Publications

evaluation of the bioluminescence assays as screens for genotoxic chemicals.	while present data suggest that the mutatox assay is not effective for carcinogen screening, it does appear to detect many agents with diverse mechanisms of mutagenic activity with reasonable sensitivity as well as some known human teratogens. for general screening, more detailed studies need to be performed using coded agents with various mutagenic mechanisms as well as with toxicants of various classes including teratogens. with additional validation, the mutatox assay, with its sensitivity to ...	1990	2371306
a photobacterium-like bacterium able to fix nitrogen.	a photobacterium-like bacterium isolated from the roots of eelgrass (zostera marina) was shown to fix nitrogen under anaerobic conditions. nitrogen fixation by photobacterium spp. has not been reported previous to this.	1990	2372212
inhibition of bioluminescence in photobacterium phosphoreum by sulfamethizole and its stimulation by thymine.	in bioluminescent bacteria very few agents have been reported that can selectively inhibit the luminescence. in sensitivity tests with photobacterium phosphoreum, using 55 different antibiotics, it was found that sulfamethizole, an inhibitor of dihydropteroate synthetase and the formation of folic acid, inhibited bioluminescence more than growth. likewise, in mutants requiring thymine for growth, the luminescence per cell was much less in a medium low in thymine. in neither case could the decrea ...	1990	2372557
the nucleotide sequence of the luxa and luxb genes of xenorhabdus luminescens hm and a comparison of the amino acid sequences of luciferases from four species of bioluminescent bacteria.	the luxa and luxb genes of bioluminescent bacteria encode the alpha and beta subunits of luciferase, respectively. sequences of the luxa and luxb genes of xenorhabdus luminescens, the only terrestrial bioluminescent bacterium known, were determined and the amino acid sequence of luciferase deduced. the alpha subunit was found to contain 360 amino acids and has a calculated molecular weight of 41,005 da, while the beta subunit contains 327 amino acids and has a calculated molecular weight of 37,6 ...	1990	2383248
use of a rapid bioluminescence assay for detecting cyanobacterial microcystin toxicity.	the recent rise in the awareness of the occurrence of toxic cyanobacterial blooms in aquatic environments, with associated human health problems and animal deaths, has increased the need for rapid, reliable and sensitive methods of determining cyanobacterial toxicity. a luminescent bacterial toxicity test was assessed as a complement to the established mouse bioassay. seventeen samples including pure cyanobacterial microcystin-lr hepatotoxin, laboratory isolates and natural blooms of cyanobacter ...	1990	1367480
mutatox test: a new test for monitoring environmental genotoxic agents.	in this study, yamaska river water and milli-q water and organically extracted sediment extracts were used to evaluate the sensitivity of a new genotoxicity screening test, the mutatox test. also in this study, the samples were tested for acute and chronic toxicity using the following screening test procedures: microtox, daphnia magna, ceriodaphnia reticulata and atp-tox systems. the mutatox test is based on the use of a dark mutant strain of photobacterium phosphoreum and is sensitive to chemic ...	1990	15092256
evaluation of the genus listonella and reassignment of listonella damsela (love et al.) macdonell and colwell to the genus photobacterium as photobacterium damsela comb. nov. with an emended description.	the genus listonella, which was recently described on the basis of 5s rrna sequence data, was found to be of dubious value on the basis of the results of a comparison of a number of taxonomic studies involving members of the vibrionaceae. the available data suggest that 5s rrna sequences may be of limited taxonomic use at the intra- and intergeneric levels, at least for apparently recently evolved groups, such as the vibrionaceae. in this light, we assessed the generic assignment of the species ...	1991	1742198
green flavoprotein from p. leiognathi: purification, characterization and identification as the product of the lux g(n) gene.	a green flavoprotein (gfp) was isolated and purified to homogeneity from photobacterium leiognathi, strain 208. gfp is a homodimer of molecular weight 54,000 and contains two molecules of an unusual flavin per molecule of protein. various biochemical characteristics including isoelectric point, trypsin and chymotrypsin degradation, sds and temperature influence on subunit dissociation and the dissociation of the flavin chromophore, were investigated. the sequence of 23 n-terminal amino acids was ...	1991	1746316
