Publications

suitability of various turfgrass species and cultivars for development and survival of black cutworm (lepidoptera: noctuidae).	black cutworm, agrotis ipsilon (hufnagel) (lepidoptera: noctuidae), feeding bioassays were conducted on young and mature turfgrass species to determine their potential resistance. measures of resistance included larval weight, survival rate, instar development, pupal weight, duration of pupation, and days to pupation and adult emergence. black cutworm reared on poa pratensis 'midnight', poa arachnigera 'tejas', and poa pratensis x poa arachnigera 'reveille' exhibited slower development, lower we ...	2006	16813321
the effect of mixed or sequential grazing of cattle and sheep on the faecal egg counts and growth rates of weaned lambs when treated with anthelmintics.	an experiment was conducted over two successive years (2002 and 2003) to investigate the effects of grazing improved permanent pasture (mainly perennial ryegrass/white clover) by cattle or sheep, either sequentially or mixed, on the faecal egg counts and growth rates of weaned lambs when treated with anthelmintics. the grazing season was divided into two parts, may-july then july-october, relating to the pre- and post-weaning of the lambs. four grazing regimes, replicated three times, were compa ...	2006	16887269
effects of perennial ryegrass cultivars on milk yield and nitrogen utilization in grazing dairy cows.	the effects of 4 diploid perennial ryegrass cultivars that differed in water-soluble carbohydrate (wsc) concentrations on milk yield and nitrogen (n) utilization in dairy cows were evaluated in a 2-yr grazing experiment. twelve lactating dairy cows were assigned to 1 cultivar for a 2-wk period in a 4 x 4 latin square design with 3 replicates. each year, the experiment lasted 8 wk. swards were in a vegetative stage throughout the experiment. herbage constituents were determined, and dm intake was ...	2006	16899684
importance of host plant species, neotyphodium endophyte isolate, and alkaloids on feeding by spodoptera frugiperda (lepidoptera: noctuidae) larvae.	three grass host species--tall fescue, festuca arundinacea schreber; meadow fescue, festuca pratensis hudson; and perennial ryegrass, lolium perenne l.--each infected with a number of different neotyphodium endophyte isolates, were investigated for their effects on fall armyworm, spodoptera frugiperda (j.e. smith). alkaloid profiles varied among associations. choice and no-choice tests comparing feeding and early development of s. frugiperda larvae on endophyte-infected and endophyte-free leaf b ...	2006	16937705
protein interactions of mads box transcription factors involved in flowering in lolium perenne.	regulation of flowering time is best understood in the dicot model species arabidopsis thaliana. molecular analyses revealed that genes belonging to the mads box transcription factor family play pivotal regulatory roles in both the vernalization- and photoperiod-regulated flowering pathways. here the analysis of three apetala1 (ap1)-like mads box proteins (lpmads1-3) and a short vegetative phase (svp)-like mads box protein (lpmads10) from the monocot perennial grass species lolium perenne is rep ...	2006	17005923
perennial ryegrass (lolium perenne l.).	a protocol that facilitates rapid establishment of agrobacterium-mediated transformation for perennial ryegrass is described. the synthetic green fluorescent protein (sgfps65t) reporter gene is introduced in combination with the nptii selectable marker gene into axillary bud derived embryogenic calli of perennial ryegrass (lolium perenne l.) by co-cultivation with agrobacterium tumefaciens strain agl0 harboring binary vector pyf132. following the co-cultivation calli are cultured for 48 h in liq ...	2006	17033051
a p67phox-like regulator is recruited to control hyphal branching in a fungal-grass mutualistic symbiosis.	key requirements for microbes to initiate and establish mutualistic symbiotic interactions with plants are evasion of potential host defense responses and strict control of microbial growth. reactive oxygen species (ros) produced by a specific nadph oxidase isoform, noxa, regulate hyphal growth in the mutualistic interaction between the fungal endophyte epichloë festucae and its grass host lolium perenne. unlike mammalian systems, little is known about the fungal nadph oxidase complex and its re ...	2006	17041146
breeding for disease resistance in the major cool-season turfgrasses.	over the past several decades, breeding cool-season turfgrasses for improved disease resistance has been the focus of many turfgrass breeding programs. this review article discusses the dramatic improvements made in breeding kentucky bluegrass (poa pratensis) for resistance to leaf spot (caused by drechslera poae), stem rust (caused by puccinia graminis), and stripe smut (caused by ustilago striiformis); perennial ryegrass (lolium perenne) for resistance to gray leaf spot (caused by pyricularia ...	2006	17061916
phosphorus nutrition and mycorrhiza effects on grass leaf growth. p status- and size-mediated effects on growth zone kinematics.	this study tested whether leaf elongation rate (ler, mm h(-1)) and its components--average relative elemental growth rate (regravg, mm mm(-1) h(-1)) and leaf growth zone length (l(lgz), mm)--are related to phosphorus (p) concentration in the growth zone (p(lgz) mg p g(-1) tissue water) of lolium perenne l. cv. condesa and whether such relationships are modified by the arbuscular mycorrhizal fungus (amf) glomus hoi. mycorrhizal and non-mycorrhizal plants were grown at a range of p supply rates an ...	2006	17080603
arbuscular mycorrhizal colonization on carbon economy in perennial ryegrass: quantification by 13co2/12co2 steady-state labelling and gas exchange.	effects of the arbuscular mycorrhizal fungus (amf) glomus hoi on the carbon economy of perennial ryegrass (lolium perenne) were investigated by comparing nonmycorrhizal and mycorrhizal plants of the same size, morphology and phosphorus status. plants were grown in the presence of co2 sources with different c isotope composition (delta13c -1 or -44). relative respiration and gross photosynthesis rates, and belowground allocation of c assimilated during one light period ('new c'), as well as its c ...	2006	17083684
effect of sheep urine deposition on the bacterial community structure in an acidic upland grassland soil.	the effect of the addition of synthetic sheep urine (ssu) and plant species on the bacterial community composition of upland acidic grasslands was studied using a microcosm approach. low, medium, and high concentrations of ssu were applied to pots containing plant species typical of both unimproved (agrostis capillaris) and agriculturally improved (lolium perenne) grasslands, and harvests were carried out 10 days and 50 days after the addition of ssu. ssu application significantly increased both ...	2006	17088382
quantitative trait loci controlling vernalisation requirement, heading time and number of panicles in meadow fescue (festuca pratensis huds.).	the "bf14/16xhf2/7" mapping population of meadow fescue (festuca pratensis huds.) was characterised for number of panicles produced by non-vernalised plants in the field, vernalisation requirement (number of weeks at 6 degrees c and 8 h photoperiod), as well as days to heading, number of panicles and proportion of shoots heading after a 12 weeks vernalisation treatment. quantitative trait loci (qtls) were identified and compared to qtls and genes related to the induction of flowering in cereals ...	2006	16235049
