Publications
| Title | Abstract | Year(sorted ascending) Filter | PMID Filter |
|---|
| clostridium difficile and gastroenteritis: how strong is the association in children? | 1984 | 6701103 | |
| pseudomembranous colitis with recurring diarrhoea and prolonged persistence of clostridium difficile in a 10-year-old girl. | a 10-year-old girl developed, after treatment with amyxocillin, a clinically and sigmoidoscopically apparent pseudomembranous colitis with positive clostridium difficile stool culture. treatment with vancomycin resulted in rapid clinical cure, but there was a relapse of diarrhoea and reappearance of c. difficile, with no pseudomembranous colitis, within one month. clinical symptoms subsided spontaneously but c. difficile persisted for 2 more months in the stools. this case reflects three differe ... | 1984 | 6702443 |
| clostridium difficile in young children. association with antibiotic usage. | clostridium difficile was isolated from the stools of 11/52 (21%) of children aged 0 to 2 years hospitalized with diarrhoea, and from 17/52 (33%) of a control group of hospitalized children with no diarrhoea; this difference was not significant. direct demonstration of c. difficile toxin from the stools was positive in 1 case with diarrhoea and in 5 control cases. the children with positive stool culture for c. difficile had had significantly more treatments with antibiotics or chemotherapeutics ... | 1984 | 6702456 |
| clostridium difficile colitis associated with the use of antineoplastic agents. | eight patients are presented in whom treatment with antineoplastic agents, in particular the folic acid antagonist methotrexate, precipitated clostridium difficile-related diarrhoea and pseudomembranous colitis. the clinical presentation of these patients was identical to that encountered in patients developing antibiotic associated diarrhoea and colitis. clostridium difficile-related diarrhoea and colitis should be suspected in any patient developing diarrhoea during the course of anti-neoplast ... | 1984 | 6705768 |
| clostridium difficile and its toxins. | 1984 | 6706412 | |
| clostridium difficile colitis in surgical patients. | the clinical course of 75 patients with diarrhea and positive c. difficile toxin stool assays has been examined. the mean age of the patients was 68 years. five of 25 surgical nursing units accounted for two thirds of the cases. many patients were immuno-suppressed with cancer, sepsis, or diabetes mellitus. the median onset of diarrhea was 2.7 days after initial administration of antibiotics. fever and leukocytosis were frequently seen. diarrhea ceased in 30 percent of the patients after withdra ... | 1984 | 6711751 |
| inciting and etiologic agents of colitis. | since 1979, 3,115 stool samples were tested for detection of clostridium difficile and its cytotoxin; these were obtained from patients who had drug-related diarrhea. presumed or proven colitis due to c. difficile was diagnosed in 130 patients. drugs implicated most commonly as causing or associated with the onset of enterocolitis due to c. difficile were ampicillin (38 episodes), cephalosporins (71), clindamycin (36), and the aminoglycosides (45). the hamster model of colitis was employed to ex ... | 1984 | 6718935 |
| polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis patterns produced by clostridium difficile. | clostridium difficile is a major cause of pseudomembranous colitis following antimicrobial therapy. there is evidence to suggest that this organism may be hospital acquired. polyacrylamide gel electrophoretic (page) analysis of protein profiles of c. difficile cell extracts was examined for possible usefulness in epidemiologic studies. at least 50 bands could be distinguished in soluble cell extracts of c. difficile. freeze-thawing of extracts and/or length of storage time did not affect the pro ... | 1984 | 6718936 |
| clostridium difficile enterotoxin (toxin a): new results. | 1984 | 6724112 | |
| systemic absorption of oral cholestyramine. | a patient with clostridium difficile -toxin colitis was treated with oral cholestyramine, but died of other causes 15 days later. at autopsy, the colitis had resolved, but cholestyramine particles were found within the vessels of most body tissues, most prominently in his ulcerated distal esophagus. clusters of bacteria were found adjacent to some of the cholestyramine particles, suggesting a common portal of entry. | 1984 | 6724264 |
| clostridium difficile-associated diarrhoea. | during the course of 1 year, clostridium difficile was isolated from 145 (4 per cent) of 3591 faecal specimens submitted to a hospital routine bacteriology laboratory. these c. difficile positive specimens came from 95 patients or 10.99 per cent of 864 patients investigated for suspected gastroenteritis. in a control population of 318 persons c. difficile was isolated from only 10 of them or 3.1 per cent; this difference was statistically significant. we conclude that as this increase in the iso ... | 1984 | 6725965 |
| unravelling the secrets of clostridium difficile. | 1984 | 6725969 | |
| immunochemical fingerprinting of clostridium difficile strains isolated from an outbreak of antibiotic-associated colitis and diarrhoea. | twenty eight strains of clostridium difficile , isolated from an outbreak of antibiotic-associated colitis and diarrhoea in an orthopaedic ward and from sporadic cases throughout sweden, were sent to edinburgh for immunochemical fingerprinting without information about their origin. edta extracts of the organisms were examined by crossed immunoelectrophoresis (cie), polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (page) and electroblot transfer. two patterns were revealed by cie: group a (18 strains) and gro ... | 1984 | 6726785 |
| comparative in vitro activity of ciprofloxacin against campylobacter spp. and other bacterial enteric pathogens. | a comparison was made of the in vitro activity of ciprofloxacin (bay o 9867) with nine other antibiotics against isolates of campylobacter jejuni, salmonella spp., shigella spp., yersinia enterocolitica, clostridium difficile, vibrio spp., and escherichia coli. minimum inhibitory concentrations of ciprofloxacin were the lowest of any compound tested for all organisms except c. difficile. | 1984 | 6732220 |