crystallization and preliminary x-ray diffraction studies of a flavoprotein, fp390, from a luminescent bacterium, photobacterium phosphoreum.	a flavoprotein, fp390, obtained from a luminescent bacterium, photobacterium phosphoreum, in the purification of luciferase has been crystallized by the vapor-diffusion procedure. crystals obtained from polyethylene glycol 4000 solutions, whose x-ray photographs show powder diffraction patterns, were unsuitable for further crystallographic work. however, tetragonal crystals grown from potassium phosphate solution well diffracted x-rays beyond 3 a resolution. the space group of this crystal is p4 ...	1991	1783606
determination of petroleum hydrocarbon toxicity with microtox.		1991	1786452
qsar studies of comparative toxicity in aquatic organisms.	this study investigated the relationships between the toxicities of common organic pollutants to the fathead minnow (pimephales promelas), to daphnia magna, to tetrahymena pyriformis and in the microtox test, which uses the luminescent bacterium photobacterium phosphoreum. the toxicity data were compiled from the literature, with the exception of 40 experimentally determined microtox data. encouraging correlations are seen, indicating significant relationships between fish toxicities and those t ...	1991	1815364
regression and cluster analysis of the acute toxicity of 267 chemicals to six species of biota and the octanol/water partition coefficient.	the acute toxicities of 267 compounds to six aquatic and one terrestrial species were investigated with correlation, principal component and cluster analysis techniques for relationships with each other and with the compounds' octanol/water partition coefficient. selection of the investigated chemicals was based on the availability of at least three of the following measured parameters: acute (24-h to 96-h) lethal concentrations (lc50) to the fish fathead minnow (pimephales promelas), the fish g ...	1991	1815369
evaluation of the genotoxic activity and acute toxicity of euphorbia splendens latex, a molluscicide for the control of schistosomiasis.	1. the latex of euphorbia splendens var. hislopii has a molluscicidal action at low concentration (ld90 less than 1.5 ppm or 1.5 micrograms/ml) against the vector snails of schistosomiasis. 2. in the present study, the latex in natura or after lyophilization was submitted to the ames test and the chromotest to evaluate genotoxicity, to the microtox system to determine acute toxicity, and to the chinese hamster ovary cell assay (cho) to measure cytotoxicity. 3. the latex had no mutagenic activity ...	1991	1823273
evaluation of humic-pesticide interactions on the acute toxicity of selected organophosphate and carbamate insecticides.	the ability of water resource managers to accurately predict the toxicity of agricultural chemicals in aquatic ecosystems is essential for the development of reliable water quality standards. at present, accurate predictions are difficult due to the paucity of data concerning the interaction of these chemicals with organic constituents of the freshwater chemical matrix. dissolved humic materials are ubiquitous components of freshwater ecosystems and can affect the availability and toxicity of ch ...	1991	1831119
development of species-specific hybridization probes for marine luminous bacteria by using in vitro dna amplification.	by using two highly conserved region of the luxa gene as primers, polymerase chain reaction amplification methods were used to prepare species-specific probes against the luciferase gene from four major groups of marine luminous bacteria. laboratory studies with test strains indicated that three of the four probes cross-reacted with themselves and with one or more of the other species at low stringencies but were specific for members of their own species at high stringencies. the fourth probe, g ...	1991	1854194
microtox assay of trinitrotoluene, diaminonitrotoluene, and dinitromethylaniline mixtures.		1991	1854999
marine biosurfactants, iii. toxicity testing with marine microorganisms and comparison with synthetic surfactants.	eight synthetic and nine biogenetic surfactants were tested on their toxicity. because of their possible application as oil dispersants against oil slicks on sea, the test organisms used were marine microorganisms (mixed and pure cultures of bacteria, microalgae, and protozoa). bacterial growth was hardly effected or stimulated, whilst that of algae and flagellates was reduced. all substances tested were biodegraded in sea water. the bioluminescence of photobacter phosphoreum (microtox test) was ...	1991	1878108