joint action of benzoxazinone derivatives and phenolic acids.	the joint action of binary and ternary mixtures of benzoxazinone derivatives and phenolic acids was studied using the additive dose model (adm) as reference model. the activity of fixed-ratio mixtures of phenolic acids [ferulic acid (fa), p-coumaric acid (ca), vanillic acid (va), and p-hydroxybenzoic acid (hba)] and benzoxazinone derivatives [2,4-dihydroxy-7-methoxy-1,4-benzoxazin-3-one (dimboa), 6-methoxybenzoxazolin-2-one (mboa), benzoxazolin-2-one (boa), 2-aminophenol (ap), and n-(2-hydroxyph ...	2006	16478216
molecular and functional characterization of a cdna encoding fructan:fructan 6g-fructosyltransferase (6g-fft)/fructan:fructan 1-fructosyltransferase (1-fft) from perennial ryegrass (lolium perenne l.).	fructans are the main storage compound in lolium perenne. to account for the prevailing neokestose-based fructan synthesis in this species, a cdna library of l. perenne was screened by using the onion (allium cepa) fructan:fructan 6g-fructosyltransferase (6g-fft) as a probe. a full length lp6g-fft clone was isolated with significant homologies to vacuolar type fructosyltransferases and invertases. the functionality of the cdna was tested by heterologous expression in pichia pastoris. the recombi ...	2006	16840511
quantification of pollen solute release using pollen grain column chromatography.	the impact of pollen on the respiratory mucosa was modeled by studying the process by which solutes are eluted from pollen grains. rye grass (lolium perenne), short ragweed (ambrosia artemisiifolia), and white oak (quercus alba) pollens were packed between glass wool plugs in small columns. water was pumped through the columns and the eluate solute yield was determined by measurement of the dry solute weight. solute separation was rapid, and concentrations and osmolalities of the eluate decrease ...	2006	1456413
effects, transfer, and fate of rdx from aged soil in plants and worms.	the objectives of this study were to provide data that can be used to predict exposure-based effects of rdx in aged soil on multiple endpoint organisms representing two trophic levels. these data can be used for defining criteria or reference values for environmental management and conducting specific risk assessment. dose-response experiments formed the basis for the evaluation of toxic effects and transfer of contaminants from soil into two trophic levels. long-term exposure tests were conduct ...	2006	16045966
fractional and structural characterization of hemicelluloses from perennial ryegrass (lolium perenne) and cocksfoot grass (dactylis glomerata).	sequential three-stage treatments with 80% etoh containing 0.2% naoh, 2.5% h2o2-0.2% edta containing 1.5% naoh and 2.5% h2o2-0.2% taed containing 1.0% naoh at 75 degrees c for 3h released 8.0% and 10.4%, 79.1% and 77.0% and 12.9% and 12.5% of the original hemicelluloses from perennial grass and cocksfoot grass, respectively. it was found that the four alkaline peroxide-soluble hemicellulosic fractions contained higher amounts of xylose (33.4-38.2%), uronic acids (9.3-15.3%) and rhamnose (3.0-3.9 ...	2006	16750181
screening of pahs and ddts in sand and acrisols soil by a rapid solid-phase microalgal bioassay.	previously we have demonstrated the rapid screening potential of a newly developed solid-phase microalgal bioassay with spiked sands. in this paper, we report further comparative results using both pahs and ddts spiked sands and field-collected acrisols soils. toxicity responses obtained from standard higher plant tests with three species of plants (lolium perenne, cynodon dactylon and brassica chinensis) were compared with those obtained from a cocktail of microalgae (selenastrum capricornutum, ...	2007	17503178
effects of dietary sulphur sources on concentrations of hydrogen sulphide in the rumen head-space gas of dairy cows.	three change-over design experiments investigated the origin of hydrogen sulphide in the rumen head-space gas of dairy cows, comparing the effects of single iso-s additions of methionine, cysteine and sodium sulphate, as well as the effects of single meals of fresh ryegrass or white clover. the concentration of hydrogen sulphide in rumen gas declined close to zero within 4 h after withdrawal of the previous feed. sulphur sources were then given to cows and concentrations of hydrogen sulphide rec ...	2007	22444410
frequency, type, and distribution of est-ssrs from three genotypes of lolium perenne, and their conservation across orthologous sequences of festuca arundinacea, brachypodium distachyon, and oryza sativa.	simple sequence repeat (ssr) markers are highly informative and widely used for genetic and breeding studies in several plant species. they are used for cultivar identification, variety protection, as anchor markers in genetic mapping, and in marker-assisted breeding. currently, a limited number of ssr markers are publicly available for perennial ryegrass (lolium perenne). we report on the exploitation of a comprehensive est collection in l. perenne for ssr identification. the objectives of this ...	2007	17626623
phytotoxicity data safeguard the performance of the recipient plants in leachate irrigation.	leachates from an operating and a closed landfill were examined for their phytotoxicity by seed germination/root elongation tests using seeds of brassica chinensis and lolium perenne. their ec50s ranged from 3% to 46% v/v, which varied remarkably with the operating status of the landfills. seedlings of twelve tree species were grown in pots, which were irrigated with landfill leachate at the ec50 levels, with tap water as control. no tree mortality or growth inhibition was observed after 90 days ...	2007	16701930
allelopathic effects of medicago sativa l. and vicia cracca l. leaf and root extracts on weeds.	in this study, the allelopathic potential of different concentration (5, 25 and 50%) of m. sativa and v. cracca leaf and root extracts were evaluated on germination and radicle length of four weed species (amaranthus retroflexus l., lolium perenne l., ipomoea hederacea l. and portulaca oleracea l.) in laboratory condition. as a result, germination and radicle length of all species were reduced by the extract from m. sativa and v. cracca leaf and root at different percentage. increasing the water ...	2007	19086510
evaluation of a cost effective technique for treating aquaculture water discharge using lolium perenne lam as a biofilter.	wastewater stabilization ponds generate low cost by-products that are useful for agriculture. the utilization of these by-products for soil amendment and as a source of nutrients for plants requires a high level of sanitation and stabilization of the organic matter, to maintain acceptable levels of soil, water and air quality. in this study, two aquaculture wastewater treatment systems; recirculating system and a floating plant bed system were designed to improve the quality of irrigation water ...	2007	17966513
rice pseudomolecule-anchored cross-species dna sequence alignments indicate regional genomic variation in expressed sequence conservation.	various methods have been developed to explore inter-genomic relationships among plant species. here, we present a sequence similarity analysis based upon comparison of transcript-assembly and methylation-filtered databases from five plant species and physically anchored rice coding sequences.	2007	17708759
