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an aqueous birch leaf extract of betula pendula inhibits the growth and cell division of inflammatory lymphocytes.ethnopharmacological relevance: leaf extracts of betula pendula have been traditionally used for the treatment of patients with rheumatoid arthritis (ra) or osteoarthritis. aim of the study: we investigated the anti-proliferative capacity of an aqueous leaf extract of betula pendula (bpe) on human primary lymphocytes in vitro, because activated lymphocytes play a major role in the initiation and maintenance of ra. materials and methods: lymphocyte proliferation and cell division was measured by ...201121619918
[karelian birch (betula pendula roth. var. carelica merkl.) as a model for studying genetic and epigenetic variation related to the formation of patterned wood].the results of long-term pioneering studies on in vitro micropropagation of karelian birch patterned forms and simultaneous cytological analysis of plants multiplied using different periods of in vitro culturing are published for the first time. the patterned wood character has been shown to be correlated with the degree of mixoploidy of its somatic tissue, which is higher in the plants obtained from callus cultures during the first years of culturing. subsequent intracellular selection leads to ...201121954616
distribution and expression characteristics of triterpenoids and osc genes in white birch (betula platyphylla suk.).betulin and oleanolic acids (pentacyclic triterpenoid secondary metabolites) have broad pharmacological activities and can be potentially used for the development of anti-cancer and anti-aids drugs. in this study, we detected the accumulation and the distribution characteristics of betulin and oleanolic acid in various organs of white birch at different ages. we also determined the expression of 4 osc genes (lus, β-as, cas1 and cas2) involved in the triterpenoid synthesis pathways by real time r ...201121647548
bird predation enhances tree seedling resistance to insect herbivores in contrasting forest habitats.according to the associational resistance hypothesis, neighbouring plants are expected to influence both the insect herbivore communities and their natural enemies. however, this has rarely been tested for the effects of canopy trees on herbivory of seedlings. one possible mechanism responsible for associational resistance is the indirect impact of natural enemies on insect herbivory, such as insectivorous birds. but it remains unclear to what extent such trophic cascades are influenced by the c ...201121811874
suppression of stat3 and hif-1 alpha mediates anti-angiogenic activity of betulinic acid in hypoxic pc-3 prostate cancer cells.signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (stat3) is a transcription factor that regulates various cellular processes such as cell survival, angiogenesis and proliferation. in the present study, we examined that betulinic acid (ba), a triterpene from the bark of white birch, had the inhibitory effects on hypoxia-mediated activation of stat3 in androgen independent human prostate cancer pc-3 cells.201121731766
ultraviolet-b-induced flavonoid accumulation in betula pendula leaves is dependent upon nitrate reductase-mediated nitric oxide signaling.nitric oxide (no) is an important signaling molecule involved in many physiological processes in plants. nitric oxide generation and flavonoid accumulation are two early reactions of plants to ultraviolet-b (uv-b) irradiation. however, the source of uv-b-triggered no generation and the role of no in uv-b-induced flavonoid accumulation are not fully understood. in order to evaluate the origin of uv-b-triggered no generation, we examined the responses of nitrate reductase (nr) activity and the exp ...201121813515
procyanidin xylosides from the bark of betula pendula.a procyanidin dimer xyloside, catechin-(4α→8)-7-o-β-xylopyranosyl-catechin, was isolated from the inner bark of betula pendula and its structure was determined using 1d and 2d nmr, cd and high-resolution esims. interestingly, the 7-o-β-xylopyranose unit was found to be present in the lower terminal unit of the dimer. in addition to this procyanidin dimer xyloside, an entire series of oligomeric and polymeric procyanidin xylosides was detected. their structures were investigated by hydrophilic in ...201222273040
tree species diversity interacts with elevated co2 to induce a greater root system response.as a consequence of land-use change and the burning of fossil fuels, atmospheric concentrations of co2 are increasing and altering the dynamics of the carbon cycle in forest ecosystems. in a number of studies using single tree species, fine root biomass has been shown to be strongly increased by elevated co2 . however, natural forests are often intimate mixtures of a number of co-occurring species. to investigate the interaction between tree mixture and elevated co2 , alnus glutinosa, betula pen ...201223504733
nutrient supply has greater influence than sink strength on photosynthetic adaptation to co2 elevation in white birch seedlings.to study the effects of source-sink ratio and nutrient supply on photosynthetic acclimation to co(2) elevation, we subjected white birch seedlings to two levels of nutrient supply (high vs. low) and co(2) concentrations (ambient vs. doubled [co(2)]) for two months and then shaded the lower canopy on half of the seedlings to reduce source/sink ratio for an additional month. the co(2) elevation significantly increased p(n) and iwue at both nutrient levels but the increase was greater in the high t ...201223415328
species-specific effect of uv-b radiation on the temporal pattern of leaf growth.recent molecular and physiological studies have demonstrated that ultraviolet-b radiation (uv-b) can affect some of the processes involved in leaf growth, but the phases of leaf growth affected have not been clearly delimited. we used functional growth analysis to assess the effects of uv-b radiation on the time course of leaf growth in seedlings of two birch species (betula pendula and betula pubescens). our aim was to identify the phase(s) of leaf development affected by uv-b radiation. in a g ...201222224454
medicinal plants extracts affect virulence factors expression and biofilm formation by the uropathogenic escherichia coli.medicinal plants are an important source for the therapeutic remedies of various diseases including urinary tract infections. this prompted us to perform research in this area. we decided to focus on medicinal plants species used in urinary tract infections prevention. the aim of our study was to determine the influence of betula pendula, equisetum arvense, herniaria glabra, galium odoratum, urtica dioica, and vaccinium vitis-idaea extracts on bacterial survival and virulence factors involved in ...201222915095
plant species differences in particulate matter accumulation on leaf surfaces.particulate matter (pm) accumulation on leaves of 22 trees and 25 shrubs was examined in test fields in norway and poland. leaf pm in different particle size fractions (pm(10), pm(2.5), pm(0.2)) differed among the species, by 10- to 15-folds at both test sites. pinus mugo and pinus sylvestris, taxus media and taxus baccata, stephanandra incisa and betula pendula were efficient species in capturing pm. less efficient species were acer platanoides, prunus avium and tilia cordata. differences among ...201222554531