| asymptomatic neonatal colonisation by clostridium difficile. | in a prospective survey of infants born in a single maternity unit, asymptomatic faecal colonisation by clostridium difficile occurred in 31 (47%) of 66 babies who provided a faecal sample during week one of life and at age 14 and 28 days, and in 46 (30.7%) of the total of 150 babies for whom at least one faecal sample was obtained during the month of study. there was no evidence for acquisition of the organism from the mother during delivery and colonisation was unrelated to the means of delive ... | 1984 | 6732277 |
| role of volatile fatty acids in colonization resistance to clostridium difficile. | the in vitro inhibition of clostridium difficile by volatile fatty acids was correlated with the ph and concentrations of volatile fatty acids in the ceca of hamsters of different ages. the concentrations of cecal volatile fatty acids increased with the age of the animals. maximum concentrations of individual volatile fatty acids were attained when the animals were ca. 19 days old, with acetic, propionic, and butyric acids occurring in the highest concentrations (72, 16, and 32 microequivalents/ ... | 1984 | 6735467 |
| effect of therapy with latamoxef (moxalactam) on carriage of clostridium difficile. | twenty-seven patients receiving latamoxef (moxalactam) as a single antimicrobial agent were studied prospectively for clostridium difficile carriage and development of diarrhoea or colitis. stools were available prior to therapy from only seven patients, one of whom (14.3%) was an asymptomatic carrier. none of twelve patients studied during therapy were carriers. seven of 27 patients (25.9%) were colonized with cl. difficile after completion of latamoxef therapy, and three patients had cytotoxin ... | 1984 | 6735965 |
| clostridium difficile isolation in neonates in a special care unit. lack of correlation with necrotizing enterocolitis. | the stools of 78% of 45 infants in a special care baby unit yielded clostridium difficile on culture, and in 67% of these it was possible to detect c. difficile toxin by means of a tissue culture technique. the stools of six of the seven infants with necrotizing enterocolitis were positive for c. difficile, but neither of the two most severely affected contained c. difficile toxin. the incidence of c. difficile isolation was similar in infants treated by exchange transfusion, those treated with ... | 1984 | 6740221 |
| relapsing clostridium difficile enterocolitis cured by rectal infusion of normal faeces. | repeated recurrence of clostridium difficile-associated enterocolitis is uncommon but troublesome for the afflicted patient. the patient described here received vancomycin treatment several times but always had a relapse of c. difficile enterocolitis 2-3 weeks after discontinuation of treatment. she did not form serum antibodies to c. difficile cytotoxin (toxin b). rectal infusion of enemas prepared from fresh faeces resulted in final cure. | 1984 | 6740251 |
| [colitis caused by clostridium difficile not associated with antibiotic therapy]. | 1984 | 6741407 | |
| immediate postnatal inoculation of a microbial barrier to prevent neonatal diarrhea induced by clostridium difficile in young conventional and gnotobiotic hares. | the cecal content of a healthy young hare (a 10-fold dilution prepared in anaerobiosis) was transferred into gnotobiotic recipient mice. the fecal flora of recipient mice was inoculated into 49 conventional young hares (kept in a closed building) immediately after birth. all the inoculated hares survived until weaning whereas 35% of 48 non-treated conventional hares died of diarrhea. clostridium difficile and c perfringens were present in all the diarrheal noninoculated hares, whereas these spec ... | 1984 | 6742589 |
| clostridium difficile in the genital tract. | 1984 | 6744015 | |
| [bacterial etiology of hospital-acquired infections]. | during the last decades the spectrum of microorganisms causing nosocomial infections has changed. the frequency of streptococci group a decreased and bacteria formerly considered as apathogen now cause serious infections. more and more "new" organisms are responsible for nosocomial infections. especially in immunocompromised patients legionella pneumophila causes infections with often severe and fatal course. clostridium difficile can be isolated in 6% to 48% in the stool of patients with antiba ... | 1984 | 6745985 |
| selective enrichment broth culture for detection of clostridium difficile and associated cytotoxin. | a procedure was devised for routine examination of feces for clostridium difficile with selective enrichment broth culture containing increased levels of carbohydrates and antibiotics to detect cytotoxin and volatile acids in broths inoculated with fecal samples. c. difficile was detected and identified with a rapidity comparable to that of conventional culture on selective cycloserine-cefoxitin fructose agar. detection rates for c. difficile in inoculated broths (111/401 or 27%) were significan ... | 1984 | 6746889 |
| prospective study of clostridium difficile colonization and paracresol detection in the stools of babies on a special care unit. | infants' stools were examined for the presence of clostridium difficile and its cytotoxin in a study performed over a one-year period on a special care baby unit. overall, 21% of infants were colonized, but the organism was only recovered in a seven-month period during which its weekly prevalence in the group varied from zero to 44%, with a distinct clustering of colonized infants being observed. tests for the presence of cytotoxin in the stools and in supernatants of broth that had been inocula ... | 1984 | 6747283 |
| in vitro and in vivo neutralizing activity of human colostrum and milk against purified toxins a and b of clostridium difficile. | the neutralizing activity (na) of supernates of colostral samples collected postpartum from 55 women and tested against a 50% cytopathic dose of purified toxins a and b of clostridium difficile was evaluated in y1 adrenal cells. thirty-one (56%) of the samples had na against one or both toxins. samples of breast milk were collected postpartum from five women-three had colostral na and two did not. all milk specimens from the three women with colostral na had na titers of 1:1-1:4 throughout the s ... | 1984 | 6747345 |
