Publications

TitleAbstractYear(sorted ascending)
Filter
PMID
Filter
the hydraulic conductivity of the xylem in conifer needles (picea abies and pinus mugo).main resistances of the plant water transport system are situated in leaves. in contrast to angiosperm leaves, knowledge of conifer needle hydraulics and of the partitioning of resistances within needles is poor. a new technique was developed which enabled flow-meter measurements through needles embedded in paraffin and thus quantification of the specific hydraulic conductivity (k(s)) of the needle xylem. in picea abies, xylem k(s) of needle and axes as well as in needles of different age were c ...201121593348
distribution of lignin and its coniferyl alcohol and coniferyl aldehyde groups in picea abies and pinus sylvestris as observed by raman imaging.wood cell wall consists of several structural components, such as cellulose, hemicelluloses and lignin, whose concentrations vary throughout the cell wall. it is a composite where semicrystalline cellulose fibrils, acting as reinforcement, are bound together by amorphous hemicelluloses and lignin matrix. understanding the distribution of these components and their functions within the cell wall can provide useful information on the biosynthesis of trees. raman imaging enables us to study chemist ...201121632083
host species and strain combination determine growth reduction of spruce and birch seedlings colonized by root-associated dark septate endophytes.interactions of betula pendula and picea abies with dark septate endophytes of the phialocephala fortinii-acephala applanata species complex (pac) were studied. pac are ubiquitous fungal root symbionts of many woody plant species but their ecological role is largely unknown. sterile birch and spruce seedlings in monoculture and mixed culture were exposed to four pac strains, added either singularly or paired in all possible combinations at 18°c and 23°c. plant and fungal biomass was determined a ...201122212126
antimicrobial properties of natural coniferous rosin in the european pharmacopoeia challenge test.rosins (resins) are natural products of the coniferous trees. purified rosin from the trunk of norway spruce (picea abies) is antibacterial against the gram-positive bacteria, but not against the gram-negative bacteria in agar plate diffusion test. in this study, we examined the antimicrobial properties of the coniferous rosin against bacteria and yeasts using the european pharmacopoeia (ep) challenge test. the microbes tested were staphylococcus aureus, methicillin-resistant staphylococcus aure ...201121917009
Biosynthesis of the major tetrahydroxystilbenes in spruce, astringin and isorhapontin, proceeds via resveratrol and is enhanced by fungal infection.Stilbenes are dibenzyl polyphenolic compounds produced in several unrelated plant families that appear to protect against various biotic and abiotic stresses. Stilbene biosynthesis has been well described in economically important plants, such as grape (Vitis vinifera), peanut (Arachis hypogaea), and pine (Pinus species). However, very little is known about the biosynthesis and ecological role of stilbenes in spruce (Picea), an important gymnosperm tree genus in temperate and boreal forests. To ...201121865488
The pathogenic white-rot fungus Heterobasidion parviporum triggers non-specific defence responses in the bark of Norway spruce.Norway spruce [Picea abies (L.) Karst.] is one of the economically most important conifer species in Europe. The major pathogen on Norway spruce is Heterobasidion parviporum (Fr.) Niemelä & Korhonen. To achieve a better understanding of Norway spruce's defence mechanisms, transcriptional responses in bark to H. parviporum infection were compared with the response to wounding using cDNA-amplified fragment length polymorphism. The majority of the recovered transcript-derived fragments (TDFs) showe ...201122084022
status of the southern carpathian forests in the long-term ecological research network.air pollution, bulk precipitation, throughfall, soil condition, foliar nutrients, as well as forest health and growth were studied in 2006-2009 in a long-term ecological research (lter) network in the bucegi mountains, romania. ozone (o(3)) was high indicating a potential for phytotoxicity. ammonia (nh(3)) concentrations rose to levels that could contribute to deposition of nutritional nitrogen (n) and could affect biodiversity changes. higher that 50% contribution of acidic rain (ph < 5.5) cont ...201222234644
galactoglucomannan extracted from spruce (picea abies) as a carbohydrate source for probiotic bacteria.a prebiotic is a nonviable food component that confers a health benefit on the host associated with modulation of the microbiota. hemicelluloses are the second most common group of polysaccharides in nature and they occur in plant cell walls. the predominant hemicellulose in softwood species is galactoglucomannan, and based on its chemical structure and information available about similar saccharides, galactoglucomannan may be postulated to have prebiotic properties. in this study we demonstrate ...201223067113
expression of panac01, a picea abies cup-shaped cotyledon orthologue, is regulated by polar auxin transport and associated with differentiation of the shoot apical meristem and formation of separated cotyledons.during embryo development in most gymnosperms, the establishment of the shoot apical meristem (sam) occurs concomitantly with the formation of a crown of cotyledons surrounding the sam. it has previously been shown that the differentiation of cotyledons in somatic embryos of picea abies is dependent on polar auxin transport (pat). in the angiosperm model plant, arabidopsis thaliana, the establishment of cotyledonary boundaries and the embryonal sam is dependent on pat and the expression of the c ...201222778149
nonradioactive assay for detecting isoprenyl diphosphate synthase activity in crude plant extracts using liquid chromatography coupled with tandem mass spectrometry.terpenoids form the largest class of plant metabolites involved in primary and secondary metabolism. isoprenyl diphosphate synthases (idss) catalyze the condensation of the c(5) terpenoid building blocks, isopentenyl diphosphate and dimethylallyl diphosphate, to form geranyl diphosphate (c(10)), farnesyl diphosphate (c(15)), and geranylgeranyl diphosphate (c(20)). these branch point reactions control the flow of metabolites that act as precursors to each of the major terpene classes-monoterpenes ...201222266300
the effects of soil and air temperature on co2 exchange and net biomass accumulation in norway spruce, scots pine and silver birch seedlings.soil temperature is proposed to affect the photosynthetic rate and carbon allocation in boreal trees through sink limitation. the aim of this study was to investigate the effect of temperature on co(2) exchange, biomass partitioning and ectomycorrhizal (ecm) fungi of boreal tree species. we measured carbon allocation, above- and below-ground co(2) exchange and the species composition of associated ecm fungi in the rhizosphere of scots pine (pinus sylvestris l.), norway spruce (picea abies k.) an ...201222345325
protection of wood from microorganisms by laccase-catalyzed iodination.in the present work, norway spruce wood (picea abies l.) was reacted with a commercial trametes versicolor laccase in the presence of potassium iodide salt or the phenolic compounds thymol and isoeugenol to impart an antimicrobial property to the wood surface. in order to assess the efficacy of the wood treatment, a leaching of the iodinated and polymerized wood and two biotests including bacteria, a yeast, blue stain fungi, and wood decay fungi were performed. after laccase-catalyzed oxidation ...201222865075