peramine and other fungal alkaloids are exuded in the guttation fluid of endophyte-infected grasses.	many grasses live in association with asymptomatic fungi (neotyphodium spp. endophytes), which grow in the intercellular spaces of the grass. these endophytes produce a range of alkaloids that protect the grass against grazing by mammals and insects. one of these alkaloids is an unusual pyrrolopyrazine, peramine. peramine appears to be continuously produced by the endophyte, but does not progressively accumulate. no mechanism for the removal of peramine by its further metabolism or any other pro ...	2007	17126863
study on the influence of pasture on volatile fraction of ewes' dairy products by solid-phase microextraction and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry.	the detection of markers of identification of the geographical origin of food is an attractive challenge and, as far as dairy products are concerned, this paper represents a contribution to this field. in this research the influence of feed on the volatile compound composition was investigated on milk, 2-mo-old cheese (caciotta), and whey cheese (ricotta) obtained from the same flock of sarda ewes, under standardized technological conditions. three different types of pasture (mixture of lolium p ...	2007	17235132
comparative evaluation of alternative forages to grass silage in the diet of early lactation dairy cows.	fifty-six autumn-calving holstein-friesian cows, blocked on the basis of days in milk (27.6 +/- 10.65 d), lactation number (3.1 +/- 2.21), and preexperimental milk yield (28.4 +/- 6.69 kg) were used to examine the effects of replacing 330 g/kg of dry matter (dm) of first-cut perennial ryegrass silage with either fermented whole-crop wheat (wcw), urea-treated processed wcw, or corn silage on subsequent feed intake, milk production, and efficiency of nitrogen utilization. the dm (g/kg), crude prot ...	2007	17235167
high nitrogen supply and carbohydrate content reduce fungal endophyte and alkaloid concentration in lolium perenne.	the relationship between cool-season grasses and fungal endophytes is widely regarded as mutualistic, but there is growing uncertainty about whether changes in resource supply and environment benefit both organisms to a similar extent. here, we infected two perennial ryegrass (lolium perenne) cultivars (aberdove, fennema) that differ in carbohydrate content with three strains of neotyphodium lolii (ar1, ar37, common strain) that differ intrinsically in alkaloid profile. we grew endophyte-free an ...	2007	17286827
functional analysis of a beta-1,6-glucanase gene from the grass endophytic fungus epichloë festucae.	beta-1,6-glucanases degrade the polysaccharide beta-1,6-glucan, a cell wall component in some filamentous fungi. a single copy of a beta-1,6-glucanase gene, designated gcna, was identified in each of the grass endophytic fungi neotyphodium lolii and epichloë festucae. phylogenetic analysis indicates that the gcna protein is a member of glycosyl hydrolase family 5, and is closely related to fungal beta-1,6-glucanases implicated in mycoparasitism. the e. festucae gcna gene was expressed in myceliu ...	2007	17303450
identification of two novel phytosiderophores secreted by perennial grasses.	it has been suggested that some perennial grasses secrete phytosiderophores in response to iron (fe) deficiency, but the compounds have not been identified. here, we identified and characterized the phytosiderophores secreted by two perennial grasses, lolium perenne cv. tove and poa pratensis cv. baron. root exudates were collected from the roots of fe-deficient grasses and then purified with various chromatographies. the structure of the purified compounds was determined using both nuclear magn ...	2007	17388893
resistance to rust fungi in lolium perenne depends on within-species variation and performance of the host species in grasslands of different plant diversity.	the hypothesis that plant species diversity and genetic variation of the host species decrease the severity of plant diseases is supported by studies of agricultural systems, but experimental evidence from more complex systems is scarce. in an experiment with grassland communities of varying species richness (1, 2, 4, 8, 16, and 60 species) and functional group richness (1, 2, 3, and 4 functional groups), we used different cultivars of lolium perenne (perennial ryegrass) to study effects of biod ...	2007	17415594
anthelmintic and nutritional effects of heather supplementation on cashmere goats grazing perennial ryegrass-white clover pastures.	to investigate anthelmintic and nutritional effects of heather supplementation in goats grazing perennial ryegrass-white clover pastures, 40 dry cashmere goats were randomly assigned to 4 treatments in a 2 x 2 factorial arrangement: 2 grazing management treatments (supplementation with heather vs. nonsupplementation) and 2 anthelmintic treatments (treatment vs. nontreatment). goats grazed continuously from may to september 2004. at the end of the grazing period, the number of dead goats due to g ...	2007	17085731
tilletia vankyi, a new species of reticulate-spored bunt fungus with non-conjugating basidiospores infecting species of festuca and lolium.	a bunt fungus, exhibiting a spore germination pattern unique to known reticulate-spored species of tilletia was found infecting plants in seed production fields of festuca rubra ssp. rubra (red fescue) and f. rubra ssp. fallax (chewing's fescue) in oregon, and in seed lots of lolium perenne (perennial ryegrass) from australia and germany. teliospores germinated to form 20-40 uninucleate, non-conjugating basidiospores, and colonies derived from single basidiospores produced teliospores in culture ...	2007	18023991
effects of the arbuscular mycorrhizal fungus glomus mosseae on growth and metal uptake by four plant species in copper mine tailings.	a greenhouse experiment was conducted to evaluate the potential role of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (amf) in encouraging revegetation of copper (cu) mine tailings. two native plant species, coreopsis drummondii and pteris vittata, together with a turf grass, lolium perenne and a leguminous plant trifolium repens associated with and without amf glomus mosseae were grown in cu mine tailings to assess mycorrhizal effects on plant growth, mineral nutrition and metal uptake. results indicated that s ...	2007	16764975
mapping and comparative analysis of qtl for crown rust resistance in an italian x perennial ryegrass population.	abstract crown rust (puccinia coronata f. sp. lolli) is a serious fungal foliar disease of perennial ryegrass (lolium perenne l.) and italian ryegrass (l. multiflorum lam.), which are important forage and turf species. a number of quantitative trait loci (qtl) for crown rust resistance previously were identified in perennial ryegrass under growth chamber or greenhouse conditions. in this study, we conducted a qtl mapping for crown rust resistance in a three-generation italian x perennial ryegras ...	2007	18943608
biogenic amine production in grass, maize and total mixed ration silages inoculated with lactobacillus casei or lactobacillus buchneri.	to investigate the effects of inoculating lactobacillus casei or lacobacillus buchneri on the production of biogenic amines (ba) in silage.	2007	17650192
