Publications

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efficacy of agnique (mmf) monomolecular surface film against immature stages of anopheles arabiensis patton and culex spp (diptera: culicidae) in khartoum, sudan.the efficacy of the larvicidal and pupicidal agent (agnique) mmf was evaluated against larvae of an. arabiensis and culex (diptera: culicidae) under field conditions in bahary locality, khartoum, sudan. at an applied dosage of 0.25 ml/m2, mmf resulted in 89.4, 79.8 and 88.2% reductions in l3-l4 instars an. arabiensis and 63.5% in culex larvae (all stages) 24 to 72 hours post-treatment. pupae were completely eliminated (100%) within 24 hours posttreatment. the earlier instars (l1-l2) of an. arabi ...200818564706
a 15n stable isotope semen label to detect mating in the malaria mosquito anopheles arabiensis patton.abstract: in previous studies it was determined that the stable isotope 13-carbon can be used as a semen label to detect mating events in the malaria mosquito anopheles arabiensis. in this paper we describe the use of an additional stable isotope, 15-nitrogen (15n), for that same purpose. both stable isotopes can be analysed simultaneously in a mass spectrometer, offering the possibility to detect both labels in one sample in order to study complex and difficult-to-detect mating events, such as ...200818593472
recent reduction in the water level of lake victoria has created more habitats for anopheles funestus.the water level of lake victoria has fallen more than 1.5 m since 1998, revealing a narrow strip of land along the shore. this study determined whether the recent drop in the water level has created additional breeding grounds for malaria vectors.200818598355
population structure of the malaria vector anopheles moucheti in the equatorial forest region of africa.anopheles moucheti is a major malaria vector in forested areas of africa. however, despite its important epidemiological role, it remains poorly known and insufficiently studied. here, levels of genetic differentiation were estimated between different a. moucheti populations sampled throughout its distribution range in central africa.200818601716
competency of anopheles stephensi mysorensis strain for plasmodium vivax and the role of inhibitory carbohydrates to block its sporogonic cycle.despite the abundance of studies conducted on the role of mosquitoes in malaria transmission, the biology and interaction of plasmodium with its insect host still holds many mysteries. this paper provides the first study to follow the sporogonic cycle of plasmodium vivax in a wild insecticide-resistant mysorensis strain of anopheles stephensi, a major vector of vivax malaria in south-eastern iran. the study subsequently demonstrates that host-parasite sugar binding interactions are critical to t ...200818627630
the effect of water turbidity on the near-surface water temperature of larval habitats of the malaria mosquito anopheles gambiae.water temperature is an important determinant in many aquatic biological processes, including the growth and development of malaria mosquito (anopheles arabiensis and a. gambiae) immatures. water turbidity affects water temperature, as suspended particles in a water column absorb and scatter sunlight and hence determine the extinction of solar radiation. to get a better understanding of the relationship between water turbidity and water temperature, a series of semi-natural larval habitats (diam ...200818633650
topi, an is630/tc1/mariner-type transposable element in the african malaria mosquito, anopheles gambiae.is630/tc1/mariner elements are diverse and widespread within insects. the african malaria mosquito, anopheles gambiae, contains over 30 families of is630/tc1/mariner elements although few have been studied in any detail. to examine the history of topi elements in an. gambiae populations, topi elements (n=73) were sampled from five distinct populations of an. gambiae from eastern and western africa and evaluated with respect to copy number, nucleotide diversity and insertion site-occupancy freque ...200818634859
the molecular forms of anopheles gambiae: a phenotypic perspective.the african malaria mosquito anopheles gambiae is undergoing speciation, being split into the m and s molecular forms. speciation is the main process promoting biological diversity, thus, new vector species might complicate disease transmission. genetic differentiation between the molecular forms has been extensively studied, but phenotypic differences between them, the evolutionary forces that generated divergence, and the mechanisms that maintain their genetic isolation have only recently been ...200818640289
dynamics of transmission of plasmodium falciparum by anopheles arabiensis and the molecular forms m and s of anopheles gambiae in dielmo, senegal.the adaptation of anopheles gambiae to humans and its environment involves an ongoing speciation process that can be best demonstrated by the existence of various chromosomal forms adapted to different environments and of two molecular forms known as incipient taxonomic units.200818651944
efficacy of local neem extracts for sustainable malaria vector control in an african village.larval control of malaria vectors has been historically successful in reducing malaria transmission, but largely fell out of favour with the introduction of synthetic insecticides and bed nets. however, an integrated approach to malaria control, including larval control methods, continues to be the best chance for success, in view of insecticide resistance, the behavioural adaptation of the vectors to changing environments and the difficulties of reaching the poorest populations most at risk. la ...200818651964
impact of urban agriculture on malaria vectors in accra, ghana.to investigate the impact of urban agriculture on malaria transmission risk in urban accra larval and adult stage mosquito surveys, were performed. local transmission was implicated as anopheles spp. were found breeding and infected anopheles mosquitoes were found resting in houses in the study sites. the predominant anopheles species was anopheles gambiae s.s.. the relative proportion of molecular forms within a subset of specimens was 86% s-form and 14% m-form. anopheles spp. and culex quinque ...200818680565
cluster of falciparum malaria cases in uk airport.a cluster of 6 cases of plasmodium falciparum malaria occurred in a uk airport among 30 travelers returning to the united states from east africa. molecular genotyping analysis indicated that all had been exposed to different parasites. the travelers' use of chemoprophylaxis was poor; their perception of risk was limited.200818680657
