Publications

fat formation in preformed fungal mats of penicillium notatum.		1974	4437588
isolation and characterization of glucose oxidase from mycelium and nutrient of penicillium notatum cultures.		1974	4472163
changes in composition of conidia of penicillium notatum during germination.		1974	4836288
pancreatic ribonuclease: enzymic and physiological properties of a cross-linked dimer.	monomeric ribonuclease a has very low activity toward typically double-stranded rna's; the dimeric form of ribonuclease a obtained by cross linking the enzyme by dimethyl suberimidate has more than 78 times the activity of the monomer toward polyadenylate . polyuridylate and 440 times the activity of the monomer toward the double-stranded rna of a virus from penicillium chrysogenum. the half-life of the dimer in the bloodstream of the rat is 12 times that of the mononmer.	1974	4213284
detoxication of carboxin.		1974	4211918
insensitivity of homocitrate synthase in extracts of penicillium chyrosogenum to feedback inhibition by lysine.	we previously reported that lysine inhibits in vivo homocitrate synthesis in the lysine bradytroph, penicillium chrysogenum l(1), and that such feedback inhibition could explain the known lysine inhibition of penicillin formation. in the present study, it was found that dialyzed cell-free extracts of mutant l(1) converted [1-(14)c]acetate to homocitrate. this homocitrate synthase activity was extremely labile but could be stabilized by high salt concentrations. the ph optimum of the reaction was ...	1974	4212095
a study of the kinetics of hyphal extension and branch initiation of fungal mycelia.		1974	4274556
[specificity of the intracellular rnase ii from aspergillus clavatus].		1974	4218762
[the relationship between the nitrogen metabolism of p. chrysogenum 194 and its mutant and penicillin biosynthesis].		1974	4219125
microbial models of mammalian metabolism. aromatic hydroxylation.		1974	4209136
fungal growth rate and the formation of ethylene in soil.		1974	4215868
effect of fragmentation on interferon induction by double-stranded virus rna.		1974	4208870
application of the continuous maximum principle to fermentation processes.		1974	4212952
the relationship between hyphal branching, specific growth rate and colony radial growth rate in penicillium chrysogenum.		1974	4209183
autodilution of fungal spore suspensions for viable counting.		1974	4212960
kinetic model of secondary metabolite production and its use in computation of optimal conditions.		1974	4213211
[comparative characteristics of the mutagenic effect of n-nitroso-n-methylbiuret and uv rays on a culture of penicillium chrysogenum].		1974	4211352
the effect of fermentation conditions on the filtration characteristics of fermented broths.		1974	4213430
biochemistry of penicillin and cephalosporin fermentations.		1974	4211838
resistance of bacterial protein synthesis to double-stranded rna.		1974	4214381
penicillium endocarditis of aortic valve prosthesis.		1974	4212231
alternate pathways of linolenic acid biosynthesis in growing cultures of penicillium chrysogenum.		1974	4216304
[the fungal flora of the air in poultry houses].		1974	4213555
formation and regeneration of penicillium chrysogenum protoplasts.		1974	4211212
[actinomycin d-o].		1974	4142853
fluorescent feulgen staining of fungal nuclei.		1975	53157
specificity of extracellular alkaline rnaase from penicillium chrysogenum 152a.	specificity of chromatographically homogenous extracellular alkaline rnaase from pen. crysogenum 152a on rna, synthetic polynucleotides, dinucleosidemonophosphates and nucleoside-2',3'-cyclophosphates is studied. the enzyme is found to release from rna guanosine-3'-monophosphate and guanosine-2',3'-cyclophosphate only. guanylic acid is a 3'-terminal nucleotide of oligonucleotides of different length. the enzyme readily hydrolyses poly-i and practically do not splits poly-g. gpn is demonstrated t ...	1975	1110
studies on a phospholipase b from penicillium notatum. purification, properties, and mode of action.	1. phospholipase b which hydrolyzes both the acyl ester bonds of diacylphospholipids (diacyl-hydrolase) and the acyl ester bond of monoacylphospholipids or lysophospholipids, monoacyl-hydrolase or lysophospholipase, ec 3.1.1.5 was purified from penicillium notatum about 2000-fold over the crude extract. the final preparation was homogeneous on disc electrophoresis. the apparent molecular weight, determined by gel filtration on sephadex g-200, was about 116,000. the isoelectric point was ph 4.0. ...	1975	5402
environmental factors affecting the degradation of dyfonate by soil fungi.	the ability of selected fungi to degrade the soil insecticide dyfonate (o-ethyl s-phenyl ethylphosphonodithioate) into water-soluble, noninsecticidal metabolites was found to be dependent on the supply of nutrients, incubation time, temperature, ph, as well as other factors. with yeast extract as the carbon source (5 g/liter) and ammonium nitrate (1 g/liter) as the nitrogen source, both rhizopus arrhizus and penicillium notatum degraded the insecticide to a larger extent than with any other comb ...	1975	46772