the acute toxicity of pulse-dosed, para-substituted phenols to larval american flagfish (jordanella floridae): a comparison with toxicity to photoluminescent bacteria and predicted toxicity using log kow.	the acute toxicity of nine para-substituted phenols was determined using a pulse-exposure testing protocol and 8-day-old larval american flagfish (jordanella floridae). relative tolerance was assessed by determining the 2-h pulse exposure concentration causing 20 and 50% mortality (pe lc20 and pe lc50) over the subsequent 94 h. four bioassays were run for each phenol and yielded the following mean pe lc20 values (mg 1(-1)) in descending order of toxicity: p-aminophenol, 0.06; hydroquinone, 0.13; ...	1991	1891709
the lux genes of the luminous bacterial symbiont, photobacterium leiognathi, of the ponyfish. nucleotide sequence, difference in gene organization, and high expression in mutant escherichia coli.	the lux genes required for light expression in the luminescent bacterium photobacterium leiognathi (atcc 25521) have been cloned and expressed in escherichia coli and their organization and nucleotide sequence determined. transformation of a recombinant 9.5-kbp chromosomal dna fragment of p. leiognathi into an e. coli mutant (43r) gave luminescent colonies that were as bright as those of the parental strain. moreover, expression of the lux genes in the mutant e. coli was strong enough so that no ...	1991	1915359
evaluation of seven in vitro alternatives for ocular safety testing.	seven in vitro assays were evaluated to determine if any were useful as screening procedures in ocular safety assessment. seventeen test materials (chemicals, household cleaners, hand soaps, dishwashing liquids, shampoos, and liquid laundry detergents) were tested in each assay. in vivo ocular irritation scores for the materials were obtained from existing rabbit low volume eye test (lvet) data. the seven assays evaluated included the silicon microphysiometer (sm), luminescent bacteria toxicity ...	1991	1916072
a novel method for detection and counting of single bacteria in a wide field using an ultra-high-sensitivity tv camera without a microscope.	we describe a novel method for enumeration of bacteria, based on the principle that small, light emitting particles on a flat surface can be easily and rapidly detected and counted using an ultra-high-sensitivity tv camera. to test this method, we obtained tv images of individual cells of a luminous bacterium on a membrane filter without the use of a microscope. the positions of the luminous points in the tv images were almost the same as the positions of the bacterial colonies after growth. our ...	1991	1916227
correlation of metal decoration and topochemistry on protein surfaces.	on the surface of protein molecules the formation of metal clusters during vacuum condensation is controlled by topochemical features of the substrate and by specific properties of the decorating material. the resulting metal distribution (decoration pattern) can be mapped by electron microscopy in conjunction with image processing. we have applied this technique to freeze-etched crystals of the lumazine synthase-riboflavin synthase complex and its derivative obtained by binding of the heteropol ...	1991	1920438
borrowed proteins in bacterial bioluminescence.	a library of photobacterium phosphoreum dna was screened in lambda 2001 for the lumazine protein gene, using two degenerate 17-mer oligonucleotide probes that were deduced from a partial protein primary sequence. the lumazine protein gene was localized to a 3.4-kilobase bamhi/ecori fragment in one clone. the fragment contained an open reading frame, encoding a 189-residue protein, that had a predicted amino acid sequence that concurred with the partial sequence determined for lumazine protein. c ...	1991	1996310
changes in poultry litter toxicity with simulated acid rain.		1991	2001488
structure and properties of luciferase from photobacterium phosphoreum.	the nucleotide sequences of the luxa and luxb genes coding for the alpha and beta subunits, respectively, of luciferase from photobacterium phosphoreum have been determined. the predicted amino acid sequences of the alpha and beta subunits were shown to be significantly different from other bacterial luciferases with 62 to 88% identity with the alpha subunits and 47 to 71% identity with the beta subunits of other species. expression of the different luciferases appear to correlate with the numbe ...	1991	2018544