| vaginal carriage and neonatal acquisition of clostridium difficile. | the relationship between vaginal carriage and subsequent neonatal acquisition of clostridium difficile was investigated. vaginal carriage of c. difficile was detected in 11% of women attending the department of genital medicine clinic. c. difficile was isolated from the vagina in 18% of 50 mothers before delivery, and 8% after delivery; 62% of their babies had positive faecal cultures. eight of nine of the babies whose mothers had positive cultures before delivery became colonised with c. diffic ... | 1984 | 6748040 |
| clostridium difficile and its cytotoxin in infants admitted to hospital with infectious gastroenteritis. | during a prospective study of infectious gastroenteritis in children under 2 years, 19 out of 390 patients (4.9%) were found to have clostridium difficile cytotoxin in the faeces. in several there was no history of use of antibiotics. the symptoms of many infants with toxin settled spontaneously, but one child became acutely and severely ill and developed a toxic megacolon and five others required, and responded to, vancomycin. cl difficile was cultured from the stools in 191 (49%) of the childr ... | 1984 | 6421363 |
| [clostridium difficile. frequent occurrence on a ward]. | 1984 | 6423992 | |
| biochemical characterization and biologic actions of two toxins (d-1 and d-2) from clostridium difficile. | two toxins were isolated from a toxigenic strain of clostridium difficile. the toxins were purified by gel filtration and ion-exchange column chromatography to homogeneity as judged from polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and were designated d-1 and d-2. toxin d-1 was lethal for mice, increased vascular permeability, and induced fluid accumulation in ligated rabbit ileal loops, and toxin d-2 displayed cytotoxicity in hela cells with a minimum of 1 pg of toxin. the molecular weights of toxins d-1 ... | 1984 | 6426016 |
| polymicrobial septicaemia due to clostridium difficile and bacteroides fragilis. | 1984 | 6432176 | |
| criteria for detection of clostridium difficile toxin production by counterimmunoelectrophoresis. | counterimmunoelectrophoresis (cie) was compared with a cytotoxicity assay and isolation of toxin-producing clostridium difficile for the diagnosis of antibiotic-associated diarrhea. standardized criteria for cie positivity were established as two major precipitin lines with specific c. difficile antitoxin. using these criteria on 425 fecal specimens, we determined the sensitivity of cie (80%) to be comparable to that of the cytotoxicity assay (82%). both methods were highly specific. with carefu ... | 1984 | 6439733 |
| in vitro and in vivo antibacterial activities of mt-141, a new semisynthetic cephamycin, compared with those of five cephalosporins. | the in vitro and in vivo antibacterial activities of mt-141 were compared with those of cefoxitin, cefmetazole, moxalactam, cefotaxime, and cefoperazone. the mics of mt-141 for 90% of bacterial isolates were lower than the reference drugs against clinical isolates of campylobacter jejuni, clostridium difficile, and bacteroides fragilis, whereas against clinical isolates of other gram-positive, gram-negative, and anaerobic bacteria, the mics of mt-141 were similar to or higher than those of the r ... | 1984 | 6440478 |
| typing clostridium difficile. | 1984 | 6444140 | |
| inactivation of clostridium difficile cytotoxin by the neutrophil myeloperoxidase system. | the cytotoxin of clostridium difficile was examined for sensitivity to oxidant secretory products of neutrophils. exposure to myeloperoxidase, h2o2, and a halide resulted in loss of toxin activity measured by tissue-culture cytotoxicity. the peroxide requirement was provided by reagent h2o2, a peroxide-generating enzyme (glucose oxidase), or a peroxide-producing intestinal microorganism, lactobacillus acidophilus. human neutrophils stimulated by phorbol myristate acetate caused similar toxin ina ... | 1984 | 6321608 |
| clostridial toxins in neonatal necrotising enterocolitis. | clostridium difficile cytopathic toxin was found in the faeces or gut content of five of 39 neonates with necrotising enterocolitis (nec). toxin concentrations were uniformly low and did not differ from those found in healthy neonates. c difficile is unlikely to be involved in the pathogenesis of nec. stools from 33 babies with nec were also tested for c perfringens alpha toxin, with negative results. | 1984 | 6324700 |
| [effect of the ingestion of wheat bran on the fecal microbial flora of human donors and of recipient gnotoxenic mice, and on the barrier effects exerted by these flora against various potentially pathogenic microorganisms]. | the effect of bran ingestion on the flora of the human digestive tract was studied using two methods: quantitative enumeration of various microbial populations of the faecal flora, and a demonstration of the antagonistic effect exerted by the faecal flora against various potentially pathogenic bacteria of the environment. since this latter study cannot be effected in human subjects, we used a model constituted by axenic mice inoculated with patients' flora. faecal samples from 3 human donors rec ... | 1984 | 6326642 |
| comparative study of the nature and biological activities of bacterial enterotoxins. | it is apparent that there are considerable similarities between many of the enterotoxins produced by enteric pathogens. although the effect of most of these toxins is restricted to the intestine in vivo, many cells are also sensitive to intoxication in vitro. the resultant in-vitro biochemical changes may have no pathological significance but serve to underline the central role of cyclic nucleotides in cellular fluid regulation. the biological activity of these enterotoxins is the result of inte ... | 1984 | 6327986 |
| occurrence of clostridium difficile toxin-associated gastroenteritis following antibiotic therapy for otitis media in young children. | the pathogenesis of diarrhea following antibiotic therapy for otitis media in young children remains unknown. we performed a prospective study evaluating the incidence of diarrhea and clostridium difficile toxin in 115 outpatients (ages 6 months to 6 years) with acute otitis media treated with ampicillin, amoxicillin or trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole. in 21 patients younger than one year of age six of 11 developing diarrhea had toxin-positive stools compared with three of 10 without diarrhea (p = ... | 1984 | 6333674 |