behaviour of tritium-labelled isopenicillin n and 6-aminopenicillanic acid as potential penicillin precursors in an extract of penicillum chrysogenum.	1. 3h was incorporated into solvent-soluble penicillin from isopenicillin n and 6-aminopenicillanic acid 3h-labelled in the 2beta-methyl group when the labelled compounds were incubated with a crude extract of penicillum chrysogenum. 2. with a soluble protein fraction of the extract incorporation from isopenicillin n occurred on addition of phenyl-acetyl-coa. 3. labelled benzylpenicillin was isolated after incubation of the crude extract with phenylacetyl-coa and isopenicillin and the addition o ...	1975	175788
acyl coa:6-aminopenicillanic acid acyltransferase.		1975	237211
phenacyl:coenzyme a ligase.		1975	237212
phenylacetyl coenzyme a hydrolase.		1975	237213
penicillin acylase (fungal).		1975	237221
[properties of alkaline ribonuclease from penicillium chrysogenum 152a].		1975	239761
kinetics of sulfate transport by penicillium notatum. interactions of sulfate, protons, and calcium.	the active transport of inorganic sulfate by an atp sulfurylase-negative strain of penicillium notatum is promoted by h+ ions and metal ions (divalent metal ions being more effective than monovalent metal ions). initial velocity studies suggest that h+ and so4(2-) add to the carrier in an ordered sequence (h+ before so4(2-)), with h+ at equilibrium with free carrier and carrier-h+ complex. the linear reciprocal plots and replots suggest a 1:1 stoichiometry between h+ and so4(2-). ca2+ and other ...	1975	241386
conditions for induced fusion of fungal protoplasts in polyethylene glycol solutions.	solutions containing polyethylene glycol mw 6000 (peg) induced fusion of protoplasts of penicillium chrysogenum. balanced heterokaryons were formed by fusion of nutritionally complementing protoplasts. heterokaryotic fusion products were obtained up to a frequency of 4% of the number of protoplasts, surviving the fusion treatment. investigation of the conditions, necessary to achieve this high fusion frequency, showed that supplementing the peg solution with ca++ and adjustment to high ph gave t ...	1975	242297
[metabolites toxic for penicillin biosynthesis in p. chrysogenum fermentation].	substances toxic for biosynthesis of penicillin accumulated in the medium at the end of the process during penicillin fermentation. accumulation of such substances was associated with the mycelium autolysis. addition of nutrient substances as soon as they are consumed prevented autolysis of the mycelium and accumulation of the toxic metabolites.	1975	813562
[carbon metabolism under conditions of regulated penicillin biosynthesis].	carbon metabolism of p. chrysogenum under conditions of periodical addition of the nutrients was studied. it was found that a proper rate of the carbon source addition to the culture was of significant importance for intensive biosynthesis. the use of carbon for the energetic and constructive needs was not the same at different fermentation periods.	1975	235237
[rate of benyzylpenicillin inactivation in native solutions during extraction].	the constants of benzylpenicillin inactivation in acidified fermentation broth filtrates were different in various filtrate batches. marked inactivation of the antibiotic in the filtrates immediately after their acidification was observed. possible losses of the antibiotic due to inactivation under conditions of extraction were estimated.	1975	235238
inhibition of protein synthesis in rabbit reticulocyte lysates by double-stranded rna and oxidized glutathione: indirect mode of action on polypeptide chain initiation.	in the presence of added double-stranded rna or oxidized glutathione, protein synthesis in heminsupplemented reticulocyte lysates declines abruptly after 8-12 min of incubation at 30 degrees. the kinetics of amino-acid incorporation are very similar to those seen when lysates incorporation are very similar to those seen when lysates are incubated in the absence of added hemin. the inhibitory effects of double-stranded rna (dsrna) and oxidized glutathione (gssg) are partially overcome by a homoge ...	1975	805425
ionic strength effects on the stability and conformation of penicillium chrysogenum mycophage double stranded rna.	the effect of [na+] on the stability and conformation of penicillium chrysogenum mycophage dsrna (pcmdsrna) was investigated using cd and uv optical techniques. thermal melting profiles reveal prominent fine structure attributed to at least four regions of structural dissimilarity. a constant increased thermal stability of the dsrna compared to dna of the same base composition was observed over a concentration range of 1.5 times 10- minus 4 m to 4.5 times 10- minus 2 m na+. at low ionic strength ...	1975	806900