ethnobotanical study of some of mosquito repellent plants in north-eastern tanzania.the use of plant repellents against nuisance biting insects is common and its potential for malaria vector control requires evaluation in areas with different level of malaria endemicity. the essential oils of ocimum suave and ocimum kilimandscharicum were evaluated against malaria vectors in north-eastern tanzania.200818687119
environmental factors associated with the distribution of anopheles arabiensis and culex quinquefasciatus in a rice agro-ecosystem in mwea, kenya.studies were conducted between may and june, 2006 to investigate the environmental factors affecting the distribution of an. arabiensis patton and culex quinquefasciatus say in mwea, kenya. the sampling unit comprised all non-paddy aquatic habitats and ten randomly selected paddies and canals located within a 200 m radius from the periphery of the study site. thirteen physico-chemical variables were recorded for each sampling site in each sampling occasion and a sample of mosquito larvae and oth ...200818697307
abundance of immature anopheles and culicines (diptera: culicidae) in different water body types in the urban environment of malindi, kenya.in this study we 1) describe the abundance of anopheles and culicine immatures in different water body types in urban malindi, kenya, 2) compare anopheles immature density in relation to culicine immature density, and 3) identify characteristics that influence the likelihood of water bodies being co-colonized by anopheles and culicines. entomological and environmental cross-sectional surveys conducted in 2001 and 2002 were used in the analysis. a total of 889 anopheles and 7,217 culicine immatur ...200818697313
contribution of different aquatic habitats to adult anopheles arabiensis and culex quinquefasciatus (diptera: culicidae) production in a rice agroecosystem in mwea, kenya.studies were conducted to determine the contribution of diverse larval habitats to adult anopheles arabiensis patton and culex quinquefasciatus say production in a rice land agro-ecosystem in mwea, kenya. two sizes of cages were placed in different habitat types to investigate the influence of non-mosquito invertebrates on larval mortalities and the contribution of each habitat type to mosquito productivities, respectively. these emergence traps had fine netting material covers to prevent adult ...200818697315
dry season ecology of anopheles gambiae complex mosquitoes in the gambia.malaria in the gambia is highly seasonal, with transmission occurring as anopheles gambiae s.l. populations expand during and immediately after a single annual rainy season that lasts from june to october. there has been very limited investigation of the ecology of vectors during the dry season, when numbers are very limited and distributions may be restricted.200818710559
mating competitiveness of male anopheles arabiensis mosquitoes irradiated with a partially or fully sterilizing dose in small and large laboratory cages.male mating competitiveness is a crucial parameter in many genetic control programs including the sterile insect technique (sit). we evaluated competitiveness of male anopheles arabiensis patton as a function of three experimental variables: (1) small or large cages for mating, (2) the effects of either a partially sterilizing (70 gy) or fully sterilizing (120 gy) dose, and (3) pupal or adult irradiation. irradiated males competed for females with an equal number of unirradiated males. competiti ...200818714870
establishment of a large semi-field system for experimental study of african malaria vector ecology and control in tanzania.medical entomologists increasingly recognize that the ability to make inferences between laboratory experiments of vector biology and epidemiological trends observed in the field is hindered by a conceptual and methodological gap occurring between these approaches which prevents hypothesis-driven empirical research from being conducted on relatively large and environmentally realistic scales. the development of semi-field systems (sfs) has been proposed as the best mechanism for bridging this ga ...200818715508
spatial prediction of plasmodium falciparum prevalence in somalia.maps of malaria distribution are vital for optimal allocation of resources for anti-malarial activities. there is a lack of reliable contemporary malaria maps in endemic countries in sub-saharan africa. this problem is particularly acute in low malaria transmission countries such as those located in the horn of africa.200818717998
insertion polymorphisms of sine200 retrotransposons within speciation islands of anopheles gambiae molecular forms.sines (short interspersed elements) are homoplasy-free and co-dominant genetic markers which are considered to represent useful tools for population genetic studies, and could help clarifying the speciation processes ongoing within the major malaria vector in africa, anopheles gambiae s.s. here, we report the results of the analysis of the insertion polymorphism of a nearly 200 bp-long sine (sine200) within genome areas of high differentiation (i.e. "speciation islands") of m and s a. gambiae mo ...200818724871
shifting patterns: malaria dynamics and rainfall variability in an african highland.the long-term patterns of malaria in the east african highlands typically involve not only a general upward trend in cases but also a dramatic increase in the size of epidemic outbreaks. the role of climate variability in driving epidemic cycles at interannual time scales remains controversial, in part because it has been seen as conflicting with the alternative explanation of purely endogenous cycles exclusively generated by the nonlinear dynamics of the disease. we analyse a long temporal reco ...200817999952
heavy metals in mosquito larval habitats in urban kisumu and malindi, kenya, and their impact.concentrations and distribution of cadmium, chromium, copper, iron, lead, manganese and zinc in mosquito larval habitats in urban kisumu and malindi, kenya and their effect on the presence of anopheles gambiae, aedes aegypti, culex quinquefasciatus and anopheles funestus larvae were investigated. manganese and iron were the most prevalent heavy metals in water of larval habitats in urban kisumu and malindi, respectively. iron was the most prevalent heavy metal in bottom sediments in larval habit ...200817532467
dynamics of insecticide resistance in the malaria vector anopheles gambiae s.l. from an area of extensive cotton cultivation in northern cameroon.to explore temporal variation in insecticide susceptibility of anopheles gambiae s.l. populations to the four chemical groups of insecticides used in public health and agriculture, in close match with the large-scale cotton spraying programme implemented in the cotton-growing area of north cameroon.200818248566
