Publications

TitleAbstractYear(sorted ascending)
Filter
PMID
Filter
chronic wasting disease prions are not transmissible to transgenic mice overexpressing human prion protein.chronic wasting disease (cwd) is a prion disease that affects free-ranging and captive cervids, including mule deer, white-tailed deer, rocky mountain elk and moose. cwd-infected cervids have been reported in 14 usa states, two canadian provinces and in south korea. the possibility of a zoonotic transmission of cwd prions via diet is of particular concern in north america where hunting of cervids is a popular sport. to investigate the potential public health risks posed by cwd prions, we have in ...201020610667
neospora caninum and toxoplasma gondii antibody prevalence in alaska wildlife.free-ranging caribou and moose populations in some regions of alaska undergo periodic declines in numbers. caribou and moose are managed by the state as valuable resources for not only sustenance and subsistence, but also for cultural heritage. incidence and prevalence of diseases that may impact herd health and recruitment from year to year are relevant to management decisions aimed to protect the long-term viability of these herds. neospora caninum and toxoplasma gondii are two apicomplexan pa ...201020688628
new records of hair follicle mites (demodecidae) from north american cervidae.individuals of three species of cervids, with varying degrees of alopecia, were examined for ectoparasites: rocky mountain elk (cervus elaphus nelsoni) and mule deer (odocoileus hemionus hemionus) in colorado and white-tailed deer (odocoileus virginianus) in south dakota. hair follicle mites were recovered and identified as demodex kutzeri, a species originally described from the european red deer (cervus elaphus, from austria) and the sika deer (cervus nippon pseudaxis, captive in germany). the ...201020688655
select tissue mineral concentrations and chronic wasting disease status in mule deer from north-central colorado.trace mineral imbalances have been suggested as having a causative or contributory role in chronic wasting disease (cwd), a prion disease of several north american cervid species. to begin exploring relationships between tissue mineral concentrations and cwd in natural systems, we measured liver tissue concentrations of copper, manganese, and molybdenum in samples from 447 apparently healthy, adult (> or = 2 yr old) mule deer (odocoileus hemionus) culled or vehicle killed from free-ranging popul ...201020688718
deep mitochondrial dna lineage divergences within alberta populations of dermacentor albipictus (acari: ixodidae) do not indicate distinct species.the winter tick dermacentor albipictus (packard) has a single-host life cycle that allows it to reach severe infestation levels on ungulates, particularly moose. genotypic variation within these and related ticks has been a source of taxonomic confusion, although the continuity in their morphology and life history has generally been interpreted as indicating the existence of a single species. to further investigate this variation, we sequenced regions of two mitochondrial dna (mtdna) genes (coi ...201020695271
effects of an invasive forest pathogen on abundance of ticks and their vertebrate hosts in a california lyme disease focus.invasive species, including pathogens, can have important effects on local ecosystems, including indirect consequences on native species. this study focuses on the effects of an invasive plant pathogen on a vertebrate community and ixodes pacificus, the vector of the lyme disease pathogen (borrelia burgdorferi) in california. phytophthora ramorum, the causative agent of sudden oak death, is a non-native pathogen killing trees in california and oregon. we conducted a multi-year study using a grad ...201020941513
estimating chronic wasting disease effects on mule deer recruitment and population growth.chronic wasting disease (cwd), a prion disease of mule deer (odocoileus hemionus), accelerates mortality and in so doing has the potential to influence population dynamics. although effects on mule deer survival are clear, how cwd affects recruitment is less certain. we studied how prion infection influenced the number of offspring raised to weaning per adult (≥2 yr old) female mule deer and subsequently the estimated growth rate (λ) of an infected deer herd. infected and presumably uninfected r ...201020966260
nodeomics: pathogen detection in vertebrate lymph nodes using meta-transcriptomics.the ongoing emergence of human infections originating from wildlife highlights the need for better knowledge of the microbial community in wildlife species where traditional diagnostic approaches are limited. here we evaluate the microbial biota in healthy mule deer (odocoileus hemionus) by analyses of lymph node meta-transcriptomes. cdna libraries from five individuals and two pools of samples were prepared from retropharyngeal lymph node rna enriched for polyadenylated rna and sequenced using ...201020976145
association analysis of prnp gene region with chronic wasting disease in rocky mountain elk.abstract:201021087518
experimental deerpox infection in black-tailed deer (odocoileus hemionus columbianus).the pathogenic potential of deerpox virus was investigated via an experimental study utilizing seven black-tailed deer fawns (odocoileus hemionus) between june and august of 2007. successful transmission was achieved via intracutaneous and intravenous routes, and by commingling an uninoculated animal with experimentally infected fawns. one fawn became depressed and reluctant to eat but systemic clinical signs in the other fawns were confined to mild transient pyrexia. typical multifocal poxviral ...201020090016
behavioral response races, predator-prey shell games, ecology of fear, and patch use of pumas and their ungulate prey.the predator-prey shell game predicts random movement of prey across the landscape, whereas the behavioral response race and landscape of fear models predict that there should be a negative relationship between the spatial distribution of a predator and its behaviorally active prey. additionally, prey have imperfect information on the whereabouts of their predator, which the predator should incorporate in its patch use strategy. i used a one-predator-one-prey system, puma (puma concolor)-mule de ...201021058559
stopover ecology of a migratory ungulate.1. birds that migrate long distances use stopover sites to optimize fuel loads and complete migration as quickly as possible. stopover use has been predicted to facilitate a time-minimization strategy in land migrants as well, but empirical tests have been lacking, and alternative migration strategies have not been considered. 2. we used fine-scale movement data to evaluate the ecological role of stopovers in migratory mule deer odocoileus hemionus- a land migrant whose fitness is strongly influ ...201121545586
tolazoline-induced apnea in mule deer (odocoileus hemionus).eighteen mule deer (odocoileus hemionus) and six columbia black-tailed deer (odocoileus hemionus columbianus) were held in pens and repeatedly anesthetized from april 2004 through june 2005 as part of an external parasite study. deer were anesthetized using a combination of telazol and xylazine hydrochloride (hcl) administered intramuscularly. tolazoline hcl was slowly administered at 4 mg/kg intravenously to reverse the effects of xylazine with good results. for 17 of the 19 mule deer anesthesi ...201122946377