significant mean and extreme climate sensitivity of norway spruce and silver fir at mid-elevation mesic sites in the alps.climate forcing is the major abiotic driver for forest ecosystem functioning and thus significantly affects the role of forests within the global carbon cycle and related ecosystem services. annual radial increments of trees are probably the most valuable source of information to link tree growth and climate at long-term time scales, and have been used in a wide variety of investigations worldwide. however, especially in mountainous areas, tree-ring studies have focused on extreme environments w ...201223209823
life strategies in intra-annual dynamics of wood formation: example of three conifer species in a temperate forest in north-east france.we investigated whether timing and rate of growth are related to the life strategies and fitness of three conifer species. intra-annual dynamics of wood formation, shoot elongation and needle phenology were monitored over 3 years in five norway spruces (picea abies (l.) karst.), five scots pines (pinus sylvestris l.) and five silver firs (abies alba mill.) grown intermixed. for the three species, the growing season (delimited by cambial activity onset and cessation) lasted about 4 months, while ...201222543476
occurrence and impact of the root-rot biocontrol agent phlebiopsis gigantea on soil fungal communities in picea abies forests of northern europe.the aim of this study was to assess belowground occurrence, persistence and possible impact of the biocontrol agent phlebiopsis gigantea (fr.) jülich on soil fungi. sampling of soil and roots of picea abies (l.) h. karst. was carried out at 12 p. gigantea-treated and five nontreated control sites representing 1- to 60-month-old clear-cuts and thinned forest sites in finland and latvia. the 454-sequencing of its rrna from fine roots, humus and mineral soil resulted in 8626 high-quality fungal seq ...201222443512
fungal planet description sheets: 107-127.novel species of microfungi described in the present study include the following from australia: phytophthora amnicola from still water, gnomoniopsis smithogilvyi from castanea sp., pseudoplagiostoma corymbiae from corymbia sp., diaporthe eucalyptorum from eucalyptus sp., sporisorium andrewmitchellii from enneapogon aff. lindleyanus, myrmecridium banksiae from banksia, and pilidiella wangiensis from eucalyptus sp. several species are also described from south africa, namely: gondwanamyces wingfi ...201223105159
studies related to norway spruce galactoglucomannans: chemical synthesis, conformation analysis, nmr spectroscopic characterization, and molecular recognition of model compounds.galactoglucomannan (ggm) is a polysaccharide mainly consisting of mannose, glucose, and galactose. ggm is the most abundant hemicellulose in the norway spruce (picea abies), but is also found in the cell wall of flax seeds, tobacco plants, and kiwifruit. although several applications for ggm polysaccharides have been developed in pulp and paper manufacturing and the food and medical industries, attempts to synthesize and study distinct fragments of this polysaccharide have not been reported prev ...201223008171
how fast do european conifers overgrow wounds inflicted by rockfall?the capacity of trees to recover from mechanical disturbance is of crucial importance for tree survival but has been primarily investigated in saplings using artificially induced wounds. in this study, mature larix decidua mill., picea abies (l.) karst. and abies alba mill. trees growing on alpine slopes that were wounded by naturally occurring rockfall were analyzed to determine their efficiency in overgrowing wounds. in total 43 l. decidua, p. abies and a. alba trees were sampled. first, 106 s ...201222826380
localization of phenolics in phloem parenchyma cells of norway spruce (picea abies).norway spruce (picea abies) bark contains specialized phloem parenchyma cells that swell and change their contents upon attack by the bark beetle ips typographus and its microbial associate, the blue stain fungus ceratocystis polonica. these cells exhibit bright autofluorescence after treatment with standard aldehyde fixatives, and so have been postulated to contain phenolic compounds. laser microdissection of spruce bark sections combined with cryogenic nmr spectroscopy demonstrated significant ...201223150460
metatranscriptomics reveals the diversity of genes expressed by eukaryotes in forest soils.eukaryotic organisms play essential roles in the biology and fertility of soils. for example the micro and mesofauna contribute to the fragmentation and homogenization of plant organic matter, while its hydrolysis is primarily performed by the fungi. to get a global picture of the activities carried out by soil eukaryotes we sequenced 2×10,000 cdnas synthesized from polyadenylated mrna directly extracted from soils sampled in beech (fagus sylvatica) and spruce (picea abies) forests. taxonomic af ...201222238585
ground-level ozone differentially affects nitrogen acquisition and allocation in mature european beech (fagus sylvatica) and norway spruce (picea abies) trees.impacts of elevated ground-level ozone (o(3)) on nitrogen (n) uptake and allocation were studied on mature european beech (fagus sylvatica l.) and norway spruce (picea abies [l.] karst.) in a forest stand, hypothesizing that: (i) chronically elevated o(3) limits nutrient uptake, and (ii) beech responds more sensitively to elevated o(3) than spruce, as previously found for juvenile trees. tree canopies were exposed to twice-ambient o(3) concentrations (2 × o(3)) by a free-air fumigation system, w ...201223042769
monitoring of ozone effects on the vitality and increment of norway spruce and european beech in the central european forests.the ozone effect on norway spruce (picea abies (l) karst.) and european beech (fagus sylvatica l.) was studied on 48 monitoring plots in 2005-2008. these plots represent two major forest tree species stands of different ages in eight regions of the czech republic. the forest conditions were represented by defoliation and the annual radial increment of individual trees. the ozone exposure was assessed by using modeled values of mean annual o(3) concentration and the aot40 index. the malondialdehy ...201222534676
throughfall deposition and canopy exchange processes along a vertical gradient within the canopy of beech (fagus sylvatica l.) and norway spruce (picea abies (l.) karst).to assess the impact of air pollution on forest ecosystems, the canopy is usually considered as a constant single layer in interaction with the atmosphere and incident rain, which could influence the measurement accuracy. in this study the variation of througfall deposition and derived dry deposition and canopy exchange were studied along a vertical gradient in the canopy of one european beech (fagus sylvatica l.) tree and two norway spruce (picea abies (l.) karst) trees. throughfall and net thr ...201222325986
grosmannia and leptographium spp. associated with conifer-infesting bark beetles in finland and russia, including leptographium taigense sp. nov.species of grosmannia with leptographium anamorphs include important forest pathogens and agents of blue stain in timber. they are commonly found in association with forest pests, such as bark beetles. during a survey of ophiostomatoid fungi in eastern parts of finland and neighboring russia, species belonging to the genus grosmannia were isolated from 12 different bark beetle species infesting picea abies and pinus sylvestris, the most economically important conifers in the region. identificati ...201222580615