effect of rice cultivation on malaria transmission in central kenya.a 12-month field study was conducted between april 2004 and march 2005 to determine the association between irrigated rice cultivation and malaria transmission in mwea, kenya. adult mosquitoes were collected indoors twice per month in three villages representing non-irrigated, planned, and unplanned rice agro-ecosystems and screened for blood meal sources and plasmodium falciparum circumsporozoite proteins. anopheles arabiensis patton and an. funestus giles comprised 98.0% and 1.9%, respectively ...200818256428
expression of the cytochrome p450s, cyp6p3 and cyp6m2 are significantly elevated in multiple pyrethroid resistant populations of anopheles gambiae s.s. from southern benin and nigeria.insecticide resistance in anopheles mosquitoes is threatening the success of malaria control programmes. this is particularly true in benin where pyrethroid resistance has been linked to the failure of insecticide treated bed nets. the role of mutations in the insecticide target sites in conferring resistance has been clearly established. in this study, the contribution of other potential resistance mechanisms was investigated in anopheles gambiae s.s. from a number of localities in southern ben ...200819014539
pyrethroid resistance in the major malaria vector anopheles arabiensis from gwave, a malaria-endemic area in zimbabwe.insecticide resistance can present a major obstacle to malaria control programmes. following the recent detection of ddt resistance in anopheles arabiensis in gokwe, zimbabwe, the underlying resistance mechanisms in this population were studied.200819038063
increased endophily by the malaria vector anopheles arabiensis in southern zambia and identification of digested blood meals.an increase in anopheles arabiensis showing endophilic behavior was observed in macha, zambia during march 2007. to determine whether this shift in resting behavior was accompanied by a change in feeding preference, an attempt was made to calculate the human blood index. however, only 46.2% of blood meals were successfully identified with existing polymerase chain reaction (pcr) diagnostics. this failure was hypothesized to be caused by the limitations of existing methods that are not capable of ...200819052296
evaluation and optimization of membrane feeding compared to direct feeding as an assay for infectivity.malaria parasite infectivity to mosquitoes has been measured in a variety of ways and setting, includind direct feeds of and/or membrane feeding blood collected from randomly selected or gametocytemic volunteers. anopheles gambiae s.l is the main vector responsible of plasmodium falciparum transmission in bancoumana and represents about 90% of the laboratory findings, whereas plasmodium malariae and plasmodium ovale together represent only 10%.200819055715
plasmodium falciparum gametocyte dynamics in areas of different malaria endemicity.the aim of this study was to identify and compare factors associated with plasmodium falciparum gametocyte carriage in three regions of differing malaria endemicity.200819055751
diversity of riceland mosquitoes and factors affecting their occurrence and distribution in mwea, kenya.knowledge of mosquito species diversity, occurrence, and distribution is an essential component of vector ecology and a guiding principle to formulation and implementation of integrated vector management programs. a 12-month entomological survey was conducted to determine the diversity of riceland mosquitoes and factors affecting their occurrence and distribution at 3 sites targeted for malaria vector control in mwea, kenya. adult mosquitoes were sampled indoors by pyrethrum spray catch and outd ...200818939686
the role of unused swimming pools as a habitat for anopheles immature stages in urban malindi, kenya.we conducted larval surveys in habitats located in urban malindi, kenya, in 2005 and 2006 with the goal of determining the productivity of unused swimming pools in relation to other habitats. of the 250 habitats sampled, 66 were unused swimming pools, 93 were wells, 60 were drainage troughs, and 31 were miscellaneous areas, such as septic tanks, swamps, concrete tanks, fish ponds, car-track depressions, and drainage ponds. anopheles gambiae s.1. was the only anophelines species found in the habi ...200818939703
risk factors for house-entry by culicine mosquitoes in a rural town and satellite villages in the gambia.abstract:200818939969
longitudinal evaluation of ocimum and other plants effects on the feeding behavioral response of mosquitoes (diptera: culicidae) in the field in tanzania.abstract:200818945343
[malaria in the urban highland area of antananarivo, madagascar: bioecology of anopheles arabiensis].an entomological study was performed to document the transmission of plasmodium, agents of human malaria in antananarivo, capital of madagascar. human landing mosquitoes were collected at night during two years, between may 2003 and september 2005, in the two sites of ambohimiandra-manakambahiny and ambolokandrina. the genuses of collected mosquitoes were, in order of abundance, culex, mansonia and anopheles. the only potential vector was anopheles arabiensis. its maximal abundance was observed ...200818956819
the effect of a single blood meal on the phenotypic expression of insecticide resistance in the major malaria vector anopheles funestus.anopheles funestus is a major malaria vector in southern africa. vector control relies on the use of insecticide chemicals to significantly reduce the number of malaria vectors by targeting that portion of the female population that takes blood meals and subsequently rests indoors. it has been suggested that the intake of a blood meal may assist female mosquitoes to tolerate higher doses of insecticide through vigour tolerance. it is hypothesized that during the process of blood digestion, detox ...200818973704
evaluation of two counterflow traps for testing behaviour-mediating compounds for the malaria vector anopheles gambiae s.s. under semi-field conditions in tanzania.evaluation of mosquito responses towards different trap-bait combinations in field trials is a time-consuming process that can be shortened by experiments in contained semi-field systems. possible use of the bg sentinel (bgs) trap to sample anopheles gambiae s.s. was evaluated. the efficiency of this trap was compared with that of the mosquito magnet-x (mm-x) trap, when baited with foot odour alone or combinations of foot odour with carbon dioxide (co2) or lemongrass as behaviour-modifying cues.200818980669
variations in entomological indices in relation to weather patterns and malaria incidence in east african highlands: implications for epidemic prevention and control.malaria epidemics remain a significant public health issue in the east african highlands. the aim of this study was to monitor temporal variations in vector densities in relation to changes in meteorological factors and malaria incidence at four highland sites in kenya and uganda and to evaluate the implications of these relationships for epidemic prediction and control.200818983649
