Publications

trypanosoma brucei-cultivation in vitro of infective forms derived from the midgut of glossina morsitans.	infective forms of trypanosoma brucei derived from the midgut of glossina morsitans, have been propagated in vitro for 61 days on a bovine embryonic spleen (besp) feeder layer using rpmi 1640 medium. it was reproducibly shown that only parasites cultured from the midgut of tsetse flies 12-14 hr after feeding on infected animals could be established in vitro. cultures thus established were infective to rats and tsetse flies. only midgut vector types of the parasites were identified by light and e ...	1978	660382
effects of methylglyoxal bis(ganylhydrazone) on trypanosomatid flagellates: inhibition of growth and nucleoside incorporation in trypanosoma brucei.	methyglyoxal bis (guanylhydrazone) (mgbg) at 0.5 mm had little effect in vitro on blastocrithidia culicis, crithidia oncopelti, and leishmania spp., but completely inhibited growth of trypanosoma brucei. inhibition became irreversible after a 3-h exposure of t. brucei culture procyclics. treated organisms remained motile, but failed to divide. polyamines, spermidine, and spermine, did not reverse the anti-trypanosome action of mgbg (preloading of cells or concurrent administration). two intraper ...	1978	660567
trypanocidal activity of antitumor antibiotics and other metabolic inhibitors.	a microtest has been devised for the rapid preliminary assay in vitro of the effect of over 100 drugs and inhibitors on african trypanosomes (trypanosoma brucei and t. rhodesiense). parasite motility and infectivity for mice are indexes, respectively, of respiration and glycolysis and of cell division; trypanocidal titers based on these indexes can show primary metabolic areas of drug attack. various specific inhibitors have also been tested to detect metabolic sites which might be therapeutical ...	1978	666298
delayed-type hypersensitivity in mice immunized with trypanosoma rhodesiense antigens.	when mice were immunized intravenously, subcutaneously, or by the footpad route with formaldehyde-killed trypanosoma rhodesiense, delayed-type hypersensitivity was elicited by the use of frozen-thawed trypanosomal antigen. the delayed footpad swelling technique was used to measure delayed hypersensitivity. hypersensitivity induction was dose dependent (greater than or equal to 10(6) formaldehyde-treated t. rhodesiense) and was affected by the route of immunization. the footpad route induced high ...	1978	669805
trypanosoma brucei: renal pathology in rabbits.		1978	678342
electron microscopy observations on trypanosoma brucei: freeze-cleaving and thin-sectioning study of the apical part of the flagellar pocket.	observations on the apical part of the flagellar pocket of trypanosoma brucei using the freeze-cleaving and thin-sectioning techniques of electron microscopy are reported. the flagellar pocket is shown as a flask-shaped depression in the body, continuous with the pellicle and flagellar sheath. the membranes of the apical part of the pocket on the flanged side of the body compress the flagellar sheath, forming part of a "neck region". this region is completed on the broad body side of the flagell ...	1978	695819
an approach to the development of new drugs for african trypanosomiasis.	the inability of the bloodstream form of trypanosoma brucei brucei to decompose hydrogen peroxide forms the basis of our attempt to develop new pharmacological agents to kill these organisms. approximately 1-3% of the oxygen consumed by these parasites appears in the form of hydrogen peroxide. our previous observation that free radical initiators such as heme and hematoporphyrin d proved to be trypanocidal in vitro and in vivo, respectively, prompted this investigation into the mechanism of acti ...	1978	702049
a characterization of mrna activites and their sequence complexities in trypanosoma brucei: partial purification and properties of the vssa mrna.	polyadenylated rna isolated from a clone of trypanosoma brucei was shown to direct the synthesis of a variety of polypeptides in a cell-free system. a predominant 58,000 dalton polypeptide was immunoprecipitated with antisera to the t. brucei variant specific surface antigen (vssa). the mrna that directed the synthesis of the vssa was 2.0 kilobases (kb) long as measured by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis in 98% formamide. complementary dna was prepared with avian myeloblastosis virus reverse ...	1978	704349
d-glucose transport in trypanosoma brucei. d-glucose transport is the rate-limiting step of its metabolism.	d-glucose and 2-deoxyglucose enter the 'long-slender' bloodstream form of trypanosoma brucei only by means of a carrier-mediated process; no free diffusion can be observed. permeation is not energy-dependent. the uptake is driven by the downhill concentration gradient of free substrate. the latter is maintained by the continual removal of sugar, due to the extremely high activities of the glycolytic enzymes. the permeation process is the rate-limiting step of glucose consumption, because permeat ...	1978	710404
growth of infective forms of trypanosoma rhodesiense in vitro, the causative agent of african trypanosomiasis.	a new approach to the culture of african trypanosomes led to the growth of the infective forms of the causative agent of human african trypanosomiasis. infective cultures of trypanosoma rhodesiense were initiated and maintained in vitro on chinese hamster lung cells. by changing daily one-third of the hepes-buffered rpmi 1640 medium containing 20 percent fetal bovine serum, the trypanosome numbers increased to 3 x 10(6) to 5 x 10(6) cells per milliliter. after 80 days in vitro at 37 degrees c, t ...	1978	715441