feeding strategies for small-scale dairy systems based on perennial (lolium perenne) or annual (lolium multiflorum) ryegrass in the central highlands of mexico.	small-scale dairying is an option for campesinos in mexico. the costs of feeding are high and strategies based on quality forages are a priority. the performance, agronomic variables and feeding costs were evaluated for dairy cows continuously grazing perennial ryegrass-white clover for 9 h/day (prg) or fed cut herbage from annual ryegrass for 8 weeks followed by 9 h/day for 6 weeks on a tethered rotational grazing pattern (arg). all cows received 3 kg/day of an 18% crude protein (cp) concentrat ...	2007	17691542
effects of rumen or duodenal glucose infusions on intake in dairy cows fed fresh perennial ryegrass indoors.	the aim of this study was to determine whether the intake of fresh highly digestible ryegrass could be limited by the total amount of energy absorbed. moreover, it investigated whether the limitation was more specific to energy absorbed as volatile fatty acids in the rumen compared with energy absorbed in the lower gastrointestinal tract. four treatments were compared: infusion of 1.25 kg of glucose into the rumen (r1.25), infusion of 2.5 kg of glucose into the rumen (r2.5), infusion of 1.5 kg o ...	2007	17699060
characterization of the dynamics of initial bacterial colonization of nonconserved forage in the bovine rumen.	microbial colonization is central to ruminal degradation of dietary material yet little is known about the dynamics of this process. the aim of this study was to characterize the initial stages of bacterial colonization of forage, and to assess the impact that different postsample processing and analysis methods had on the results obtained. bacterial 16s rrna gene-based analysis of damaged, nonconserved perennial ryegrass, incubated in sacco in the bovine rumen, required the development and vali ...	2007	17941835
effective rumen degradation of dry matter, crude protein and neutral detergent fibre in forage determined by near infrared reflectance spectroscopy.	the objective of the present study was to examine if near infrared reflectance spectroscopy (nirs) could be used to predict degradation parameters and effective degradation from scans of original forage samples. degradability of dry matter (dm), crude protein (cp) and neutral detergent fibre (ndf) of 61 samples of perennial ryegrass (lolium perenne l.) and orchardgrass (dactylis glomerata l.) was tested by using the in situ technique. the grass samples were harvested at three different stages, e ...	2007	17988354
interaction of bioaccumulation of heavy metal chromium with water relation, mineral nutrition and photosynthesis in developed leaves of lolium perenne l.	contamination by chromium (cr) is widespread in agricultural soils and industrial sites. this heavy metal represents a risk to human health. in order to gain fundamental insights into the nature of the adaptation to cr excess, the characterisation of physiological indices, including responses of photosynthetic gas exchange and chlorophyll a fluorescence along with changes in mineral nutrient contents and water status were studied in ray grass (lolium perenne l.). increased concentrations of cr(v ...	2007	17434568
comparative toxicity of hydrophobic contaminants to microalgae and higher plants.	to enable rapid and sensitive screening of phytotoxic compounds in terrestrial system, a 4 day solid-phase microalgal bioassay was developed. three species of microalgae (selenastrum capricornutum, chlorococcum hypnosporum and chlorococcum meneghini) were chosen to investigate their responses to ddts (ddt, ddd and dde) and pahs (naphthalene, phenanthrene and pyrene) spiked sands. the bioassay results showed that pahs and ddts were toxic to microalgae in a 4-day exposure tests but not to seed ger ...	2007	17436149
tobacco as an allergen in bronchial disease.	skin testing and sera measurements have verified the existence of tobacco specific ige. however, the few published studies on this matter report conflicting results concerning their clinical significance.	2007	17458428
optimal choice of dairy forages in eastern australia.	although several forage species such as perennial ryegrass are predominant, there is a wide range of forage species that could be grown in subtropical and temperate regions in australia as dairy pastures. these species have differing seasonal patterns of growth, nutrient quality, and water-use efficiency, as demonstrated in a large experiment evaluating over 30 species at the university of sydney (camden, new south wales, australia). some species can be grazed, whereas others require mechanical ...	2007	17517747
expression analysis of rice defense-related genes in turfgrass in response to magnaporthe grisea.	abstract magnaporthe grisea (anamorph = pyricularia grisea) causes blast on rice (oryza sativa) and gray leaf spot on turfgrass. gray leaf spot is a serious disease on st. augustinegrass (stenotaphrum secundatum), perennial ryegrass (lolium perenne), and tall fescue (festuca arundinacea). virulence assays performed in this study revealed that m. grisea collected from rice could also cause disease on st. augustinegrass and tall fescue. one rice isolate, che86061, caused similar disease reactions ...	2007	18944372
meat quality of lambs of indigenous dairy greek breeds as influenced by dietary protein and gastrointestinal nematode challenge.	the effect of dietary protein and gastrointestinal (gi) parasitism on growth and meat quality of lambs was assessed using 60 animals. the lambs were randomly allocated to one of three treatment groups (n=20): group a, which served as control, group b that was regularly treated with albendazole and group c, which was given supplementary feeding with dietary protein. the three groups of lambs grazed into a pasture (lolium perenne), which was contaminated with l(3) larvae of gi nematodes. lamb grow ...	2007	22061258
fungal endophyte production of reactive oxygen species is critical for maintaining the mutualistic symbiotic interaction between epichloë festucae and perennial ryegrass.	key requirements for microbes to initiate and establish mutualistic symbiotic interactions with plants are evasion of potential host defense responses and strict control of microbial growth. we have recently shown that reactive oxygen species (ros) produced by a specific fungal nadph oxidase isoform noxa, have a critical role in regulating hyphal growth in the mutualistic interaction between epichloë festucae and perennial ryegrass. regulation of ros production in the symbiosis requires two addi ...	2007	19704747
larval survival of fuller's rose weevil, naupactus cervinus, on common groundcover species in orchards of new zealand kiwifruit.	fuller's rose weevil, naupactus cervinus (boheman) (curculionidae: entiminae), is an important quarantine pest of new zealand kiwifruit exported to asian markets. both adults and larvae are considered to be polyphagous. in this study, the survival of larval n. cervinus was estimated on common groundcover species of kiwifruit (actinidia spp.) in the bay of plenty, the main region in new zealand where kiwifruit is grown. the botanical composition of groundcover in commercial kiwifruit orchards, ch ...	2008	20298112
distribution, biology and pathology of anguina pacificae.	anguina pacificae is distributed along a narrow strip on the pacific coast of northern california where it forms galls on the shoots of poa annua and causes significant damage to golf course greens. methods were developed for the continuous propagation of a. pacificae on p. annua in growth chambers, and they were used to examine the life cycle and host-parasite relationships of the nematode. at a mean temperature of 20 degrees c (22 degrees c day/18 degrees c night) the life cycle was completed ...	2008	19440264