metal resistance in populations of red maple (acer rubrum l.) and white birch (betula papyrifera marsh.) from a metal-contaminated region and neighbouring non-contaminated regions.metal resistance in populations of acer rubrum and betula papyrifera in the industrially contaminated region of sudbury, ontario, was compared with resistance in populations from neighbouring uncontaminated regions. in two one-season experiments, seedlings were grown outdoors on contaminated (mainly cu, ni) and uncontaminated substrates. sudbury populations of both species responded less to contamination than populations from uncontaminated regions. in a. rubrum this difference was small. for bo ...201222336730
shortening tobacco life cycle accelerates functional gene identification in genomic research.definitive allocation of function requires the introduction of genetic mutations and analysis of their phenotypic consequences. novel, rapid and convenient techniques or materials are very important and useful to accelerate gene identification in functional genomics research. here, over-expression of pmft (prunus mume), a novel ft orthologue, and ptft (populus tremula) lead to shortening of the tobacco life cycle. a series of novel short life cycle stable tobacco lines (30-50 days) were develope ...201223107371
genotypic variation in yellow autumn leaf colours explains aphid load in silver birch.• it has been suggested that autumn-migrating insects drive the evolution of autumn leaf colours. however, evidence of genetic variation in autumn leaf colours in natural tree populations and the link between the genetic variation and herbivore abundances has been lacking. • here, we measured the size of the whole aphid community and the development of green-yellow leaf colours in six replicate trees of 19 silver birch (betula pendula) genotypes at the beginning, in the middle and at the end of ...201222548444
sesquiterpenes from the inner bark of the silver birch and the paper birch.the compositions of the mixtures of sesquiterpenoids, largely hydrocarbons that were found in the inner bark of the silver birch, betula pendula roth and the paper birch, betulapapyrifera marshall, grown in new zealand were analyzed by spme-gcms. the major components of the volatile oil from the inner bark of b. pendula were trans alpha-bergamotene (31%) and alpha-santalene (19%). this composition was quite different from that of the oil from the branches, buds and leaves of the same species fro ...201222474938
the effects of defoliation-induced delayed changes in silver birch foliar chemistry on gypsy moth fitness, immune response, and resistance to baculovirus infection.we tested the effects of defoliation-induced changes in silver birch, betula pendula, foliar chemistry (delayed induced resistance, dir) on the fitness and immune defense of the gypsy moth, lymantria dispar. we measured larval developmental time, pupal weight, rate of survival to the adult stage, and five characteristics of larval immune defense: (1) encapsulation response; (2) phenoloxidase activity; (3) hemocyte concentration and (4) lysozyme-like activity in the hemolymph; and (5) resistance ...201222396147
interactive effects of elevated ozone and temperature on carbon allocation of silver birch (betula pendula) genotypes in an open-air field exposure.in the present experiment, the single and combined effects of elevated temperature and ozone (o(3)) on four silver birch genotypes (gt12, gt14, gt15 and gt25) were studied in an open-air field exposure design. above- and below-ground biomass accumulation, stem growth and soil respiration were measured in 2008. in addition, a (13)c-labelling experiment was conducted with gt15 trees. after the second exposure season, elevated temperature increased silver birch above- and below-ground growth and so ...201222363070
[molecular aspects of allergy to plant products. part ii. pathogenesis-related proteins (prs), apple allergenicity governed by mal d 1 gene].of the plant allergens listed in the official allergen database of the international union of immunological societies, approximately 25% belong to the group of pathogenesis-related proteins (prs). they have been classified into 17 pr families based on similarities in their amino acid sequence, enzymatic activities, or other functional properties. plant-derived allergens have been identified with sequence similarities to pr families 2, 3, 4, 5, 8, 10, and 14. the main birch allergen in northern e ...201222568184
betula pendula leaves: polyphenolic characterization and potential innovative use in skin whitening products.the research of new tyrosinase inhibitors is currently important for the development of skin whitening agents; particularly, birch leaves extracts are included in many skin cosmetic products. in this study, the potential ability of betula pendula leaves ethanolic extract (be) was evaluated on mushroom tyrosinase activity. results showed that be was capable to inhibit dose-dependently l-dopa oxidation catalyzed by tyrosinase. the inhibition kinetics, analyzed by lineweaver-burk plots, showed a no ...201222480759
betulin complex in γ-cyclodextrin derivatives: properties and antineoplasic activities in in vitro and in vivo tumor models.given the present high incidence of melanoma and skin cancer, interest in potential drugs of plant origin has increased significantly. pentacyclic lupane-type triterpenes are widely distributed in plants, offering numerous pharmacological benefits. betulin is an important compound in the bark of betula pendula roth and has important therapeutic properties, including antitumor activities. its biological effect is limited by its poor water solubility, which can be improved by cyclodextrin complexa ...201223203108
assessment of suitability of tree species for the production of biomass on trace element contaminated soils.to alleviate the demand on fertile agricultural land for production of bioenergy, we investigated the possibility of producing biomass for bioenergy on trace element (te) contaminated land. soil samples and plant tissues (leaves, wood and bark) of adult willow (salix sp.), poplar (populus sp.), and birch (betula pendula) trees were collected from five contaminated sites in france and germany and analysed for zn, cd, pb, cu, ca, and k. cadmium concentration in tree leaves were correlated with tre ...201222284170
study of the betulin enriched birch bark extracts effects on human carcinoma cells and ear inflammation. 201223158079
phenolic compounds of the inner bark of betula pendula: seasonal and genetic variation and induction by wounding.the contents of individual phenolic compounds in the inner bark of silver birch (betula pendula roth) were analyzed by hplc-dad. samples from 21 mature trees originating from three micropropagated parent trees were collected six times over a 1-year period. significant seasonal variation in the quantities of ten compounds and four chromatographically unresolved compound pairs was found. a majority of the compounds also exhibited significant quantitative variation among birch clones. there were no ...201223065107
extraction of betulin, trimyristin, eugenol and carnosic acid using water-organic solvent mixtures.a solvent system consisting of ethyl acetate, ethyl alcohol and water, in the volume ratio of 4.5:4.5:1, was developed and used to extract, at room temperature, betulin from white birch bark and antioxidants from spices (rosemary, thyme, sage, and oregano) and white oak chips. in addition, under reflux conditions, trimyristin was extracted from nutmeg using the same solvent system, and eugenol from olives was extracted using a mixture of salt water and ethyl acetate. the protocol demonstrates th ...201222864237