| [epidemiology of acute infectious diarrhea in switzerland (endemic diarrhea)]. | acute infectious diarrhoea and its etiology are described. toxin-induced diarrhoea, usually caused by foodstuffs, and travellers' diarrhoea (etiologically different from endemic diarrhoea) are mentioned. the epidemiology of acute diarrhoea in adults in switzerland, which has so far not been investigated extensively, is documented from results of our own prospective study. these results demonstrate that 30% of endemic diarrhoea cases in switzerland are caused by salmonella and campylobacter and 1 ... | 1984 | 6334358 |
| acute diarrhea in horses of the potomac river area: examination for clostridial toxins. | fecal specimens from horses in montgomery county, md, and in fairfax and loudoun counties, va, were examined for clostridium perfringens type a enterotoxin and for c difficile cytotoxin (92 and 108 specimens, respectively). the toxins were found in feces from horses that had experienced an acute diarrhea syndrome and from clinically normal horses. the toxins did not appear to be primary determinants of the diarrhea syndrome, although they may have contributed to the spectrum of clinical entities ... | 1984 | 6469842 |
| interaction between clostridium difficile and polymorphonuclear leucocytes from the elderly and post-operative cancer patients: phagocytosis and bactericidal function. | the ability of polymorphonuclear leucocytes (pmns) from elderly healthy subjects and post-operative cancer patients to ingest and kill clostridium difficile was studied. the percentage of phagocytosis in clinically healthy subjects aged 69-82 years ranged from 20.2 +/- 3.2 (mean +/- sd) to 34.1 +/- 4.2, depending on the strain of c. difficile, from 6.7 +/- 2.2 to 11.2 +/- 2.2 in post-operative cancer patients aged 65-69, and from 68.4 +/- 3.1 to 81.1 +/- 6.3 in young healthy control subjects. in ... | 1984 | 6472200 |
| interaction of clostridium difficile toxin a with l cells in culture. | toxin a of clostridium difficile was purified by column chromatography and acetic acid precipitation. cells exposed to toxin a showed polarization of nuclei towards one pole of the cells. toxin a was conjugated to ferritin and applied to l cells to localize binding sites of this toxin to the cell surface. it was found that toxin a conjugate attached to the cell membrane in aggregated form. antibody specific to toxin a was prepared and used for localization of intracellular toxins in intoxicated ... | 1984 | 6478312 |
| clostridium difficile in crohn's disease. | clostridium difficile has been detected in the stools of some patients with relapse of crohn's disease. the authors looked prospectively for present or previous exposure to c. difficile cytotoxin in 10 patients with mild to severe crohn's disease. none of 25 stool samples from these 10 patients was positive for c. difficile cytotoxin. these negative stool ultrafiltrates had mild cytotoxin neutralizing activity, but this finding did not differ from that in 30 cytotoxin-negative stools from patien ... | 1984 | 6478320 |
| polyphosphate-mediated protection from cellular intoxication with clostridium difficile toxin b. | the influence of polyphosphorylated compounds on intoxication of human lung fibroblasts with clostridium difficile toxin b was studied. atp, as well as other nucleoside di-, tri-, and tetraphosphates, inorganic polyphosphates and polyphosphorylated sugars, caused a dose-dependent (1-5 mm range) delay in the appearance of the cytopathogenic effect. with a longer phosphate chain, the delay was more pronounced, although the cytopathogenic effect always developed finally, reaching the level of the c ... | 1984 | 6487657 |
| comparative efficacy of four antibiotics in anaerobic pulmonary infection. an experimental model in rabbits. | the efficacy of cefoxitin, mezlocillin, latamoxef and metronidazole in anaerobic lung infection was studied using a rabbit model. a mixture of bacteroides fragilis, peptococcus morbillorum, eubacterium lentum and fusobacterium nucleatum was inoculated transtracheally to produce infection within the lung. mezlocillin was most effective, achieving bacteriologic cure in 5 out of 8 animals. with cefoxitin therapy, 4 out of 8 became bacteriologically sterile. severe diarrhea with elevated titers of c ... | 1984 | 6488936 |
| fusidic acid for the treatment of antibiotic-associated colitis induced by clostridium difficile. | twenty courses of fusidic acid were given to 16 patients with antibiotic-associated colitis caused by clostridium difficile. fusidic acid was given in a dose of 0.5-1.5 g daily for seven to 21 days. diarrhoea disappeared rapidly. clinical relapse occurred after five courses and once when the patient was still on treatment. clinical cure with persistence or reappearance of toxin occurred in four further patients. nineteen courses of metronidazole were given to 19 patients who experienced six fail ... | 1984 | 6490173 |
| prevalence of clostridium difficile and its cytotoxin in infants in mexico. | the incidence of clostridium difficile and its cytotoxic activity were determined in the feces of 122 children under 1 year of age. samples were obtained from children receiving antibiotics and with (52 cases) or without (26 cases) diarrhea, from children with diarrhea who did not receive antibiotics (22 cases), and from healthy children (22 cases). isolation of c. difficile in feces from children in all groups was similar (mean 23.4%) except for the group with non-antibiotic-associated diarrhea ... | 1984 | 6490818 |
| latex agglutination test for detection of clostridium difficile toxin in stool samples. | a total of 163 stool specimens were tested for detection of clostridium difficile and its toxin by cytotoxicity assay with tissue culture, latex agglutination test, and isolation of the organism. from 33 specimens which were positive for toxin by cytotoxicity, 30 were positive by the latex agglutination test; the organism was isolated from 21. the total number of samples which were positive with the latex agglutination test was 44. the predictive value of a positive latex agglutination result re ... | 1984 | 6490824 |
| frequency-pulsed electron capture gas-liquid chromatographic analysis of metabolites produced by clostridium difficile in broth enriched with amino acids. | clostridium difficile strain cdc a-567 was cultured in trypticase (bbl microbiology systems)-yeast-salt broth supplemented with 0.2% l-leucine, l-norleucine, l-isoleucine, l-tyrosine, or l-tryptophan. four extractions were done on the spent medium, three at ph 2 and one at ph 10, using chcl3 or ether. derivatizations were done with trichloroethanol, heptafluorobutyric anhydride, and heptafluorobutyric anhydride-ethanol. all samples were analyzed with frequency-pulsed electron capture gas-liquid ... | 1984 | 6490835 |