the effect of human serum in vitro on trypanosoma (trypanozoon) brucei species trypanosomes and its relationship to infectivity in the blood incubation infectivity test.	all attempts to identify trypanosoma (trypanozoon) brucei species trypanosome strains by their sensitivity or resistance to human serum in vitro have so far been unsuccessful. wet-film examination of t.(t.) b. brucei, t. (t.)b. rhodesiense and t. (nannomonas) congolense trypanosome strains, both before and after in vitro incubation in fresh human blood for 5 hours at 37 degrees c showed that serum-sensitivity or serum-resistance is not a constant and reproducible property of a trypanosome strain ...	1978	716625
the advantage of a build-up anti-globulin technique for the detection of immunoglobulin on the red cells of rabbits infected with trypanosomes. a preliminary report.	a build-up anti-globulin technique has been used to detect immunoglobulin on the red cells of rabbits infected with trypanosoma brucei brucei s 42 and 427. the method, which is useful for the detection of immunoglobulin on sparsely coated red cells, involves treating the red cells of infected rabbits with antiglobulin followed by alternate globulin and antiglobulin layers until a lattice is built up which allows agglutination to occur. the red cells of five infected rabbits have been tested with ...	1978	725995
surface phagocytosis of trypanosoma brucei.		1978	726010
trypanosoma brucei: new radioisotope assay for quantitating cell lysis.		1978	729697
trypanosoma brucei brucei: isolation of the major surface coat glycoprotein by lectin affinity chromatography.		1978	729702
porphyrin-induced lysis of trypanosoma brucei: a role for zinc.		1978	731423
the penetrative ability of sleeping-sickness trypanosomes.		1978	734725
congenital trypanosomiasis: report of a case due to trypanosoma brucei rhodesiense.		1978	738187
sleeping sickness: in vitro cultivation of trypanosoma brucei from the salivary glands of glossina morsitans.	two strains of trypanosoma brucei were propagated from the salivary glands of 5 glossina morsitans for more than 200 days on a bovine embryonic spleen feeder layer using buffered rpmi 1640 medium supplemented with 20% bovine fetal serum. in the first 2 to 3 weeks of cultivation the density of parasites in the salivary glands and culture medium remained constant probably because of defective binary fission. the parasites were infective to rodents only on days 17 and 25. electron microscopic exami ...	1978	739298
the susceptibility of strains of mice to infection with trypanosoma congolense.	the survival times of a number of strains of mice after infection with a stabilate of trypanosoma brucei or of t congolense were examined. the mean survival times of all the strains when infected with t brucei treu 667 ranged from 27 to 63 days. greater disparity was observed after infection with t congolense gvr1 where the mean survival time ranged from seven (balb/c) to 74 days (c57 bl). it is suggested that the c57 bl mouse might provide a laboratory model for the study of trypanotolerance in ...	1978	749094
the role of kallikrein in the pathogenesis of african trypanosomiasis.		1978	755711
experimental immunity against trypanosomiasis.	9 groups of 6 female rats were used in an experiment using fraction 3 of trypanosoma rhodesiense. 500 microgram gave 100% immunoprotection and 1000 and 1500 microgram gave 66% immunoprotection when challenged with 5 x 10(2) t.brucei. 2 groups of 10 female rats were tested for a short period inoculation immune response. in this, 750 microgram of fraction 3 of t.rhodesiense gave 70% immunoprotection when challenged with t.brucei.	1978	758031
activation of distinct helper and suppressor t cells in experimental trypanosomiasis.	spleen cells taken from mice soon after infection with trypanosoma brucei s 42 enhance the primary in vitro antibody response of normal spleen cells to sheep red blood cells (srbc), but do not affect their response to dnp-ficoll. spleen cells harvested later in the infection (day 6 onwards) suppress the antibody response of normal spleen cells to both srbc and dnp-ficoll. the enhancing and suppressive effects of "infected" spleen cells are sensitive to treatment with anti-thy 1.2 anti-serum and ...	1978	355549
comparative immunological analysis of host plasma proteins bound to bloodstream forms of trypanosoma brucei subspecies.	the presence, location, host specificity, identity, and quantity of rat plasma proteins bound to bloodstream forms of trypanosoma brucei subsp. brucei, t. brucei subsp. rhodesiense, and t. brucei subsp. gambiense were determined by a quantitative indirect fluorescent-antibody method and gel immunoassays. fluorescence differences between trypanosomes obtained from rats and mice and treated with antiserum to normal rat plasma indicated that most, if not all, of the bound plasma proteins were host ...	1978	357291
analysis of the antigenic composition of trypanosoma brucei brucei bloodstream and culture forms by the quantitative direct fluorescent antibody methods.	the quantitative direct fluorescent antibody (qdfa) methods were employed for the antigenic analysis of bloodstream forms and culture procyclics of 2 variants, trum (trypanosome research university of of massachusetts) 106 and trum 107, of trypanosoma brucei brucei. intact and trypsinized trypanosomes were studied. it was demonstrated that: (a) the specific variant antigens are localized in the surface coat of bloodstream trypomastigotes. (b) in addition to the common antigens shared by bloodstr ...	1978	357714