genetic host-tree effects on the ectomycorrhizal community and root characteristics of norway spruce.a greenhouse experiment was used to study the effects of host genotype on short root formation and ectomycorrhizal (ecm) fungal community structure in norway spruce (picea abies (l.) karst.). rooted cuttings representing 55 clones were inoculated with a mix of vegetative hyphae of five ecm fungal species (laccaria sp., amphinema byssoides, piloderma sp., cadophora finlandia, paxillus involutus). after one growing season, the ecm fungal community structure was determined by amplifying the fungal ...201322644394
resistance of european tree species to drought stress in mixed versus pure forests: evidence of stress release by inter-specific facilitation.while previous studies focused on tree growth in pure stands, we reveal that tree resistance and resilience to drought stress can be modified distinctly through species mixing. our study is based on tree ring measurement on cores from increment boring of 559 trees of norway spruce (picea abies [l.] karst.), european beech (fagus sylvatica [l.]) and sessile oak (quercus petraea (matt.) liebl.) in south germany, with half sampled in pure, respectively, mixed stands. indices for resistance, recover ...201323062025
modulation of reproductive behaviors by non-host volatiles in the polyphagous egyptian cotton leafworm, spodoptera littoralis.in order to locate mates, food, and oviposition sites, insects mainly rely on volatile cues released by their sexual partners, food sources, and host and non-host plants. calling, mating, and oviposition behaviors, as well as fecundity and longevity, of newly emerged spodoptera littoralis (bois.) moths were recorded in the presence of volatiles from leaves of a host plant, gossypium hirsutum (cotton) and two non-host plants, adhatoda vasica (av) or picea abies (spruce), either alone or in host/n ...201324105603
a mechanistic model for the light response of photosynthetic electron transport rate based on light harvesting properties of photosynthetic pigment molecules.models describing the light response of photosynthetic electron transport rate (etr) are routinely used to determine how light absorption influences energy, reducing power and yields of primary productivity; however, no single model is currently able to provide insight into the fundamental processes that implicitly govern the variability of light absorption. here we present development and application of a new mechanistic model of etr for photosystem ii based on the light harvesting (absorption ...201323138268
a common fungal associate of the spruce bark beetle metabolizes the stilbene defenses of norway spruce.norway spruce (picea abies) forests suffer periodic fatal attacks by the bark beetle ips typographus and its fungal associate, ceratocystis polonica. norway spruce protects itself against fungal and bark beetle invasion by the production of terpenoid resins, but it is unclear whether resins or other defenses are effective against the fungus. we investigated stilbenes, a group of phenolic compounds found in norway spruce bark with a diaryl-ethene skeleton with known antifungal properties. during ...201323729780
the primary module in norway spruce defence signalling against h. annosum s.l. seems to be jasmonate-mediated signalling without antagonism of salicylate-mediated signalling.a key tree species for the forest industry in europe is norway spruce [picea abies (l.) karst.]. one of its major diseases is stem and butt rot caused by heterobasidion parviporum (fr.) niemelä & korhonen, which causes extensive revenue losses every year. in this study, we investigated the parallel induction of norway spruce genes presumably associated with salicylic acid- and jasmonic acid/ethylene-mediated signalling pathways previously observed in response to h. parviporum. relative gene expr ...201323223898
disparity in elevational shifts of european trees in response to recent climate warming.predicting climate-driven changes in plant distribution is crucial for biodiversity conservation and management under recent climate change. climate warming is expected to induce movement of species upslope and towards higher latitudes. however, the mechanisms and physiological processes behind the altitudinal and latitudinal distribution range of a tree species are complex and depend on each tree species features and vary over ontogenetic stages. we investigated the altitudinal distribution dif ...201323572443
generalized additive models reveal the intrinsic complexity of wood formation dynamics.the intra-annual dynamics of wood formation, which involves the passage of newly produced cells through three successive differentiation phases (division, enlargement, and wall thickening) to reach the final functional mature state, has traditionally been described in conifers as three delayed bell-shaped curves followed by an s-shaped curve. here the classical view represented by the 'gompertz function (gf) approach' was challenged using two novel approaches based on parametric generalized line ...201323530132
the norway spruce genome sequence and conifer genome evolution.conifers have dominated forests for more than 200 million years and are of huge ecological and economic importance. here we present the draft assembly of the 20-gigabase genome of norway spruce (picea abies), the first available for any gymnosperm. the number of well-supported genes (28,354) is similar to the >100 times smaller genome of arabidopsis thaliana, and there is no evidence of a recent whole-genome duplication in the gymnosperm lineage. instead, the large genome size seems to result fr ...201323698360
biotransformation of the fungal phytotoxin fomannoxin by soil streptomycetes.rhizosphere-associated streptomyces sp. ach 505 (ach 505) promotes infection of norway spruce (picea abies) with the pathogenic fungus heterobasidion abietinum 331, while streptomyces sp. gb 4-2 (gb 4-2) enhances spruce defense against the fungus. to identify whether these bacteria influence the availability of the fungal phytotoxin fomannoxin and hence spruce infection, we analyzed the fomannoxin yield in h. abietinum 331-ach 505 dual cultures. further, the fate of fomannoxin was studied by add ...201323674123
a significant fraction of 21-nucleotide small rna originates from phased degradation of resistance genes in several perennial species.small rnas (srnas), including microrna (mirna) and short-interfering rna (sirna), are important in the regulation of diverse biological processes. comparative studies of srnas from plants have mainly focused on mirna, even though they constitute a mere fraction of the total srna diversity. in this study, we report results from an in-depth analysis of the srna population from the conifer spruce (picea abies) and compared the results with those of a range of plant species. the vast majority of srn ...201323580593
conserved function of core clock proteins in the gymnosperm norway spruce (picea abies l. karst).from studies of the circadian clock in the plant model species arabidopsis (arabidopsis thaliana), a number of important properties and components have emerged. these include the genes circadian clock associated 1 (cca1), gigantea (gi), zeitlupe (ztl) and timing of cab expression 1 (toc1 also known as pseudo-response regulator 1 (prr1)) that via gene expression feedback loops participate in the circadian clock. here, we present results from ectopic expression of four norway spruce (picea abies) ...201323555899
morphological plasticity of ectomycorrhizal short roots in betula sp and picea abies forests across climate and forest succession gradients: its role in changing environments.morphological plasticity of ectomycorrhizal (ecm) short roots (known also as first and second order roots with primary development) allows trees to adjust their water and nutrient uptake to local environmental conditions. the morphological traits (mts) of short-living ecm roots, such as specific root length (srl) and area, root tip frequency per mass unit (rtf), root tissue density, as well as mean diameter, length, and mass of the root tips, are good indicators of acclimation. we investigated t ...201324032035