the characteristics of inhibition of protein synthesis by double-stranded ribonucleic acid in reticulocyte lysates.	all types of double-stranded rna (dsrna) tested inhibit protein synthesis in rabbit reticulocyte lysates. the inhibition is characterized by its strongly biphasic kinetics, and can be enhanced by preincubation of the lysate with dsrna in the absence of protein synthesis. only properly and extensively matched dsrna (greater than about 50 base pairs) has this property; no form of dna, single-stranded rna or even rna-dna hybrids act as inhibitors in this way. the cause of the inhibition appears to ...	1975	803491
[microbial hydroxylation of estratrienes].	incubation of the synthetic estrogen 17alpha-ethinyl-estradiol-3-methylether (mestranol) with cultures of penicillium chrysogenum gave 6alpha-hydroxy-17alpha-ethinylestradiol-3-methylether and 6beta-hydroxy-17alpha-ethinylestradiol-3-methylether. the corresponding 3-demethylated compound, 17alpha-ethinylestradiol, gave the 6alpha- and 6beta-hydroxy derivatives in lower yields. if the 6-hydroxy compounds were incubated, they were partially isomerized to a mixture of the 6alpha- and 6beta-hydroxy ...	1975	808060
[fungal allergens].		1975	809938
free and bound magnesium in fungi and yeasts.	the content of total, bound and osmotically free magnesium was estimated in various fungi and in the yeast saccharomyces cerevisiae. total magnesium increases at lower growth rates of endomyces magnusii and penicillium chrysogenum 140a as well as during the logarithmic stage of growth of penicillium chrysogenum q-176. the binding of magnesium requires orthophosphate, decreasing during lack of external phosphate when the intracellular concentration of free magnesium rises. the fungi were found to ...	1975	811509
[bacteria-infectious viruses in penicillium chrysogenum strains with differing antibiotic activity].	a new virus capable of replication on e. coli c was isolated from penicillium chrysogenum. six strains of p. chrysogenum differing in the cultural-morphological and biochemical properties and the titer of virus pbv5 were studied. the data provided a supposition that there were definite connections between the titer of virus pbv5 in the mycelium and the fungus ability for the antibiotic production.	1975	817655
[pbv5 virus induction in penicillium chrysogenum mycelium].	the effect of some physical (increased temperature, uv light) and chemical (n-nitrosomethylbiuret, proflavin, acridine orange) factors on the virus titer in 2 strains of penicillium chrysogenum was studied. thermoinactivation of the virus and its induction under the effect of uv light and proflavin were shown. slight induction was observed with n-nitrosomethylbiuret and acridin orange. it was supposed that induction of the virus in the mycelium of penicillium chrysogenum was spontaneous.	1975	817656
incorporation of double-labeled l-cystine and dl-valine in penicillin.	l-[3,3'-(3)h]cystine was incorporated into penicillin with retention of one tritium. this result can be explained by beta-lactam formation through ring closure between c3 of cysteine and nh of valine. no radioactivity of dl-[2,3-(3)h]valine was incorporated into penicillin. the loss of isotope at c2 occurs during the inversion of configuration. the loss of label at c3 is discussed in terms of possible intermediates for the formation of the thiazolidine ring of penicillin.	1975	809001
[biosynthesis of penicillin and the biphasal development of a p. chrysogenum culture].	the two-phase pattern of penicillin biosynthesis was observed only under definite cultivation conditions. when the conditions of the culture growth changed, the productivity curve also changed. the most high productivity levels on the glucose medium and the medium with glucose and lactose were noted at the beginning and in the middle of the process respectively. under more or less equal conditions the productivity remained at the same level.	1975	813566
presence of delta-(l-alpha-aminoadipyl)-l-cysteinyl-d-valine in fermentations of penicillium chrysogenum.	cultures of penicillium chrysogenum, growth with [(35)s]sulfate or labeled amino acids, were examined by ion-exchange chromatography for possible peptidic precursors of penicillin. a sulfur-containing compound, present in both the mycelial extracts and the culture filtrates, was eluted at the location of the synthetic lld-tripeptide delta-(l-alpha-aminoadipyl)-l-cysteinyl-d-valine. since this compound was also labeled when the cultures were incubated with dl-[6-(14)c]alpha-aminoadipic acid, l-[3 ...	1975	813571