| studies of stools from pseudomembranous colitis, rotaviral, and other diarrheal syndromes by frequency-pulsed electron capture gas-liquid chromatography. | thirty-five patients with various diarrheal syndromes and 22 controls were studied. all stool samples were carefully cultured for clostridium difficile, using selective isolation media. cytotoxin assays with proper antitoxin neutralization were done in mrc-5 cells. the stool samples were extracted four times, three times at ph 2 and once at ph 10, using chcl3 or ether. derivatizations of extracts were done with trichloroethanol, heptafluorobutyric anhydride, and heptafluorobutyric anhydride-etha ... | 1984 | 6490836 |
| reexamination by bacteriophage typing of clostridium difficile strains isolated during a nosocomial outbreak. | 1984 | 6490845 | |
| nosocomial clostridium difficile reservoir in a neonatal intensive care unit. | a new bacteriophage/bacteriocin typing system was used to study clostridium difficile colonization in a neonatal intensive care unit. c. difficile was isolated from 21 of 62 (34%) stools from 15 of 37 (41%) infants. colonization was reduced during antimicrobial therapy and for about 1 week thereafter. one of five nurses and one of two parents studied were carriers. eight isolates were cultured from environmental surfaces. thirty of 31 c. difficile isolates were found to be a single type, cld 6,9 ... | 1984 | 6494014 |
| differential cytotoxic effects of toxins a and b isolated from clostridium difficile. | toxin a and toxin b preparations of clostridium difficile have been shown to affect metabolic functions of intact hela cells with different kinetics. the cytotoxins were purified from dialyzed filtrates of c. difficile strain vpi 10463 by hydrophobic interaction chromatography and ion-exchange chromatography and were concentrated by dialysis or by ultrafiltration. the toxins, which are immunologically unrelated, were analyzed by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and by immunochemistry with the ... | 1984 | 6500693 |
| significance of stool toxin determination to clostridium difficile diarrhoea. | clostridium difficile toxin in stool from patients with antibiotic-associated diarrhea was titered and correlated with stool consistency, presence of white cells, epithelial cells and occult blood. it was found that watery stools contained more toxin, with a higher % of positive occult blood and leukocytes than did soft or formed stools, suggesting a correlation between toxic titer and the severity of the pathologic processes of the disease. of 71 toxin-positive stools from patients with antim ... | 1984 | 6501819 |
| alterations in human fecal flora, including ingrowth of clostridium difficile, related to cefoxitin therapy. | to evaluate the effects of parenteral cefoxitin therapy on human fecal flora, we cultured fecal specimens obtained from six patients before, during, and after therapy and used standard methods to identify and quantify all microorganisms. the major changes (observed in at least three patients) included the acquisition or proliferation of group d streptococcus species, coagulase-negative staphylococcus species, cefoxitin-resistant members of the family enterobacteriaceae, pseudomonas species, and ... | 1984 | 6508264 |
| a new purification procedure for clostridium difficile enterotoxin. | clostridium difficile produces two toxins, an enterotoxin and a cytotoxin. the enterotoxin was purified using fast methods (tangential flow filtration, fast protein liquid chromatography). the purified enterotoxin is composed of two subunits (a1 = 41,500, a2 = 16,000) and its pi is 3.5. | 1984 | 6508777 |
| cytotoxin and enterotoxin production by clostridium difficile. | 30 strains of cl. difficile isolated from faeces of patients with pseudomembranous colitis (pmc), antibiotic associated diarrhoea (aac) and other intestinal disorders and from faeces of asymptomatic carriers were studied for production of toxins. tissue culture assay was used for the detection of cytotoxin (toxin b) and ileal loop test for enterotoxin (toxin a). all cl. difficile isolates from patients with pmc and aac were found to produce cytotoxin, whereas enterotoxin was demonstrated only in ... | 1984 | 6513801 |
| routine culturing for clostridium difficile? | in order to determine whether routine culturing for clostridium difficile was warranted or whether culturing a selected group of patients was adequate, we conducted a prospective trial of culturing all stool specimens for c. difficile. a total of 408 specimens from 297 patients was studied. two hundred and eighteen stool specimens from 169 patients were selected on the basis of fulfilling one or more of the following criteria; (i) the stools were loose or watery; (ii) leukocytes and/or red cells ... | 1984 | 6514390 |
| [infectious clostridium difficile diarrhea]. | 1984 | 6516058 | |
| clostridium difficile diarrhoea: a highly infectious organism. | this paper describes an outbreak of clostridium difficile diarrhoea in a ward for the elderly in a 550-bedded district general hospital. the measures taken to contain it and clinical features, previously undescribed, are highlighted. | 1984 | 6516973 |
| prevention of clindamycin-induced mortality in hamsters by saccharomyces boulardii. | saccharomyces boulardii, a yeast used in a number of countries for general and antibiotic-associated gastrointestinal illnesses, was examined for possible application in the prevention of clindamycin-induced mortality in the hamster colitis model. hamsters were given free access to an aqueous 5% suspension of lyophilized yeast for 3 days before and 10 days after administration of a single oral clindamycin dose of from 0.2 to 0.8 mg/kg. mortality was recorded in groups of 7 to 20 animals every 24 ... | 1984 | 6517545 |
| diagnosis and epidemiology of clostridium difficile enterocolitis in sweden. | experience of the diagnosis and epidemiology of clostridium difficile in sweden is reviewed. samples from 5885 patients have been investigated at the national bacteriological laboratory in stockholm from 1978-1983. patients originate from all parts of the country and their number continues to increase. cl. difficile seem to be of growing importance, especially in nosocomial infections. most patients with antibiotic-associated diarrhoea and colitis (aad/aac) and cl. difficile in their stools were ... | 1984 | 6520069 |