identification of the acyl transfer site of fatty acyl-protein synthetase from bioluminescent bacteria.	fatty acid activation, transfer, and reduction by the fatty acid reductase multienzyme complex from photobacterium phosphoreum to generate fatty aldehydes for the luminescence reaction is regulated by the interaction of the synthetase and reductase subunits of this complex. identification of the specific site involved in covalent transfer of the fatty acyl group between the sites of activation and reduction on the synthetase and reductase subunits, respectively, is a critical step in understandi ...	1991	2023262
analysis of synchronous photon emissions from the bacterium photobacterium phosphoreum during colony formation from a single cell.	light emission from photobacterium phosphoreum was analysed during cell growth on an agar plate from a single cell to colony formation. temporal analysis of image intensified light was set so that a quadratic window covered a single cell. intensity of light emission from a single cell through colony formation showed an initial decrease, a prolonged lag phase, and then a rapid increase. these responses on an agar plate were similar to those from liquid cultures. the image analysis showed repeated ...	1991	2053463
further study on polyamine compositions in vibrionaceae.	it has previously been reported that norspermidine, one of the unusual polyamines, is present in vibrio species. to expand this observation, the cellular polyamine compositions of additional species and strains in the family vibrionaceae (vibrio, photobacterium, listonella, and shewanella) as well as aeromonas species and plesiomonas shigelloides, which have been proposed to be excluded from vibrionacea, were determined by using gas-liquid chromatography. some vibrio species previously reported ...	1991	2059921
electronic excitation transfer in the complex of lumazine protein with bacterial bioluminescence intermediates.	fluorescence dynamics measurements have been made on the bioluminescence reaction intermediates using photobacterium leiognathi, vibrio fischeri, and vibrio harveyi luciferases, both alone and in mixtures with photobacterium phosphoreum lumazine protein. each luciferase produces a "fluorescent transient" intermediate on reaction with the bioluminescence substrates, fmnh2, tetradecanal, and o2, and all have a fluorescence quantum yield about 0.3, with a predominant lifetime around 10 ns. the p. l ...	1991	2069948
evolutionary aspects of superoxide dismutase: the copper/zinc enzyme.	copper/zinc superoxide dismutase is typically an enzyme of eukaryotes. the presence of the enzyme in the ponyfish symbiont photobacterium leiognathi and some free living bacteria does not have an immediate explanation. amino acid sequence alignment of 19 cu/zn superoxide dismutases shows 21 invariant residues in key positions related to maintenance of the beta-barrel fold, the active site structure including the electrostatic channel loop, and dimer contacts. nineteen other residues are invarian ...	1991	2071039
the rate of cu,zn superoxide dismutase evolution.	the rate of amino acid replacement in cu,zn sod greatly departs from the expectations of the molecular clock. we examine 27 cu,zn sod sequences available and conclude that: (1) the sod enzymes from different mammal families differ from each other by roughly the same number of replacements, which is consistent with a simultaneous mammalian radiation; (2) over the most recent 60 million years (my) the rate of sod evolution is fairly high (15 aa/100 aa/100 myr) and may be considered constant; (3) t ...	1991	2071040
induction of superoxide dismutases in photobacterium leiognathi.	we investigated the induction of cu,zn-sod (bacteriocuprein) and fe-sod in photobacterium leiognathi dk-a1 which was isolated from the light organ of the squid, droteuthis kensaki. the induction of superoxide dismutases depended on the addition of paraquat to the medium. induction of sod by paraquat was attributed mostly to the bacteriocuprein by measuring of the activities of both sods by using densitometry of isoelectrofocusing gel. when paraquat was added to the culture at various times in th ...	1991	2071047
a lux-specific myristoyl transferase in luminescent bacteria related to eukaryotic serine esterases.	the diversion of fatty acids from fatty acid biosynthesis into the luminescent system is catalyzed by a lux-specific acyltransferase that catalyzes the cleavage of fatty acyl-acyl carrier protein (acp). analysis of the substrate specificities for fatty acyl-acps of the transferases from divergent luminescent bacteria, photobacterium phosphoreum and vibrio harveyi, has demonstrated that myristoyl-acp is cleaved at the highest rate. inhibition by phenylmethanesulfonyl fluoride as well as resistanc ...	1991	2071574