morphogenic effects of ramihyphin a in filamentous fungi.	ramihyphin a at subfungistatic concentrations stimulates ramification of hyphae of filamentous fungi. stimulation of terminal ramification of hyphae that can be observed particularly in phytopathogenic fungi is most frequent. hyphae of microsporon canis, trichophyton mentagrophytes, blastomyces dermatitidis, coccidioides immitis and histoplasma capsulatum ramify intensively laterally. stimulation of the lateral ramification was observed in monilia fructigena, penicillium marneffei and penicilliu ...	1975	1176042
distributional patterns of mesophilous and thermophilous microfungi in two bahamian soils.	this study focuses on the characteristics displayed by mesophilous and thermophilous microfungal populations occurring in two tropical monodominant plant communities, a cocos nucifera grove and a casuarina equisetifolia forest, that provide distinctly different edaphic conditions. the mesophilous population sampled at 25 degrees c by the dilution plate method and the thermophilous population that developed on soil plates incubated at 45 degrees c consisted of 1693 isolates representing 60 specie ...	1975	1214847
microbial assimilation of alkyl nitro compounds and formation of nitrite.	66 representative strains of bacteria, yeasts and fungi were tested for their ability to grow in a semidefined medium containing 0.5% nitroethane as a nitrogen source. about half of them were found capable of growing in the medium. hansenula beijerinckii, candida utilis, and penicillium chrysogenum were most active in assimilating nitroethane. 2-nitropropane inhibited growth of most of the microorganisms tested in a medium containing 0.2% peptone and 0.2% glycerol. hansenula mrakii was found to ...	1975	1217935
[study of the mycelial carbohydrates of penicillium chrysogenum and of its inactive mutant].	metabolism of carbohydrates was studied in penicillium chrysogenum 194 and in its inactive mutant growing on a defined medium, and also in the washed mycelium of these cultures. the percentage of nitrogen decreased in the mycelium of both strains with aging as a result of the accumulation of carbohydrate-containing substances dissolved in cold and hot hydrochloric acid. the rate of synthesis of these substances in the inactive mutant is higher than in the strain 194. the difference is especially ...	1975	813089
synthesis of delta-(alpha-aminoadipyl)cysteinylvaline and its role in penicillin biosynthesis.	1. the stereoisomers of delta-(alpha-aminoadipyl)-l-cysteinylvaline (lld, lll and dld) were synthesized from valine labelled with 3h in its methyl groups or in the alpha position. l-cysteinyl-d-[4,4'-3h]valine was also synthesized. 2. 3h was incorporated into a compound that behaved like penicillin n when the lld tripeptide containing either a methyl- or an alpha-labelled valine residue was incubated with a cell-free system prepared by lysis of protoplasts of cephalosporium acremonium. 3. incorp ...	1976	825110
action of nucleases on double-stranded rna.	double-stranded rnas from penicillium chrysogenum virus have been treated with rnase iii, pancreatic rnase a and rnase t1 and the degradation of the rnas has been studied under different conditions. it was found that only the two former enzymes cut across both strands, rnase t1 cannot cleave double strands. rnase iii was shown to digest double-stranded rna by a two step process: an initial phase of specific cleavage is followed by random degradation. in the first phase the enzyme exhibited a def ...	1976	813998
adenosine triphosphate sulfurylase from penicillium chrysogenum. steady state kinetics of the forward and reverse reactions.	the kinetic mechanism of atp sulfurylase was established from initial velocity, product inhibition, and dead-end inhibition studies. in the forward direction, the reaction is steady state ordered, with mgatp=a, sulfate=b, mgpp1=p, and aps=q.kma=0.38 mm, kia=0.71 mm, kmb=0.50 mm. nitrate and chlorate are competive with sulfate and uncompetitive with mgatp. kino3-=0.25 mm; kic1o3-= 0.15 mm. amp and various mgatp analogs are competitive with mgatp and mixed-type inhibitors with respect to so42-. th ...	1976	819440
the buoyant density of three double-stranded rnas in cesium sulfate.	the buoyant densities in cs2so4 of the double-stranded rna from the bacteriophage phi 6 and the virus-like particles of helminthosporium maydis and penicillium chrysogenum were determined by a taylor series expansion and by the position and slope of the gradient relative to the isopycnic position (hinge point method). buoyant densities for the three types of double-stranded rna calculated by the two methods were, respectively, 1.6089 and 1.6083, 1.6065 and 1.6059 and 1.6057 and 1.6050.	1976	953002