circadian rhythms of trypanosoma congolense in laboratory rodents.		1978	366815
competition among serologically different clones of trypanosoma brucei gambiense in vivo.	when different antigenic variant clones are injected in equal numbers into white mice one variant clone always replaces the other. this phenomenon appears to be a predictable one, even under conditions analogous to a chronic infection. it is hypothesized that a constant ratio is approached between the number of cells of different antigenic serotypes present in a single population, in such a manner that there is always a major antigenic variant and minor populations of different antigenic variant ...	1978	368326
[comparative study of immunoenzyme technics, elisa and on formed antigens, in the immunologic diagnosis of african trypanosomiasis].	the enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (elisa) for the serodiagnosis of human african trypanosomiasis is described, comparatively with the immunoperoxidase technique using blood streamforms of trypanosoma brucei as antigen. practical aspects for measuring the amount of antibody in serum samples from infected rabbits and from patients with african sleeping sickness are discussed. elisa does offer important advantages over the other method used namely: -- quantitative estimates are possible, -- it ...	1978	385160
the presence in salivary secretions of glossina morsitans of stages of trypanosoma (trypanozoon) brucei other than those occurring in the salivary glands.	using the bat wing membrane technique to study salivary secretions of glossina morsitans infected with trypanosoma (trypanozoon) brucei, it was shown that flies extrude infected salivary secretions as early as day six after an infective blood meal. the non-salivary-gland stages of t. (t.) brucei were extruded intermittently and flies infected with such trypanosomes were not all destined to develop metacyclic infections. once the salivary glands were involved, the trypanosomes appeared in the sec ...	1978	569915
a comparative study of the ribonucleic acids of three species of trypanosomatids.		1978	299637
isolation and characterization of kinetoplast dna from bloodstream form of trypanosoma brucei.	we have used restriction endonucleases psti, ecori, hapii, hhai, and s1 nuclease to demonstrate the presence of a large complex component, the maxi-circle, in addition to the major mini-circle component in kinetoplast dna (kdna) networks of trypanosoma brucei (east african trypanosomiasis research organization [eatro] 427). endonuclease psti and s1 nuclease cut the maxi-circle at a single site, allowing its isolation in a linear form with a mol wt of 12.2 x 10(6), determined by electron microsco ...	1978	10605439
[an elisa technic for the diagnosis of human african trypanosomiasis].	the authors studied several factor influencing the serodiagnosis of human african trypanosomiasis using the microplate enzyme immunoassay ("micro e.l.i.s.a."). they used an antigenic extract obtained by sonic disruption of purified suspensions of trypanosomes of a trypanosoma brucei brucei strain. the conjugate was a peroxidase-conjugate anti-human immunoglobulin and the chromogen was orthodianisidine. spectrophotometric reading was used. although this method may have some advantaged, its specif ...	1979	400123
detection and characterization of dna polymerase from trypanosoma brucei.	the predominant dna polymerase activity has been isolated from the parasitic flagellated protozoan, trypanosoma brucei. like mammalian dna polymerase-alpha the trypanosome dna polymerase is of large molecular weight (s, 6--8), is resistant to thermal denaturation, is sensitive to n-ethylmaleimide, and is inhibited by high ionic strength. however, specific antisera that cross-react with mammalian dna polymerase-alpha from different species fail to cross-react with the trypanosome polymerase.	1979	420846
immunological clearance of 75se-labelled trypanosoma brucei in mice. i. aspects of the radiolabelling technique.	a reliable and simple technique for the in vivo labelling of trypanosoma brucei with [75se]-methionine was developed. between 97 and 99% of the radioactivity was protein bound in the trypanosomes and spontaneous elution in vitro was less than 10% over 4 h. the fate of the labelled trypanosomes after i.v. injection into normal and immune mice was studied. whilst the vast majority of parasites remained in the circulation of normal animals they rapidly disappeared from the blood of immune animals. ...	1979	437835
documentation of primary isolates of stocks of trypanosoma brucei subspecies from tanzania and ethiopia.		1979	442175
selective cleavage of variant surface glycoproteins from trypanosoma brucei.	two conformationally distinct regions were revealed by tryptic cleavage of six undenatured variant surface glycoproteins purified from clones of trypanosoma brucei. within 5 min, the native glycoproteins (65,000 mol.wt.) were cleaved, yielding a large n-terminal fragment (48,000-55,000 mol.wt. depending on the variant) together with one or more c-terminal fragments. after 30-60 min incubation, further breakdown of the large fragment occurred in some variants. the ultimate large product (40,000-5 ...	1979	454376