the effects of soil and air temperature on co2 exchange and net biomass accumulation in norway spruce, scots pine and silver birch seedlings.soil temperature is proposed to affect the photosynthetic rate and carbon allocation in boreal trees through sink limitation. the aim of this study was to investigate the effect of temperature on co(2) exchange, biomass partitioning and ectomycorrhizal (ecm) fungi of boreal tree species. we measured carbon allocation, above- and below-ground co(2) exchange and the species composition of associated ecm fungi in the rhizosphere of scots pine (pinus sylvestris l.), norway spruce (picea abies k.) an ...201222345325
influence of betulinic acid on lymphocyte subsets and humoral immune response in mice.betulinic acid is a pentacyclic triterpene found in many plant species, among others, in the bark of white birch betula alba. betulinic acid was reported to display a wide range of biological effects, including antiviral, antiparasitic, antibacterial, anticancer and anti-inflammatory activities. the effects of betulinic acid (50, 5, 0.5 mg/kg) administered orally five times at 24 hours intervals to non-immunized and red blood cells (srbc)-immunized mice were determined. the present study examine ...201222844709
evaluation and differentiation of the betulaceae birch bark species and their bioactive triterpene content using analytical ft-vibrational spectroscopy and gc-ms.aiming to obtain the highest triterpene content in the extraction products, nine bark samples from the forest abundant flora of apuseni mountains, romania were raman spectroscopically evaluated. three different natural extracts from betula pendula roth birch bark have been obtained and characterized using fourier transform vibrational spectra.201222808999
characterization of profilin polymorphism in pollen with a focus on multifunctionality.profilin, a multigene family involved in actin dynamics, is a multiple partners-interacting protein, as regard of the presence of at least of three binding domains encompassing actin, phosphoinositide lipids, and poly-l-proline interacting patches. in addition, pollen profilins are important allergens in several species like olea europaea l. (ole e 2), betula pendula (bet v 2), phleum pratense (phl p 12), zea mays (zea m 12) and corylus avellana (cor a 2). in spite of the biological and clinical ...201222348028
inhibition of corneal inflammation following keratoplasty by birch leaf extract.the objective of this study was to determine the effect of birch leaf (betula pendula) extract (bpe) on corneal inflammation following keratoplasty in the rat model. t cells were stimulated in vitro in the presence of bpe. proliferation, activation phenotype and the number of apoptotic/necrotic cells in cell culture were analyzed by flow cytometry. corneal transplantation was performed between fisher and lewis rats. recipient rats were either treated with cyclosporine a at a low dosage (low-dose ...201222360995
new validated high-performance liquid chromatographic method for simultaneous analysis of ten flavonoid aglycones in plant extracts using a c18 fused-core column and acetonitrile-tetrahydrofuran gradient.an hplc method of high resolution has been developed and validated for the simultaneous determination of ten prominent flavonoid aglycones in plant materials using a fused-core c18-silica column (ascentis® express, 4.6 mm × 150 mm, 2.7 μm). the separation was accomplished with an acetonitrile-tetrahydrofuran gradient elution at a flow rate of 1 ml/min and temperature of 30°c. uv spectrophotometric detection was employed at 370 nm for flavonols (quercetin [qu], myricetin [my], isorhamnetin [is], ...201222807401
analysis of arsenic and antimony distribution within plants growing at an old mine site in ouche (cantal, france) and identification of species suitable for site revegetation.one of the objectives of this study was to assess the contamination levels in the tailings of an old antimony mine site located in ouche (cantal, france). throughout the 1.3 ha site, homogenous concentrations of antimony and arsenic, a by-product of the operation, were found along 0-0.5 m-deep profiles. maximum concentrations for antimony and arsenic were 5780 mg kg(-1) dry tailings and 852 mg kg(-1) dry tailings, respectively. despite the presence of the contaminants and the low ph and organic ...201222789654
betula pendula roth leaves: gastroprotective effects of an hplc-fingerprinted methanolic extract.in this study, a methanolic extract of betula pendula leaves (ble) was investigated for its gastroprotective effects against 90% ethanol-induced ulcer in rats. oral pretreatment of rats with ble (100, 200 and 400 mg kg(- 1)) significantly reduced the incidence of gastric lesions induced by ethanol administration as compared with misoprostol (0.50 mg kg(- 1)). furthermore, ble inhibited the increase in malondialdehyde (mda) and prevented depletion of total sulhydryl and non-protein sulhydryl grou ...201323163340
daily dynamics of leaf and soil-to-branch hydraulic conductance in silver birch (betula pendula) measured in situ.daily dynamics of leaf (k(l)) and soil-to-branch hydraulic conductance (ks-b) was investigated in silver birch (betula pendula roth.) using evaporative flux method in situ: water potential drop was measured with a pressure chamber and evaporative flux was estimated as sap flux density measured with sap flow gauges. canopy position had a significant (p < 0.001) effect on both k(l) and k(s-b). upper-canopy leaves exhibited 1.7 and soil-to-branch pathway 2.3 times higher hydraulic efficiency than t ...201323681117
nutrient status: a missing factor in phenological and pollen research?phenology ranks among the best ecosystem processes for fingerprinting climate change since temperature explains a high percentage of the interannual or spatial variation in phenological onset dates. however, roles of other environmental variables, such as foliar nutrient concentrations, are far from adequately understood. this observational study examined the effects of air temperature and 11 nutrients on spring phenology of betula pendula roth (birch) along an urban-rural gradient in munich, ge ...201323630329
biochemical and growth acclimation of birch to night temperatures: genotypic similarities and differences.the responses of plants to environmental factors are connected to the time of day. in this study, silver birch (betula pendula) was grown in growth chambers at five different night temperatures (6-22 °c), using gradual changes during the evening and morning hours. despite the increased night respiration and unaffected daytime net photosynthesis (per square metre), the carbon uptake (biomass) of birch did not decrease, probably due to enhanced biochemical processes on warmer nights and the advant ...201322612878
photosynthetic downregulation in leaves of the japanese white birch grown under elevated co(2) concentration does not change their temperature-dependent susceptibility to photoinhibition.to determine the effects of elevated co(2) concentration ([co(2)]) on the temperature-dependent photosynthetic properties, we measured gas exchange and chlorophyll fluorescence at various leaf temperatures (15, 20, 25, 30, 35 and 40°c) in 1-year-old seedlings of the japanese white birch (betula platyphylla var. japonica), grown in a phytotron under natural daylight at two [co(2)] levels (ambient: 400 µmol mol(-1) and elevated: 800 µmol mol(-1)) and limited n availability (90 mg n plant(-1)). pla ...201322607385
litter supply as a driver of microbial activity and community structure on decomposing leaves: a test in experimental streams.succession of newly created landscapes induces profound changes in plant litter supplied to streams. grasses dominate inputs into open-land streams, whereas tree litter is predominant in forested streams. we set out to elucidate whether the activity and structure of microbial communities on decomposing leaves are determined by litter quality (i.e., grass or tree leaves colonized) or whether changes during riparian succession affecting litter standing stocks on the stream bed play an overriding r ...201323770903