synthesis and antibacterial and antifungal activities of alkyl and polyhalophenyl esters of benzo[b]-3-methyl-2-furancarbamic acid.	several alkyl and polyhalophenyl esters of benzo[b]-3-methyl-2-furancarbamic acid were prepared and tested for antifungal activity against candida albicans, penicillium notatum, and aspergillus niger. the pentachlorophenyl ester was the most active substance and the only compound to show antibacterial activity against staphylococcus aureus.	1976	957121
[complete structure of three galactoxyloglucans (amyloids) from seeds].	d-galacto-d-xylo-d-glucans (amyloids) from balsamina, tropaeolum, and tamarindus seeds behave in a similar manner in the presence of various glycosidase preparations: slow depolymerization by enzymes from several germinated or non-germinated seeds, and hydrolysis into monosaccharides and oligosaccharides by commercial cellulase and hemicellulase preparations from fungi. a purified cellulase from penicillium notatum gave a dialyzable fraction almost exclusively composed of alpha-d-xylopyranosyl-( ...	1976	963703
the phospholipase activity from penicillium notatum.		1976	1001665
somatic hybridisation of penicillium roquefortii with p. chrysogenum after protoplast fusion.		1976	822346
genetics of biosynthesis and overproduction of penicillin.		1976	823642
effect of temperature cycling on the production of aflatoxin by asperfillus parasiticus.	aspergillus parasiticus (nrrl 2999) was grown under cycling temperature conditions on rice and nutmeat substrates. under conditions of diurnal and nocturnal time-temperature sequencing, total heat input is an important factor of toxin production. when expressed in degree hours per day, thermal input becomes more definitive and provides a finite number, which can be related to observable changes in the culture such as sporulation and toxin biosynthesis. three well-defined levels of response were ...	1976	825039
[changes in the nuclear material of the germinating conidia of penicillium chrysogenum].	changes in the nucleic acids during germination of the conidia were studied. it was shown that the procedure of the conidia cultivation on millet followed by vacuum drying may be considered as a means of the spore synchronization. it was found that exogenic 3h-thimidine was intensively incorporated into nucleic acids. the incorporation of the label was most intensive during the first 3 hours of incubation. changes in the quantitative content of dna in the conidia were also most intensive during ...	1976	826214
discrimination of competent bacillus subtilis with respect to ribonucleic acids.	a study has been made of the affinity of double-stranded helical rna for dna receptors in competent bacillus subtilis. in competition experiments, using homologous and heterologous dna samples which had been sheared to molecular weights comparable to that of the rna (about 2 x 10(6)), and which still exhibited appreciable competition in dna uptake experiments, the replicative form of phage f2 rna showed no evidence of affinity for receptor sites. a second double-stranded rna preperation from a w ...	1976	827684
mannitol production in fungi during glucose catabolism.	the levels of phosphofructokinase (ec 2.7.1.11) and mannitol-1-phosphate dehydrogenase (ec 1.1.1.17) have been determined in a number of mucor and penicillium species. mannitol-1-phosphate dehydrogenase was found in only one species of mucor, mucor rouxii, and this with a specific activity much lower than that found in penicillium species. all of the fungi tested in the ascomycetes class exhibited mannitol-1-phosphate dehydrogenase activity. interference from both mannitol-1-phosphate dehydrogen ...	1976	179688
[mutagenic action of n-nitrosodimethylurea on actinomyces rimosus and penicillium chrysogenum].	high mutagenic activity of n-nitrozodimethylurea (ndmu), an agent of the group of the nitrozo compounds not studied in detail was shown with respect to prototrophic and auxotrophic strains of actinomyces rimosus, an organism producing oxytetracycline and penicillium chrysogenum, an organism producing penicillin. the rate of direct and back mutations in the auxotrophic strain of act. rimosus under the effect of ndmu was many times higher than that of spontaneous mutations. ndmu was used at one of ...	1976	182067
naturally-occurring double-stranded rna and immune responses. iv. influence of molecular size on antigenicity and adjuvant activity.	the immunological properties of a naturally-occurring double-stranded ribonucleic acid (ds-rna), obtained from a mycophage of penicillium chrysogenum, have been studied in relation to molecular size. materials of reduced size, as reflected by molecular weight measurements, produced by ultrasonication of native ds-rna, exhibited progressively lowered ability to induce an anti-ds-rna response in mice. adjuvant and immunosuppressive activities were of similar magnitude in both high and low molecula ...	1976	63377