trypanosoma brucei: trypanocidal effect of salicylhydroxamic acid plus glycerol in infected rats.		1979	456462
lymph node pathology in trypanosoma brucei-infected sheep.	the temporal sequence of morphological changes occurring in the prefemoral lymph nodes of sheep experimentally infected with trypanosoma brucei was studied at weekly intervals during the course of infection. histopathological changes started with lymphoid stimulation which was soon overtaken and masked by intense proliferation of reticulo-endothelial cells. reticulo-endothelial proliferation resulted in macrophage accumulation, some vascular damage and lymph stasis, varying from insidious to ext ...	1979	460825
interactions of liposomes with trypanosoma brucei plasma membrane.		1979	465077
inactivation or elimination of potentially trypanolytic, complement-activating immune complexes by pathogenic trypanosomes.	trypanosoma brucei subsp. brucei and t. congolense incubated in homologous antibody at 0 degrees c for 30 min were lysed by subsequent addition of guinea pig complement. trypanosomes incubated in antibody at 37 degrees c before complement treatment remained intact. parasites bearing adsorbed antibody also remained intact when incubated at 37 degrees c before complement treatment. the proportion of cells which survived complement treatment decreased with increasing antibody concentration. parasit ...	1979	468370
trypanosoma brucei: miniature anion-exchange centrifugation technique for detection of low parasitaemias: adaptation for field use.	the miniature anion-exchange/centrifugation (aec) method, originally developed for the detection of submicroscopic trypanosomaemias in laboratory rodents, has been adapted for the diagnosis of trypanosomiasis in man in the field using blood samples obtained by finger-prick. it has been tested in a survey in the gambia. the method is shown to be highly sensitive and to fulfil the first essential criteria for exploitation in the field, namely, that it can be operated in the open air under tropical ...	1979	473329
the isolation and partial characterization of the plasma membrane from trypanosoma brucei.	whole sheets of plasma membrane, each with their attached flagellum, were purified from trypanosoma brucei. the method devised for their isolation included a new technique of cell breakage that used a combination of osmotic stress followed by mechanical sheer and avoided the problem of extreme vesiculation as well as the trapping of organelles in cell 'ghosts'. the purified membranes all contained the pellicular microtubular array. the antigenic surface coat was completely released from the plas ...	1979	486094
[anaemia and trypanosomiasis. an experimental study in rabbits infected with trypanosoma brucei (author's transl)].		1979	486235
the brain as a source of relapsing trypanosoma brucei infection in mice after chemotherapy.		1979	489242
the maxi-circle of trypanosoma brucei kinetoplast dna.	we have constructed a fragment map of the maxi-circle component from kinetoplast dna networks of trypanosoma brucei brucei (east african trypanosomiasis research organization strain no. 427), using restriction endonucleases psti, hapii, ecori, bgli, hindiii, hhai, ssti, xbai, haeiii and sau-96i. although the 20 kilo-base pair map contains 30 fragments, there is a 6.5 kilo-base pair 'silent' segment which lacks recognition sites for any of these enzymes. in cscl intact kinetoplast dna has a buoya ...	1979	508755
trypanosoma brucei: in vitro propagation of metacyclic forms derived from the salivary glands of glossina morsitans.	1 metacyclic forms of trypanosoma brucei obtained from the salivary glands of the tsetse fly, glossina morsitans have been cultured for the first time in their infective forms for more than 200 days in continuous culture. the parasites were grown at 25 c and 30 c on a bovine embryonic spleen (besp) feeder layer in buffered rpmi 1640 medium supplemented with 20% heat-inactivated bovine fetal serum (bfs) and 5% lactalbumin hydrolysate. initial growth rate was enhanced when normal, noninfected, sal ...	1979	512767
changes in vascular smooth muscle contractility associated with trypanosoma brucei infections in rats.		1979	512779
genomic rearrangements correlated with antigenic variation in trypanosoma brucei.	the capacity of african trypanosomes to express sequentially a large repertoire of different surface antigens during an infection enables the parasite to evade the immune response of its host, and makes attempts to produce a vaccine against the disease difficult. it is evident that point mutations cannot account for antigen diversity. variable antigens like immunoglobulins are derived from an extensive family of genes of which only one is expressed in a given cell. as somatic tic recombination i ...	1979	514362
trypanosoma vivax and immunosuppression.		1979	518164
cyclical transmission of trypanosoma brucei rhodesiense and trypanosoma congolense by tsetse flies infected with culture-form procyclic trypanosomes.	culture procyclic forms of trypanosoma brucei rhodesiense and trypanosoma congolense were fed to glossina morsitans morsitans through artificial membranes. a very high percentage of the flies so fed produced established midgut infections, a proportion of which went on to develop into mature metacyclic trypanosomes capable of infecting mammalian hosts. the method offers a safe, clean way of infecting tsetse flies with african trypanosomes which reduces the need for trypanosome-infected animals in ...	1979	536930