influence of experience on intake and feeding behavior of dairy sheep when offered forages from woody plants in a multiple-choice situation.a satisfactory intake of novel low-quality forages by ruminants may require previous experience with this feed. therefore, this study tested in sheep whether experience with forages from woody plants had an influence on feed intake, feeding behavior, and nutrient supply when offered in a multiple-choice arrangement. two sheep experiments were conducted, 1 in syria (mediterranean region; exp. 1) and the other in switzerland (central europe; exp. 2), that investigated 5 and 6 woody test plants, re ...201323989878
inhaled birch pollen extract induces airway hyperresponsiveness via oxidative stress but independently of pollen-intrinsic nadph oxidase activity, or the tlr4-trif pathway.oxidative stress in allergic asthma may result from oxidase activity or proinflammatory molecules in pollens. signaling via tlr4 and its adaptor toll-il-1r domain-containing adapter inducing ifn-β (trif) has been implicated in reactive oxygen species-mediated acute lung injury and in th2 immune responses. we investigated the contributions of oxidative stress and tlr4/trif signaling to experimental asthma induced by birch pollen exposure exclusively via the airways. mice were exposed to native or ...201323776177
transcriptomic analysis of purple leaf determination in birch.'purple rain', a purple cultivar of betula pendula, has dark purple leaves throughout the vegetative period. in this study, b. pendula 'purple rain' was found to have a higher anthocyanidin level compared with b. pendula, transcriptome analysis revealed numerous changes in gene expression that could be attributed to color change, including the upregulation of 2467 unigenes and the downregulation of 2299 unigenes in 'purple rain'. furthermore, anthocyanidin synthesis and transcriptional regulatio ...201323732291
co 2 elevation improves photosynthetic performance in progressive warming environment in white birch seedlings.white birch (betula paperifera mash) seedlings were exposed to progressively warming in greenhouses under ambient and elevated co 2 concentrations for 5 months to explore boreal tree species' potential capacity to acclimate to global climate warming and co 2 elevation. in situ foliar gas exchange, in vivo carboxylation characteristics and chlorophyll fluorescence were measured at temperatures of 26 (o)c and 37 (o)c. elevated co 2 significantly increased net photosynthetic rate (pn) at both measu ...201324555025
photosynthetic response of early and late leaves of white birch (betula platyphylla var. japonica) grown under free-air ozone exposure.betula platyphylla var. japonica (white birch) has heterophyllous leaves (i.e., early and late leaves) and is a typical pioneer tree species in northern japan. seedlings of white birch were exposed to ozone during two growing seasons, and measurements were carried out in the second year. early leaves did not show an ozone-induced reduction in photosynthesis because of lower stomatal conductance resulting in higher avoidance capacity for ozone-induced stress. also, an ozone-related increase in le ...201323938447
establishing correspondence in wood: the challenge and some solutions?establishing correspondence between the upper portion of a white birch sapling, a suspected weapon, and a potential source from a stand of trees was posed to one of us (gmc). a bending force shattered the sapling, precluding physical matching. three white birch saplings were taken from the same stand of trees in a similar manner. correspondence was achieved by measuring the width of the annual rings along four radii from a disk cut above and below the break. the regression coefficient of the dat ...201323899411
effects of species-specific leaf characteristics and reduced water availability on fine particle capture efficiency of trees.trees can improve air quality by capturing particles in their foliage. we determined the particle capture efficiencies of coniferous pinus sylvestris and three broadleaved species: betula pendula, betula pubescens and tilia vulgaris in a wind tunnel using nacl particles. the importance of leaf surface structure, physiology and moderate soil drought on the particle capture efficiencies of the trees were determined. the results confirm earlier findings of more efficient particle capture by conifer ...201323735814
visualizing water-filled versus embolized status of xylem conduits by desktop x-ray microtomography.the hydraulic conductivity of the stem is a major factor limiting the capability of trees to transport water from the soil to transpiring leaves. during drought conditions, the conducting capacity of xylem can be reduced by some conduits being filled with gas, i.e. embolized. in order to understand the dynamics of embolism formation and repair, considerable attention has been given to developing reliable and accurate methods for quantifying the phenomenon. in the past decade, non-destructive ima ...201323566373
combination treatment of elevated uvb radiation, co2 and temperature has little effect on silver birch (betula pendula) growth and phytochemistry.elevations of carbon dioxide, temperature and ultraviolet-b (ubv) radiation in the growth environment may have a high impact on the accumulation of carbon in plants, and the different factors may work in opposite directions or induce additive effects. to detect the changes in the growth and phytochemistry of silver birch (betula pendula) seedlings, six genotypes were exposed to combinations of ambient or elevated levels of co2 , temperature and uvb radiation in top-closed chambers for 7 weeks. t ...201323496144
morphological plasticity of ectomycorrhizal short roots in betula sp and picea abies forests across climate and forest succession gradients: its role in changing environments.morphological plasticity of ectomycorrhizal (ecm) short roots (known also as first and second order roots with primary development) allows trees to adjust their water and nutrient uptake to local environmental conditions. the morphological traits (mts) of short-living ecm roots, such as specific root length (srl) and area, root tip frequency per mass unit (rtf), root tissue density, as well as mean diameter, length, and mass of the root tips, are good indicators of acclimation. we investigated t ...201324032035
transcriptomic analysis of incised leaf-shape determination in birch.plant researchers have focused much attention on leaf shape because of its importance in the identification. to evaluate the impact of intraspecies leaf-shape variation on the transcriptome, a series of betula pendula 'dalecarlica' and b. pendula saplings were generated through tissue culture. the leaf shapes and transcriptomes of b. pendula 'dalecarlica' clones were compared with those of b. pendula clones. the leaf shape of b. pendula 'dalecarlica' was incised and that of b. pendula was ovate. ...201324013080
metal uptake and allocation in trees grown on contaminated land: implications for biomass production.phytostabilization aims to reduce environmental and health risks arising from contaminated soil. to be economically attractive, plants used for phytostabilization should produce valuable biomass. this study investigated the biomass production and metal allocation to foliage and wood of willow (salix viminalis l.), poplar (populus monviso), birch (betula pendula), and oak (quercus robur) on five different soils contaminated with trace elements (te), with varying high concentrations of cu, zn, cd, ...201323487987