global warming and malaria: knowing the horse before hitching the cart.speculations on the potential impact of climate change on human health frequently focus on malaria. predictions are common that in the coming decades, tens - even hundreds - of millions more cases will occur in regions where the disease is already present, and that transmission will extend to higher latitudes and altitudes. such predictions, sometimes supported by simple models, are persuasive because they are intuitive, but they sidestep factors that are key to the transmission and epidemiology ...200819091037
the role of anti-malarial drugs in eliminating malaria.effective anti-malarial drug treatment reduces malaria transmission. this alone can reduce the incidence and prevalence of malaria, although the effects are greater in areas of low transmission where a greater proportion of the infectious reservoir is symptomatic and receives anti-malarial treatment. effective treatment has greater effects on the transmission of falciparum malaria, where gametocytogenesis is delayed, compared with the other human malarias in which peak gametocytaemia and transmi ...200819091042
clarification of anomalies in the application of a 2la molecular karyotyping method for the malaria vector anopheles gambiae.abstract:200819091112
use of integrated malaria management reduces malaria in kenya.during an entomological survey in preparation for malaria control interventions in mwea division, the number of malaria cases at the kimbimbi sub-district hospital was in a steady decline. the underlying factors for this reduction were unknown and needed to be identified before any malaria intervention tools were deployed in the area. we therefore set out to investigate the potential factors that could have contributed to the decline of malaria cases in the hospital by analyzing the malaria cont ...200819115000
pyrethroid tolerance is associated with elevated expression of antioxidants and agricultural practice in anopheles arabiensis sampled from an area of cotton fields in northern cameroon.spraying of agricultural crops with insecticides can select for resistance in nontarget insects and this may compromise the use of insecticides for the control of vector-borne diseases. the tolerance of the malaria vector, anopheles arabiensis to deltamethrin was determined in a field population from a cotton-growing region of northern cameroon both prior to and midway through the 4-month period of insecticide application to the cotton crop. a 1.6-fold increase in the median knockdown time was o ...200818179425
risk factors for house-entry by malaria vectors in a rural town and satellite villages in the gambia.in the pre-intervention year of a randomized controlled trial investigating the protective effects of house screening against malaria-transmitting vectors, a multi-factorial risk factor analysis study was used to identify factors that influence mosquito house entry.200818179686
historical analysis of a near disaster: anopheles gambiae in brazil.attributed to human-mediated dispersal, a species of the anopheles gambiae complex invaded northeastern brazil in 1930. this event is considered unique among the intercontinental introductions of disease vectors and the most serious one: "few threats to the future health of the americas have equalled that inherent in the invasion of brazil, in 1930, by anopheles gambiae." because it was only in the 1960s that an. gambiae was recognized as a species complex now including seven species, the precis ...200818187802
on the origin and spread of the scab disease of apple: out of central asia.venturia inaequalis is an ascomycete fungus responsible for apple scab, a disease that has invaded almost all apple growing regions worldwide, with the corresponding adverse effects on apple production. monitoring and predicting the effectiveness of intervention strategies require knowledge of the origin, introduction pathways, and population biology of pathogen populations. analysis of the variation of genetic markers using the inferential framework of population genetics offers the potential t ...200818197265
a trial of the efficacy, safety and impact on drug resistance of four drug regimens for seasonal intermittent preventive treatment for malaria in senegalese children.in the sahel, most malaria deaths occur among children 1-4 years old during a short transmission season. a trial of seasonal intermittent preventive treatment (ipt) with sulfadoxine-pyrimethamine (sp) and a single dose of artesunate (as) showed an 86% reduction in the incidence of malaria in senegal but this may not be the optimum regimen. we compared this regimen with three alternatives.200818213379
a tool box for operational mosquito larval control: preliminary results and early lessons from the urban malaria control programme in dar es salaam, tanzania.as the population of africa rapidly urbanizes, large populations could be protected from malaria by controlling aquatic stages of mosquitoes if cost-effective and scalable implementation systems can be designed.200818218148
malaria transmission in dakar: a two-year survey.according to entomological studies conducted over the past 30 years, there was low malaria transmission in suburb of dakar but little evidence of it in the downtown area. however; there was some evidence of local transmission based on reports of malaria among permanent residents. an entomological evaluation of malaria transmission was conducted from may 2005 to october 2006 in two areas of dakar.200818796138
anopheles gambiae complex along the gambia river, with particular reference to the molecular forms of an. gambiae s.s.the geographic and temporal distribution of m and s molecular forms of the major afrotropical malaria vector species anopheles gambiae s.s. at the western extreme of their range of distribution has never been investigated in detail.200818803885
reduced susceptibility to ddt in field populations of anopheles quadriannulatus and anopheles arabiensis in malawi: evidence for larval selection.bioassays for insecticide resistance in adult mosquitoes were conducted on samples of anopheles gambiae giles s.l. (diptera: culicidae) species collected as larvae from breeding sites in the lower shire valley, malawi. the results indicate full susceptibility to permethrin, deltamethrin and malathion, but reduced susceptibility to ddt in one sample from thom (lt(50) of 8.39 min for females and 25.09 min for males). polymerase chain reaction-based species identification of the mosquitoes assayed ...200818816274