hybrid swarm between divergent lineages of mule deer (odocoileus hemionus).studies of hybrid zones have revealed an array of evolutionary outcomes, yet the underlying structure is typically characterized as one of three types: a hybrid zone, a hybrid swarm or a hybrid taxon. our primary objective was to determine which of these three structures best characterizes a zone of hybridization between two divergent lineages of mule deer (odocoileus hemionus), mule deer and black-tailed deer. these lineages are morphologically, ecologically and genetically distinct, yet hybrid ...201122066874
soil clay content underlies prion infection odds.environmental factors-especially soil properties-have been suggested as potentially important in the transmission of infectious prion diseases. because binding to montmorillonite (an aluminosilicate clay mineral) or clay-enriched soils had been shown to enhance experimental prion transmissibility, we hypothesized that prion transmission among mule deer might also be enhanced in ranges with relatively high soil clay content. in this study, we report apparent influences of soil clay content on the ...201121326232
effects of starch and fibre in pelleted diets on nutritional status of mule deer (odocoileus hemionus) fawns.to compare the effects of a low-starch, high-fibre diet [lshf; 51.6% neutral detergent fibre (ndf), 3.0% starch, 14.8% crude protein (cp)] and a high-starch, low-fibre diet (hslf; 33.3% ndf, 20.0% starch, 19.6% cp) on the nutritional status of captive exotic ruminants, 16 mule deer (odocoileus hemionus) were fed one of these two diets ad libitum with ≤25% alfalfa hay cubes from 10 days to 68 weeks of age. during five sampling periods beginning in november and spaced 6-12 weeks apart thereafter, ...201121091543
broad and fine-scale genetic analysis of white-tailed deer populations: estimating the relative risk of chronic wasting disease spread.chronic wasting disease is a transmissible spongiform encephalopathy of cervids, similar to sheep scrapie that has only recently been detected in wild populations of white-tailed deer (odocoileus virginianus) and mule deer (odocoileus hemionus hemionus) in western canada. relatively little is known about local transmission dynamics of the disease or the potential for long-distance spread. we analysed the population genetic structure of over 2000 white-tailed deer sampled from alberta, british co ...201125567957
homogenization of large-scale movement models in ecology.a difficulty in using diffusion models to predict large scale animal population dispersal is that individuals move differently based on local information (as opposed to gradients) in differing habitat types. this can be accommodated by using ecological diffusion. however, real environments are often spatially complex, limiting application of a direct approach. homogenization for partial differential equations has long been applied to fickian diffusion (in which average individual movement is org ...201121194012
bovicola tibialis (phthiraptera:trichodectidae): occurrence of an exotic chewing louse on cervids in north america.through a recent (2003-2007) survey of ectoparasites on hoofed mammals in western north america, a literature review, and examination of archived museum specimens, we found that the exotic deer-chewing louse, bovicola tibialis (piaget), is a long-term, widespread resident in the region. the earliest known collection was from salt spring island, canada, in 1941. we found these lice on the typical host, that is, introduced european fallow deer (dama dama l.), and on asian chital (axis axis [erxleb ...201121337942
presence and seeding activity of pathological prion protein (prp(tse)) in skeletal muscles of white-tailed deer infected with chronic wasting disease.chronic wasting disease (cwd) is a contagious, rapidly spreading transmissible spongiform encephalopathy (tse), or prion disease, occurring in cervids such as white tailed-deer (wtd), mule deer or elk in north america. despite efficient horizontal transmission of cwd among cervids natural transmission of the disease to other species has not yet been observed. here, we report for the first time a direct biochemical demonstration of pathological prion protein prp(tse) and of prp(tse)-associated se ...201121483771
alteration of the chronic wasting disease species barrier by in vitro prion amplification.chronic wasting disease (cwd) is a transmissible spongiform encephalopathy (tse) of cervids now detected in 19 states of the united states, three canadian provinces, and south korea. whether noncervid species can be infected by cwd and thereby serve as reservoirs for the infection is not known. to investigate this issue, we previously used serial protein misfolding cyclic amplification (spmca) to demonstrate that cwd prions can amplify in brain homogenates from several species sympatric with cer ...201121697475
failure of fallow deer (dama dama) to develop chronic wasting disease when exposed to a contaminated environment and infected mule deer (odocoileus hemionus).we monitored a herd of fallow deer (dama dama) for evidence of prion infection for 7 yr by periodic postmortem examination of animals from the herd. the fallow deer were exposed to the chronic wasting disease (cwd) agent from mule deer by living in a paddock considered contaminated with infectivity from its history of housing cwd infected deer and, after the first year of the study, by comingling with infected mule deer (odocoileus hemionus). at least 8 of 12 mule deer serving as sentinels for p ...201121719844
targeting the detection of chronic wasting disease using the hunter harvest during early phases of an outbreak in saskatchewan, canada.chronic wasting disease (cwd) is a fatal disease of north american cervids that was first detected in a wild, hunter-shot deer in saskatchewan along the border with alberta in canada in 2000. spatially explicit models for assessing factors affecting disease detection are needed to guide surveillance and control programs. spatio-temporal patterns in cwd prevalence can be complicated by variation in individual infection probability and sampling biases. we assessed hunter harvest data of mule deer ...201122137503
detection of relapsing fever spirochetes (borrelia hermsii and borrelia coriaceae) in free-ranging mule deer (odocoileus hemionus) from nevada, united states.abstract surveillance of mule deer (odocoileus hemionus, rafinesque, 1917) populations for tick-borne diseases has helped define the distribution of these pathogens and their subsequent risk of transmission to humans and domestic animals. we surveyed three mule deer herds across the state of nevada for infection with relapsing fever borrelia spp. spirochetes. bacterial prevalence varied by the county where deer were sampled but borrelia spirochetes were detected in 7.7% of all deer sampled. in ...201121995265
corrected misidentification of first instars of the bot flies cephenemyia apicata and c. jellisoni, with a review of the biology and life history of both species.first instars obtained from the uteri of host-seeking females, and compared with previously published descriptions of larvae collected from columbian black-tailed deer (odocoileus hemionus columbianus), revealed that larvae described as cephenemyia apicata bennett & sabrosky (diptera: oestridae) actually are c. jellisoni townsend. several new characters are added to supplement the original descriptions of the first instars of these species. collections of all larvae from deer autopsied during di ...201122168389