carbohydrate concentrations and freezing stress resistance of silver birch buds grown under elevated temperature and ozone.the effects of slightly elevated temperature (+0.8 °c), ozone (o3) concentration (1.3 × ambient o3 concentration) and their combination on over-wintering buds of betula pendula roth were studied after two growing seasons of exposure in the field. carbohydrate concentrations, freezing stress resistance (fsr), bud dry weight to fresh weight ratio, and transcript levels of cytochrome oxidase (cox), alternative oxidase (aox) and dehydrin (lti36) genes were studied in two clones (clones 12 and 25) in ...201323425688
do elevations in temperature, co2, and nutrient availability modify belowground carbon gain and root morphology in artificially defoliated silver birch seedlings?climate warming increases the risk of insect defoliation in boreal forests. losses in photosynthetically active surfaces cause reduction in net primary productivity and often compromise carbon reserves of trees. the concurrent effects of climate change and removal of foliage on root growth responses and carbohydrate dynamics are poorly understood, especially in tree seedlings. we investigated if exposures to different combinations of elevated temperature, co2, and nutrient availability modify be ...201324101972
can spatial data substitute temporal data in phenological modelling? a survey using birch flowering.in addition to the evaluation of long-term series, the analysis of spatial gradients, such as urbanization gradients, may be helpful in assessing phenological responses to global warming. but are phenological responses of birch (betula pendula roth) assessed by temperature variations comparable over time and space and can spatially calibrated models predict long-term phenological data adequately? we calibrated and tested linear regression models and the process-based dormphot model on phenologic ...201324169102
forest floor leachate fluxes under six different tree species on a metal contaminated site.trees play an important role in the biogeochemical cycling of metals, although the influence of different tree species on the mobilization of metals is not yet clear. this study examined effects of six tree species on fluxes of cd, zn, doc, h(+) and base cations in forest floor leachates on a metal polluted site in belgium. forest floor leachates were sampled with zero-tension lysimeters in a 12-year-old post-agricultural forest on a sandy soil. the tree species included were silver birch (betul ...201323376521
from soil to leaves--aluminum fractionation by single step extraction procedures in polluted and protected areas.the paper presents the fractionation of aluminum in the samples of soil and plants of different species using a selective single-step extraction method. the study was conducted in the area located near a chemical plant, which for many years served as a post-crystallization leachate disposal site storing chemical waste (sector i), and in the area around the site: in wielkopolski national park, rogalin landscape park and toward the infiltration ponds at the "dębina" groundwater well-field for the ...201323651943
elevated co2 enrichment induces a differential biomass response in a mixed species temperate forest plantation.in a free-air carbon dioxide (co(2)) enrichment study (bangorface), alnus glutinosa, betula pendula and fagus sylvatica were planted in areas of one-, two- and three-species mixtures (n = 4). the trees were exposed to ambient or elevated co(2) (580 μmol mol(-1)) for 4 yr, and aboveground growth characteristics were measured. in monoculture, the mean effect of co(2) enrichment on aboveground woody biomass was + 29, + 22 and + 16% for a. glutinosa, f. sylvatica and b. pendula, respectively. when t ...201323356474
suitability of different pollen as alternative food for the predatory mite amblyseius swirskii (acari, phytoseiidae).the predacious mite amblyseius swirskii athias-henriot is used as a biological control agent against various pests in greenhouses. pollen offered as supplementary food is reported to improve their fast establishment and performance. however, the nutritional suitability of different pollens for a. swirskii is not sufficiently known yet. pollens of 21 plant species were offered to the mites as exclusive food during preimaginal development. preimaginal mortality and developmental time have been ass ...201323670826
effects of tree species richness and composition on moose winter browsing damage and foraging selectivity: an experimental study.the optimal foraging theory, the nutrient balance hypothesis, and the plant association theories predict that foraging decisions and resulting tree damage by large mammalian browsers may be influenced by the species richness and species composition of forest stands. this may lead to either associational susceptibility (increased damage on a focal plant in a mixed stand) or associational resistance (reduced damage in a mixed stand). better understanding of the mechanisms and the relative importan ...201323363076
combining microtomy and confocal laser scanning microscopy for structural analyses of plant-fungus associations.the serious problem of extended tissue thickness in the analysis of plant-fungus associations was overcome using a new method that combines physical and optical sectioning of the resin-embedded sample by microtomy and confocal microscopy. improved tissue infiltration of the fungal-specific, high molecular weight fluorescent probe wheat germ agglutinin conjugated to alexa fluor® 633 resulted in high fungus-specific fluorescence even in deeper tissue sections. if autofluorescence was insufficient, ...201424249491
medicinal plant extracts can variously modify biofilm formation in escherichia coli.low concentrations of black tea and water extracts from medicinal plants arctostaphylos uva-ursi, vaccinium vitis-idaea, tilia cordata, betula pendula and zea mays stimulated biofilm formation in escherichia coli bw25113 up to three times. similar effect was observed for tannic acid and low concentrations of quercetin. in contrast, the extract from urtica dioica reduced biofilm production. pretreatment with plant extracts variously modified antibiotic effects on specific biofilm formation (sbf). ...201424500005
influence of partial cutting on parasitism of endemic spruce budworm (lepidoptera: tortricidae) populations.silvicultural treatments such as thinning have been suggested as management tools against the spruce budworm, choristoneura fumiferana (clemens) (lepidoptera: tortricidae). among other things, parasitoids are also proposed to be influenced by silvicultural procedures, but the effect of thinning on spruce budworm's natural enemies has not been tested yet. in this study, the influence of partial cutting on parasitism of endemic spruce budworm populations has been investigated in mature balsam fir- ...201424780195
effects of elevated co2 on litter chemistry and subsequent invertebrate detritivore feeding responses.elevated atmospheric co2 can change foliar tissue chemistry. this alters leaf litter palatability to macroinvertebrate detritivores with consequences for decomposition, nutrient turnover, and food-web structure. currently there is no consensus on the link between co2 enrichment, litter chemistry, and macroinvertebrate-mediated leaf decomposition. to identify any unifying mechanisms, we presented eight invertebrate species from aquatic and terrestrial ecosystems with litter from alnus glutinosa ( ...201424465985
