474
ribonuclease v of escherichia coli. i. dependence on ribosomes and translocation.	a new rnase activity, tentatively named rnase v, was found in cell-free extracts of e. coli. this activity requires ribosomes, g and t factors, trna, k(+) or nh(4) (+), mg(2+), gtp, and a sulfhydryl compound to degrade poly u, poly a, t4 phage mrna, or e. coli mrna. rnase v is specific for mrna; it does not attack ribosomal rna. it is inhibited by antibiotics that decrease breakdown of mrna in vivo, such as chloramphenicol and streptomycin, and by such agents as 5'-beta, gamma-methylene-guanosin ...	1969	4901707
dna-dependent synthesis of rna by escherichia coli rna polymerase: release and reinitiation of rna chains from dna templates.	rna synthesis in an in vitro rna polymerase system at low ionic strength soon ceases, due to inhibition by accumulated rna. measurement of rna chain initiation by the incorporation of gamma-(32)p-atp and gtp with native t2 or t4 dna as template shows that only one rna chain is formed per molecule of enzyme added. in contrast, when the polymerase reaction is carried out in 10 mm mg(++) and 0.2 m kcl, rna synthesis proceeds nearly linearly for hours, resulting in a marked increase in accumulated r ...	1969	4901708
mutagenic effect of sensitized irradiation of bacteriophage t4.		1969	4902206
bacteriophage t4-induced deoxycytidine triphosphate-deoxyuridine triphosphate nucleotidohydrolase: its properties and its role during phage infection of escherichia coli.		1969	4902261
the genome of bacteriophage t4.		1969	4902619
control of gene function in bacteriophage t4. i. ribonucleic acid and deoxyribonucleic acid metabolism in t4rii-infected lambda-lysogenic hosts.	deoxyribonucleic acid (dna) synthesis in t4rii-infected, lambda-lysogenic strains of escherichia coli proceeds with one-half the rate of t4 wild-infected bacteria and stops 16 min after infection at 37 c. the rates of ribonucleic acid (rna) synthesis, however, are the same with t4rii and t4 wild. the turnover of pulse-labeled rna is slow in k strains (half-lives 10 to 20 min) as compared with b strains (half-lives 2.5 to 6 min). lambda-lysogeny increases the apparent messenger (m) rna half-lives ...	1969	4902633
the induction of trna synthesis following t4 phage infection.		1969	4902823
enzymic joining of polynucleotides. vii. role of the t4-induced ligase in the formation of recombinant molecules.		1969	4904103
enzymic joining of polynucleotides. 8. structure of hybrids of parental t4 dna molecules.		1969	4904104