the absolute configuration of the amino acids in delta-(alpha-aminoadipyl)cysteinylvaline from penicillium chrysogenum.	radioactive carbon-14 l-alpha-aminoadipic acid, l-cysteine, or l-valine were readily incorporated into the intracellular tripeptide, delta-(alpha-aminoadipyl)cysteinylvaline (acv), by washed starved cells of penicillium chrysogenum. the labeled acv in each case was oxidized with performic acid and isolated as its corresponding sulfonic acid derivative. after acid hydrolysis, the configuration of the component acids was determined by l- and d-amino acid oxidases, which showed the tripeptide (acv) ...	1976	2279
dependence of the mutagenic effect of n-nitroso-n-methylbiuret on the ph index.	the mutagenic effect of nitrosocompounds is known to be dependent on ph. the effect of n-nitrozo-n-methylbiuret on the conidia of penicillium chrysogenum was studied within the ranges of ph from 5.0 to 7.0, the role of the buffer and distilled water being also considered. it was found that survival, morphological variation and induction of biochemical mutants depended on the value of ph. the optimal conditions for the culture treatment at the exposures tested were provided at ph 6.0 with the use ...	1976	11741
incorporation of double-labelled valine into delta-(l-alpha-aminoadipyl)-l-cysteinyl-d-valine by penicillium chrysogenum.	the incorporation of valine into the lld-tripeptide, delta-(l-alpha-aminoadipyl)-l-cysteinyl-d-valine, a precursor of penicillin, was studied by incubating mycelial mats of penicillium chrysogenum wis. 49-2105 with double labelled valines. l-valine was incorporated into the lld-tripeptide without formation of an alpha, beta-didehydrovaline intermediate. intact d-valine was not incorporated into the lld-tripeptide.	1976	65951
geomycology.	fungi have long been known to have capabilities for reduction and alkylation of arsenate and selenate but their general capabilities for solubilizing and accumulating metallic substances have been given serious attention only in recent years. common members of the aspergillaceae cultured on boron, copper, lead and other metals or oxides can solubilize and concentrate the elements or their compounds. to account for bio-solubilization of the metals, we have set up a model study, incubating selecte ...	1976	12678122
performance of fungi in low temperature and hypersaline environments.	during the past ten years we have observed a broad array of stress capabilities in common fungi including ability to grow in aqueous ammonia and other alkaline solutions, in acids, in the presence of heavy metals, and in various salt media at low temperature. this report is concerned primarily with (a) the performance of aspergillaceae in a variety of saturated salts, (b) distinctive roles for k+ and rb+ ions, and (c) the lowest temperatures at which growth in nutrient brines has been observed, ...	1976	12678120
on micro-organisms of the stratosphere.	the lower parts of the biosphere are well studied since various live beings are found in oceans and at the bottom of large hollows. contrary to this, we have no data about the upper boundaries of the biosphere. samples were obtained with the help of specially constructed analysers which were installed in meteorological rockets and reached an altitude of 100 km. with the help of methods completely excluding the possibility of contamination of analysers with outside microflora it became possible t ...	1976	12678121
resistance of stratospheric and mesospheric micro-organisms to extreme factors.	studies of the stratosphere and mesosphere, by means of special analysers installed on meteorological rockets, have thrown more light on our knowledge of the upper boundary of the biosphere. the presence of the following micro-organisms was registered at heights of 49-77 km: aspergillus niger, penicillium notatum, circinella muscae, papulaspora anomala, mycobacterium luteum and micrococcus albus. the isolated micro-organisms were subjected to the action of gamma-irradiation, high vacuum and uv r ...	1977	12596803
life and the outer planets i. performance of terrestrial organisms in ammonia-rich systems.	survival and growth of organisms has been demonstrated at 298 degrees k in nh3 atmospheres, including ammonia-methane mixtures. included are bacteria such as clostridium perfringens, pseudomonas aeruginosa, fungi such as penicillium notatum and torula utilis. although the biological response in onion and other species of allium is limited to germination, standard metabolic poisons were active even in 15 m aqueous nh3, at 250 degrees k. the most extreme example of compatibility between nh3-rich e ...	1977	12596809
a taxonomic study of the penicillium chrysogenum series.	the taxonomy of the penicillium chrysogenum series is reconsidered. on account of the observations of the available type strains and numerous isolates mainly obtained from food products, penicillium notatum westling, p. meleagrinum biourge and p. cyaneofulyum biourge are placed in synonymy with p. chrysogenum thom. synonymy and variability of the species are discussed.	1977	413477