genetic and metal analyses of fragmented populations of betula papyrifera (marsh) in a mining reclaimed region: identification of population-diagnostic molecular marker.white birch (betula papyrifera) is an open pollinate species that is, dominant in the northern ontario after land reclamation. in fact, this species represents 65% of all trees in the region. we hypothesized that the exchange of genetic information between fragmented populations by range-wide paternal introgression is possible in wind-pollinated species such as b. papyrifera. on the other hand, the effects of heavy metal contamination from the mining activities on plant growth and population dyn ...201425535559
soil application of biochar produced from biomass grown on trace element contaminated land.trace element (te) contamination of soils is a worldwide problem. however, although not considered safe anymore for food production without clean-up, many of these soils may still be used to produce biomass for non-food purposes such as biochar. exploring the suitability of such biochar for the amendment of low-fertility soil, we investigated growth and metal accumulation of ryegrass (lolium perenne, var. calibra) as well as soil microbial abundance on a non-contaminated soil after amendment wit ...201425163600
process-based models not always better than empirical models for simulating budburst of norway spruce and birch in europe.budburst models have mainly been developed to capture the processes of individual trees, and vary in their complexity and plant physiological realism. we evaluated how well eleven models capture the variation in budburst of birch and norway spruce in germany, austria, the united kingdom and finland. the comparison was based on the models performance in relation to their underlying physiological assumptions with four different calibration schemes. the models were not able to accurately simulate t ...201424700779
rapid and long-term effects of water deficit on gas exchange and hydraulic conductance of silver birch trees grown under varying atmospheric humidity.effects of water deficit on plant water status, gas exchange and hydraulic conductance were investigated in betula pendula under artificially manipulated air humidity in eastern estonia. the study was aimed to broaden an understanding of the ability of trees to acclimate with the increasing atmospheric humidity predicted for northern europe. rapidly-induced water deficit was imposed by dehydrating cut branches in open-air conditions; long-term water deficit was generated by seasonal drought.201424655599
contrasting responses of silver birch voc emissions to short- and long-term herbivory.there is a need to incorporate the effects of herbivore damage into future models of plant volatile organic compound (voc) emissions at leaf or canopy levels. short-term (a few seconds to 48 h) changes in shoot voc emissions of silver birch (betula pendula roth) in response to feeding by geometrid moths (erannis defoliaria hübner) were monitored online by proton transfer reaction time-of-flight mass spectrometry (ptr-tof-ms). in addition, two separate field experiments were established to study ...201424627262
interactions and competition processes among tree species in young experimental mixed forests, assessed with chlorophyll fluorescence and leaf morphology.chlorophyll a fluorescence (chlf) and leaf morphology were assessed in two sites in europe (kaltenborn, germany, and satakunta, finland) within a forest diversity experiment. trees at satakunta, planted in 1999, form a stratified canopy, while in kaltenborn the trees are 7 years old, with no apparent canopy connection among broadleaf species. the following chlf parameters from measured ojip transient curves were examined: f(v)/f(m) (a proxy for maximum quantum yield); ψeo (a proxy for efficiency ...201423926925
signaling events during macrophage activation with betula pendula roth pectic polysaccharides.we studied the effect of two pectic polysaccharides ps-b1-ag and ps-b2-rg that were contained in total polysaccharides extracted from betula pendula leaves on no production by mouse macrophages and the contribution of signaling molecules to macrophage activation by the test substances. unlike the total sample, pectins produced a no-stimulating effect on macrophages. the effect of ps-b2-rg (10 μg/ml) did not differ from the effect of lps, while ps-b1-ag produced this effect only in a concentratio ...201424771428
rapid gc/ms determination of botanical precursors of eurasian propolis.in this work, ether extracts of propolises from 11 countries of europe and asia together with extracts of the buds of their principal plant precursors were prepared and investigated by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. for the first time, chemical compositions of the exudates of aspen, white birch and silver birch buds were determined. basing on the data on the content of individual components and their groups, the method of rapid examination of plant precursors of propolis was developed. th ...201424001818
arsenic (as), antimony (sb), and lead (pb) availability from au-mine technosols: a case study of transfer to natural vegetation cover in temperate climates.soils from old au-mine tailings (la petite faye, france) were investigated in relation to the natural vegetation cover to evaluate the risk of metals and metalloids (pb, as, sb) mobilizing and their potential transfer to native plants (graminea, betula pendula, pteridium aquilinum, equisetum telmateia). the soils are classified as technosols with high contamination levels of as, pb, and sb. the single selective extractions tested to evaluate available fraction (cacl2, acetic acid, a-rhizo, and d ...201424474610
effect of betulin-containing extract from birch tree bark on α-amylase activity in vitro and on weight gain of broiler chickens in vivo.in vitro effect of betulin-containing extract from betula pendula roth. bark on alpha-amylase activity was studied, the kinetic mechanism of interaction was proposed and in vivo effect of betulin-containing extract on weight gain and meat quality of broiler chickens was evaluated. the highest level of inhibitory activity (20%) was detected in extract concentration of 1,000 mg/l. increased extract concentration did not lead to increased enzyme inhibition. using dixon and cornish-bowden coordinate ...201424445672
effect of air pollutant no₂ on betula pendula, ostrya carpinifolia and carpinus betulus pollen fertility and human allergenicity.pollen of betula pendula, ostrya carpinifolia and carpinus betulus was exposed in vitro to two levels of no2 (about 0.034 and 0.067 ppm) - both below current atmospheric hour-limit value acceptable for human health protection in europe (0.11 ppm for no2). experiments were performed under artificial solar light with temperature and relative humidity continuously monitored. the viability, germination and total soluble proteins of all the pollen samples exposed to no2 decreased significantly when c ...201424361564
cultivable actinomycetes from rhizosphere of birch (betula pendula) growing on a coal mine dump in silets, ukraine.five actinomycete strains were isolated from the rhizosphere of birch, one of a few native tree forms capable of thriving on the upper level of a coal mine dump near the village of silets (lvivska region, ukraine). no such strains were isolated from surrounding gangue, or from nearby grass calamagrostis epigeios. using 16s rdna sequencing and analysis of cell wall aminoacids, four of these strains were shown to belong to genus streptomyces and one to be amycolatopsis. the isolates were able to p ...201423686352
predicting impacts of climate change on the aboveground carbon sequestration rate of a temperate forest in northeastern china.the aboveground carbon sequestration rate (acsr) reflects the influence of climate change on forest dynamics. to reveal the long-term effects of climate change on forest succession and carbon sequestration, a forest landscape succession and disturbance model (landis pro7.0) was used to simulate the acsr of a temperate forest at the community and species levels in northeastern china based on both current and predicted climatic data. on the community level, the acsr of mixed korean pine hardwood f ...201424763409