Molecular Study of Free-ranging Mule Deer and White-tailed Deer from British Columbia, Canada, for Evidence of Anaplasma spp. and Ehrlichia spp.Twenty-three free-ranging white-tailed deer (WTD; Odocoileus virginianus) and six mule deer (MD; Odocoileus hemionus) from south-central British Columbia, Canada, were tested for Anaplasma marginale by msp5 gene-specific PCR and Ehrlichia spp. by 16S rRNA or citrate synthase (gltA) gene-specific PCR, as well as by PCR with universal 16S rRNA primers detecting a wide range of bacteria. No deer tested positive for A. marginale. Amplification with universal 16S rRNA primers followed by sequencing o ...201121933360
Polymorphic integrations of an endogenous gammaretrovirus in the mule deer genome.Endogenous retroviruses constitute a significant genomic fraction in all mammalian species. Typically they are evolutionarily old and fixed in the host species population. Here we report on a novel endogenous gammaretrovirus (CrERV? for cervid endogenous gammaretrovirus) in the mule deer, Odocoileus hemionus that is insertionally polymorphic among individuals from the same geographical location, suggesting that it has a more recent evolutionary origin. Using PCR-based methods, we identified seve ...201122190723
rapid detection of cwd prp: comparison of tests designed for the detection of bse or scrapie.chronic wasting disease (cwd) is a transmissible spongiform encephalopathy (tse) mainly affecting cervids in north america. the accumulation of an abnormal form of host-encoded prion protein (prp(cwd) ) in the cns and lymphoid tissues is characteristic of the disease and known to be caused by pathogenic prion proteins (prp(res) ), which are thought to be transmitted mainly by contact with body fluids, such like saliva. species known to be naturally infected by cwd include rocky mountain elk (cer ...201122212828
functional genomics approach for identification of molecular processes underlying neurodegenerative disorders in prion diseases.prion diseases or transmissible spongiform encephalopathies (tses) are infectious neurodegenerative disorders leading to death. these include cresutzfeldt-jakob disease (cjd), familial, sporadic and variant cjd and kuru in humans; and animal tses include scrapie in sheep, bovine spongiform encephalopathy (bse) in cattle, chronic wasting disease (cwd) of mule deer and elk, and transmissible mink encephalopathy. all these tses share common pathological features such as accumulation of mis-folded p ...201223372423
association mapping of genetic risk factors for chronic wasting disease in wild deer.chronic wasting disease (cwd) is a fatal transmissible spongiform encephalopathy affecting north american cervids. we assessed the feasibility of association mapping cwd genetic risk factors in wild white-tailed deer (odocoileus virginianus) and mule deer (odocoileus hemionus) using a panel of bovine microsatellite markers from three homologous deer linkage groups predicted to contain candidate genes. these markers had a low cross-species amplification rate (27.9%) and showed weak linkage disequ ...201223467626
serosurveillance for livestock pathogens in free-ranging mule deer (odocoileus hemionus).routine disease surveillance has been conducted for decades in mule deer (odocoileus hemionus) in california for pathogens shared between wildlife and domestic ruminants that may have implications for the animal production industry and wildlife health. deer sampled from 1990 to 2007 (n = 2,619) were tested for exposure to six pathogens: bluetongue virus (btv), epizootic hemorrhagic disease virus (ehdv), bovine viral diarrhea virus (bvdv), leptospira spp., anaplasma spp. and brucella spp. we eval ...201223209790
gene expression alterations in rocky mountain elk infected with chronic wasting disease.chronic wasting disease (cwd) is an invariably fatal neurologic disease that naturally infects mule deer, white tailed deer and elk. the understanding of cwd neurodegeneration at a molecular level is very limited. in this study, microarray analysis was performed to determine changes in the gene expression profiles in six different tissues including brain, midbrain, thalamus, spleen, rpln and tonsil of cwd-infected elk in comparison to non-infected healthy elk, using 24,000 bovine specific oligo ...201222561165
identification of novel single nucleotide polymorphisms (snps) in deer (odocoileus spp.) using the bovinesnp50 beadchip.single nucleotide polymorphisms (snps) are growing in popularity as a genetic marker for investigating evolutionary processes. a panel of snps is often developed by comparing large quantities of dna sequence data across multiple individuals to identify polymorphic sites. for non-model species, this is particularly difficult, as performing the necessary large-scale genomic sequencing often exceeds the resources available for the project. in this study, we trial the bovine snp50 beadchip developed ...201222590559
serological evidence of besnoitia spp. infection in canadian wild ruminants and strong cross-reaction between besnoitia besnoiti and besnoitia tarandi.bovine besnoitiosis, caused by besnoitia besnoiti, is considered to be emergent in europe and responsible for severe economic losses due to the chronic and debilitating course of the disease but has not been reported in north america. besnoitia tarandi is a related species and it has been reported in reindeer and caribou from different locations of the arctic pole, including north america. diagnosis of clinical besnoitiosis is largely based on the recognition of dermal grossly visible tissue cys ...201222795672
susceptibility of cattle to the agent of chronic wasting disease from elk after intracranial inoculation.cattle could be exposed to the agent of chronic wasting disease (cwd) through contact with infected farmed or free-ranging cervids or exposure to contaminated premises. the purpose of the current study was to assess the potential for cwd derived from elk to transmit to cattle after intracranial inoculation. calves (n = 14) were inoculated with brain homogenate derived from elk with cwd to determine the potential for transmission and to define the clinicopathologic features of disease. cattle wer ...201222991389
experimental oral transmission of chronic wasting disease to reindeer (rangifer tarandus tarandus).chronic wasting disease (cwd), a transmissible spongiform encephalopathy of cervids, remains prevalent in north american elk, white-tailed deer and mule deer. a natural case of cwd in reindeer (rangifer tarandus tarandus) has not been reported despite potential habitat overlap with cwd-infected deer or elk herds. this study investigates the experimental transmission of cwd from elk or white-tailed deer to reindeer by the oral route of inoculation. ante-mortem testing of the three reindeer expose ...201222723928
historical overview of prion diseases: a view from afar.the transmissible spongiform encephalopathies (tses), or prion diseases, are a group of neurodegenerative disorders which include kuru, creutzfeldt-jakob disease (cjd), gerstmann-sträussler-scheinker (gss) syndrome, and fatal familial insomnia in men, natural scrapie in sheep, goats and mufflons, transmissible mink encephalopathy in ranch-reared mink, chronic wasting disease of mule deer and elk, bovine spongiform encephalopathy or "mad cow disease" and its analogues in several exotic species of ...201222505359
assessment of prospective preventive therapies for chronic wasting disease in mule deer.we compared prion infection rates among mule deer (odocoileus hemionus) receiving pentosan polysulfate, tannic acid, tetracycline hcl, or no treatment 14 days before to 14 days after (dpi) oral inoculation with tonsil tissue homogenate. all deer were infected, but the rapid disease course (230-603 dpi) suggested our challenge was overwhelming.201222493139