infectivity of trypanosoma brucei cultivated at 28 c with tsetse fly salivary glands.	when transformed procyclic noninfective trypanosomes of several unrelated stocks of trypanosoma brucei were cultivated in t-30 falcon flasks at 28 c in a liquid medium containing head-salivary gland explants of glossina morsitans morsitans some of the organisms developed into forms infective for mice. infective trypanosomes were detected 7 to 14 days after the cultures were prepared and they persisted for varying periods of up to 88 days when the cultures were terminated. a few of the salivary g ...	1979	536931
synthesis and content of polyamines in bloodstream trypanosma brucei.	the sensitive dansyl procedure was used to detect putrescine and spermidine, but not spermine and cadaverine, in pleomorphic trypanosoma brucei. the polyamines were synthesized in vitro from [3h]ornithine, [14c]arginine and [14c]methionine. proline, agmatine, and citrulline, but not glutamine, glutamic or pyroglutamic acids, stimulated spermidine formation from [4c]methionine. putrescine and sperimidine synthesis occurred rapidly from ornithine: putrescine synthesis peaked in 0.5 h, spermidine i ...	1979	536937
effect of copper on growth and serum constituents of immunized and non-immunized rabbits infected with trypanosoma brucei.	seventy-two five-week-old new zealand white rabbits were divided into three groups and fed a basal diet containing 0, 125 or 250 ppm supplemental cu for 4 weeks before each cu-group was further subdivided into three lots of 8 rabbits each. one subgroup was immunized with trypanosoma brucei before being infected with the same parasite, another subgroup was infected without immunization while the third subgroup was neither immunized nor infected. parasitemia slightly depressed growth and efficienc ...	1979	539725
the abundance of pathogenic african trypanosomes in the salivary secretions of wild glossina pallidipes.	trypanosome infection rates in wild glossina pallidipes from the lambwe valley, kenya, were determined using salivation and fly dissection methods. of the 416 flies examined by salivation, one was infected with trypanosoma brucei, seven with t. congolense, 18 with t. vivax and three with both t. congolense and t. vivax. the fly infected with t. brucei always secreted saliva heavily infected with trypanosomes. flies infected with t. vivax secreted saliva which contained very few trypanosomes and ...	1979	539858
some observations on an outbreak of trypanosomiasis in horses in the republic of zambia.		1979	540172
infectivity and virulence of trypanosoma (trypanozoon) brucei for mice. iv. dissociation of virulence and variable antigen type in relation to pleomorphism.		1979	541452
the complement fixation test and african trypanosomiasis. ii. the complement fixation test as an aid for assessing therapy.	complement-fixing antibody titres decline after successful treatment of trypanosoma infected cattle during a fixed period. for investigating the practicability of the resulting double test procedure in the field, cattle under controlled drug regimes were tested at treatment and again 3 weeks later. alternatively, the results from groups of treated and untreated animals from the same area were compared. both serological and parasitological test results indicated an insuffieicnt effectiveness of t ...	1979	542999
curative effects of the antipiroplasms amicarbalide and imidocarb on trypanosoma brucei infection in mice.	the babesicides imidocarb and amicarbalide, which have structural similarities to the antitrypanosomatid diamidines, proved active against trypanosoma brucei mouse infections: both cured infections when doses were administered daily for 3 days 24 h post-inoculation (curative dose imidocarb, 10 mg/kg; amicarbalide, 25 mg/kg). mice were considered cured after survival 30 days longer than untreated infected controls, with no trypanosomes present in blood or cerebrospinal fluid smears. both agents a ...	1979	544802
immunology and pathogenesis of african animal trypanosomiasis.		1979	550706
trypanosoma brucei: loss of variable antigens during transformation from bloodstream to procyclic forms in vitro.		1979	383489
capping of variable antigen on trypanosoma brucei, and its immunological and biological significance.	pathogenic trypanosomes undergo antigenic variation, whereby the glycoprotein molecules constituting the cell coat are changed, the parasite thus evading the host's immune response. on application of homologous antiserum in indirect immunofluorescence to a given variable antigen type of trypanosoma brucei, the surface variable antigen moves to the flagellar pocket region, which overlies the golgi apparatus. this redistribution, or capping, is temperature-dependent, occurring at 37 degrees c but ...	1979	383734
royal society of tropical medicine and hygiene, brunel university school of biological sciences 20th april, 1978. abstracts.		1979	35867
tsetse movement in wind fields: possible epidemiological and entomological implications for trypanosomiasis and its control.	this paper presents evidence that tsetse flies (glossina) can be dispersed by wind. this dispersal in west africa is suggested to be along a south-west north-east axis. the implications of wind dispersal of glossina for chemical and genetic control operations is discussed. field experiments necessary to test this hypothesis are recommended. a study of human trypanosomiasis foci in west africa has revealed that foci are orientated in roughly parallel lines in a south-west north-east direction. th ...	1979	35935