investigations of phagocytosis concerning the immunological defence mechanism of mytilus edulis using a sublethal luminescent bacterial assay (photobacterium phosphoreum).	1. a simple method for the determination of phagocytosis activity using mussel hemocytes by measuring the bioluminescence is presented. 2. the immunological defence activity based on phagocytosis is measured and quantified by a luminescent bacterial assay with photobacterium phosphoreum. 3. the measuring system allows us to establish the stress of the immunological defence mechanism of organisms exposed to chemicals and polluted rivers or sewage. results with reference substances and the phagocy ...	1991	1677842
integrated assessment of contaminated sediments in the lower fox river and green bay, wisconsin.	samples of sediment and biota were collected from sites in the lower fox river and southern green bay to determine existing or potential impacts of sediment-associated contaminants on different ecosystem components of this great lakes area of concern. evaluation of benthos revealed a relatively depauperate community, particularly at the lower fox river sites. sediment pore water and bulk sediments from several lower fox river sites were toxic to a number of test species including pimephales prom ...	1992	1375148
sediment pore water toxicity identification in the lower fox river and green bay, wisconsin, using the microtox assay.	microtox assays with two different methods of osmotic adjustment were used to assess the toxicity of pore waters from 13 sediment samples collected from the fox river watershed in wisconsin. no toxicity was observed in microtox assays osmotically adjusted with nacl; however, 15-min ec50 values for assays osmotically adjusted with sucrose ranged from 52 to 63% pore water. un-ionized ammonia accounted for a large part of the observed toxicity, but, based on a toxic units approach, did not account ...	1992	1376238
microtox ec50 values for drinking water by-products produced by ozonolysis.	the aim was to determine the microtox ec50 values of some aliphatic aldehydes and carboxylic acids of normal chain length with 1-14 carbon atoms since these compounds have been detected as ozonolysis by-products in drinking water. the aqueous ec50 values decreased with increasing chain length except for formaldehyde and for the c1-c7 acids. at chain lengths above c7, where methanolic saline solutions were utilized to promote solubility, the aldehydes were more toxic than their corresponding carb ...	1992	1376239
development of monoclonal antibodies that identify vibrio species commonly isolated from infections of humans, fish, and shellfish.	monoclonal antibodies (mabs) against vibrio species that infect humans, fish, and shellfish were developed for application in rapid identifications. the pathogens included vibrio alginolyticus, v. anguillarum, v. carchariae, v. cholerae, v. damsela, v. furnissii, v. harveyi, v. ordalii, v. parahaemolyticus, and v. vulnificus. three types of mabs were selected. the first important group included mabs that reacted with only a single species. a second group comprised a number of mabs that reacted w ...	1992	1482190
fluorescence study of the ligand stereospecificity for binding to lumazine protein.	6,7-dimethyllumazine derivatives, substituted at the 8-position with aldityls or monohydroxyalkyl groups, have been examined for their binding ability to lumazine apo-protein from two strains of photobacterium phosphoreum using fluorescence dynamics techniques. on the protein the lumazine has a nearly monoexponential decay of fluorescence with lifetime 13.8 ns (20 degrees c). in free solution the lifetime is 9.6 ns. the concentration of free and bound lumazine in an equilibrium mixture can be re ...	1992	1483455
evidence for the existence of a restriction-modification system common to several species of the family vibrionaceae.	a broad-host-range vibriophage kvp40 originally isolated on vibrio parahaemolyticus 1010 was restricted and modified by strains of at least five vibrio and one photobacterium species. 1010 was a non-restricting host. an anti-restriction mutant kvp40 aar1 was isolated after propagating the phage on a restricting host, v. anguillarum vib36. kvp40 aar1 grown on either 1010 or vib36, as well as the parental phage grown on vib36, showed much higher efficiencies of plating on all the restricting hosts ...	1992	1521769