the role of genetics in chronic wasting disease of north american cervids.chronic wasting disease (cwd) is a major concern for the management of north american cervid populations. this fatal prion disease has led to declines in populations which have high cwd prevalence and areas with both high and low infection rates have experienced economic losses in wildlife recreation and fears of potential spill-over into livestock or humans. research from human and veterinary medicine has established that the prion protein gene (prnp) encodes the protein responsible for transmi ...201222460693
survival patterns in white-tailed and mule deer after oral inoculation with a standardized, conspecific prion dose.we orally inoculated white-tailed deer (odocoileus virginianus) and mule deer (odocoileus hemionus) with a standardized, conspecific prion dose and collected biologic samples throughout the disease course. mule deer (prnp genotype 225ss) and prnp genotype 96gg white-tailed deer succumbed along similar trajectories, but 96gs- and 96ss-genotype individuals tended to survive longer.201222493138
summer watering patterns of mule deer in the great basin desert, usa: implications of differential use by individuals and the sexes for management of water resources.changes in the abundance and distribution of free water can negatively influence wildlife in arid regions. free water is considered a limiting factor for mule deer (odocoileus hemionus) in the great basin desert. consequently, a better understanding of differential use of water by individuals and the sexes could influence the conservation and management of mule deer and water resources in their habitats. we deployed remote cameras at all known water sources (13 wildlife water developments and 4 ...201223125557
do regional modifications in tissue mineral content and microscopic mineralization heterogeneity adapt trabecular bone tracts for habitual bending? analysis in the context of trabecular architecture of deer calcanei.calcanei of mature mule deer have the largest mineral content (percent ash) difference between their dorsal 'compression' and plantar 'tension' cortices of any bone that has been studied. the opposing trabecular tracts, which are contiguous with the cortices, might also show important mineral content differences and microscopic mineralization heterogeneity (reflecting increased hemi-osteonal renewal) that optimize mechanical behaviors in tension vs. compression. support for these hypotheses coul ...201222220639
comparison of statistical population reconstruction using full and pooled adult age-class data.age-at-harvest data are among the most commonly collected, yet neglected, demographic data gathered by wildlife agencies. statistical population construction techniques can use this information to estimate the abundance of wild populations over wide geographic areas and concurrently estimate recruitment, harvest, and natural survival rates. although current reconstruction techniques use full age-class data (0.5, 1.5, 2.5, 3.5, … years), it is not always possible to determine an animal's age due ...201222470491
a piecewise linear modeling approach for testing competing theories of habitat selection: an example with mule deer in northern winter ranges.habitat selection fundamentally drives the distribution of organisms across landscapes; density-dependent habitat selection (ddhs) is considered a central component of ecological theories explaining habitat use and population regulation. a preponderance of ddhs theories is based on ideal distributions, such that organisms select habitat according to either the ideal free, despotic, or pre-emptive distributions. models that can be used to simultaneously test competing ddhs theories are desirable ...201323203509
the use of on-animal acoustical recording devices for studying animal behavior.audio recordings made from free-ranging animals can be used to investigate aspects of physiology, behavior, and ecology through acoustic signal processing. on-animal acoustical monitoring applications allow continuous remote data collection, and can serve to address questions across temporal and spatial scales. we report on the design of an inexpensive collar-mounted recording device and present data on the activity budget of wild mule deer (odocoileus hemionus) derived from these devices applie ...201323919149
migrating mule deer: effects of anthropogenically altered landscapes.migration is an adaptive strategy that enables animals to enhance resource availability and reduce risk of predation at a broad geographic scale. ungulate migrations generally occur along traditional routes, many of which have been disrupted by anthropogenic disturbances. spring migration in ungulates is of particular importance for conservation planning, because it is closely coupled with timing of parturition. the degree to which oil and gas development affects migratory patterns, and whether ...201323691246
risk-sensitive allocation in seasonal dynamics of fat and protein reserves in a long-lived mammal.body reserves of numerous taxa follow seasonal rhythms that are a function of temporal patterns in food availability and life-history events; however, tests of the theory underlying the allocation of somatic reserves for long-lived organisms are rare, especially for free-ranging mammals. we evaluated the hypothesis that allocation of somatic reserves to survival (i.e., metabolic processes) and reproduction should be sensitive to current nutritional state relative to seasonal thresholds in those ...201323379674
practical guidance on characterizing availability in resource selection functions under a use-availability design.habitat selection is a fundamental aspect of animal ecology, the understanding of which is critical to management and conservation. global positioning system data from animals allow fine-scale assessments of habitat selection and typically are analyzed in a use availability framework, whereby animal locations are contrasted with random locations (the availability sample). although most use-availability methods are in fact spatial point process models, they often are fit using logistic regression ...201323951705
fundamental frequency is key to response of female deer to juvenile distress calls.considerable attention is currently devoted to understanding acoustic mechanisms underlying animal responses to heterospecific vocalizations. a further complication ensues when the response of two species is asymmetrical. for example, white-tailed deer females approach a speaker only when it plays distress calls of conspecific fawns. mule deer females approach when hearing distress calls of either white-tailed deer or mule deer. we hypothesized that selective species such as white-tailed deer re ...201323022571
evaluating apparent competition in limiting the recovery of an endangered ungulate.predation can disproportionately affect endangered prey populations when generalist predators are numerically linked to more abundant primary prey. apparent competition, the term for this phenomenon, has been increasingly implicated in the declines of endangered prey populations. we examined the potential for apparent competition to limit the recovery of sierra nevada bighorn sheep (ovis canadensis sierrae), an endangered subspecies under the us endangered species act. using a combination of loc ...201322791131
serosurvey for antibody to deerpox virus in five cervid species in oregon, usa.five cervid species in oregon, usa were tested with a serum neutralization assay for antibody to deerpox virus (dpv). none of the 50 elk (cervus elaphus ssp. roosevelti and nelsonii) had detectable antibody. prevalence of antibody to dpv in the remaining species was: 52% (n=55) in black-tailed deer (odocoileus hemionus columbianus), 32% (n= 59) in mule deer (o. hemionus hemionus), and 36% (n=50) in columbian white-tailed deer (o. virginianus leucurus), with an overall antibody prevalence of 40.2 ...201323307387