screening for soil streptomycetes from north jordan that can produce herbicidal compounds.	a total of 231 different soil streptomyces isolates were recovered from 16 different locations in north jordan. they were assessed for their phytotoxic activity on seeds of cucumber (cucumis sativus l.) and ryegrass (lolium perenne l.) placed adjacent to a 2 cm wide streptomyces culture strips grown at 28c degrees for 3 weeks on starch casein nitrate (scn) agar. phytotoxicity was ascertained on the basis of suppressed seed germination, discoloration of the root tip, reduced root and the shoot gr ...	2008	19275043
phytoremediation of oil-sludge-contaminated soil.	the aim of this research was to select plant species that could be effective in the phytoremediation ofa former oil-sludge pit. seven crop plants (triticum aestivum l., secale cereale l., avena sativa l., hordeum vulgare, sorghum bicolor l moench, panicum miliaceum l, and zea mays l.),five wild grasses (lolium perenne l., bromopsis inermis, agropyron cristatum l., agropyrum tenerum l., and festuca pratensis huds.), and three legumes (medicago sativa l., trifolium pratense l., and onobrychis anta ...	2008	19260228
host genotype overrides fungal endophyte infection in influencing tiller and spike production of lolium perenne (poaceae) in a common garden experiment.	leaves of many cool-season grasses are infected by endophytic fungi that can impact their populations. a common garden experiment with lolium perenne was established in a lawn in new jersey, usa, to investigate the impact of endophyte infection and host genotype on tiller and spike production over three years. infected (e+) and uninfected (e-) plants of each genotype were monitored every 2-3 mo. infection intensity within plants varied significantly among genotypes and years, but there was no ev ...	2008	21632426
short communication: effect of postgrazing residual pasture height on milk production.	in grazing systems, dry matter intake (dmi) and milk production have been reported to increase with increasing pasture allowance (pa). this has often led to greater postgrazing residual heights being associated with a well-fed cow. however, in previous studies pastures were often managed to be homogeneous pretreatment, confounding the effect of postgrazing height and pa because high pa led to high postgrazing height. the objective of this study was to determine whether postgrazing height affects ...	2008	18946136
[physiological bases of herbages shade-tolerance in eucalyptus grandis and herbage inter-cultivated system].	the study on the physiological bases of the shade-tolerance of dactylis glomerata, lolium perenne, and hemarthria compressa inter-cultivated in eucalyptus grandis forests with different canopy densities showed that with increasing canopy density, the light saturation point (lsp), light compensation point (lcp), chlorophyll a/b (chla/chlb), and the contents of proline (pro), soluble sugar (ss) and soluble protein (sp) of the three herbages decreased gradually, but the apparent quantum yield (aqy) ...	2008	19102302
nano-aluminum: transport through sand columns and environmental effects on plants and soil communities.	nano-aluminum is being used in increasing quantities as energetic material. this research addresses the transport of two types of nanosized aluminum particles (with aluminum oxide, or carboxylate ligand coating, alex and l-alex, respectively) through sand columns along with associated environmental impacts on soil systems. surface phenomena and ph are variables controlling the transport of nano-aluminum particles through porous media. ph environment controls solubility and electrostatic interact ...	2008	17537426
antigenic similarity among group 1 allergens from grasses and quantitation elisa using monoclonal antibodies to phl p 1.	group 1 allergens elicit a specific ige response in about 90% of grass pollen-allergic patients. the aim of this work was to study the antigenic similarity among group 1 allergens from different grasses and to develop a monoclonal antibody (mab)-based quantitation elisa.	2008	18004069
metabolic profiles of lolium perenne are differentially affected by nitrogen supply, carbohydrate content, and fungal endophyte infection.	lolium perenne cultivars differing in their capacity to accumulate water soluble carbohydrates (wscs) were infected with three strains of fungal neotyphodium lolii endophytes or left uninfected. the endophyte strains differed in their alkaloid profiles. plants were grown at two different levels of nitrogen (n) supply in a controlled environment. metabolic profiles of blades were analyzed using a variety of analytical methods. a total of 66 response variables were subjected to a principle compone ...	2008	18218971
toxic effects of digested, composted and thermally-dried sewage sludge on three plants.	in order to evaluate potential toxic effects of stabilized sewage sludge that are currently applied to agricultural soils, three types of municipal sewage sludge and one pig slurry were subjected to phytotoxicity assays using three plants (brassica rapa, lolium perenne and trifolium pratense). equivalent batches of aerobically and anaerobically-digested sludge (f) from two municipal wastewater treatment plants, were composted (c) or thermally dried (t). in addition, one anaerobically-digested an ...	2008	18280152
advanced data-mining strategies for the analysis of direct-infusion ion trap mass spectrometry data from the association of perennial ryegrass with its endophytic fungus, neotyphodium lolii.	direct-infusion mass spectrometry (ms) was applied to study the metabolic effects of the symbiosis between the endophytic fungus neotyphodium lolii and its host perennial ryegrass (lolium perenne) in three different tissues (immature leaf, blade, and sheath). unbiased direct-infusion ms using a linear ion trap mass spectrometer allowed metabolic effects to be determined free of any preconceptions and in a high-throughput fashion. not only the full ms(1) mass spectra (range 150-1,000 mass-to-char ...	2008	18287492
animal performance and economic comparison of novel and toxic endophyte tall fescues to cool-season annuals.	increased costs of annual establishment of small grain pasture associated with fuel, machinery, and labor are eroding the profitability of stocker cattle enterprises. interest has therefore increased in development of cool-season perennial grasses that are persistent and high quality. this study occurred on 24 ha (divided into thirty 0.81-ha paddocks) located at the university of arkansas division of agriculture livestock and forestry branch station, near batesville. two tall fescue (festuca aru ...	2008	18310498
natural enemies act faster than endophytic fungi in population control of cereal aphids.	1. fast-growing populations of phytophagous insects can be limited by the presence of natural enemies and by alkaloids that are produced by symbiotic associations of many temperate grass species with endophytic fungi. it is unclear if and how acquired plant defences derived from endophytic fungi interact with natural enemies to affect phytophagous insect populations. 2. to assess the relative importance of endophytic fungi compared to that of natural enemies on the population dynamics of phytoph ...	2008	18312338