cultivation and in vitro cloning or procyclic culture forms of trypanosoma brucei in a semi-defined medium. short communication.		1979	43092
acid hydrolases of trypanosomatid flagellates.	homogenates from 5 species of trypanosomatids were screened for the presence of a series of acid hydrolases. the insect flagellae, crithidia sp., contains 5 enzymes reminiscent of plant parasitism, which were absent from or of very low specific activity in parasites of the genera, trypanosoma and leishmania. the latter mammalian parasites, on the other hand, exhibited higher acid proteinase and alpha-d-mannosidase activity levels.	1979	44097
identification by the blood incubation infectivity test of trypanosoma brucei subspecies isolated from game animals in the luangwa valley, zambia.	a total of 7 stocks of trypanosoma brucei subspecies, isolated from naturally infected game animals in the luangwa valley, eastern province, zambia were examined using a modified version of the blood incubation infectivity test (biit). one stock giving consistent biit responses typical of t.b. rhodesiense, was obtained from warthog (phacochoerus aethiopicus). four other stocks, 2 from hyaena (crocuta crocuta), 1 from a waterbuck (kobus ellipsiprymnus) and 1 from a lion (panthera leo) responded l ...	1979	44098
cultivation of vertebrate infective forms derived from metacyclic forms of pleomorphic trypanosoma brucei stocks. short communication.		1979	44103
non-specific induction of increased resistance in mice to trypanosoma congolense and trypanosoma brucei by immunostimulants.	administration of the immunostimulants corynebacterium parvum, bacillus calmette-guérin (bcg) or bordetella pertussis prior to, or at the same time as, challenge with trypanosoma congolense significantly increased survival times in mice, both of trypano-susceptible (a/j) and trypano-resistant (c57bl) strains. the increased survival time was associated with significant alterations in parasitaemia, which included lengthening of the pre-patent period, a delay in the time taken to reach the first pe ...	1979	44360
trypanosoma brucei infection in nude mice: b lymphocyte function is suppressed in the absence of t lymphocytes.	b lymphocyte function was assessed in outbred nude mice and nu/+controls infected with trypanosoma brucei brucei. on day 10 of the infection in outbred nu/nu mice in which the initial wave of parasites was strongly controlled, b cell function was unaltered on enhanced compared with uninfected animals or infected nu/+. in other nu/nu mice unable to control the initial parasitaemia, thymidine incorporation and ig secretion by spleen cells were increased on day 10 and their response to lipopolysacc ...	1979	45125
immunodepression and the course of infection of a chronic trypanosoma brucei infection in mice.	the relationships between course of infection, antigenic variation, and immunodepression of antibody responses to heterologous antigens have been investigated in mice chronically infected with trypanosoma brucei. t. brucei brunel university trypanosomiasis (but) 64 produces a fluctuating parasitaemia lasting about 80 days and ending fatally. it is demonstrated that recurring peaks of parasitaemia are associated with the appearance of new variant antigenic types. at 21 and 31 days of infection, i ...	1979	45126
crossreacting determinants in the c-terminal region of trypanosome variant surface antigens.		1979	84339
antigenic analysis by agglutination of trypanosoma brucei brucei parasitemias initiated in mice with in vitro-produced metacyclics.	trypanosomes from 14 first-peak parasitemias initiated in mice by injection of in vitro-produced metacyclics were stabilated. strains derived from these stabilates were analyzed for their antigenic composition by cross-agglutination with immune sera produced in rabbits against 12 of the stabilates. the antigenic composition of the 14 stabilates was compared also with two first-peak parasitemias from mice inoculated with fly-derived metacyclics, the variant-specific antigen of the strain used to ...	1979	86245
detection of multiple variable antigen types in metacyclic populations of trypanosoma brucei.	the identification of antigen types in tsetse salivary gland metacyclic populations of trypanosoma brucei requires the production of monospecific antisera to the corresponding bloodstream variable antigen types. monospecific antisera against clones from cyclically transmitted populations are difficult to prepare, however, owing to the antigenic lability of such clones. this problem has been overcome by isolating an antigenically stable clone from a syringe-infected rabbit at a time when its seru ...	1979	89727
evidence for reappearance of trypanosoma brucei variable antigen types in relapse populations.	seven out of 11 bovines infected with different clones of trypanosoma brucei showed 2 peaks of antibody activity against the infecting clone within 7 weeks, as measured by immunofluorescence, radioimmunoassay, and neutralization of infectivity tests. using other clones from an unrelated stock, antibodies to these clones were not detectable, indicating that the antibodies produced were specific to the infecting organisms. these results suggest that there was a reappearance or increase in numbers ...	1979	92560