effects of tree species richness and composition on moose winter browsing damage and foraging selectivity: an experimental study.the optimal foraging theory, the nutrient balance hypothesis, and the plant association theories predict that foraging decisions and resulting tree damage by large mammalian browsers may be influenced by the species richness and species composition of forest stands. this may lead to either associational susceptibility (increased damage on a focal plant in a mixed stand) or associational resistance (reduced damage in a mixed stand). better understanding of the mechanisms and the relative importan ...201323363076
space sequestration below ground in old-growth spruce-beech forests-signs for facilitation?scientists are currently debating the effects of mixing tree species for the complementary resource acquisition in forest ecosystems. in four unmanaged old-growth spruce-beech forests in strict nature reserves in southern sweden and northern germany we assessed forest structure and fine rooting profiles and traits (≤2 mm) by fine root sampling and the analysis of fine root morphology and biomass. these studies were conducted in selected tree groups with four different interspecific competition p ...201324009616
potato crop as a source of emetic bacillus cereus and cereulide-induced mammalian cell toxicity.bacillus cereus, aseptically isolated from potato tubers, were screened for cereulide production and for toxicity on human and other mammalian cells. the cereulide-producing isolates grew slowly, the colonies remained small (~1 mm), tested negative for starch hydrolysis, and varied in productivity from 1 to 100 ng of cereulide mg (wet weight)(-1) (~0.01 to 1 ng per 10(5) cfu). by dna-fingerprint analysis, the isolates matched b. cereus f5881/94, connected to human food-borne illness, but were di ...201323524678
norway spruce (picea abies) genetic transformation with modified cry3a gene of bacillus thuringiensis.modified versions of the cry3a gene of bacillus thuringiensis (bt) were transferred into norway spruce (picea abies). both the biolistic approach and agrobacterium tumefaciens mediated procedure were employed for transformation of embryogenic tissue (et) cultures. the latter method proved to be more efficient yielding 70 transgenic embryogenic tissue lines compared with 18 lines obtained by biolistics. the modified cry3a genes were driven by a 35s promoter and the nptii screenable selection mark ...201323888296
a genome-wide association study identifies genomic regions for virulence in the non-model organism heterobasidion annosum s.s.the dense single nucleotide polymorphisms (snp) panels needed for genome wide association (gwa) studies have hitherto been expensive to establish and use on non-model organisms. to overcome this, we used a next generation sequencing approach to both establish snps and to determine genotypes. we conducted a gwa study on a fungal species, analysing the virulence of heterobasidion annosum s.s., a necrotrophic pathogen, on its hosts picea abies and pinus sylvestris. from a set of 33,018 single nucle ...201323341945
network analysis reveals ecological links between n-fixing bacteria and wood-decaying fungi.nitrogen availability in dead wood is highly restricted and associations with n-fixing bacteria are thought to enable wood-decaying fungi to meet their nitrogen requirements for vegetative and generative growth. we assessed the diversity of nifh (dinitrogenase reductase) genes in dead wood of the common temperate tree species fagus sylvatica and picea abies from differently managed forest plots in germany using molecular tools. by incorporating these genes into a large compilation of published n ...201424505405
process-based models not always better than empirical models for simulating budburst of norway spruce and birch in europe.budburst models have mainly been developed to capture the processes of individual trees, and vary in their complexity and plant physiological realism. we evaluated how well eleven models capture the variation in budburst of birch and norway spruce in germany, austria, the united kingdom and finland. the comparison was based on the models performance in relation to their underlying physiological assumptions with four different calibration schemes. the models were not able to accurately simulate t ...201424700779
interactions and competition processes among tree species in young experimental mixed forests, assessed with chlorophyll fluorescence and leaf morphology.chlorophyll a fluorescence (chlf) and leaf morphology were assessed in two sites in europe (kaltenborn, germany, and satakunta, finland) within a forest diversity experiment. trees at satakunta, planted in 1999, form a stratified canopy, while in kaltenborn the trees are 7 years old, with no apparent canopy connection among broadleaf species. the following chlf parameters from measured ojip transient curves were examined: f(v)/f(m) (a proxy for maximum quantum yield); ψeo (a proxy for efficiency ...201423926925
metabolite changes in conifer buds and needles during forced bud break in norway spruce (picea abies) and european silver fir (abies alba).environmental changes such as early spring and warm spells induce bud burst and photosynthetic processes in cold-acclimated coniferous trees and consequently, cellular metabolism in overwintering needles and buds. the purpose of the study was to examine metabolism in conifers under forced deacclimation (artificially induced spring) by exposing shoots of picea abies (boreal species) and abies alba (temperate species) to a greenhouse environment (22°c, 16/8 h d/n cycle) over a 9 weeks period. each ...201425566281
flavan-3-ols in norway spruce: biosynthesis, accumulation, and function in response to attack by the bark beetle-associated fungus ceratocystis polonica.proanthocyanidins (pas) are common polyphenolic polymers of plants found in foliage, fruit, bark, roots, rhizomes, and seed coats that consist of flavan-3-ol units such as 2,3-trans-(+)-catechin and 2,3-cis-(-)-epicatechin. although the biosynthesis of flavan-3-ols has been studied in angiosperms, little is known about their biosynthesis and ecological roles in gymnosperms. in this study, the genes encoding leucoanthocyanidin reductase, a branch point enzyme involved in the biosynthesis of 2,3-t ...201424550241
using laser micro-dissection and qrt-pcr to analyze cell type-specific gene expression in norway spruce phloem.the tangentially oriented polyphenolic parenchyma (pp) and radially organized ray parenchyma in the phloem are central in the defense of conifer stems against insects and pathogens. laser micro-dissection enables examination of cell-specific defense responses. to examine induced defense responses in norway spruce stems inoculated with the necrotrophic blue-stain fungus ceratocystis polonica, rna extracted from laser micro-dissected phloem parenchyma and vascular cambium was analyzed using real-t ...201424860697
carbon partitioning to the terpenoid biosynthetic pathway enables heterologous β-phellandrene production in escherichia coli cultures.escherichia coli was used as a microbial system for the heterologous synthesis of β-phellandrene, a monoterpene of plant origin with several potential commercial applications. expression of lavandula angustifolia β-phellandrene synthase (phls), alone or in combination with picea abies geranyl-diphosphate synthase in e. coli, resulted in no β-phellandrene accumulation, in sharp contrast to observations with phls-transformed cyanobacteria. lack of β-phellandrene biosynthesis in e. coli was attribu ...201425116411