| treatment of antibiotic-associated colitis with vancomycin. | sixty-five patients were treated with oral vancomycin for clostridium difficile colitis associated with treatment of infection by antibiotics. colitis was confirmed by endoscopy in patients with diarrhoea and positive tests on diarrhoeal stools for cl. difficile and/or its cytotoxin or, if endoscopy could not be performed, by the presence of fever and peripheral or faecal leucocytosis. vancomycin dosage ranged from 125 to 500 mg four times daily for an average of about ten days. the mean duratio ... | 1984 | 6520070 |
| [severe digestive complications of aids in a group of patients from zaire]. | severe digestive complications of acquired immune deficiency syndrome (aids) were observed in 9 patients among a group of 17 patients from zaire treated for aids in belgium between may 1979-april 1983. among the 9 cases, there were 10 ailments of the upper digestive tract, 7 of intestinal disorders, 3 of hepatic disorders, and 2 of pancreatic disorders. the average age of affected patients was 35 years. 4 men averaged 32 years and 5 women averaged 39 years. their average stay in belgium was ... | 1984 | 6524266 |
| a screen for clostridium difficile in the vagina: an out-patient study using and comparing selective media. | cycloserine-cefoxitin-fructose agar (ccfa) gives good presumptive identification of clostridium difficile after 1- or 2-day incubation whereas reinforced clostridial medium (rcm)/p-cresol is not very selective for the organism from the vagina. the identification of 91.5% of the isolates from an initial screen subjected to biochemically based tests was achieved. conventional screening of vaginal swabs failed to confirm any significant occurrence of cl. difficile in the vagina of pregnant or non-p ... | 1984 | 6524911 |
| [in vitro activity of several cytostatic drugs against aerobic and anaerobic intestinal bacteria]. | the human normal intestinal flora prevents the colonization of exogenous bacteria, maintaining a constant microecology: this property is called "colonization resistance". in leukemia patients antibiotics used for prevention and/or therapy of infectious episodes can alter the intestinal microecology, so that the gut can represent the trigger zone for generalized septicemia. moreover cytotoxic drugs used in these patients can favour intestinal disturbances. in our study we evaluated the in vitro a ... | 1984 | 6534396 |
| in vitro susceptibility of clostridium difficile isolates to 12 antimicrobial agents. | the "in vitro" susceptibility of 48 strains of "clostridium difficile" to 12 antimicrobial agents was determined by agar dilution method. all isolates were susceptible to ampicillin, metronidazole, piperacillin, vancomycin and n-formimidoylthienamycin, resistant or intermediate to the new cephalosporins: cefoxitin, cefotaxime and moxalactam. for clindamycin, the mic distribution appeared to be bimodal with 41.7% of the strains susceptible to 8 micrograms/ml and 58.3% resistant to 128 micrograms/ ... | 1984 | 6535652 |
| a survey of plasmids in clostridium difficile strains. | 1984 | 6543891 | |
| clostridium difficile peritonitis in a neonate. a case report. | we describe a case of fatal peritonitis due to clostridium difficile in a neonate. although the patient had several clinical features that were compatible with the diagnosis of neonatal necrotizing enterocolitis, examination of the bowel at laparotomy disclosed that a mesenteric band caused the patient's underlying disease. postmortem histopathologic tests revealed gram-positive rods in the wall of the small intestine. clostridium difficile was the only organism recovered from an antemortem cult ... | 1984 | 6546347 |
| acute oligoarthritis associated with clostridium difficile pseudomembranous colitis. | the abrupt onset of a sterile inflammatory oligoarthritis developed in a patient with active clostridium difficile pseudomembranous colitis. the arthritis affected a hip and a knee. leukocyte counts of synovial fluid obtained from the patient's left hip and knee were elevated. he was haplotyped as hla-b27 antigen-positive. the colitis and arthritis promptly abated after treatment with oral vancomycin hydrochloride. three other cases of arthritis associated with antibiotic-induced colitis were re ... | 1984 | 6608328 |
| moxalactam therapy of haemophilus influenzae type b meningitis in children. | thirty-four children with haemophilus influenzae type b meningitis were given prospectively either moxalactam (200 mg/kg/day) or ampicillin (400 mg/kg/day) plus chloramphenicol (75 mg/kg/day). one patient in each group died. the mean duration of fever, clinical response, sequential cerebrospinal fluid findings, and incidence of neurologic sequelae were similar between groups. moxalactam cerebrospinal fluid bioactivity was significantly greater than that of ampicillin or chloramphenicol throughou ... | 1984 | 6608581 |
| epidemiology of colitis induced by clostridium difficile in hamsters: application of a bacteriophage and bacteriocin typing system. | the epidemiology of colitis induced by clostridium difficile in hamsters was studied with a new bacteriophage and bacteriocin typing system. fatal enterocolitis was induced by administration of n-formimidoyl thienamycin. environmental cultures were obtained repeatedly throughout the experiments. thirteen percent of 90 healthy hamsters were already colonized with c difficile on arrival from the supplier. mortality from enterocolitis after antibiotic administration was 75% and was not diminished b ... | 1984 | 6586860 |
| impact of imipenem/cilastatin therapy on faecal flora. | to evaluate the effects of parenteral imipenem/cilastatin therapy upon human faecal microflora, stool specimens obtained from ten patients before, during and after therapy were cultured quantitatively for aerobic and anaerobic microorganisms. the patients received 500 mg imipenem combined with 500 mg cilastatin every 6 h for 6-11 days. the antimicrobial therapy was associated with a small decrease in the numbers of enterobacteria, anaerobic cocci and bacteroides during treatment but afterward th ... | 1984 | 6594237 |
| clostridium difficile-associated diarrhoea during treatment with imipenem. | 1984 | 6597089 | |