[serologic differentiation between t. brucei-, t.-congolense- and t-. vivax-infection (author's transl)].		1979	94474
ca2+ is essential cofactor for trypanocidal activity of normal human serum.	normal human serum has been known to exert a cytotoxic effect on trypanosoma brucei subspecies for nearly 80 yr. but in spite of many attempts, no trypanocidal factor was found in human or baboon serum, until rifkin demostrated a high density lipoprotein (hdl) in normal human serum with trypanocidal activity. the conclusion that this was the trypanocidal factor was supported by the report that serum from patients with tangier disease, characterised by a severe deficiency of hdl, lacked trypanoci ...	1979	95209
differential suppression of experimental allergic diseases in rats infected with trypanosomes.	pvg/c rats, infected 3 days previously with 10(3) trypanosoma brucei brucei s.42 organisms failed to develop adjuvant disease in response to an intradermal inoculation of mycobacterial adjuvant. by contrast, similarly infected rats, immunized with heterologous brain and spinal cord in freund's complete adjuvant with pertussis vaccine as a secondary adjuvant, developed clinical signs of allergic encephalomyelitis (eae) at least as severe as those in uninfected rats. delayed hypersensitivity react ...	1979	95215
immunological purification and partial characterization of variant-specific surface antigen messenger rna of trypanosoma brucei brucei.	polyadenylated rna isolated from total polyribosomes of two variable antigen types (vats) of t. brucei brucei were shown to program the synthesis, in mrna-dependant reticulocyte lysates, of a wide variety of polypeptides. after immunoprecipitation of these cell-free products with an homologous antiserum raised against purified variant-specific surface antigen (vssa), a major electrophoretic band was apparent on fluorography. it was confirmed that this band corresponds to the variable antigen sin ...	1979	116191
human and animal trypanosomiases as world public health problems.		1979	117460
effect of chronic trypanosoma brucei infection on the course of louping ill virus infection in mice.	the course of louping-ill virus infection in mice chronically infected with trypanosoma brucei was investigated. the mean survival time of mice infected with virus alone was 10.2 days, compared to 12.8 days in mice infected with t. brucei 14 days before virus challenge, and the cumulative mortality in the two groups was 62.5 and 90%, respectively. virus was only inconsistently detected in the blood of mice given virus alone but was regularly present at high titers for up to 12 days in the blood ...	1979	217825
trypanosoma brucei: morphometric changes and loss of infectivity during transformation of bloodstream forms to procyclic culture forms in vitro.		1979	228962
kinetoplast dna of trypanosoma brucei: physical map of the maxicircle.		1979	231267
kinetoplast dna minicircles of trypanosoma brucei share regions of sequence homology.		1979	231269
functional depletion of t- and b-memory cells and other lymphoid cell subpopulations-during trypanosomiasis.	t. brucei infection in mice causes generalized immunosuppression with multiple changes in the cells of the lymphoid tissue. loss of b cell responsiveness to antigens and mitogens, and the induction of suppressive t-cells and macrophages, have been previously reported (hudson, byner, freeman & terry, 1976; corsini, clayton, askonas & ogilvie, 1977; jayawardena & waksman, 1977). in this study, purified b- or t-cell populations from infected mice have been tested functionally in vitro or in vivo by ...	1979	155650
genital lesions in experimental chronic trypanosoma brucei infection in rams.	rams inoculated intravenously with trypanosoma brucei developed scrotal oedema and a nonsuppurative granulomatous periorchitis resulting in testicular degeneration, atrophy, calcification and sclerosis. the tunica vaginalis was the seat of an intense granulomatous inflammation and focal necrosis, which extended to the epididymis and spermatic cord. lesions in the seminal vesicles were suggestive of diminished testosterone production even though leydig cells were discernible in the sclerotic test ...	1979	262595
the blood volumes and erythrokinetics of ndama and zebu cattle experimentally infected with trypanosoma brucei.	the responses of susceptible ndama and zebu cattle to experimental infection with trypanosoma brucei were compared using haematological, parasitological and radioisotopic methods. animals of both breeds became anaemic, but this was more severe in the zebu cattle, one of which died. although the prepatent period was the same in animals of both breeds, the levels of the first and subsequent peaks of parasitaemia were higher in the zebu. the anaemia was due to an accelerated rate of red cell break- ...	1979	262609
autoimmune response to dna, red blood cells, and thymocyte antigens in association with polyclonal antibody synthesis during experimental african trypanosomiasis.		1979	310833
antigenic variation in clones of animal-infective trypanosoma brucei derived and maintained in vitro.	eighteen clones of variable antigen type 052 of trypanosoma brucei stock s.427 were derived and maintained as animal-infective bloodstream forms in vitro for up to 60 days of cultivation. the antigenic composition of such clones was monitored weekly by immunofluorescent analysis of viable trypanosomes, using antisera raised to isolated variant-specific surface glycoproteins of both 052 and variable antigen type (221) which consistently appeared in the first relapse population of type 052 in vitr ...	1980	6102753