indication of airborne pollution by birch and spruce in the vicinity of copper smelter.the aim of the study was determination of air pollution impact of the copper smelter in bor and its surroundings (serbia) by assessing the suitability of birch (betula pendula roth.) and spruce (picea abies l.) for the purposes of biomonitoring and comparing it with previously published data from the same study area. the concentrations of cu, zn, pb and mn in leaves/needles, branches, roots and soil were determined. sampling was performed during 2009 in two zones with high load of air pollution ...201424910312
consistency of defoliation data of the national training courses for the forest condition survey in germany from 1992 to 2012.the consistency of visual assessment of tree defoliation, which represents the most widely used indicator for tree condition, has frequently been in the focus of scientific criticism. thus, the objective of the present study was to examine the consistency of the defoliation data from the annual national training courses for the forest condition survey in germany from 1992 to 2012. defoliation assessments were carried out in stands of beech (fagus sylvatica), oak (quercus robur and quercus petrae ...201423955498
temporal variation of competition and facilitation in mixed species forests in central europe.facilitation, reduced competition or increased competition can arise in mixed stands and become essential to the performance of these stands when compared to pure stands. facilitation and over-yielding are widely held to prevail on poor sites, whereas neutral interactions or competition, leading to under-yielding of mixed versus pure stands, can occur on fertile sites. while previous studies have focused on the spatial variation of mixing effects, we examine the temporal variation of facilitatio ...201423581485
photoperiod and temperature responses of bud swelling and bud burst in four temperate forest tree species.spring phenology of temperate forest trees is optimized to maximize the length of the growing season while minimizing the risk of freezing damage. the release from winter dormancy is environmentally mediated by species-specific responses to temperature and photoperiod. we investigated the response of early spring phenology to temperature and photoperiod at different stages of dormancy release in cuttings from four temperate tree species in controlled environments. by tracking bud development, we ...201424713858
growth losses in swiss forests caused by ozone: epidemiological data analysis of stem increment of fagus sylvatica l. and picea abies karst.the estimate of growth losses by ozone exposure of forest trees is a significant part in current c sequestration calculations and will also be important in future modeling. it is therefore important to know if the relationship between ozone flux and growth reduction of young trees, used to derive a critical level for ozone, is also valid for mature trees. epidemiological analysis of stem increment data from fagus sylvatica l. and picea abies karst. observed in swiss forest plots was used to test ...201424911370
does mixing of beech (fagus sylvatica) and spruce (picea abies) litter hasten decomposition?it is of practical relevance to know how much beech must be admixed to pure spruce stands in order to increase litter decomposition and associated nutrient cycling, since the formation of thick organic layers is commonly ascribed to the recalcitrance of spruce needles. we addressed the impact of tree species mixture within forest stands and within litter on mass loss and nutritional release from litter.201424744450
profiling functions of ectomycorrhizal diversity and root structuring in seedlings of norway spruce (picea abies) with fast- and slow-growing phenotypes.we studied the role of taxonomical and functional ectomycorrhizal (ecm) fungal diversity in root formation and nutrient uptake by norway spruce (picea abies) seedlings with fast- and slow-growing phenotypes. seedlings were grown with an increasing ecm fungal diversity gradient from one to four species and sampled before aboveground growth differences between the two phenotypes were apparent. ecm fungal colonization patterns were determined and functional diversity was assayed via measurements of ...201424117652
effect of debarking water from norway spruce (picea abies) on the growth of five species of wood-decaying fungi.norway spruce (picea abies) debarking water is an aqueous extract obtained as waste from the debarking of logs at paper mills. the debarking water contains a mixture of natural compounds that can exhibit diverse biological activities, potentially including fungicidal activity on some species of wood-decaying fungi. thus, we investigated the growth rates of such fungi on agar plates to which debarking water extracts had been added. the experiment included five wood-decaying fungi, viz. gloeophyll ...201525711043
development of growth media for solid substrate propagation of ectomycorrhizal fungi for inoculation of norway spruce (picea abies) seedlings.a silica-based propagation medium was developed for large-scale production of ectomycorrhizal (ecm) fungal inoculum by solid state fermentation. development of the medium was started by screening for an optimal growth medium among six different semisynthetic agar media traditionally used in cultivation of ecm fungi. the majority (65 %) of the twenty tested ecm fungal strains that typically colonize norway spruce (picea abies) seedlings grew best on modified melin-norkrans (mmn) medium with reduc ...201525348909
terracidiphilus gabretensis gen. nov., sp. nov., an abundant and active forest soil acidobacterium important in organic matter transformation.understanding the activity of bacteria in coniferous forests is highly important, due to the role of these environments as a global carbon sink. in a study of the microbial biodiversity of montane coniferous forest soil in the bohemian forest national park (czech republic), we succeeded in isolating bacterial strain s55(t), which belongs to one of the most abundant operational taxonomic units (otus) in active bacterial populations, according to the analysis of rna-derived 16s rrna amplicons. the ...201526546425
does long-term cultivation of saplings under elevated co2 concentration influence their photosynthetic response to temperature?plants growing under elevated atmospheric co2 concentrations often have reduced stomatal conductance and subsequently increased leaf temperature. this study therefore tested the hypothesis that under long-term elevated co2 the temperature optima of photosynthetic processes will shift towards higher temperatures and the thermostability of the photosynthetic apparatus will increase.201525851132
a pyrosequencing insight into sprawling bacterial diversity and community dynamics in decaying deadwood logs of fagus sylvatica and picea abies.deadwood is an important biodiversity hotspot in forest ecosystems. while saproxylic insects and wood-inhabiting fungi have been studied extensively, little is known about deadwood-inhabiting bacteria. the study we present is among the first to compare bacterial diversity and community structure of deadwood under field conditions. we therefore compared deadwood logs of two temperate forest tree species fagus sylvatica and picea abies using 16s rdna pyrosequencing to identify changes in bacterial ...201525851097
contrasting carbon allocation responses of juvenile european beech (fagus sylvatica) and norway spruce (picea abies) to competition and ozone.allocation of recent photoassimilates of juvenile beech and spruce in response to twice-ambient ozone (2 × o(3)) and plant competition (i.e. intra vs. inter-specific) was examined in a phytotron study. to this end, we employed continuous (13)co(2)/(12)co(2) labeling during late summer and pursued tracer kinetics in co(2) released from stems. in beech, allocation of recent photoassimilates to stems was significantly lowered under 2 × o(3) and increased in spruce when grown in mixed culture. as to ...201525315225