genetic and environmental determinants of insect herbivore community structure in a betula pendula population.a number of recent studies have shown that intraspecific genetic variation of plants may have a profound effect on the herbivorous communities which depend on them. however less is known about the relative importance of intraspecific variation compared to other ecological factors, for example environmental variation or the effects of herbivore damage. we randomly selected 22 betula pendula genotypes from a local population (< 0.9 ha), cloned them and planted cloned seedlings on two study sites s ...201424715977
shotgun bisulfite sequencing of the betula platyphylla genome reveals the tree's dna methylation patterning.dna methylation plays a critical role in the regulation of gene expression. most studies of dna methylation have been performed in herbaceous plants, and little is known about the methylation patterns in tree genomes. in the present study, we generated a map of methylated cytosines at single base pair resolution for betula platyphylla (white birch) by bisulfite sequencing combined with transcriptomics to analyze dna methylation and its effects on gene expression. we obtained a detailed view of t ...201425514241
phenolic compounds and expression of 4cl genes in silver birch clones and pt4cl1a lines.a small multigene family encodes 4-coumarate:coa ligases (4cls) catalyzing the coa ligation of hydroxycinnamic acids, a branch point step directing metabolites to a flavonoid or monolignol pathway. in the present study, we examined the effect of antisense populus tremuloides 4cl (pt4cl1) to the lignin and soluble phenolic compound composition of silver birch (betula pendula) pt4cl1a lines in comparison with non-transgenic silver birch clones. the endogenous expression of silver birch 4cl genes w ...201425502441
development of lymantria dispar affected by manganese in food.we studied the response of gypsy moth (lymantria dispar (linnaeus) (lepidoptera: lymantriidae)) to the content of manganese in food in the laboratory breeding of caterpillars. the food of the caterpillars {betula pendula roth (fagales: betulaceae) leaves} was contaminated by dipping in the solution of mncl2 · 4h2o with manganese concentrations of 0, 0.5, 5 and 10 mg ml(-1), by which differentiated manganese contents (307; 632; 4,087 and 8,124 mg kg(-1)) were reached. parameters recorded during t ...201425028315
quality evaluation of different preparations of dry extracts of birch (betula pendula roth) leaves.qualitatively prepared dry extracts are advantaged over conventional fluid extracts. extracts of betula pendula roth leaves possess mild diuretic effects and anti-inflammatory activity. in this work, the spray-drying and lyophilisation processes were evaluated for producing dry extracts of birch leaves. the purpose was to identify the best drying method that provides the highest content of phenolic compounds and possesses greatest antioxidant activity. predominant compounds hyperoside and chloro ...201424934103
functionalized para-substituted benzenes as 1,8-cineole production modulators in an endophytic nodulisporium species.a nodulisporium species (designated ti-13) was isolated as an endophyte from cassia fistula. the fungus produces a spectrum of volatile organic compounds (vocs) that includes ethanol, acetaldehyde and 1,8-cineole as major components. initial observations of the fungal isolate suggested that reversible attenuation of the organism via removal from the host and successive transfers in pure culture resulted in a 50 % decrease in cineole production unrelated to an overall alteration in fungal growth. ...201424836622
indication of airborne pollution by birch and spruce in the vicinity of copper smelter.the aim of the study was determination of air pollution impact of the copper smelter in bor and its surroundings (serbia) by assessing the suitability of birch (betula pendula roth.) and spruce (picea abies l.) for the purposes of biomonitoring and comparing it with previously published data from the same study area. the concentrations of cu, zn, pb and mn in leaves/needles, branches, roots and soil were determined. sampling was performed during 2009 in two zones with high load of air pollution ...201424910312
overexpression of bpap1 induces early flowering and produces dwarfism in betula platyphylla × betula pendula.the involvement of apetala1 (ap1) in the flowering transition has been the focus of much research. here, we produced betula platyphylla × betula pendula (birch) lines that overexpressed bpap1 using agrobacterium-mediated transformation; we obtained five independent 35s::bpap1 transgenic lines. polymerase chain reaction (pcr), southern, northern and western analyses were used to identify the transformants. as determined by quantitative real-time pcr (qrt-pcr), bpap1 expression in roots, shoots, l ...201424200078
mitochondrial toxin betulinic acid induces in vitro eryptosis in human red blood cells through membrane permeabilization.betulinic acid (ba), a compound isolated from the bark of white birch (betula pubescens), was reported to induce apoptosis in many types of cancer through mitochondrial dysfunction with low side effects in normal cells. because of these features, ba is regarded as a potential anti-cancer agent. however, the effect of ba on the induction of cell death in human erythrocytes remains unknown. given that ba is a mitochondrial toxin and mitochondria are the central cell death regulator, we hypothesize ...201424241250
how does solar ultraviolet-b radiation improve drought tolerance of silver birch (betula pendula roth.) seedlings?we hypothesized that solar ultraviolet (uv) radiation would protect silver birch seedlings from the detrimental effects of water stress through a coordinated suite of trait responses, including morphological acclimation, improved control of water loss through gas exchange and hydraulic sufficiency. to better understand how this synergetic interaction works, plants were grown in an experiment under nine treatment combinations attenuating ultraviolet-a and ultraviolet-b (uvb) from solar radiation ...201525041067
forecasting plant phenology: evaluating the phenological models for betula pendula and padus racemosa spring phases, latvia.a historical phenological record and meteorological data of the period 1960-2009 are used to analyse the ability of seven phenological models to predict leaf unfolding and beginning of flowering for two tree species-silver birch betula pendula and bird cherry padus racemosa-in latvia. model stability is estimated performing multiple model fitting runs using half of the data for model training and the other half for evaluation. correlation coefficient, mean absolute error and mean squared error a ...201524789346
effects of atmospheric pollutants (co, o3, so2) on the allergenicity of betula pendula, ostrya carpinifolia, and carpinus betulus pollen.pollen of betula pendula, ostrya carpinifolia, and carpinus betulus was exposed in vitro to relatively low levels of the air pollutants, namely carbon monoxide, ozone, and sulfur dioxide. the allergenicity of the exposed pollen was compared with that of non-exposed pollen samples to assess if air pollution exposition affects the allergenicity potential of pollen. the immunodetection assays indicated higher ige recognition by all sera of allergic patients to the pollen protein extracts in all exp ...201525055718