dynamics of multiple insecticide resistance in the malaria vector anopheles gambiae in a rice growing area in south-western burkina faso.insecticide resistance of the main malaria vector, anopheles gambiae, has been reported in south-western burkina faso, west africa. cross-resistance to ddt and pyrethroids was conferred by alterations at site of action in the sodium channel, the leu-phe kdr mutation; resistance to organophosphates and carbamates resulted from a single point mutation in the oxyanion hole of the acetylcholinesterase enzyme designed as ace-1r.200818817564
evidence of increasing leu-phe knockdown resistance mutation in anopheles gambiae from niger following a nationwide long-lasting insecticide-treated nets implementation.at the end of 2005, a nationwide long-lasting insecticide-treated net (llin) distribution targeting the most vulnerable populations was implemented throughout niger. a large number of studies in africa have reported the existence of anopheline populations resistant to various insecticides, partly due to knockdown resistance (kdr) mutations, but few operational wide-scale control programmes were coupled with the monitoring of such mutations. the distribution of the kdr-west (kdr-w) leu-phe mutati ...200818817574
insecticide resistance in anopheles gambiae from south-western chad, central africa.indoor residual spraying and insecticide-treated nets (itn) are essential components of malaria vector control in africa. pyrethroids are the only recommended compounds for nets treatment because they are fast-acting insecticides with low mammalian toxicity. however, there is growing concern that pyrethroid resistance may threaten the sustainability of itn scaling-up programmes. here, insecticide susceptibility was investigated in anopheles gambiae sensu lato from an area of large scale itn dist ...200818823537
relation between plasmodium falciparum asymptomatic infection and malaria attacks in a cohort of senegalese children.it is important to establish whether or not the presence of malaria parasites in peripheral blood of asymptomatic individuals is a predictor of future clinical mild malaria attacks (mma). the aim of this study was to determine how an asymptomatic positive thick blood smear could be related to the occurrence of a mma during the nine following days.200818823542
operational impact of ddt reintroduction for malaria control on anopheles arabiensis in mozambique.abstract with the increase in indoor residual spraying in many internationally and nationally funded malaria control programs, and affirmation by world health organization (who) that ddt is appropriate for use in the absence of longer lasting insecticide formulations in some malaria endemic settings, ddt has been reintroduced as a major malaria control intervention in africa. indoor residual spraying with ddt was reintroduced into mozambique for malaria control in 2005, and it is increasingly be ...200818826031
spatial distribution of the chromosomal forms of anopheles gambiae in mali.maps of the distribution of malaria vectors are useful tools for stratification of malaria risk and for selective vector control strategies. although the distribution of members of the anopheles gambiae complex is well documented in africa, a continuous map of the spatial distribution of the chromosomal forms of an. gambiae s.s. is not yet available at country level to support control efforts.200818847463
insecticide susceptibility and vector status of natural populations of anopheles arabiensis from sudan.species composition, blood meal source, sporozoite infection rate, insecticide resistance and the kdr mutations were investigated in the anopheles gambiae complex from 13 sentinel sites in central sudan. species identification revealed that 89.5% of 960 specimens were a. arabiensis. of 310 indoor resting females, 88.1% were found to have fed on humans, while 10.6% had fed on bovines. the overall sporozoite infection rate from the five localities tested was 2.3%, ranging from 0 to 5.5%. insectici ...200818054056
bionomics of malaria vectors and relationship with malaria transmission and epidemiology in three physiographic zones in the senegal river basin.following the implementation of two dams in the senegal river, entomological and parasitological studies were conducted in three different ecological zones in the senegal river basin (the low valley of senegal river, the guiers lake area and the low valley of ferlo) every 3 month in june 2004, september 2004, december 2004 and march 2005. the objective of this work was to study the influence of environmental heterogeneities on vector bionomics and malaria epidemiology. mosquitoes were collected ...200818068685
humoral responses to plasmodium falciparum blood-stage antigens and association with incidence of clinical malaria in children living in an area of seasonal malaria transmission in burkina faso, west africa.there is longstanding evidence that immunoglobulin g (igg) has a role in protection against clinical malaria, and human antibodies of the cytophilic subclasses are thought to be particularly critical in this respect. in this cohort study, 286 burkinabè children 6 months to 15 years old were kept under malaria surveillance in order to assess the protective role of antibody responses against four antigens which are currently being evaluated as vaccine candidates: apical membrane antigen 1 (ama1), ...200818070896
integrated pest management: the push-pull approach for controlling insect pests and weeds of cereals, and its potential for other agricultural systems including animal husbandry.this paper describes the 'push-pull' or 'stimulo-deterrent diversionary' strategy in relation to current and potential examples from our own experiences. the push-pull effect is established by exploiting semiochemicals to repel insect pests from the crop ('push') and to attract them into trap crops ('pull'). the systems exemplified here have been developed for subsistence farming in africa and delivery of the semiochemicals is entirely by companion cropping, i.e. intercropping for the push and t ...200817652071
multilocus analysis of introgression between two sand fly vectors of leishmaniasis.the phlebotomine sand flies (diptera:psychodidae) lutzomyia (nyssomyia) intermedia lutz & neiva 1912 and lutzomyia (nyssomyia) whitmani antunes & coutinho 1932 are two very closely related species and important vectors of american cutaneous leishmaniasis. two single-locus studies have revealed evidence for introgression between the two species in both mitochondrial and nuclear genomes. these findings have prompted the development of a multilocus approach to investigate in more detail the genetic ...200818474115