specific immunotherapy for common grass pollen allergies: pertinence of a five grass pollen vaccine.	patients throughout europe are concomitantly exposed to multiple pollens from distinct pooideae species. given the overlap in pollination calendars and similar grain morphology, it is not possible to identify which grass species are present in the environment from pollen counts. furthermore, neither serum ige reactivity nor skin prick testing allow the identification of which grass species are involved in patient sensitisation. due to their high level of amino acid sequence homology (e.g., >90% ...	2008	18362477
frequent allocation of rotationally grazed dairy cows changes grazing behavior and improves productivity.	twenty holstein cows were blocked in 2 groups according to milk yield to evaluate the effect of frequency of allocation to new grazing plots on pasture intake, grazing behavior, rumen characteristics, and milk yield. the 2 treatments, daily allocation to 0.125-ha plots (1d) or allocation every 4 d to 0.5-ha plots (4d) of lolium perenne l., were tested in a randomized block design (2 rotations with 3 or 4 measuring periods of 4 d each) with mixed model analysis accounting for repeated measures. t ...	2008	18420633
discovery and genetic mapping of single nucleotide polymorphisms in candidate genes for pathogen defence response in perennial ryegrass (lolium perenne l.).	susceptibility to foliar pathogens commonly causes significant reductions in productivity of the important temperate forage perennial ryegrass. breeding for durable disease resistance involves not only the deployment of major genes but also the additive effects of minor genes. an approach based on in vitro single nucleotide polymorphism (snp) discovery in candidate defence response (dr) genes has been used to develop potential diagnostic genetic markers. snps were predicted, validated and mapped ...	2008	18446316
45s rdna regions are chromosome fragile sites expressed as gaps in vitro on metaphase chromosomes of root-tip meristematic cells in lolium spp.	in humans, chromosome fragile sites are regions that are especially prone to forming non-staining gaps, constrictions or breaks in one or both of the chromatids on metaphase chromosomes either spontaneously or following partial inhibition of dna synthesis and have been well identified. so far, no plant chromosome fragile sites similar to those in human chromosomes have been reported.	2008	18478113
maldi-tof ms analysis of labile lolium perenne major allergens in mixes.	it is well known that allergen extracts used for specific therapy of allergic disorders are commonly stored as mixtures, causing an alteration of its stability.	2008	18503569
molecular characterization of lolium latent virus, proposed type member of a new genus in the family flexiviridae.	lolium latent virus (lolv) was recently detected in the usa for the first time in ryegrass hybrids (lolium perenne x lolium multiflorum). the genome of one usa isolate, lolv-us1, has now been fully sequenced. the positive strand genomic rna is 7674 nucleotides (nt) long and is organized in five open reading frames (orfs) encoding the replication-associated protein, the movement-associated triple gene block proteins and the coat protein (cp). the genome organization is similar to that of viruses ...	2008	18509590
wet oxidation pretreatment, enzymatic hydrolysis and simultaneous saccharification and fermentation of clover-ryegrass mixtures.	the potential of clover (trifolium repens) and ryegrass (lolium perenne) mixtures as raw materials for ethanol production was investigated. wet oxidation, at 175, 185 or 195 degrees c during 10min at two different oxygen pressures and with either addition or no addition of sodium carbonate, was evaluated as pretreatment method for clover-ryegrass mixtures. the enzymatic hydrolysis of cellulose was significantly improved after pretreatment. the highest conversion efficiency, 93.6%, was achieved f ...	2008	18514510
effect of in situ soil amendments on arsenic uptake in successive harvests of ryegrass (lolium perenne cv elka) grown in amended as-polluted soils.	several iron-bearing additives, selected for their potential ability to adsorb anions, were evaluated for their effectiveness in attenuation of arsenic (as) in three soils with different sources of contamination. amendments used were lime, goethite (alpha-feooh) (crystallised iron oxide) and three iron-bearing additives, iron grit, fe(ii) and fe(iii) sulphates plus lime, applied at 1% w/w. sequential extraction schemes conducted on amended soils determined as, cu, zn and ni fractionation. plant ...	2008	18524441
effects of amended compost on mobility and uptake of arsenic by rye grass in contaminated soil.	arsenic poses a major environmental and human health problem because of its carcinogenic nature and effect on the ecosystem. therefore, a cost effective and socially acceptable technique is needed for its remediation. the effect of different combinations of compost amended with zeolite and/or iron oxide (up to 20% w/w) was tested on a contaminated soil with high arsenic levels (34470 mg kg(-1)). the bioavailability of arsenic was determined in terms of uptake by rye grass (lolium perenne l.) und ...	2008	18538368
trophic cascades initiated by fungal plant endosymbionts impair reproductive performance of parasitoids in the second generation.	variation in plant quality can transmit up the food chain and may affect herbivores and their antagonists in the same direction. fungal endosymbionts of grasses change the resource quality by producing toxins. we used an aphid-parasitoid model system to explore how endophyte effects cascade up the food chain and influence individual parasitoid performance. we show that the presence of an endophyte in the grass lolium perenne has a much stronger negative impact on the performance of the parasitoi ...	2008	18636277
dynamics of initial colonization of nonconserved perennial ryegrass by anaerobic fungi in the bovine rumen.	anaerobic fungi (neocallimastigales) are active degraders of fibrous plant material in the rumen. however, only limited information is available relating to how quickly they colonize ingested feed particles. the aim of this study was to determine the dynamics of initial colonization of forage by anaerobic fungi in the rumen and the impact of different postsampling wash procedures used to remove loosely associated microorganisms. neocallimastigales-specific molecular techniques were optimized to ...	2008	18673390
co-digestion of animal slurry can increase short-term nitrogen recovery by crops.	co-digestion changes slurry characteristics and is supposed to increase short-term nitrogen (n) uptake by crops after application. a higher n uptake from slurry reduces the need for additional mineral n fertilizer. if farmers apply co-digested slurry (cs), a higher n recovery has to be taken into account to prevent losses to the environment. since data on the effects of co-digestion on n recovery by crops are scarce, a pot experiment was performed. the apparent n recovery (anr) of five different ...	2008	18689758
impact of sheep urine deposition and plant species on ammonia-oxidizing bacteria in upland grassland soil.	the effects of different concentrations of synthetic sheep urine and plant species on ammonia-oxidizing bacterial (aob) communities in an upland grassland soil were investigated using a microcosm approach. plant species characteristic of unimproved and improved agricultural pastures (agrostis capillaris and lolium perenne, respectively) were planted in soil microcosms, and different levels of synthetic sheep urine were applied, with harvests 10 and 50 days following urine application. shifts in ...	2008	18772943