toxicity assessment of atrazine, alachlor, and carbofuran and their respective environmental metabolites using microtox.	using the microtox method of toxicity assessment designed by microbics corporation, the relative toxicities of alachlor, atrazine, and carbofuran, three pesticides commonly used in agricultural production, were determined. generally, carbofuran was found to be most acutely toxic, followed closely by atrazine. alachlor was least toxic of the three pesticides tested. selected environmental metabolites of these three agri-chemicals were also tested using the same method. hydroxyalachlor, deethylatr ...	1992	1522608
deaths in captive eels (anguila reinhardtii) due to photobacterium (vibrio) damsela.		1992	1530562
bioluminescent method in studying the complex effect of sewage components.	the inhibition of bacterial luminescence has been used in testing industrial enterprises sewage. the toxicity of the sewage is less than the total toxicity of separate components due to neutralization of quinone products of polyphenol oxidation in the reactions with the other phenol components of sewage. toxicity increase is due to their influence on the cell membrane. studies of cell ultrastructure confirm this fact. the studied mechanism of the complex effect allowed a more accurate forecast o ...	1992	1536600
crystallization of photobacterium leiognathi non-fluorescent flavoprotein, an unusual flavoprotein with limited sequence identity to bacterial luciferase.	single crystals of the non-fluorescent flavoprotein (nfp) purified from photobacterium leiognathi strain s1 have been grown from ammonium sulphate solutions using the hanging drop vapour diffusion technique. the crystals grow as thin (0.06 mm) plates and belong to the orthorhombic space group c222(1): a = 57.06(3) a, b = 92.41(6) a, c = 99.52(6) a. there is one nfp monomer per asymmetric unit and crystals diffract to 2.2 a spacings on film. a complete native data set to 2.5 a resolution has been ...	1992	1560468
a broad-host-range vibriophage, kvp40, isolated from sea water.	a broad-host-range vibriophage, kvp40, was isolated from sea water by using vibrio parahaemolyticus 1010 (eb101) as the indicator host. the host range of kvp40 extended over at least 8 vibrio and 1 photobacterium species. kvp40 was a large tailed phage containing double-stranded dna and belonged to ackermann's morphotype a2. kvp40 dna was cleaved by 11 different type ii restriction endonucleases including ecori and hindiii, but not by 17 other enzymes including bamhi, kpni and sali.	1992	1584076
primary chemical and physical characterization of acute toxic components in wastewaters.	a chemical and physical primary characterization work sheet was developed based on the microtox test, a bacterial bioluminescence system used as a rapid estimate of acute aquatic toxic effects. measurements of the variation in light reduction upon different pretreatments provided information about the chemical and physical properties of the main toxic component(s) in test wastewater samples. this primary characterization of a wastewater sample was performed within 1 day. tests of pure toxic chem ...	1992	1280588
[eco-toxicologic studies of the effect of boat engine emissions].		1992	1307785
[continuous biological test procedures for monitoring waste water and event controlled sampling techniques].		1992	1307793
[a biotest program for risk evaluation of sediments].		1992	1307810
[microbial biotests with sediments].		1992	1307811
[experiences with biologically active tests in the study of soil pollutants].		1992	1307812
[biotest studies for evaluating hazardous waste water with reference to section 7a whg].		1992	1307816
[biological test procedures in compliance with abwag and whg].		1992	1307817
[detection of hazardous substances in waste water with reference to biodegradability and toxicity for evaluating the status of the technique exemplified by gas station and automobile repair shop waste water].		1992	1307818
[the luminescent bacteria test for clean water legislation].	luminescent bacteria (photobacterium phosphoreum) may be used, on the one hand, for classical toxicity tests based on the inhibition of respiration or growth and, on the other hand, their luminescence itself may become the test criterion. such a luminescence inhibition test is commonly called a luminescent bacteria test. it may be conducted with fresh bacteria or with conserved ones. the luminescence parameter is, just like the parameter oxygen consumption, a summative parameter for undisturbed ...	1992	1307824
[the physiologic background of the luminescent bacteria test].		1992	1307825
[the luminescent bacteria test with personally cultured and freeze dried bacteria].		1992	1307826
[environmental monitoring with the luminescent bacteria test: the problem of false negative findings--short report].		1992	1307827