the insecticide resistance status of malaria vectors in the mekong region.knowledge on insecticide resistance in target species is a basic requirement to guide insecticide use in malaria control programmes. malaria transmission in the mekong region is mainly concentrated in forested areas along the country borders, so that decisions on insecticide use should ideally be made at regional level. consequently, cross-country monitoring of insecticide resistance is indispensable to acquire comparable baseline data on insecticide resistance.200818534006
retention and efficacy of long-lasting insecticide-treated nets distributed in eastern sudan: a two-step community-based study.in order to assess the effectiveness of long-lasting insecticide-treated nets (llins) as a method for malaria control, there is a need to determine how high is the retention of bed nets, how they are utilized, and how efficacious they are against the mosquitoes that transmit the disease. this is especially important in case of sudan after emergence of resistance to pyrethroids in use.200818492258
integrated vector management: the zambian experience.the zambian malaria control programme with the roll back malaria (rbm) partners have developed the current national malaria strategic plan (nmsp 2006-2011) which focuses on prevention based on the integrated vector management (ivm) strategy. the introduction and implementation of an ivm strategy was planned in accordance with the world health organization (who) steps towards ivm implementation namely introduction phase, consolidation phase and expansion phase.200818752658
unforeseen misuses of bed nets in fishing villages along lake victoria.to combat malaria, the kenya ministry of health and nongovernmental organizations (ngos) have distributed insecticide-treated nets (itns) for use over beds, with coverage for children under five years of age increasing rapidly. nevertheless, residents of fishing villages have started to use these bed nets for drying fish and fishing in lake victoria. this study investigated the extent of bed net misuse in fishing villages.200818752662
markets, voucher subsidies and free nets combine to achieve high bed net coverage in rural tanzania.tanzania has a well-developed network of commercial itn retailers. in 2004, the government introduced a voucher subsidy for pregnant women and, in mid 2005, helped distribute free nets to under-fives in small number of districts, including rufiji on the southern coast, during a child health campaign. contributions of these multiple insecticide-treated net delivery strategies existing at the same time and place to coverage in a poor rural community were assessed.200818518956
microsatellite data suggest significant population structure and differentiation within the malaria vector anopheles darlingi in central and south america.anopheles darlingi is the most important malaria vector in the neotropics. an understanding of a. darlingi's population structure and contemporary gene flow patterns is necessary if vector populations are to be successfully controlled. we assessed population genetic structure and levels of differentiation based on 1,376 samples from 31 localities throughout the peruvian and brazilian amazon and central america using 5-8 microsatellite loci.200818366795
evaluation of an operational malaria outbreak identification and response system in mpumalanga province, south africa.to evaluate the performance of a novel malaria outbreak identification system in the epidemic prone rural area of mpumalanga province, south africa, for timely identification of malaria outbreaks and guiding integrated public health responses.200818439307
predicting the impact of insecticide-treated bed nets on malaria transmission: the devil is in the detail.insecticide-treated bed nets (itns), including long-lasting insecticidal nets (llins), play a primary role in global campaigns to roll back malaria in tropical africa. effectiveness of treated nets depends on direct impacts on individual mosquitoes including killing and excite-repellency, which vary considerably among vector species due to variations in host-seeking behaviours. while monitoring and evaluation programmes of itns have focuses on morbidity and all-cause mortality in humans, local e ...200919917119
mitochondrial pseudogenes in the nuclear genome of aedes aegypti mosquitoes: implications for past and future population genetic studies.mitochondrial dna (mtdna) is widely used in population genetic and phylogenetic studies in animals. however, such studies can generate misleading results if the species concerned contain nuclear copies of mtdna (numts) as these may amplify in addition to, or even instead of, the authentic target mtdna. the aim of this study was to determine if numts are present in aedes aegypti mosquitoes, to characterise any numts detected, and to assess the utility of using mtdna for population genetics studie ...200919267896
household possession, use and non-use of treated or untreated mosquito nets in two ecologically diverse regions of nigeria--niger delta and sahel savannah.current use of treated mosquito nets for the prevention of malaria falls short of what is expected in sub-saharan africa (ssa), though research within the continent has indicated that the use of these commodities can reduce malaria morbidity by 50% and malaria mortality by 20%. governments in sub-sahara africa are investing substantially in scaling-up treated mosquito net coverage for impact. however, certain significant factors still prevent the use of the treated mosquito nets, even among thos ...200919228422
sex separation strategies: past experience and new approaches.the success of the sterile insect technique (sit) and other genetic strategies designed to eliminate large populations of insects relies on the efficient inundative releases of competitive, sterile males into the natural habitat of the target species. as released sterile females do not contribute to the sterility in the field population, systems for the efficient mass production and separation of males from females are needed. for vector species like mosquitoes, in which only females bite and tr ...200919917075
conceptual framework and rationale.the sterile insect technique (sit) has been shown to be an effective and sustainable genetic approach to control populations of selected major pest insects, when part of area-wide integrated pest management (aw-ipm) programmes. the technique introduces genetic sterility in females of the target population in the field following their mating with released sterile males. this process results in population reduction or elimination via embryo lethality caused by dominant lethal mutations induced in ...200919917070
sit for african malaria vectors: epilogue.as a result of increased support and the diligent application of new and conventional anti-malaria tools, significant reductions in malaria transmission are being accomplished. historical and current evolutionary responses of vectors and parasites to malaria interventions demonstrate that it is unwise to assume that a limited suite of tools will remain effective indefinitely, thus efforts to develop new interventions should continue. this collection of manuscripts surveys the prospects and techn ...200919917071