effects of increasing days of exposure to prepartum transition diets on milk production and milk composition in dairy cows.	to evaluate the effects of length of exposure to prepartum transition diets on milk yield, fat and protein production.	2008	18782415
the molecular mechanism of "ryegrass staggers," a neurological disorder of k+ channels.	"ryegrass staggers" is a neurological condition of unknown mechanism that impairs motor function in livestock. it is caused by infection of perennial ryegrass pastures by an endophytic fungus that produces neurotoxins, predominantly the indole-diterpenoid compound lolitrem b. animals grazing on such pastures develop uncontrollable tremors and become uncoordinated in their movement. lolitrem b and the structurally related tremor inducer paxilline both act as potent large conductance calcium-activ ...	2008	18801945
characterization of a family of ice-active proteins from the ryegrass, lolium perenne.	five genes coding for ice-active proteins were identified from an expressed sequence tag database of lolium perenne cdna libraries. each of the five genes were characterized by the presence of an n-terminal signal peptide, a region enriched in hydrophilic amino acids and a leucine-rich region in four of the five genes that is homologous with the receptor domain of receptor-like protein kinases of plants. the c-terminal region of all five genes contains sequence homologous with lolium and triticu ...	2008	18835384
tracking the evolution of a cold stress associated gene family in cold tolerant grasses.	grasses are adapted to a wide range of climatic conditions. species of the subfamily pooideae, which includes wheat, barley and important forage grasses, have evolved extreme frost tolerance. a class of ice binding proteins that inhibit ice re-crystallisation, specific to the pooideae subfamily lineage, have been identified in perennial ryegrass and wheat, and these proteins are thought to have evolved from a leucine-rich repeat phytosulfokine receptor kinase (lrr-psr)-like ancestor gene. even t ...	2008	18775065
improved fructan accumulation in perennial ryegrass transformed with the onion fructosyltransferase genes 1-sst and 6g-fft.	carbohydrate limitation has been identified as a main cause of inefficient nitrogen use in ruminant animals, which feed mainly on fresh forage, hay and silage. this inefficiency results in suboptimal meat and milk productivity. one important molecular breeding strategy is to improve the nutritional value of ryegrass (lolium perenne) by increasing the fructan content through expression of heterologous fructan biosynthetic genes. we developed perennial ryegrass lines expressing sucrose:sucrose 1-f ...	2008	17933422
phytotoxicity evaluation of five pharmaceutical pollutants detected in surface water on germination and growth of cultivated and spontaneous plants.	the phytotoxicity of 5 pharmaceuticals detected in italian rivers, atorvastatin (7-[2-(4-fluorophenyl)-3-phenyl-4-(phenylcarbamoyl)-5-propan-2-yl-pyrrol-1-yl]-3,5-dihydroxy-heptanoic acid), gemfibrozil (5-(2,5-dimethylphenoxy)-2,2-dimethyl-pentanoic acid), tamoxifene (2-[4-(1,2-diphenylbut-1-enyl)phenoxy]-n,n-dimethyl-ethanamine), ethinyl estradiol (17-ethynyl-13-methyl-7,8,9,11, 12,13,14,15,16,17-decahydro-6h-cyclopenta[a]phenanthrene-3,17-diol) and sildenafil (methyl-9-propyl-2,4,7,8-tetrazabi ...	2008	18205060
sensitization to cross-reactive carbohydrate determinants in relation to alcohol consumption.	alcohol consumption is associated with increased serum ige of unknown specificity.	2008	17979993
plant-endophyte-herbivore interactions: more than just alkaloids?	a recent paper by rasmussen et al., (new phytol 2007; 173:787-97) describes the interactions between lolium perenne cultivars with contrasting carbohydrate content and the symbiotic fungal endophyte neotyphodium lolii at different levels of nitrogen supply. in a subsequent study undertaken by rasmussen et al., (plant physiol 2008; 146:1440-53) 66 metabolic variables were analysed in the same material, revealing widespread effects of endophyte infection, n supply and cultivar carbohydrate content ...	2008	19704424
e/z-thesinine-o-4'-alpha-rhamnoside, pyrrolizidine conjugates produced by grasses (poaceae).	based on direct infusion mass spectrometry we identified a novel alkaloid as a major component of perennial ryegrass (lolium perenne). initial mass spectral data suggested it to be a pyrrolizidine conjugate. as this class of alkaloids has not been described before from grasses, we isolated it to elucidate its structure. the isolated alkaloid proved to be a mixture of two stereoisomers. the structures of the two compounds as determined by 1d and 2d nmr spectroscopy, were e-thesinine-o-4'-alpha-rh ...	2008	18466931
nitrate losses, nutrients and heavy metal accumulation from substrates assembled for urban soils reconstruction.	urban soils may suffer mild to severe degradation as a result of physical and chemical alterations. to reconstruct these soils, a new upper horizon must be created, usually through the application of organic matter, one source of which is biosolids. different soil mixtures were evaluated with regard to loss of nitrates in percolates and the uptake and incorporation of nutrients and heavy metals into plant tissues. the experiment was conducted in trays; treatments were mixtures of biosolids and a ...	2008	17904270
effects, uptake, and fate of 2,4,6-trinitrotoluene aged in soil in plants and worms.	the present study was aimed at providing data to be used at predicting exposure-based effects of 2,4,6-trinitrotoluene (tnt) aged in soil on endpoint organisms representing two trophic levels. these data can be used to define criteria or reference values for environmental management and conducting specific risk assessment. long-term exposure tests were conducted to evaluate sublethal toxicity and uptake of aged soil-based explosives, with tnt as the main contaminant. in these tests, plants were ...	2008	18620472
interception of spray drift by border structures. part 2: field experiments.	this research studied the effect of drift-intercepting structures surrounding the field borders, like artificial screens and natural hedges, which are not yet a part of the drift mitigation measures for field crop sprayers in belgium. drift-interception experiments were performed in a grassland (lolium perenne) with various interception structures: artificial screens with heights of 1, 1.5 and 2 m and screen open areas of 16, 36 and 63% and a row of fagus sylvatica trees with a height of 1.5 m a ...	2008	19226820
conventional crops and organic amendments for pb, cd and zn treatment at a severely contaminated site.	the ability of selected plants and amendments to treat pb, cd and zn accumulations from a metalliferous waste disposal site was studied both in the greenhouse and field. spinach (spinacea oleracea), cabbage (brassica oleracea), and a grass-legume mix (red fescue, festuca rubra; ryegrass, lolium perenne); and bean (vicia faba) were grown in the greenhouse on blast furnace slag or baghouse dust amended with composted peat (cp). all plant species accumulated pb, cd and zn to varying degrees. total ...	2008	17475483
phytotoxic effects of sewage sludge extracts on the germination of three plant species.	in order to evaluate the ability of three types of extracts to explain the ecotoxicological risk of treated municipal sewage sludges, the oecd 208a germination test was applied using three plants (lolium perenne l., brassica rapa l., and trifolium pratense l.). three equivalent batches of sludge, remained as dewatered sludge, composted with plant remains and thermally dried, from an anaerobic waste water treatment plant were separated. samples from these three batches were extracted in water, me ...	2008	18651217