[examination of the water supply with the alkali and alkali-earth supplement optimized din luminescent bacteria test, exemplified by the saar river].	the light intensity emitted by luminescent bacteria is influenced by both the osmolarity and the ion composition of the test medium. the addition of potassium and calcium ions to a sodium chloride solution causes a considerable increase in the light intensity of bacteria. if these elements occur in the proper concentrations in the test material, the luminescence in the test sample will be higher than in the control sample containing only sodium chloride. this physiological dependence did not fin ...	1992	1307828
[luminescence, growth and respiration as end points of the toxic effects on photobacterium phosphoreum--short report].		1992	1307830
mutatox: a genotoxicity assay using luminescent bacteria.		1992	1307839
[possibilities for using biotests for the assessment of the hazard potential of ground water with hazardous sediments].		1992	1339172
the lux genes in photobacterium leiognathi are closely linked with genes corresponding in sequence to riboflavin synthesis genes.	three open reading frames (orfs) have been found in the region downstream of the luxg gene in the photobacterium leiognathi lux operon. these genes (orf i, ii, and iii) are not only closely linked to the lux operon and transcribed in the same direction but also show the same organization and code for proteins homologous in sequence to the gene products of ribb, riba, and ribh of bacillus subtilis, respectively. the photobacterium leiognathi gene (orf ii) corresponding to riba was expressed in es ...	1992	1339274
marine biology. light genes will out.		1993	7683389
bioluminescent symbionts of flashlight fishes and deep-sea anglerfishes form unique lineages related to the genus vibrio.	bioluminescent symbioses range from facultative associations to highly adapted, apparently obligate ones. the family anomalopidae (flashlight fishes) encompasses five genera of tropical reef fishes that have large suborbital light organs. the suborder ceratioidei (deep-sea anglerfishes) contains 11 families. in nine of these, females have a bioluminescent lure that contains bacterial symbionts. in all other fish light-organ symbioses (occurring in 10 families in 5 orders), the symbionts belong t ...	1993	7683390
toxicity of sediments and sediment pore waters from the grand calumet river-indiana harbor, indiana area of concern.	the assessment of contaminated sediments is a difficult task due to the complex nature of the sediment matrix and the potential for exposure of aquatic organisms to in-place contaminants via several routes. differential species sensitivity also precludes the completion of a meaningful environmental assessment with only one species. therefore, a battery of assays approach with the microtox assay, 48 hr daphnia magna and ceriodaphnia dubia tests and a 10-day chironomous tentans test was used to ev ...	1993	7691537
the use of the microtox system for evaluation of toxicity of the wastes in vítkovice steelworks, ostrava (czechoslovakia).	ostrava's industrial agglomeration is one of the most polluted areas in czechoslovakia due to an enormous production of wastes and wastewaters from both industry and municipal sources. as most of the wastes are deposited in the environment in a very simple way (usually in landfills) they may cause negative environmental effects and represent a serious hazardous factor for the surroundings. complex legislative regulations on waste treatment with respect to environmental protection are currently a ...	1993	8108704
covalent immobilization of microorganisms in polymeric hydrogels.	a method of covalent immobilization of microorganisms (marine luminescent bacteria and yeast) in polymeric hydrogels is described. it is shown that cell immobilization leads to the creation of materials having properties of both synthetic polymers and physiologically active systems. application of systems containing covalent immobilized yeast and photobacteria in biotechnological and other processes is proposed.	1993	8297830
lumazine protein and the excitation mechanism in bacterial bioluminescence.	the spectral properties of lumazine protein and mixtures with the intermediates of the bacterial luciferase reaction, are reviewed. measurements of fluorescence dynamics in particular have been employed with the aim of elucidating the mechanism by which lumazine protein functions in the bioluminescence of the bacteria of the type photobacterium. the reaction of bacterial luciferase with its substrates produces bioluminescence emission with a spectral maximum at 496 nm. this spectrum is the same ...	1993	8298053