isolation and characterization of a cervidpoxvirus from a goitered gazelle (gazella subgutturosa) from a zoologic park in minnesota.deerpox virus (dpv) is the sole member of the newly ratified cervidpoxvirus genus in the subfamily chordopoxvirinae. presented here is the first diagnostic report of isolation of dpv from a goitered gazelle (gazella subgutturosa). a tissue homogenate was submitted by a zoologic park to the minnesota veterinary diagnostic laboratory at the university of minnesota for poxvirus diagnostic investigation and then referred to plum island foreign animal disease diagnostic laboratory for confirmation. p ...201324063086
immunization with a synthetic peptide vaccine fails to protect mule deer (odocoileus hemionus) from chronic wasting disease.chronic wasting disease (cwd) adversely affects both wild and captive cervid populations. a vaccine to prevent cwd would be a highly desirable tool to aid in disease management. to this end, we tested in mule deer a combination of cwd vaccines consisting of cervid prion peptide sequences 168-vdqynnqntfvhdc-182 and 145-ndyedryyrenmyrypnq-164 that had previously been shown to delay onset of clinical disease and increase survival in a mouse-adapted scrapie model. thirteen captive mule deer (odocoil ...201323778624
chronic wasting disease in bank voles: characterisation of the shortest incubation time model for prion diseases.in order to assess the susceptibility of bank voles to chronic wasting disease (cwd), we inoculated voles carrying isoleucine or methionine at codon 109 (bv109i and bv109m, respectively) with cwd isolates from elk, mule deer and white-tailed deer. efficient transmission rate (100%) was observed with mean survival times ranging from 156 to 281 days post inoculation. subsequent passages in bv109i allowed us to isolate from all cwd sources the same vole-adapted cwd strain (bv(109i)cwd), typified by ...201323505374
first serosurvey of besnoitia spp. infection in wild european ruminants in spain.besnoitia besnoiti has been reported to affect cattle, wildebeest, kudu and impala, and b. tarandi other wild ruminants (caribou, reindeer, mule deer and musk ox), causing similar characteristic clinical signs and lesions. however, both besnoitia species have been reported in different geographical areas and the link between the sylvatic and domestic life cycles of besnoita spp. in wild ruminants and cattle remains unknown. the aim of this study was to evaluate the presence of specific antibodie ...201323790546
surveillance for echinococcus canadensis genotypes in canadian ungulates.the geographic and host distribution, prevalence and genotypes of echinococcus canadensis in wild ungulates in canada are described to better understand the significance for wildlife and public health. we observed e. canadensis in 10.5% (11/105) of wild elk (wapiti; cervus canadensis) in riding mountain national park, manitoba, examined at necropsy, over two consecutive years (2010-2011). molecular characterization of hydatid cyst material from these elk, as well as three other intermediate wild ...201324533321
merogonic stages of theileria cervi in mule deer (odocoileus hemionus).in february 2012, 12 farmed mule deer (odocoileus hemionus) were moved from a facility in southwestern oklahoma to a facility in southeastern oklahoma that housed 100 farmed white-tailed deer (odocoileus virginianus). between the third and fifth weeks, 9 of the 12 mule deer had died, 4 of which were submitted for necropsy. the deer were heavily infested with amblyomma americanum (lone star ticks). hematologic data from 1 deer revealed severe anemia, leukocytosis, and intraerythrocytic hemoparasi ...201324029405
molecular characterization of trypanosoma (megatrypanum) spp. infecting cattle (bos taurus), white-tailed deer (odocoileus virginianus), and elk (cervus elaphus canadensis) in the united states.in the united states, the generally non-pathogenic trypanosome of cattle is designated trypanosoma (megatrypanum) theileri and is distinguished morphologically from trypanosoma (m.) cervi, a trypanosome originally described in mule deer and elk. phylogenetic studies of the megatrypanum trypanosomes using various molecular markers reveal two lineages, designated tthi and tthii, with several genotypes within each. however, to date there is very limited genetic data for t. theileri, and none for th ...201323683651
seasonal foraging ecology of non-migratory cougars in a system with migrating prey.we tested for seasonal differences in cougar (puma concolor) foraging behaviors in the southern yellowstone ecosystem, a multi-prey system in which ungulate prey migrate, and cougars do not. we recorded 411 winter prey and 239 summer prey killed by 28 female and 10 male cougars, and an additional 37 prey items by unmarked cougars. deer composed 42.4% of summer cougar diets but only 7.2% of winter diets. males and females, however, selected different proportions of different prey; male cougars se ...201324349498
high elaeophorosis prevalence among harvested colorado moose.infection with elaeophora schneideri, a filarial parasite, occurs commonly in mule deer (odocoileus hemionus) and elk (cervus elaphus nelsoni), but seemingly less so in moose (alces alces). of 109 carotid artery samples from moose harvested throughout colorado, usa, in 2007, 14 (13%; 95% binomial confidence interval [bci]=7-21%) showed gross and 91 (83%; 95% bci=75-90%) showed histologic evidence of elaeophorosis. although neither blindness nor other clinical signs associated with elaeophorosis ...201323778618
disentangling herbivore impacts on populus tremuloides: a comparison of native ungulates and cattle in canada's aspen parkland.ungulates impact woody species' growth and abundance but little is understood about the comparative impacts of different ungulate species on forest expansion in savanna environments. replacement of native herbivore guilds with livestock [i.e., beef cattle (bos taurus)] has been hypothesized as a factor facilitating trembling aspen (populus tremuloides michx.) encroachment into grasslands of the northern great plains. we used a controlled herbivory study in the parklands of western canada to comp ...201323649757
how do amino acid substitutions affect the amyloidogenic properties and seeding efficiency of prion peptides.the amino acid sequences in the amyloidogenic region (amino acids 108-144) of several mammalian prion proteins were compared and variations were found to occur at residues 109 (m or l), 112 (m or v), 129 (m, v, or l), 135 (n or s), 138 (m, l, or i), 139 (m or i), and 143 (n or s). using the bovine prp peptide (residues 108-144 based on the numbering of the human prion protein sequence) as a control peptide, several peptides with one amino acid differing from that of the bovine prp peptide at res ...201323736988
wild ungulates as disseminators of shiga toxin-producing escherichia coli in urban areas.in 2008, children playing on a soccer field in colorado were sickened with a strain of shiga toxin-producing escherichia coli (stec) o157:h7, which was ultimately linked to feces from wild rocky mountain elk. we addressed whether wild cervids were a potential source of stec infections in humans and whether stec was ubiquitous throughout wild cervid populations in colorado.201324349083