effects of lysine analogs on penicillium chrysogenum.	compounds structurally related to lysine were tested against penicillium chrysogenum wis. 54-1255 for inhibition of growth, sporulation, and penicillin formation. this strain is relatively resistant to lysine analogs. the compounds that were the more active inhibitors of growth and whose activities were reversed by l-lysine were diaminohexynoic acid, n-epsilon-methyllysine, n-alpha-methyllysine, and diaminopimelic acid. these four compounds also inhibited sporulation, which was more sensitive to ...	1977	413481
choline sulfokinase of penicillium chrysogenum: partial purification and kinetic mechanism.		1977	18095
[large-scale purification, crystallization and some physicochemical properties of extracellular guanyl-rnases c2 and pch1].	the purification of rnase c2 from 76.5 1 of asp. clavatus cultural fluid and rnase pch1 from 160 1 of pen. chrysogenum 152 a cultural fluid was described. 1150-fold purification of rnase c2 was attained by precipitation with ammonium sulfate, ion-exchange chromatography and rechromatography on deae-cellulose, gel chromatography on sephadex g-75, and crystallization from diluted acidic buffer. during the preparation of rnase pch1 additional chromatography on cm-cellulose was used before crystalli ...	1977	410458
theoretical conversion yields for penicillin synthesis.	the efficiency of conversion of the carbon-energy source to product is of primary importance in many fermentation processes. in order to assess the efficiency of a process, one must know how close the actual conversion yield is to the theoretical maximum. theoretical conversion yields are useful, therefore, as guides in improving a process. this knowledge is particularly important today because the cost of raw materials is rapidly rising. in this study, the biochemical pathway of penicillin synt ...	1977	409442
a quantitative evaluation of the antifungal properties of glutaraldehyde.		1977	409708
terminal structure involving a single-stranded stretch in the double-stranded rna from penicillium chrysogenum virus.		1977	408972
[study of the effect of microconcentrations of glucose on the biosynthesis of penicillin].	a method of "acute" experiments with significant dilution of the fermentation broth is proposed for studying the effect of easily assimilable substrates on growth of the culture and production of the antibiotic by it. the effect of microconcentrations of glucose on the parameters of the process kinetics was studied with respect to penicillin. the specific effect of microconcentrations of glucose on the specific rate of the culture growth and productivity was noted.	1977	407839
homocitrate synthase as the crucial site of the lysine effect on penicillin biosynthesis.	homocitrate reverses the lysine inhibition of penicillin bisynthesis. since lysine is known to inhibit homocitrate synthase, reversal by the reaction product identifies this enzyme as the crucial site of the lysine effect.	1977	411778
the stereochemistry of beta-lactam formation in penicillin biosynthesis.	1. (2r,3s)-[u-14c,3-3h1]- and (2r,3r)-[u-14c,2,3-3h2] cysteine hydrochlorides have been separately synthesised. the latter compound has been shown to have uniform distributions of tritium between c-2 and c-3. 2. the abvoe cysteines and (2r)-[u-14c,3,3,3',3'-3h4]cystine have been converted to samples of penicillin g by penicillium chrysogenum. 3. incorporation results indicate that all but 14% of the tritium is lost from the (2r,3s)-[3-3h1]isomer; that 42% of tritium is retained by the non-stereo ...	1977	405213
mycotoxins in foodstuffs. x. production of citrinin by penicillium chrysogenum in bread.		1977	412758
effect of media composition on the penicillin production.	the conventional penicillin fermentation medium is composed of corn steep liquor, glucose, lactose, minerals, oil, and precursor. the penicillin activity was not affected, due to the addition of carbonate 0-1% or whale oil 0.5% instead of 1%. also the omission of cupric, magnesium, manganese, zinc sulphates, and acetic acid did not affect the penicillin activity, while the omission of ammonium nitrate and potassium dihydrogen phosphate decreased the penicillin activity in the medium. the penicil ...	1977	406754
comparison of the biophysical and biochemical properties of penicillium cyaneo-fulvum virus and penicillium chrysogenum virus.	the biophysical and biochemical properties of penicillium cyaneo-fulvum virus (pc-fv) and penicillium chrysogenum virus (pcv) have been compared. in sucrose density gradient sedimentation, purified virus preparations gave one major component, l, and three minor components e1, e2 and h with sedimentation coefficients of 145s, 80s, 102s and 172s respectively in each case. e1, e2 were shown to be empty particles. pc-fv l particles contained only double-stranded rna, which separated in polyacrylamid ...	1977	833575