responses of beech and spruce foliage to elevated carbon dioxide, increased nitrogen deposition and soil type.although enhanced carbon fixation by forest trees may contribute significantly to mitigating an increase in atmospheric carbon dioxide (co2), capacities for this vary greatly among different tree species and locations. this study compared reactions in the foliage of a deciduous and a coniferous tree species (important central european trees, beech and spruce) to an elevated supply of co2 and evaluated the importance of the soil type and increased nitrogen deposition on foliar nutrient concentrat ...201526092041
whole-tree seasonal nitrogen uptake and partitioning in adult fagus sylvatica l. and picea abies l. [karst.] trees exposed to elevated ground-level ozone.the effect of long-term exposure of twice-ambient o(3) (2 × o(3)) on whole-tree nitrogen (n) uptake and partitioning of adult beech and spruce was studied in a mixed forest stand, se-germany. n uptake as (15)n tracer and n pools were calculated using n concentrations and biomass of tree compartments. whole-tree n uptake tended to be lower under 2 × o(3) in both species compared to trees under ambient o(3) (1 × o(3)). internal partitioning in beech showed significantly higher allocation of new n ...201525042482
tree mineral nutrition is deteriorating in europe.the response of forest ecosystems to increased atmospheric co2 is constrained by nutrient availability. it is thus crucial to account for nutrient limitation when studying the forest response to climate change. the objectives of this study were to describe the nutritional status of the main european tree species, to identify growth-limiting nutrients and to assess changes in tree nutrition during the past two decades. we analysed the foliar nutrition data collected during 1992-2009 on the intens ...201524920268
comparison of δ(18)o and δ(13)c values between tree-ring whole wood and cellulose in five species growing under two different site conditions.we investigated the applicability of tree-ring whole-wood material for δ(18)o and δ(13)c analysis in comparison with the more time- and resource-intensive use of cellulose, by considering possible variability between (i) five different tree species (fagus sylvatica, quercus robur, picea abies, abies alba, pseudotsuga menziesii), (ii) two sites that differ in soil moisture, and (iii) climate conditions within a 10-year period.201526522315
influence of soil composition on the major, minor and trace metal content of velebit biomedical plants.the use of medical herbs for the treatment of many human diseases is increasing nowadays due to their mild features and low side effects. not only for their healing properties, but also for their nutritive value supplementation of diet with various herbs is recommended. thus also their analysis is of rising importance. while total elemental compositions are published for many common herbs, the origin of toxic as well as beneficial elements is not yet well investigated. thus different indigenous ...201525454388
modelling and predicting the spatial distribution of tree root density in heterogeneous forest ecosystems.in mountain ecosystems, predicting root density in three dimensions (3-d) is highly challenging due to the spatial heterogeneity of forest communities. this study presents a simple and semi-mechanistic model, named chamroots, that predicts root interception density (rid, number of roots m(-2)). chamroots hypothesizes that rid at a given point is affected by the presence of roots from surrounding trees forming a polygon shape.201526173892
fungal symbionts of the spruce bark beetle synthesize the beetle aggregation pheromone 2-methyl-3-buten-2-ol.tree-killing bark beetles depend on aggregation pheromones to mass-attack their host trees and overwhelm their resistance. the beetles are always associated with phytopathogenic ophiostomatoid fungi that probably assist in breaking down tree resistance, but little is known about if or how much these fungal symbionts contribute to the beetles' aggregation behavior. in this study, we determined the ability of four major fungal symbionts of the spruce bark beetle ips typographus to produce beetle a ...201526302987
characterization of condensed tannins and carbohydrates in hot water bark extracts of european softwood species.condensed tannins extracted from european softwood bark are recognized as alternatives to synthetic phenolics. the extraction is generally performed in hot water, leading to simultaneous extraction of other bark constituents such as carbohydrates, phenolic monomers and salts. characterization of the extract's composition and identification of the extracted tannins' molecular structure are needed to better identify potential applications. bark from silver fir (abies alba [mill.]), european larch ...201526547588
coupled enzymatic hydrolysis and ethanol fermentation: ionic liquid pretreatment for enhanced yields.pretreatment is a vital step upon biochemical conversion of lignocellulose materials into biofuels. an acid catalyzed thermochemical treatment is the most commonly employed method for this purpose. alternatively, ionic liquids (ils), a class of neoteric solvents, provide unique opportunities as solvents for the pretreatment of a wide range of lignocellulose materials. in the present study, four ionic liquid solvents (ils), two switchable ils (sils) dbu-mea-so2 and dbu-mea-co2, as well as two 'cl ...201526339292
carbon sequestration is related to mycorrhizal fungal community shifts during long-term succession in boreal forests.boreal forest soils store a major proportion of the global terrestrial carbon (c) and below-ground inputs contribute as much as above-ground plant litter to the total c stored in the soil. a better understanding of the dynamics and drivers of root-associated fungal communities is essential to predict long-term soil c storage and climate feedbacks in northern ecosystems. we used 454-pyrosequencing to identify fungal communities across fine-scaled soil profiles in a 5000 yr fire-driven boreal fore ...201525494880
perception of photoperiod in individual buds of mature trees regulates leaf-out.experimental data on the perception of day length and temperature in dormant temperate zone trees are surprisingly scarce. in order to investigate when and where these environmental signals are perceived, we carried out bagging experiments in which buds on branches of fagus sylvatica, aesculus hippocastanum and picea abies trees were exposed to natural light increase or kept at constant 8-h days from december until june. parallel experiments used twigs cut from the same trees, harvesting treated ...201526096967
molecular properties and functional divergence of the dehydroascorbate reductase gene family in lower and higher plants.dehydroascorbate reductase (dhar), which reduces oxidized ascorbate, is important for maintaining an appropriate ascorbate redox state in plant cells. to date, genome-wide molecular characterization of dhars has only been conducted in bryophytes (physcomitrella patens) and eudicots (e.g. arabidopsis thaliana). in this study, to gain a general understanding of the molecular properties and functional divergence of the dhars in land plants, we further conducted a comprehensive analysis of dhars fro ...201526684301
how to isolate a plant's hypomethylome in one shot.genome assembly remains a challenge for large and/or complex plant genomes due to their abundant repetitive regions resulting in studies focusing on gene space instead of the whole genome. thus, dna enrichment strategies facilitate the assembly by increasing the coverage and simultaneously reducing the complexity of the whole genome. in this paper we provide an easy, fast, and cost-effective variant of mre-seq to obtain a plant's hypomethylome by an optimized methyl filtration protocol followed ...201526421293