long-lasting effects of maternal condition in free-ranging cervids.causes of phenotypic variation are fundamental to evolutionary ecology because they influence the traits acted upon by natural selection. one such cause of phenotypic variation is a maternal effect, which is the influence of the environment experienced by a female (and her corresponding phenotype) on the phenotype of her offspring (independent of the offspring's genotype). while maternal effects are well documented, the longevity and fitness impact of these effects remains unclear because it is ...201323472189
detection of chronic wasting disease in the lymph nodes of free-ranging cervids by real-time quaking-induced conversion.chronic wasting disease (cwd), a transmissible spongiform encephalopathy of deer, elk, and moose, is the only prion disease affecting free-ranging animals. since the disease was first identified in northern colorado and southern wyoming in 1967, new epidemic foci of the disease have been identified in 20 additional states, as well as two canadian provinces and the republic of south korea. identification of cwd-affected animals currently requires postmortem analysis of brain or lymphoid tissues u ...201424958799
"atypical" chronic wasting disease in prnp genotype 225ff mule deer.we compared mule deer (odocoileus hemionus) of two different prnp genotypes (225ss, 225ff) for susceptibility to chronic wasting disease (cwd) in the face of environmental exposure to infectivity. all three 225ss deer had immunohistochemistry (ihc)-positive tonsil biopsies by 710 days postexposure (dpe), developed classic clinical signs by 723-1,200 dpe, and showed gross and microscopic pathology, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (elisa) results, and ihc staining typical of prion disease in mul ...201424807352
mineral licks: motivational factors for visitation and accompanying disease risk at communal use sites of elk and deer.free-ranging cervids acquire most of their essential minerals through forage consumption, though occasionally seek other sources to account for seasonal mineral deficiencies. mineral sources occur as natural geological deposits (i.e., licks) or as anthropogenic mineral supplements. in both scenarios, these sources commonly serve as focal sites for visitation. we monitored 11 licks in rocky mountain national park, north-central colorado, using trail cameras to quantify daily visitation indices (d ...201424711146
homogenization, sex, and differential motility predict spread of chronic wasting disease in mule deer in southern utah.chronic wasting disease (cwd) is an infectious prion disease that affects mule deer, along with other cervids. it is a slow-developing, fatal disease which is rare in the free-ranging deer population of utah. we present a sex-structured, spatial model for the spread of cwd over heterogeneous landscapes, incorporating both horizontal and environmental transmission pathways. to connect the local movement of deer to the regional spread of cwd, we use ecological diffusion with motility coefficients ...201423846241
trophic facilitation or limitation? comparative effects of pumas and black bears on the scavenger community.scavenging is a widespread behaviour and an important process influencing food webs and ecological communities. large carnivores facilitate the movement of energy across trophic levels through the scavenging and decomposition of their killed prey, but competition with large carnivores is also likely to constrain acquisition of carrion by scavengers. we used an experimental approach based on motion-triggered video cameras at black-tailed deer (odocoileus hemionus columbianus) carcasses to measure ...201425010629
functional analysis of normalized difference vegetation index curves reveals overwinter mule deer survival is driven by both spring and autumn phenology.large herbivore populations respond strongly to remotely sensed measures of primary productivity. whereas most studies in seasonal environments have focused on the effects of spring plant phenology on juvenile survival, recent studies demonstrated that autumn nutrition also plays a crucial role. we tested for both direct and indirect (through body mass) effects of spring and autumn phenology on winter survival of 2315 mule deer fawns across a wide range of environmental conditions in idaho, usa. ...201424733951
re-evaluating neonatal-age models for ungulates: does model choice affect survival estimates?new-hoof growth is regarded as the most reliable metric for predicting age of newborn ungulates, but variation in estimated age among hoof-growth equations that have been developed may affect estimates of survival in staggered-entry models. we used known-age newborns to evaluate variation in age estimates among existing hoof-growth equations and to determine the consequences of that variation on survival estimates. during 2001-2009, we captured and radiocollared 174 newborn (≤24-hrs old) ungulat ...201425264612
deer mothers are sensitive to infant distress vocalizations of diverse mammalian species.acoustic structure, behavioral context, and caregiver responses to infant distress vocalizations (cries) are similar across mammals, including humans. are these similarities enough for animals to respond to distress vocalizations of taxonomically and ecologically distant species? we show that mule deer (odocoileus hemionus) and white-tailed deer (odocoileus virginianus) mothers approach a speaker playing distress vocalizations of infant marmots (marmota flaviventris), seals (neophoca cinerea and ...201425226186
effect of varying dietary starch and fiber levels and inoculum source (mule deer vs. dairy cow) on simulated rumen fermentation characteristics.this study measured starch and fiber digestion and microbial fermentation of three commercial exotic animal feeds using mule deer (md) or dairy cow (dc) rumen inoculum. diets were formulated to provide either high starch/low fiber (based on neutral detergent fiber fraction; ndf) with either alfalfa (diet a) or grain and oilseed byproducts (diet b) as the major fiber sources or low starch/high ndf (diet c). an initial batch culture incubation was run with diets inoculated with each rumen inoculum ...201424395284
accounting for individual behavioural variation in studies of habitat selection.a caribou wearing an animal-borne video camera (a) and animal-borne video footage taken from systems deployed on mule deer (odocoileus hemionus) in north-central washington state, usa (b-d). when paired with tracking technology, animal-borne video can reveal detailed information about behaviour and environmental features at each location: (b) feeding, (c) vigilant in the open, (d) vigilant in cover, (e) resting in the open. accordingly, animal-borne video systems should allow for analyses of hab ...201424428597
range-wide analysis of genetic structure in a widespread, highly mobile species (odocoileus hemionus) reveals the importance of historical biogeography.highly mobile species that thrive in a wide range of habitats are expected to show little genetic differentiation across their range. a limited but growing number of studies have revealed that patterns of broad-scale genetic differentiation can and do emerge in vagile, continuously distributed species. however, these patterns are complex and often shaped by both historical and ecological factors. comprehensive surveys of genetic variation at a broad scale and at high resolution are useful for de ...201424863151