grazing behaviour and performance of lactating suckler cows, ewes and goats on partially improved heathlands.	the foraging behaviour (grazing time and diet composition), live-weight (lw) changes and parasitic infection (faecal egg counts of gastrointestinal nematodes) of 12 beef cows, 84 ewes and 84 goats suckling their offspring, managed in mixed grazing on heathlands with 24% of improved pasture of perennial ryegrass-white clover, were studied during the years 2003 and 2006. the results showed that goats tended to graze for a longer time, and utilised significantly more heathland vegetation than cattl ...	2008	22444089
direct fermentation of fodder maize, chicory fructans and perennial ryegrass to hydrogen using mixed microflora.	this study examined the feasibility of producing hydrogen by direct fermentation of fodder maize, chicory fructooligosaccharides and perennial ryegrass (lolium perenne) in batch culture (ph 5.2-5.3, 35 degrees c, heat-treated anaerobically digested sludge inoculum). gas was produced from each substrate and contained up to 50-80% hydrogen during the peak periods of gas production with the remainder carbon dioxide. hydrogen yields obtained were 62.4+/-6.1ml/g dry matter added for fodder maize, 218 ...	2008	18513959
characterization of allergenic epitopes of ory s1 protein from oryza sativa and its homologs.	vaccination is the most effective technique suggested now days for allergy treatment. recombinant-based approaches are mostly focused on genetic modification of allergens to produce molecules with reduced allergenic activity and conserved antigenicity. the molecules developed for vaccination in allergy possess significantly reduced allergenicity in terms of ige binding, and therefore will not lead to anaphylactic reactions upon injection. this approach is probably feasible with every peptide all ...	2009	20011147
biodiversity effects on yield and unsown species invasion in a temperate forage ecosystem.	current agricultural practices are based on growing monocultures or binary mixtures over large areas, with a resultant impoverishing effect on biodiversity at several trophic levels. the effects of increasing the biodiversity of a sward mixture on dry matter yield and unsown species invasion were studied.	2009	19168861
cross-species amplification tests and diversity analysis using 56 pcr markers in dactylis glomerata and lolium perenne.	we report results of cross-species amplification in dactylis glomerata and lolium perenne of 12 simple sequence repeats (ssrs) isolated from lolium multiflorum×festuca glaucescens, 42 ssrs from festuca arundinacea and two sequence tagged sites from oryza sativa. we compared the transferability and diversity between d. glomerata and l. perenne, which are important forage crops. while nei's gene diversity values were equivalent in both species (from 0.14 to 0.92), the mean number of allele per loc ...	2009	21564590
enhanced phytoextraction of uranium and selected heavy metals by indian mustard and ryegrass using biodegradable soil amendments.	the applicability of biodegradable amendments in phytoremediation to increase the uptake of uranium (u), cadmium (cd), chromium (cr), copper (cu), lead (pb) and zinc (zn) by indian mustard (brassica juncea) and ryegrass (lolium perenne) was tested in a greenhouse experiment. plants were cultivated during one month on two soils with naturally or industrially increased contaminant levels of u. treatments with citric acid, nh4-citrate/citric acid, oxalic acid, s,s-ethylenediamine disuccinic acid (e ...	2009	19054545
effect of rumen fill on intake of fresh perennial ryegrass in young and mature dairy cows grazing or zero-grazing fresh perennial ryegrass.	rumen fill may be a strong intake constraint for dairy cows fed on pasture, even though pasture is highly digestible in the grasslands of temperate climates. this constraint may also depend on the cows' maturity. moreover, indoor feeding of fresh herbage may not always be a good model for the study of intake regulation at grazing. to test these hypotheses, four mature (6.3 ± 0.72 year old) and four young (3.8 ± 0.20 year old) dairy cows were offered fresh perennial ryegrass indoors or at grazing ...	2009	22443555
digestion during continuous culture fermentation when replacing perennial ryegrass with barley and steam-flaked corn.	the objective of this study was to quantify the optimal inclusion rate of grain required to maximize nutrient digestion of a diet based on highly digestible pasture. it was hypothesized that maximum digestion would occur at a rate of grain inclusion that resulted in a culture ph of 6.0, reflecting the ph below which fiber digestion would be expected to be compromised. four dual-flow continuous culture fermenters were used to establish the effects on digestion of replacing freeze-dried, highly di ...	2009	19109278
feasibility of incorporating waste grass clippings (lolium perenne l.) in particleboard composites.	this study investigated some of the important physical (thickness swelling) and mechanical (modulus of rupture, modulus of elasticity and internal bond) properties of single-layer particleboard panels made from eucalyptus (eucalyptus camaldulensis dehn.), waste of grass clippings (lolium perenne l.) and combinations of the two. the chemical properties (ph, holocelluse and alpha cellulose contents, and water, alcohol-benzene and 1% sodium hydroxide solubilities) of the raw materials were also det ...	2009	18804991
[specific skin reactions induced by individual pollen preparations in hypersensitivity persons].	skin tests are the most useful single modality for demonstrating an ige-mediated mechanism underlying clinical symptoms. skin reactivity to an allergen depends on person's exposure and genetic factors influencing the ige response. however, the reproducibility of allergy skin tests has been shown to be variable depending, among other things, on the allergen extract employed and the kind of technique used. these variations have led to controversy regarding clinical relevancy of allergy skin testin ...	2009	9863408
transforming a fructan:fructan 6g-fructosyltransferase from perennial ryegrass into a sucrose:sucrose 1-fructosyltransferase.	fructosyltransferases (fts) synthesize fructans, fructose polymers accumulating in economically important cool-season grasses and cereals. fts might be crucial for plant survival under stress conditions in species in which fructans represent the major form of reserve carbohydrate, such as perennial ryegrass (lolium perenne). two ft types can be distinguished: those using sucrose (s-type enzymes: sucrose:sucrose 1-fructosyltransferase [1-sst], sucrose:fructan 6-fructosyltransferase) and those usi ...	2009	18952861
phosphate addition and plant species alters microbial community structure in acidic upland grassland soil.	agricultural improvement (addition of fertilizers, liming) of seminatural acidic grasslands across ireland and the uk has resulted in significant shifts in floristic composition, soil chemistry, and microbial community structure. although several factors have been proposed as responsible for driving shifts in microbial communities, the exact causes of such changes are not well defined. phosphate was added to grassland microcosms to investigate the effect on fungal and bacterial communities. plan ...	2009	18581037