sap-feeding insects on forest trees along latitudinal gradients in northern europe: a climate-driven patterns.knowledge of the latitudinal patterns in biotic interactions, and especially in herbivory, is crucial for understanding the mechanisms that govern ecosystem functioning and for predicting their responses to climate change. we used sap-feeding insects as a model group to test the hypotheses that the strength of plant-herbivore interactions in boreal forests decreases with latitude and that this latitudinal pattern is driven primarily by midsummer temperatures. we used a replicated sampling design ...201525044643
betula pendula: a promising candidate for phytoremediation of tce in northern climates.betula pendula (silver birch) trees growing on two contaminated sites were evaluated to assess their capacity to phytoscreen and phytoremediate chlorinated aliphatic compounds and heavy metals. both locations are industrially-contaminated properties in central sweden. the first was the site of a trichloroethylene (tce) spill in the 1980s while the second was polluted with heavy metals by burning industrial wastes. in both cases, sap and sapwood from silver birch trees were collected and analyzed ...201525174420
effects of a major tree invader on urban woodland arthropods.biological invasions are a major threat to biodiversity; however, the degree of impact can vary depending on the ecosystem and taxa. here, we test whether a top invader at a global scale, the tree robinia pseudoacacia (black locust or false acacia), which is known to profoundly change site conditions, significantly affects urban animal diversity. as a first multi-taxon study of this kind, we analyzed the effects of robinia dominance on 18 arthropod taxa by pairwise comparisons of woodlands in be ...201526359665
coupled enzymatic hydrolysis and ethanol fermentation: ionic liquid pretreatment for enhanced yields.pretreatment is a vital step upon biochemical conversion of lignocellulose materials into biofuels. an acid catalyzed thermochemical treatment is the most commonly employed method for this purpose. alternatively, ionic liquids (ils), a class of neoteric solvents, provide unique opportunities as solvents for the pretreatment of a wide range of lignocellulose materials. in the present study, four ionic liquid solvents (ils), two switchable ils (sils) dbu-mea-so2 and dbu-mea-co2, as well as two 'cl ...201526339292
correction: development of ssr markers and genetic diversity in white birch (betula platyphylla). 201526030921
[the use of the parameters of chlorophyll a fluorescence induction for assessment of plant state under anthropogenic load].the technique for recording of chlorophyll a fluorescence induction kinetics has been used for assessment of the physiological state of leaves of tillet (tilia cordata), pendent white birch (betula pendula), american arborvitae (thuja occidentalis) in urban environments. different sensitivity of plants to adverse growing conditions was observed. the most sensitive jip test parameters such as pi(abs), f(v)/f(0), f(v)/f(m), r(fd) are determined to be used as indicators of the physiological state o ...201526016029
leaf surface lipophilic compounds as one of the factors of silver birch chemical defense against larvae of gypsy moth.plant chemical defense against herbivores is a complex process which involves a number of secondary compounds. it is known that the concentration of leaf surface lipophilic compounds (slcs), particularly those of flavonoid aglycones are increased with the defoliation treatment of silver birch betula pendula. in this study we investigated how the alteration of slcs concentration in the food affects the fitness and innate immunity of the gypsy moth lymantria dispar. we found that a low slcs concen ...201525816371
[developmental instability of the organism as a result of pessimization of environment under anthropogenic transformation of natural landscapes].the value of fluctuating asymmetry is considered to be an indicator of the developmental instability of the organism. the consequences of activities of the mining industry plants, which are characterized by alienation and transformation of large areas of natural landscapes, are analyzed as an anthropogenic factor. the objects of study were small mammals (northern red-backed (clethrionomys rutilus) and gray red-backed (clethrionomys rufocanus) voles, tundra vole (microtus oeconomus), laxmann's (s ...201525720274
measuring feeding traits of a range of litter-consuming terrestrial snails: leaf litter consumption, faeces production and scaling with body size.plant litter decomposition is an essential ecosystem function that contributes to energy and nutrient cycling above- and belowground. terrestrial gastropods can affect this process in various ways: they consume and fragment leaf litter and create suitable habitats for microorganisms through the production of faeces and mucus. we assessed the contributions of ten litter-feeding terrestrial snail species to leaf litter mass loss and checked whether consumption rate and faeces production scale with ...201525698139
mesophyll conductance in leaves of japanese white birch (betula platyphylla var. japonica) seedlings grown under elevated co2 concentration and low n availability.to test the hypothesis that mesophyll conductance (gm ) would be reduced by leaf starch accumulation in plants grown under elevated co2 concentration [co2 ], we investigated gm in seedlings of japanese white birch grown under ambient and elevated [co2 ] with an adequate and limited nitrogen supply using simultaneous gas exchange and chlorophyll fluorescence measurements. both elevated [co2 ] and limited nitrogen supply decreased area-based leaf n accompanied with a decrease in the maximum rate o ...201525690946
breeding increases the efficacy of chondrostereum purpureum in the sprout control of birch.we tested whether the pairing of selected isolates could be used to increase the efficiency of a decay fungus chondrostereum purpureum (pers. ex fr.) pouzar to control hardwood sprouting in finland. we paired c. purpureum strains efficient in sprout control or highly active in laccase production, and tested the efficacy of their progeny in spout control experiments. this procedure resulted in a strain with an efficacy superior to that of the parental strains. the mortality of birch (betula pendu ...201525674794
integration of bpmads4 on various linkage groups improves the utilization of the rapid cycle breeding system in apple.rapid cycle breeding in apple is a new approach for the rapid introgression of agronomically relevant traits (e.g. disease resistances) from wild apple species into domestic apple cultivars (malus × domestica borkh.). this technique drastically shortens the long-lasting juvenile phase of apple. the utilization of early-flowering apple lines overexpressing the bpmads4 gene of the european silver birch (betula pendula roth.) in hybridization resulted in one breeding cycle per year. aiming for the ...201525370729
vulnerability to cavitation differs between current-year and older xylem: non-destructive observation with a compact magnetic resonance imaging system of two deciduous diffuse-porous species.development of xylem embolism during water stress in two diffuse-porous hardwoods, katsura (cercidiphyllum japonicum) and japanese white birch (betula platyphylla var. japonica), was observed non-destructively under a compact magnetic resonance imaging (mri) system in addition to conventional quantitation of hydraulic vulnerability to cavitation from excised stem segments. distribution of white and dark areas in mr images corresponded well to the distribution of water-filled/embolized vessels ob ...201525630712
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