colonization of trypanosoma brucei gambiense within transplanted ehrlich's tumors of microtus montanus.	trypanosoma brucei gambiense has been observed growing in extravascular sites throughout a solid ehrlich ascites tumor (eat) in microtus montanus. these trypanosomes appear in clusters in the tumor. the possible importance of this observation to the host-parasite relationship is discussed.	1980	6104421
detection and quantification of variant specific antigen in the plasma of rats and mice infected with trypanosoma brucei brucei.	variant specific antigen (vsa), the principal constituent of the surface coat of salivarian trypanosomes, was detected by gel immunoassays in the plasma of rats and mice infected with trypanosoma brucei brucei. the quantity of vsa in plasma was measured in radial immunodiffusion tests using a monospecific antiserum and purified vsa as a standard. during the first peak of parasitemia, a statistically significant, linear relationship was determined between the number of parasites in the blood (in ...	1980	6104691
the sequential cellular changes in the local skin reaction produced in goats by glossina morsitans morsitans infected with trypanosoma (trypanozoon) brucei.	sequential biopsies of the skin reaction elicited in goats by glossina morsitans morsitans infected with trypanosoma (trypanozoon) brucei were examined histologically to identify and to quantify the cellular populations involved in the reaction. the peak of the tissue response occurred 7-8 days after challenge with infected tsetse and preceded the initial detection of parasitaemia by 4-5 days. microscopically, the cellular reaction was characterized initially by a marked infiltration of polymorp ...	1980	6106349
mechanoreceptor--trypanosome interactions in the labrum of glossina: fluid mechanics.	the fluid mechanics of the flow of blood through the labrum of glossina is described in uninfected and trypanosome infected flies. the flow is characterised by the reynolds number, and a frequency parameter for the pulsating flow and non-newtonian viscosity effects are considered. the effects of colonies of trypanosomes on the flow rate in the labrum and the interactions between colonies of trypanosoma (nannomonas) congolense and trypanosoma (trypanozoon) brucei and mechanoreceptors in the proxi ...	1980	6106350
studies on the mechanisms supporting the continuous growth of trypanosoma (trypanozoon) brucei as bloodstream-like form in vitro.	the conditions which enable growth of trypanosoma (t.) brucei stock s 427 as bloodstream-like form over bovine fibroblast-like cells (bhf) were analyzed. the experiments with different bhf conditioned media indicated that there is no stable factor produced by the bhf which can trigger growth as bloodstreamlike form. only living, actively metabolizing bhf could support continuous growth. the intercellular localization of trypanosomes in the bhf feeder-layer was a main feature of an intact culture ...	1980	6106356
an improved method for the estimation of suramin in plasma and trypanosome samples.	an improved method for the chemical estimation of suramin is described in which the aromatic amines released from the drug by acid hydrolysis are diazotised and then coupled to n-(1-naphthyl)-ethylenediamine to form a pink coloured product (emm545nm267 /+- 5) provided certain precautions are followed, the assay method is highly reproducible (+/- 2%) and sufficiently sensitive to measure 2.5 nmol; suramin in mixtures with plasma (0.5 ml) or trypanosomes (200 mg wet wt.).	1980	6108509
uptake of the trypanocidal drug suramin by bloodstream forms of trypanosoma brucei and its effect on respiration and growth rate in vivo.	after a single intravenous injection of suramin the rate of removal of the drug from the plasma into other tissue compartments of the rat is independent of initial concentration. the data can be fitted to the sum of two exponential functions, consistent with a two-compartment, open model system. trypanosomes take up only small amounts of suramin in vivo and do not actively concentrate the drug within the cell. uptake is apparently by a non-saturable process that decreases with time and is depend ...	1980	6108510
relationship between trypanosoma "brucei" and t. "rhodesiense".		1980	6163234
glycoproten biosynthesis in trypanosoma brucei. the glycosylation of glycoproteins located in and attached to the plasma membrane.	1. glycosyltransferase activity incorporating n-[14c]acetylglucosamine ([14c]glcnac) from uridine diphosphate n-[14c]acetylglucosamine (udp-[14c]glcnac) into endogenous proitein acceptors was localized primarily in the plasma membrane of trypanosoma brucei. 2. the acceptor site for the nucleotide sugar was further localized exclusively to the cytoplasmic face of the plasma membrane. 3. the glycosyltransferase produced elongation of the growing oligosaccharide chains while they were attached to t ...	1980	6447596
trypanosoma brucei: preparation and some properties of a multienzyme complex catalysing part of the glycolytic pathway.		1980	6447613
malate dehydrogenase in african trypanosomes--i. preliminary studies with t. brucei.		1980	6448757
analytical techniques for cell fractions. xxviii. dissection of complex antigenic mixtures using monoclonal antibodies and two-dimensional gel electrophoresis.		1980	6153870