quantitative evaluation by attenuated total reflectance infrared (atr-ftir) spectroscopy of the chemical composition of decayed wood preserved in waterlogged conditions.this paper reports on the assessment of lignin and holocellulose by means of atr-ftir analysis and multivariate pls regression. the analysis was conducted on 59 samples coming from different excavations where wood had been preserved in waterlogged conditions. a range of results from different wood species (alnus sp.p., cupressus sempervirens, larix decidua, picea abies, pinus sp.p., quercus sp.p., ulmus sp.p.), states of preservation, waterlogged environments, and burial times are presented. a c ...201525281067
forest management type influences diversity and community composition of soil fungi across temperate forest ecosystems.fungal communities have been shown to be highly sensitive toward shifts in plant diversity and species composition in forest ecosystems. however, little is known about the impact of forest management on fungal diversity and community composition of geographically separated sites. this study examined the effects of four different forest management types on soil fungal communities. these forest management types include age class forests of young managed beech (fagus sylvatica l.), with beech stand ...201526635766
sap-feeding insects on forest trees along latitudinal gradients in northern europe: a climate-driven patterns.knowledge of the latitudinal patterns in biotic interactions, and especially in herbivory, is crucial for understanding the mechanisms that govern ecosystem functioning and for predicting their responses to climate change. we used sap-feeding insects as a model group to test the hypotheses that the strength of plant-herbivore interactions in boreal forests decreases with latitude and that this latitudinal pattern is driven primarily by midsummer temperatures. we used a replicated sampling design ...201525044643
recent similarity in distribution ranges does not mean a similar postglacial history: a phylogeographical study of the boreal tree species alnus incana based on microsatellite and chloroplast dna variation.we reconstructed the historical pattern of postglacial biogeographic range expansion of the boreal tree species alnus incana in europe. to assess population genetic structure and diversity, we performed a combined analysis of nuclear microsatellite loci and chloroplast dna sequences (65 populations, 1004 individuals). analysis of haplotype and microsatellite diversity revealed that southeastern refugial populations situated in the carpathians and the balkan peninsula did not spread north and can ...201626831816
replacing monocultures with mixed-species stands: ecosystem service implications of two production forest alternatives in sweden.whereas there is evidence that mixed-species approaches to production forestry in general can provide positive outcomes relative to monocultures, it is less clear to what extent multiple benefits can be derived from specific mixed-species alternatives. to provide such insights requires evaluations of an encompassing suite of ecosystem services, biodiversity, and forest management considerations provided by specific mixtures and monocultures within a region. here, we conduct such an assessment in ...201626744048
substrate influences ecophysiological performance of tree seedlings.unfavourable soil conditions frequently limit tree regeneration in mountain forests on calcareous bedrock. rocky, shallow organic soils on dolomite pose a particular problem for tree regeneration due to commonly restricted water and nutrient supplies. moreover, an often dense layer of understorey vegetation competes for the limited resources available. hence, an array of interacting factors impairs tree seedlings' performance on dolomite, but there is little information on the ecophysiological m ...201626446268
erratum: a pyrosequencing insight into sprawling bacterial diversity and community dynamics in decaying deadwood logs of fagus sylvatica and picea abies. 201627162103
seasonal dynamics of δ(13) c of c-rich fractions from picea abies (norway spruce) and fagus sylvatica (european beech) fine roots.the (13/12) c ratio in plant roots is likely dynamic depending on root function (storage versus uptake), but to date, little is known about the effect of season and root order (an indicator of root function) on the isotopic composition of c-rich fractions in roots. to address this, we monitored the stable isotopic composition of one evergreen (picea abies) and one deciduous (fagus sylvatica), tree species' roots by measuring δ(13) c of bulk, respired and labile c, and starch from first/second an ...201627155532
non-destructive phenotypic analysis of early stage tree seedling growth using an automated stereovision imaging method.a plant phenotyping approach was applied to evaluate growth rate of containerized tree seedlings during the precultivation phase following seed germination. a simple and affordable stereo optical system was used to collect stereoscopic red-green-blue (rgb) images of seedlings at regular intervals of time. comparative analysis of these images by means of a newly developed software enabled us to calculate (a) the increments of seedlings height and (b) the percentage greenness of seedling leaves. c ...201627840632
temperate tree species show identical response in tree water deficit but different sensitivities in sap flow to summer soil drying.temperate forests are expected to be particularly vulnerable to drought and soil drying because they are not adapted to such conditions and perform best in mesic environments. here we ask (i) how sensitively four common temperate tree species (fagus sylvatica, picea abies, acer pseudoplatanus and fraxinus excelsior) respond in their water relations to summer soil drying and seek to determine (ii) if species-specific responses to summer soil drying are related to the onset of declining water stat ...201627609804
specific impacts of beech and norway spruce on the structure and diversity of the rhizosphere and soil microbial communities.the impacts of plant species on the microbial communities and physico-chemical characteristics of soil are well documented for many herbs, grasses and legumes but much less so for tree species. here, we investigate by rrna and its amplicon sequencing the diversity of microorganisms from the three domains of life (archaea, bacteria and eukaryota:fungi) in soil samples taken from the forest experimental site of breuil-chenue (france). we discovered significant differences in the abundance, composi ...201627302652
fine spatial scale variation of soil microbial communities under european beech and norway spruce.the complex interactions between trees and soil microbes in forests as well as their inherent seasonal and spatial variations are poorly understood. in this study, we analyzed the effects of major european tree species (fagus sylvatica l. and picea abies (l.) karst) on soil bacterial and fungal communities. mineral soil samples were collected from different depths (0-10, 10-20 cm) and at different horizontal distances from beech or spruce trunks (0.5, 1.5, 2.5, 3.5 m) in early summer and autumn. ...201628066384
osmolality and non-structural carbohydrate composition in the secondary phloem of trees across a latitudinal gradient in europe.phloem osmolality and its components are involved in basic cell metabolism, cell growth, and in various physiological processes including the ability of living cells to withstand drought and frost. osmolality and sugar composition responses to environmental stresses have been extensively studied for leaves, but less for the secondary phloem of plant stems and branches. leaf osmotic concentration and the share of pinitol and raffinose among soluble sugars increase with increasing drought or cold ...201627313582