malaria-related perceptions and practices of women with children under the age of five years in rural ethiopia.malaria remains to be the major cause of morbidity and mortality among pregnant women and children in ethiopia. the aim of this study was to investigate the local perceptions, practices and treatment seeking behaviour for malaria among women with children under the age of five years.200919627572
using the satscan method to detect local malaria clusters for guiding malaria control programmes.mpumalanga province, south africa is a low malaria transmission area that is subject to malaria epidemics. satscan methodology was used by the malaria control programme to detect local malaria clusters to assist disease control planning. the third season for case cluster identification overlapped with the first season of implementing an outbreak identification and response system in the area.200919374738
the indian ocean dipole and malaria risk in the highlands of western kenya.epidemics of malaria in the east african highlands in the last 2 decades have often been associated with climate variability, particularly the el niño-southern oscillation (enso). however, there are other factors associated with malaria risk and there is increased interest in the influences of the indian ocean dipole (iod), a climate mode of coupled ocean-atmosphere variability, on east african rainfall. this study explores the relationship between iod and the number of malaria patients in 7 hos ...200919174522
colonisation and mass rearing: learning from others.mosquitoes, just as other insects produced for the sterile insect technique (sit), are subjected to several unnatural processes including laboratory colonisation and large-scale factory production. after these processes, sterile male mosquitoes must perform the natural task of locating and mating with wild females. therefore, the colonisation and production processes must preserve characters necessary for these functions. fortunately, in contrast to natural selection which favours a suite of cha ...200919917074
absence of knockdown resistance suggests metabolic resistance in the main malaria vectors of the mekong region.as insecticide resistance may jeopardize the successful malaria control programmes in the mekong region, a large investigation was previously conducted in the mekong countries to assess the susceptibility of the main malaria vectors against ddt and pyrethroid insecticides. it showed that the main vector, anopheles epiroticus, was highly pyrethroid-resistant in the mekong delta, whereas anopheles minimus sensu lato was pyrethroid-resistant in northern vietnam. anopheles dirus sensu stricto showed ...200919400943
radiation biology of mosquitoes.there is currently renewed interest in assessing the feasibility of the sterile insect technique (sit) to control african malaria vectors in designated areas. the sit relies on the sterilization of males before mass release, with sterilization currently being achieved through the use of ionizing radiation. this paper reviews previous work on radiation sterilization of anopheles mosquitoes. in general, the pupal stage was irradiated due to ease of handling compared to the adult stage. the dose-re ...200919917076
introduction: development of the sterile insect technique for african malaria vectors. 200919917069
decreased motivation in the use of insecticide-treated nets in a malaria endemic area in burkina faso.the use of insecticide-treated nets (itn) is an important tool in the roll back malaria (rbm) strategy. for itns to be effective they need to be used correctly. previous studies have shown that many factors, such as wealth, access to health care, education, ethnicity and gender, determine the ownership and use of itns. some studies showed that free distribution and public awareness campaigns increased the rate of use. however, there have been no evaluations of the short- and long-term impact of ...200919640290
describing anopheles arabiensis aquatic habitats in two riceland agro-ecosystems in mwea, kenya using a negative binomial regression model with a non-homogenous mean.this research illustrates a geostatistical approach for modeling the spatial distribution patterns of anopheles arabiensis patton (patton) aquatic habitats in two riceland environments. quickbird 0.61 m data, encompassing the visible bands and the near-infra-red (nir) band, were selected to synthesize images of an. arabiensis aquatic habitats. these bands and field sampled data were used to determine ecological parameters associated with riceland larval habitat development. sas was used to calcu ...200918930703
microbial larvicide application by a large-scale, community-based program reduces malaria infection prevalence in urban dar es salaam, tanzania.malaria control in africa is most tractable in urban settlements yet most research has focused on rural settings. elimination of malaria transmission from urban areas may require larval control strategies that complement adult mosquito control using insecticide-treated nets or houses, particularly where vectors feed outdoors.200919333402
structure and dynamics of male swarms of anopheles gambiae.mosquito swarms are poorly understood mating aggregations. in the malaria vector anopheles gambiae giles, they are known to depend on environmental conditions, such as the presence of a marker on the ground, and they may be highly relevant to reproductive isolation. we present quantitative measurements of individual an. gambiae positions within swarms from donéguébougou, mali, estimated by stereoscopic video image analysis. results indicate that swarms in this species are approximately spherical ...200919351073
identifying the most productive breeding sites for malaria mosquitoes in the gambia.ideally larval control activities should be targeted at sites that generate the most adult vectors, thereby reducing operational costs. despite the plethora of potential mosquito breeding sites found in the floodplains of the gambia river, about 150 km from its mouth, during the rainy season, only a small proportion are colonized by anophelines on any day. this study aimed to determine the characteristics of larval habitats most frequently and most densely populated by anopheline larvae and to e ...200919361337