| clostridium difficile colitis. | we reviewed all rectal biopsies performed on patients with proven c. difficile infection between 1977 and 1982 (36 patients). all patients were symptomatic and all had received antibiotic treatment recently, the commonest antibiotic treatment being ampicillin or amoxycillin. there was poor correlation between the histological appearances and the severity of symptoms. a range of histological appearances was observed: normal (8%), congestion and edema (8%), nonspecific colitis (3%), infective coli ... | 1984 | 6597706 |
| clindamycin as an anti-staphylococcal agent--indications and limitations. | in a general survey it is stated that for single staphylococcus aureus infections, clindamycin is not considered to be a first-line drug. its chief indication is penicillin allergy. penetration and accumulation of clindamycin within leukocytes demonstrated in vitro may be of value in the treatment of s. aureus diseases resulting in large abscesses. an insidious risk of the development of clostridium difficile diarrhoea limits the use of clindamycin in ambulatory long-term treatment of diabetic o ... | 1984 | 6598522 |
| [the isolation of clostridium difficile and the detection of its cytotoxin from the hamster colitis model]. | 1985 | 3837547 | |
| the influence of single dose intravenous antibiotics on faecal flora and emergence of clostridium difficile. | the influence of a single intravenous dose of antibiotic on faecal flora and the emergence of clostridium difficile was studied in volunteers. seventy-eight volunteers (13 groups of 6 receiving 5 penicillins and 8 cephalosporins) were given a single intravenous dose of antibiotic. results were compared with a control group of 6 volunteers who did not receive an antibiotic. changes in the faecal flora were monitored over two weeks. only cephalosporins were associated with emergence of cl. diffici ... | 1985 | 3846592 |
| in vitro activity of cefbuperazone against anaerobic bacteria. | the in vitro activity of cefbuperazone was compared with that of cefoxitin, moxalactam, and piperacillin against 305 strains of anaerobic bacteria. piperacillin was the most active overall, inhibiting 97% of all anaerobes tested at 128 micrograms/ml. cefbuperazone had poor activity against the bacteroides fragilis group and clostridium difficile (43 and 0% susceptible, respectively) but good activity (90.5%) against all other anaerobic bacterial species tested. | 1985 | 3847274 |
| effect of aspoxicillin on anaerobic bacteria. | aspoxicillin (aspc), a semisynthetic penicillin has a broad spectrum of antibacterial activities against gram-positive and gram-negative anaerobic bacteria. its in vitro antibacterial activity was less than those of cefoxitin against peptostreptococcus and veillonella, but was significantly high against bacteroides fragilis, one of the most clinically important anaerobe. the therapeutic and/or protective effect of aspc in experimental subcutaneous abscess or experimental intraabdominal mixed inf ... | 1985 | 3850132 |
| clostridium difficile isolation in leukemic children on maintenance cancer chemotherapy. a preliminary study. | between december 1982 and november 1983, stool specimens from 15 children with acute lymphoblastic leukemia, who were on maintenance cancer chemotherapy, were examined weekly for the presence of clostridium difficile and its toxin. four out of 15 patients were positive for c. difficile: three patients had stool specimens that did not contain toxin, but cultures yielded growth of toxigenic c. difficile on only one occasion. the fourth patient, who had a recent history of hospitalization, particul ... | 1985 | 3857141 |
| clostridium difficile in haematological malignancy. | twenty patients with haematological malignancies who developed clostridium difficile bowel infection or colonisation are described. all isolates of c difficile were toxigenic in vitro and faecal cytotoxin (toxin b) was detected in 20/26 episodes. ten of 20 episodes with detectable faecal cytotoxin were associated with typical antibiotic associated diarrhoea. in the other 10 episodes (nine patients), there was a severe unusual illness which was associated with detection of c difficile. the unusua ... | 1985 | 3857233 |
| role for newer beta-lactam antibiotics in treatment of osteomyelitis. | monotherapy of osteomyelitis with the newer broad-spectrum beta-lactam antibiotics has become attractive because of the efficacy, safety, and cost of these antibiotics when compared with conventional combination therapy. imipenem/cilastatin is a recent and promising addition to this antibiotic family. experience with imipenem/cilastatin and that reported for cefotaxime, ceftazidime, and ceftizoxime in the treatment of biopsy-proved osteomyelitis was compared, using data from published reports fr ... | 1985 | 3859212 |
| safety and efficacy of high-dose treatment with imipenem-cilastatin in seriously ill patients. | imipenem-cilastatin was given in doses of 1 g intravenously every 6 h to 31 patients. twenty-five patients, with 27 infections, were clinically evaluable and received 20 to 210 g of imipenem for a duration of 5 to 56 days (average 16.3 days). infections included seven cases of osteomyelitis, seven of bacteremia, five of cellulitis, two of pneumonia, three of pelvic cellulitis, two of intraabdominal abscess, and one each of empyema, mediastinitis, and endometritis. fifty-five percent of the infec ... | 1985 | 3860187 |
| the comparative in-vitro activity of cefotetan against anaerobic bacteria. | the in-vitro activity of cefotetan, a new cephamycin, was assessed against a total of 336 strains of anaerobic bacteria by means of an agar dilution procedure and compared with that of cefoxitin, mezlocillin, piperacillin, clindamycin and metronidazole. overall clindamycin and metronidazole were the most active of the test compounds. cefotetan showed good activity against anaerobic cocci and clostridia, except for clostridium difficile (mic90 = 16 mg/l), although it was comparatively less active ... | 1985 | 3861604 |
| effect of imipenem/cilastatin on the colonic microflora. | the effect of imipenem/cilastatin on the colonic microflora was investigated in 10 patients receiving the drug for six to 11 days. fecal specimens were cultured quantitatively for aerobic and anaerobic microorganisms before, during, and after therapy. imipenem/cilastatin treatment was associated with minor changes in the colonic flora. a small decrease in the numbers of enterobacteria, enterococci, anaerobic cocci, and organisms of the bacteroides fragilis group was observed. after treatment was ... | 1985 | 3863218 |