an extractive removal step optimized for a high-throughput α-cellulose extraction method for δ13c and δ18o stable isotope ratio analysis in conifer tree rings.stable isotope ratios (δ(13)c and δ(18)o) of tree-ring α-cellulose are important tools in paleoclimatology, ecology, plant physiology and genetics. the multiple sample isolation system for solids (msiss) was a major advance in the tree-ring α-cellulose extraction methods, offering greater throughput and reduced labor input compared to traditional alternatives. however, the usability of the method for resinous conifer species may be limited by the need to remove extractives from some conifer spec ...201627672185
extra spindle poles (separase) controls anisotropic cell expansion in norway spruce (picea abies) embryos independently of its role in anaphase progression.the caspase-related protease separase (extra spindle poles, esp) plays a major role in chromatid disjunction and cell expansion in arabidopsis thaliana. whether the expansion phenotypes are linked to defects in cell division in arabidopsis esp mutants remains elusive. here we present the identification, cloning and characterization of the gymnosperm norway spruce (picea abies, pa) esp. we used the p. abies somatic embryo system and a combination of reverse genetics and microscopy to explore the ...201627229374
bioinformatic identification and analysis of extensins in the plant kingdom.extensins (exts) are a family of plant cell wall hydroxyproline-rich glycoproteins (hrgps) that are implicated to play important roles in plant growth, development, and defense. structurally, exts are characterized by the repeated occurrence of serine (ser) followed by three to five prolines (pro) residues, which are hydroxylated as hydroxyproline (hyp) and glycosylated. some exts have tyrosine (tyr)-x-tyr (where x can be any amino acid) motifs that are responsible for intramolecular or intermol ...201626918442
h3k36ac is an evolutionary conserved plant histone modification that marks active genes.in eukaryotic cells, histones are subject to a large number of posttranslational modifications whose sequential or combinatorial action affects chromatin structure and genome function. we identified acetylation at lys-36 in histone h3 (h3k36ac) as a new chromatin modification in plants. the h3k36ac modification is evolutionary conserved in seed plants, including the gymnosperm norway spruce (picea abies) and the angiosperms rice (oryza sativa), tobacco (nicotiana tabacum), and arabidopsis (arabi ...201626764380
non-functional plastid ndh gene fragments are present in the nuclear genome of norway spruce (picea abies l. karsch): insights from in silico analysis of nuclear and organellar genomes.many genes have been lost from the prokaryote plastidial genome during the early events of endosymbiosis in eukaryotes. some of them were definitively lost, but others were relocated and functionally integrated to the host nuclear genomes through serial events of gene transfer during plant evolution. in gymnosperms, plastid genome sequencing has revealed the loss of ndh genes from several species of gnetales and pinaceae, including norway spruce (picea abies). this study aims to trace the ndh ge ...201626732267
conifer green needle complex in patients with precancerous gastric lesions: an observational pilot study.objectives. helicobacter pylori infection is common and can lead to precancerous gastric lesions. standard antibiotic therapy has a failure rate of more than 25% from antibiotic resistance. the primary aim of this observational pilot study was to test the feasibility of a large-scale clinical trial of conifer green needle complex (cgnc) to treat precancerous gastric lesions. secondary aims were to investigate h. pylori infection, stomach function, and histopathology of the gastric mucosa. method ...201628003849
past and future evolution of abies alba forests in europe - comparison of a dynamic vegetation model with palaeo data and observations.information on how species distributions and ecosystem services are impacted by anthropogenic climate change is important for adaptation planning. palaeo data suggest that abies alba formed forests under significantly warmer-than-present conditions in europe and might be a native substitute for widespread drought-sensitive temperate and boreal tree species such as beech (fagus sylvatica) and spruce (picea abies) under future global warming conditions. here, we combine pollen and macrofossil data ...201626316296
chemical composition and content of lipophilic seed extractives of some abies and picea species.the chemical content and composition of the lipophilic extracts from seeds of some fir species: abies alba, a. cephalonica, a. concolor, and a. koreana, as well as of a few spruce species: picea abies, p. orientalis, and p. pungens, were examined. the amount of lipophilic extractives is diverse among the tree species and it varies from 9.8% to 41% of seeds. the chemical characterization showed significant differences, not only in the content, but also in the composition of extractives. however, ...201627451024
xylogenesis: coniferous trees of temperate forests are listening to the climate tale during the growing season but only remember the last words!the complex inner mechanisms that create typical conifer tree-ring structure (i.e. the transition from large, thin-walled earlywood cells to narrow, thick-walled latewood cells) were recently unraveled. however, what physiological or environmental factors drive xylogenesis key processes remain unclear. here, we aim to quantify the influence of seasonal variations in climatic factors on the spectacular changes in the kinetics of wood cell differentiation and in the resulting tree-ring structure. ...201627208048
the bark-beetle-associated fungus, endoconidiophora polonica, utilizes the phenolic defense compounds of its host as a carbon source.norway spruce (picea abies) is periodically attacked by the bark beetle ips typographus and its fungal associate, endoconidiophora polonica, whose infection is thought to be required for successful beetle attack. norway spruce produces terpenoid resins and phenolics in response to fungal and bark beetle invasion. however, how the fungal associate copes with these chemical defenses is still unclear. in this study, we investigated changes in the phenolic content of norway spruce bark upon e. polon ...201627208235
temperature range shifts for three european tree species over the last 10,000 years.we quantified the degree to which the relationship between the geographic distribution of three major european tree species, abies alba, fagus sylvatica and picea abies and january temperature (tjan) has remained stable over the past 10,000 years. we used an extended data-set of fossil pollen records over europe to reconstruct spatial variation in tjan values for each 1000-year time slice between 10,000 and 3000 years bp (before present). we evaluated the relationships between the occurrences of ...201627826308
refined spruce resin to treat chronic wounds: rebirth of an old folkloristic therapy.significance: the treatment of chronic wounds results in an enormous drain on healthcare resources in terms of workload, costs, frustration, and impaired quality of life, and it presents a clinical challenge for physicians worldwide. effective local treatment of a chronic wound has an important role, particularly in patients who are-because of their poor general condition, diminished life expectancy, or unacceptable operative risk-outside of surgical treatment. recent advances: since 2002, our m ...201627134764
Refresh
firstprev
123456
nextlast
Displaying items 401 - 500 of 518