[the protective role of pigments against uv rays in fungi isolated from the mesosphere].	five among six species of microorganisms isolated from the mesosphere contained pigments which made them more resistant to the action of uv as compared to pigmentless microorganisms in the atmosphere of earth. uv irradiation in the atmosphere is supposed to select resistant pigmented forms, so that they predominate in the mesosphere. to confirm this assumption, mutants of aspergillus niger, penicillium notatum and circinella muscae were sported by irradiating them four times and then subjecting ...	1977	600090
positional specificity of phospholipase b of penicillium notatum.	phospholipase b[ec 3.1.1.5] of penicillium notatum was shown to catalyze the following two reactions successively: diacylphospholipidlead to 1-monoacylphospholipid+fatty acid; and 1-monoacylphospholipid lead to glycerylphosphoryl-base+fatty acid. 1-monoacylphospholipid was accumulated measurable in a reaction mixture containing methanol. an attempt to classify phospholipase b according to positional specificity is described.	1977	863863
phosphofrucktokinase and glucose catabolism of mucor and penicillium species.	the primary catabolic pathways in the fungi penicillium notatum and p. duponti, and mucor rouxii and m. miehei were examined by measuring the relative rate of 14co2 production from different carbon atoms of specifically labelled glucose. it was found that these organisms dissimilate glucose predominantly via the embden--meyerhof pathway in conjunction with the tricarboxylic acid cycle and to a lesser extent by the pentose phosphate pathway. phosphofructokinase (ec 2.7.1.11) activity could not be ...	1977	143338
cellulose-decomposing fungi of salt marshes in egypt.	seventy-five species and three varieties which belong to thirty-four genera were identified from 74 soil samples collected from salt marshes in egypt. the most frequent fungi were aspergillus fumigatus, aspergillus niger, cladosporium herbarum and alternatia alternata, followed by aspergillus terreus, curvularia spicifera and penicillium notatum. six genera were of moderate occurrence: penicillium, fusarium, curvularia, rhizopus, stachybotrys, and chaetomium. five genera were of low occurrence: ...	1978	624509
microbial transformations of natural antitumor agents: oxidation of lapachol by penicillium notatum.	the naphthoquinone lapachol (1) is readily metabolized by several fungi and streptomycetes. preparative-scale fermentations with penicillium notatum (ui 1602) provided a major polar metabolite (4), which was isolated and identified as an intermediate of the hooker oxidation. the metabolite was synthesized by reacting lapachol with hydrogen peroxide under alkaline conditions.	1978	637549
studies on a phospholipase b from penicillium notatum. substrate specificity.	1. the action of a highly purified phospholipase b from penicillium notatum on 1-o-alk-1'-enyl-2-acyl-, 1-o-alkyl-2-acyl-, 1,2-diacyl-, 1-acyl- and 2-acyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine, monoacyl-, diacyl- and triacylglycerols, cholesteryl oleate and p-nitrophenyl acetate was studied. 2. the hydrolysis products of the monoethermonoacylglycerophospholipids were identified as fatty acids, 1-o-alk-1'-enyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine and 1-o-alkyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine. the hydrolysis rates were ...	1978	638179
otomycosis: a survey in the eastern province of saudi arabia.	the eastern province of saudi arabia is characterized by a high perennial relative humidity and atmospheric pressure. one hundred and forty-eight cases clinically suspected of being otomycotic were examined by culture over a period of 13 months; 120 gave positive results and yielded 131 fungal isolates, of which 110 were single infections and 10 mixed infections of two or more fungi. a. niger was the most common (51.15%), then a. flavus (18.32%) penicillium notatum (5.34%), c. albicans and a. te ...	1978	712219
upper boundary of the biosphere.	by using meterological rockets fitted with specially designed analyzers, samples for microbiological investigation have been taken. the analyzer design prevented extraneous microorganisms from penetrating into the analyzer. before being used, the analyzers were sterilized with high gamma-ray doses. for the first time microorganisms have been detected in the mesosphere at an altitude of 48 to 77 km. the microorganisms are microscopic fungi having black conidia or spores (circinella muscae, asperg ...	1978	623455
adenosine triphosphate sulfurylase from penicillium chrysogenum equilibrium binding, substrate hydrolysis, and isotope exchange studies.		1978	415663