herbivore body condition response in altered environments: mule deer and habitat management.the relationships between habitat, body condition, life history characteristics, and fitness components of ungulates are interwoven and of interest to researchers as they strive to understand the impacts of a changing environment. with the increased availability of portable ultrasound machines and the refinement of hormonal assays, assessment of ungulate body condition has become an accessible monitoring strategy. we employed body condition scoring, estimation of % ingesta-free body fat (%ifbf), ...201425184410
recommended survey designs for occupancy modelling using motion-activated cameras: insights from empirical wildlife data.motion-activated cameras are a versatile tool that wildlife biologists can use for sampling wild animal populations to estimate species occurrence. occupancy modelling provides a flexible framework for the analysis of these data; explicitly recognizing that given a species occupies an area the probability of detecting it is often less than one. despite the number of studies using camera data in an occupancy framework, there is only limited guidance from the scientific literature about survey des ...201425210658
fine-scale genetic correlates to condition and migration in a wild cervid.the relationship between genetic variation and phenotypic traits is fundamental to the study and management of natural populations. such relationships often are investigated by assessing correlations between phenotypic traits and heterozygosity or genetic differentiation. using an extensive data set compiled from free-ranging mule deer (odocoileus hemionus), we combined genetic and ecological data to (i) examine correlations between genetic differentiation and migration timing, (ii) screen for m ...201425469172
coyotes, deer, and wildflowers: diverse evidence points to a trophic cascade.spatial gradients in human activity, coyote activity, deer activity, and deer herbivory provide an unusual type of evidence for a trophic cascade. activity of coyotes, which eat young mule deer (fawns), decreased with proximity to a remote biological field station, indicating that these predators avoided an area of high human activity. in contrast, activity of adult female deer (does) and intensity of herbivory on palatable plant species both increased with proximity to the station and were posi ...201424728614
histocompositional organization and toughening mechanisms in antler.mechanical testing studies by krauss et al. (2009) and gupta et al. (2013) suggest that the extraordinary toughness of antler bone is primarily achieved by intrinsic/nanostructural mechanisms instead of extrinsic/microstructural mechanisms. however, this conclusion is based on data from extremely small specimens from one antler loaded only in tension, which impedes discernment of the relative importance of intrinsic vs. extrinsic mechanisms. in the present study we conducted analyses into the mi ...201424981169
behavioral traits and airport type affect mammal incidents with u.s. civil aircraft.wildlife incidents with aircraft cost the united states (u.s.) civil aviation industry >us$1.4 billion in estimated damages and loss of revenue from 1990 to 2009. although terrestrial mammals represented only 2.3 % of wildlife incidents, damage to aircraft occurred in 59 % of mammal incidents. we examined mammal incidents (excluding bats) at all airports in the federal aviation administration (faa) national wildlife strike database from 1990 to 2010 to characterize these incidents by airport typ ...201425082299
comparison of trace mineral concentrations in tail hair, body hair, blood, and liver of mule deer (odocoileus hemionus) in california.measuring trace mineral concentrations can be an important component of assessing the health of free-ranging deer. trace mineral concentrations in liver most accurately reflect the trace mineral status of an individual, but, in live animals, whole blood or serum are the most commonly used sample types. trace minerals measured in serum, such as copper, zinc, and iron, do not always accurately correlate to liver concentrations, and supplementary samples for evaluating the trace mineral status in l ...201525862714
asynchronous vegetation phenology enhances winter body condition of a large mobile herbivore.understanding how spatial and temporal heterogeneity influence ecological processes forms a central challenge in ecology. individual responses to heterogeneity shape population dynamics, therefore understanding these responses is central to sustainable population management. emerging evidence has shown that herbivores track heterogeneity in nutritional quality of vegetation by responding to phenological differences in plants. we quantified the benefits mule deer (odocoileus hemionus) accrue from ...201526009244
induction and characterization of a replication competent cervid endogenous gammaretrovirus (crerv) from mule deer cells.endogenous retroviruses (ervs) were acquired during evolution of their host organisms after infection and mendelian inheritance in the germline by their exogenous counterparts. the ervs can spread in the host genome and in some cases they affect the host phenotype. the cervid endogenous gammaretrovirus (crerv) is one of only a few well-defined examples of evolutionarily recent invasion of mammalian genome by retroviruses. thousands of insertionally polymorphic crerv integration sites have been d ...201526218214
quantifying spatial habitat loss from hydrocarbon development through assessing habitat selection patterns of mule deer.extraction of oil and natural gas (hydrocarbons) from shale is increasing rapidly in north america, with documented impacts to native species and ecosystems. with shale oil and gas resources on nearly every continent, this development is set to become a major driver of global land-use change. it is increasingly critical to quantify spatial habitat loss driven by this development to implement effective mitigation strategies and develop habitat offsets. habitat selection is a fundamental ecologica ...201526264447
the effects of urbanization on population density, occupancy, and detection probability of wild felids.urbanization is a primary driver of landscape conversion, with far-reaching effects on landscape pattern and process, particularly related to the population characteristics of animals. urbanization can alter animal movement and habitat quality, both of which can influence population abundance and persistence. we evaluated three important population characteristics (population density, site occupancy, and species detection probability) of a medium-sized and a large carnivore across varying levels ...201526591454
sarcocystis mehlhorni, n. sp. (apicomplexa: sarcocystidae) from the black-tailed deer (odocoileus hemionus columbianus).infection with sarcocystis is common in many species of wild cervids but none is reported from the black-tailed deer (odocoileus hemionus columbianus). here, we report sarcocystis infection in two black-tailed deer from northwest usa for the first time. sarcocysts were microscopic, up to 556 μm long and mature. the sarcocyst wall was up to 1.39 μm thick and had rectangular 1.17-μm-long villar protrusions, type 17, with thin (230 nm) electron dense ground substance layer. molecular characterizati ...201526346449
weather conditions associated with autumn migration by mule deer in wyoming.maintaining ecological integrity necessitates a proactive approach of identifying and acquiring lands to conserve unfragmented landscapes, as well as evaluating existing mitigation strategies to increase connectivity in fragmented landscapes. the increased use of highway underpasses and overpasses to restore connectivity for wildlife species offers clear conservation benefits, yet also presents a unique opportunity to understand how weather conditions may impact movement of wildlife species. we ...201526137426