a supervised land cover classification of a western kenya lowland endemic for human malaria: associations of land cover with larval anopheles habitats.a supervised land cover classification was developed from very high resolution ikonos satellite data and extensive ground truth sampling of a ca. 10 sq km malaria-endemic lowland in western kenya. the classification was then applied to an investigation of distribution of larval anopheles habitats. the hypothesis was that the distribution and abundance of aquatic habitats of larvae of various species of mosquitoes in the genus anopheles is associated with identifiable landscape features.200919371425
thermal behaviour of anopheles stephensi in response to infection with malaria and fungal entomopathogens.temperature is a critical determinant of the development of malaria parasites in mosquitoes, and hence the geographic distribution of malaria risk, but little is known about the thermal preferences of anopheles. a number of other insects modify their thermal behaviour in response to infection. these alterations can be beneficial for the insect or for the infectious agent. given current interest in developing fungal biopesticides for control of mosquitoes, anopheles stephensi were examined to tes ...200919379519
insecticide resistance profiles for malaria vectors in the kassena-nankana district of ghana.malaria is a major public health problem in ghana. the current strategy of the national malaria control programme is based on effective case management and the use of insecticide treated bed nets among vulnerable groups such as children under-five years of age and pregnant women. resistance to pyrethroids by anopheles gambiae s.l. and anopheles funestus has been reported in several african countries including neighbouring burkina faso.200919389257
a resting box for outdoor sampling of adult anopheles arabiensis in rice irrigation schemes of lower moshi, northern tanzania.malaria vector sampling is the best method for understanding the vector dynamics and infectivity; thus, disease transmission seasonality can be established. there is a need to protecting humans involved in the sampling of disease vectors during surveillance or in control programmes. in this study, human landing catch, two cow odour baited resting boxes and an unbaited resting box were evaluated as vector sampling tools in an area with a high proportion of anopheles arabiensis, as the major malar ...200919393098
preliminary study of malaria incidence in nouakchott, mauritania.malaria is one of the main motives for outpatient consultation and hospitalization in mauritania. however, its incidence remains unclear because of diagnostic problems and insufficient epidemiological data.200919416545
shifting suitability for malaria vectors across africa with warming climates.climates are changing rapidly, producing warm climate conditions globally not previously observed in modern history. malaria is of great concern as a cause of human mortality and morbidity, particularly across africa, thanks in large part to the presence there of a particularly competent suite of mosquito vector species.200919426558
development of vegetable farming: a cause of the emergence of insecticide resistance in populations of anopheles gambiae in urban areas of benin.a fast development of urban agriculture has recently taken place in many areas in the republic of benin. this study aims to assess the rapid expansion of urban agriculture especially, its contribution to the emergence of insecticide resistance in populations of anopheles gambiae.200919442297
the anopheles gambiae salivary protein gsg6: an anopheline-specific protein with a blood-feeding role.the anopheles gambiae salivary gland protein 6 (gsg6) is a small protein specifically found in the salivary glands of adult female mosquitoes. we report here the expression of a recombinant form of the protein and we show that in vivo gsg6 is expressed in distal-lateral lobes and is secreted with the saliva while the female mosquito probes for feeding. injection of gsg6 dsrna into adult a. gambiae females results in decreased gsg6 protein levels, increased probing time and reduced blood feeding ...200919442731
house design modifications reduce indoor resting malaria vector densities in rice irrigation scheme area in western kenya.simple modifications of typical rural house design can be an effective and relatively inexpensive method of reducing indoor mosquito vector densities and consequently decreasing malaria transmission. public health scientists have shown the potential for house design to protect people against malaria, yet this type of intervention remains virtually ignored. a randomized-controlled study was, therefore, undertaken to determine the effects of this method of vector control on the density of indoor r ...200919454025
living at the edge: biogeographic patterns of habitat segregation conform to speciation by niche expansion in anopheles gambiae.ongoing lineage splitting within the african malaria mosquito anopheles gambiae is compatible with ecological speciation, the evolution of reproductive isolation by divergent natural selection acting on two populations exploiting alternative resources. divergence between two molecular forms (m and s) identified by fixed differences in rdna, and characterized by marked, although incomplete, reproductive isolation is occurring in west and central africa. to elucidate the role that ecology and geog ...200919460144
ecological niche partitioning between anopheles gambiae molecular forms in cameroon: the ecological side of speciation.speciation among members of the anopheles gambiae complex is thought to be promoted by disruptive selection and ecological divergence acting on sets of adaptation genes protected from recombination by polymorphic paracentric chromosomal inversions. however, shared chromosomal polymorphisms between the m and s molecular forms of an. gambiae and insufficient information about their relationship with ecological divergence challenge this view. we used geographic information systems, ecological niche ...200919460146
malaria vectors and transmission dynamics in goulmoun, a rural city in south-western chad.knowledge of some baseline entomological data such as entomological inoculation rates (eir) is crucially needed to assess the epidemiological impact of malaria control activities directed either against parasites or vectors. in chad, most published surveys date back to the 1960's. in this study, anopheline species composition and their relation to malaria transmission were investigated in a dry sudanian savannas area of chad.200919463189
utilization, retention and bio-efficacy studies of permanet in selected villages in buie and fentalie districts of ethiopia.malaria remains a major public health problem in ethiopia. pyrethroid-treated mosquito nets are one of the major tools available for the prevention and control of malaria transmission. permanet is a long-lasting insecticide-treated net (llin) recommended by who for malaria control.200919480712
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