| [a clinical study of antibiotic-associated acute hemorrhagic colitis, with special reference of clostridium difficile]. | 1985 | 3872955 | |
| relationship between fecal alpha 1-antitrypsin and colonization with clostridium difficile in asymptomatic infants. | 1985 | 3874946 | |
| studies with temocillin in a hamster model of antibiotic-associated colitis. | hamsters given the new penicillin temocillin, either orally or by injection, did not develop antibiotic-associated colitis, whereas animals given the control antibiotics cefoxitin or clindamycin developed the disease, which is characterized by marked hemorrhagic cecitis and high cecal levels of clostridium difficile cytotoxin. | 1985 | 3875312 |
| the pharmacokinetics and safety of ceftazidime in the neonate. | the pharmacokinetics and safety of ceftazidime (25 mg/kg twice daily intravenously or intramuscularly) were determined in 41 young, premature neonates who were clinically infected and would otherwise have received gentamicin plus penicillin. ceftazidime was assayed in 46 series of blood samples by hplc. blood was collected before, during and after treatment for analysis of biochemical and haematological factors. faecal specimens were examined for the presence of clostridium difficile and its tox ... | 1985 | 3882658 |
| stool desorbing activity: a possible cause of false-positive reactions in competitive enzyme immunoassays. | we have developed a competitive enzyme immunoassay for the measurement of purified toxin a of clostridium difficile. however, when we applied this assay to the detection of c. difficile toxin in stool specimens, we noted a high rate of nonspecific activity in fecal specimens which did not contain toxin. we found that the low specificity (26%) of the assay was due to the presence in stool specimens of interfering factors which desorbed the antigen coated on the solid-phase surface. these factors ... | 1985 | 3882746 |
| pathogenesis of pseudomembranous colitis. | this work is concerned with new morphologic data pointing to an immune component in the pathogenesis of pseudomembranous colitis. the focal distribution of the pseudomembranes suggests selective damage induced by clostridium difficile toxins. the sites of attachment to the mucosa correspond anatomically to the intestinal structures specialized for immune information and response. furthermore, viable iga production supports the view that toxins are carried to lymphoid aggregates where plasma cell ... | 1985 | 3885623 |
| studies of metabolites in diarrheal stool specimens containing shigella species by frequency-pulsed electron capture gas-liquid chromatography. | eleven diarrheal stool specimens and 10 control stool specimens from cairo, egypt, were studied by frequency-pulsed electron capture gas-liquid chromatography (fpec-glc). four cases involving shigella sonnei, three cases involving shigella boydii, and four cases involving shigella flexneri were studied. the aqueous stools were centrifuged, extracted with organic solvents, and derivatized to form specific electron-capturing derivatives of carboxylic acids, alcohols, hydroxy acids, and amines. ana ... | 1985 | 3886695 |
| increased risk of illness among nursery staff caring for neonates with necrotizing enterocolitis. | in 1983 an outbreak of necrotizing enterocolitis (nec) and hemorrhagic gastroenteritis occurred in our newborn nurseries. eleven children were ill and three required bowel resections. during the outbreak many of the medical and nursing staff in the nurseries also were ill, prompting a microbiologic and epidemiologic investigation. bacterial and viral cultures, clostridium difficile toxin assays, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays for viral antigens and immunoelectron microscopy of stools identif ... | 1985 | 3889874 |
| short-chain fatty acids in intestinal content of germfree mice monocontaminated with escherichia coli or clostridium difficile. | the short-chain fatty acids (scfas) have been analysed in coecal and small-intestinal content of conventional (conv) and germfree (gf) mice, in germfree mice monocontaminated with escherichia coli (mec) or clostridium difficile (mcd), and in germfree mice conventionalized by the visitor technique (exg). the total concentrations of scfas in coecal content, measured by gas chromatography, were (mean (sd), mmol/kg): conv, 125.2 (32.9); gf, 1.02 (0.39); mec, 6.88 (0.76); mcd, 4.50 (0.12); and exg, 1 ... | 1985 | 3890142 |
| review of the in vitro spectrum of activity of imipenem. | imipenem (n-formimidoyl thienamycin, mk0787), a new carbapenem was found to have the widest antimicrobial activity of currently available beta-lactam drugs. enterobacteriaceae had minimal inhibitory concentrations of imipenem of 8.0 micrograms/ml or less for 99.8 percent of clinical isolates. only rare strains of enterobacter species and proteus mirabilis have higher imipenem minimal inhibitory concentration results. hemophilus and neisseria species were inhibited, but minimal inhibitory concent ... | 1985 | 3890537 |
| management of antibiotic-associated pseudomembranous colitis. | the diagnosis, etiology, epidemiology, and drug therapy of antibiotic-associated pseudomembranous colitis (aapmc) are reviewed. aapmc is an uncommon but potentially serious adverse reaction to therapy with almost any oral or injectable antibiotic and certain antineoplastic agents that alter intestinal flora. proliferation of clostridium difficile and subsequent release of clostridial cytotoxins cause pseudomembranous lesions and symptoms such as watery diarrhea, cramping abdominal pain, and low- ... | 1985 | 3891202 |
| treatment of clostridium difficile colitis. | 1985 | 3899842 | |
| the significance of quantitative results of c. difficile cultures and toxin assays in patients with diarrhea. | the clinical courses of 114 patients with positive clostridium difficile cultures or toxin assays performed between 1981 and 1984 were reviewed to determine the relationship between outcome of treatment and quantitative bacteriologic test results. c. difficile culture was positive in 60 of 91 patients while toxin assay was positive in 99 of 114. one third of the patients received supportive therapy only, and 30 percent of these failed to resolve their symptoms. ninety-one percent of the patients ... | 1985 | 3902411 |