weather and prey predict mammals' visitation to water.throughout many arid lands of africa, australia and the united states, wildlife agencies provide water year-round for increasing game populations and enhancing biodiversity, despite concerns that water provisioning may favor species more dependent on water, increase predation, and reduce biodiversity. in part, understanding the effects of water provisioning requires identifying why and when animals visit water. employing this information, by matching water provisioning with use by target species ...201526560518
antipredator strategy of female goitered gazelles (gazella subgutturosa guld., 1780) with hiding fawn.in ungulates, predation is often a major cause of infant mortality and likely plays an important role in shaping maternal care strategies that favor progeny survival. the anti-predator strategies of ungulates can be broadly categorized into two groups, hiding infants and following infants. we studied the maternal behavioral strategies of goitered gazelle, which is a typical representative of a hiding species. we found that shortly after birth, goitered gazelle mothers (1) stayed at the greatest ...201526232263
an expanding population of the giant liver fluke (fascioloides magna) in elk (cervus canadensis) and other ungulates in canada.giant liver fluke (fascioloides magna) populations readily expand under suitable conditions. although extirpated from the eastern slopes of the canadian rocky mountains in the early 1960s, the fluke reappeared following natural spread through mountain passes from british columbia. herein, we assessed epizootiology of the fluke population two decades later. between 1984 and 1991, 534 ungulates, including 381 elk (cervus canadensis), 68 mule deer (odocoileus hemionus hemionus), 54 white-tailed dee ...201525647594
testicular lesions and antler abnormalities in colorado, usa mule deer (odocoileus hemionus): a possible role for epizootic hemorrhagic disease virus.antler abnormalities of deer and other cervids often result from testicular lesions and decreased levels of testosterone, inhibiting normal cycles of antler growth. affected males have antlers with retained velvet, numerous short, misshapen points ("cactus bucks"), and failure to shed these abnormal antlers annually. in colorado, us, we observed a high occurrence of "cactus bucks" in mule deer (odocoileus hemionus) populations after management efforts to increase the number of mature male deer i ...201525375947
bayesian modeling of prion disease dynamics in mule deer using population monitoring and capture-recapture data.epidemics of chronic wasting disease (cwd) of north american cervidae have potential to harm ecosystems and economies. we studied a migratory population of mule deer (odocoileus hemionus) affected by cwd for at least three decades using a bayesian framework to integrate matrix population and disease models with long-term monitoring data and detailed process-level studies. we hypothesized cwd prevalence would be stable or increase between two observation periods during the late 1990s and after 20 ...201526509806
age and repeated biopsy influence antemortem prp(cwd) testing in mule deer (odocoileus hemionus) in colorado, usa.biopsy of rectal mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue provides a useful, but imperfect, live-animal test for chronic wasting disease (cwd) in mule deer (odocoileus hemionus). it is difficult and expensive to complete these tests on free-ranging animals, and wildlife health managers will benefit from methods that can accommodate test results of varying quality. to this end, we developed a hierarchical bayesian model to estimate the probability that an individual is infected based on test results. ou ...201526251986
chronic wasting disease of cervids: current knowledge and future perspectives.a naturally occurring transmissible spongiform encephalopathy (tse) of mule deer was first reported in colorado and wyoming in 1967 and has since spread to other members of the cervid family in 22 states, 2 canadian provinces, and the republic of korea. chronic wasting disease (cwd), caused by exposure to an abnormally folded isoform of the cellular prion protein, is characterized by progressive neurological disease in susceptible natural and experimental hosts and is ultimately fatal. cwd is th ...201525387112
serologic, trace element, and fecal parasite survey of free-ranging, female mule deer (odocoileus hemionus) in eastern washington, usa.blood and fecal samples collected from 97 free-ranging mule deer (odocoileus hemionus), from four distinct herds during the spring of 2000 or 2001 in eastern washington, us, were tested for exposure to selected pathogens, concentrations of trace elements, and presence of parasites in feces. antibodies were detected to the following: leptospira interrogans serovar bratislava (4%), leptospira interrogans serovar canicola (1%), leptospira interrogans serovar grippotyphosa (13%), bovine viral diarrh ...201525380366
evidence of bovine viral diarrhea virus infection in three species of sympatric wild ungulates in nevada: life history strategies may maintain endemic infections in wild populations.evidence for bovine viral diarrhea virus (bvdv) infection was detected in 2009-2010 while investigating a pneumonia die-off in rocky mountain bighorn sheep (ovis canadensis, canadensis), and sympatric mountain goats (oreamnos americanum) in adjacent mountain ranges in elko county, nevada. seroprevalence to bvdv-1 was 81% (n = 32) in the bighorns and 100% (n = 3) in the mountain goats. serosurveillance from 2011 to 2015 of surviving bighorns and mountain goats as well as sympatric mule deer (odoc ...201627014215
diversity of rickettsial pathogens in columbian black-tailed deer and their associated keds (diptera: hippoboscidae) and ticks (acari: ixodidae).cervids host multiple species of ixodid ticks, other ectoparasites, and a variety of rickettsiae. however, diagnostic test cross-reactivity has precluded understanding the specific role of deer in rickettsial ecology. in our survey of 128 columbian black-tailed deer (odocoileus hemionus columbianus (richardson)) and their arthropod parasites from two northern californian herds, combined with reports from the literature, we identified four distinct anaplasma spp. and one ehrlichia species. two ke ...201627232123
persistent bovine viral diarrhea virus infection in domestic and wild small ruminants and camelids including the mountain goat (oreamnos americanus).bovine viral diarrhea virus (bvdv) is a pestivirus best known for causing a variety of disease syndromes in cattle, including gastrointestinal disease, reproductive insufficiency, immunosuppression, mucosal disease, and hemorrhagic syndrome. the virus can be spread by transiently infected individuals and by persistently infected animals that may be asymptomatic while shedding large amounts of virus throughout their lifetime. bvdv has been reported in over 40 domestic and free-ranging species, an ...201626779126
horizontal transmission of chronic wasting disease in reindeer.we challenged reindeer by the intracranial route with the agent of chronic wasting disease sourced from white-tailed deer, mule deer, or elk and tested for horizontal transmission to naive reindeer. reindeer were susceptible to chronic wasting disease regardless of source species. horizontal transmission occurred through direct contact or indirectly through the environment.201627869594
Refresh
firstprev
123456
nextlast
Displaying items 401 - 500 of 595