light organ symbioses in fishes.	most bioluminescent fishes are self-luminescent, but a substantial minority of bioluminescent teleosts produce light that is due to symbiotic luminous bacteria housed in elaborate light organs. the majority of symbiotically bioluminescent fishes (ten families in five orders) harbors common free-living species of marine luminous bacteria: photobacterium phosphoreum, p. leiognathi, and p. fischeri (= vibrio fischeri). others, associated with the beryciform family anomalopidae and nine families in ...	1993	8305135
sequence of the omph gene from the deep-sea bacterium photobacterium ss9.	in contrast to studies of many other extremophiles, the molecular characterization of the barophilic or high-pressure-adapted bacteria of the deep ocean is virtually nonexistent. one exception is the discovery that the moderate barophile photobacterium ss9 preferentially synthesizes a 37-kda outer membrane protein, designated omph, in response to elevated hydrostatic pressure. we report here on the molecular characterization of the omph gene. the deduced amino acid sequence of mature omph is sim ...	1993	8396546
use of the bioluminescent bacterium photobacterium phosphoreum to detect potentially biohazardous materials in water.		1993	8400656
inhibitory effects of tannins on nadh dehydrogenases of various organisms.	we examined the effects of purified tannins and related compounds (33 species) on nadh-ubiquinone-1 oxidoreductase activity in four kinds of organism (paracoccus denitrificans, bacillus subtilis, photobacterium phosphoreum, and thermus thermophilus hb-8) and rat liver mitochondria. in addition to pentagalloylglucose, which was reported as a potent inhibitor of nadh dehydrogenases (ndh), sanguiin h-11, oolonghomobisflavan a, and polymerized procyanidin are potent inhibitors for both types of ndh ...	1993	8401410
mechanism of bacterial bioluminescence: 4a,5-dihydroflavin analogs as models for luciferase hydroperoxide intermediates and the effect of substituents at the 8-position of flavin on luciferase kinetics.	bioluminescence catalyzed by bacterial luciferases was measured using fmn, iso-fmn (6-methyl-8-nor-fmn), and fmn analogs carrying the following substituents at position 8: -h, -cl, -f, sme, some, -so2me, or -ome. the first-order rate constants for the decay of light emission correlate with the one-electron oxidation potentials of the 4a,5-dihydro forms of the fmn analogs. to determine the values of these potentials, isoalloxazine (flavin) derivatives having the 4a,5-propano-4a,5-dihydro structur ...	1993	8422349
toxicity of produced water from crude oil terminals to photobacterium phosphoreum, chaetoceros sp., and donax faba.		1993	8428121
nucleotide sequence of the luxc gene encoding fatty acid reductase of the lux operon from photobacterium leiognathi.	the nucleotide sequence of the luxc gene (embl accession no. 65156) encoding fatty acid reductase (far) of the lux operon from photobacterium leiognathi pl741 was determined and the encoded amino acid sequence deduced. the fatty acid reductase is a component of the fatty acid reductase complex. the complex is responsible for converting fatty acid to aldehyde which serves as the substrate in the luciferase-catalyzed bioluminescent reaction. the protein comprises 478 amino acid residues and has a ...	1993	8447834
the lumazine protein-encoding gene in photobacterium leiognathi is linked to the lux operon.	the nucleotide (nt) sequence of the lump (embl accession no. x65612) gene of photobacterium leiognathi pl741 was determined and the amino acid (aa) sequence deduced. the encoded aa sequence of lump was identified as that of the lumazine protein (lump) by homology with that of photobacterium phosphoreum (56%). this small protein has a calculated m(r) of 19,997 and comprises 186 aa residues. biochemical studies suggested that lump is the protein which, when combined with luciferase, is responsible ...	1993	8472956
sequence of the luxd gene encoding acyltransferase of the lux operon from photobacterium leiognathi.	the nucleotide sequence of luxd (embl accession no. x65611), encoding acyltransferase (act), of the lux operon from photobacterium leiognathi pl741 was determined, and the amino acid (aa) sequence was deduced. act is a component of the fatty acid reductase complex, which is responsible for converting fatty acid to aldehyde that serves as the substrate in the luciferase-catalyzed bioluminescent reactions. the protein has a calculated m(r) of 34,384 and comprises 305 aa residues. alignment and com ...	1993	8472957
separation of ph, dilution, ionic strength and chemical matrix effects for biological monitoring of urines with the microtox test using nicotine, cotinine and reference urines.	the aim was to investigate the factors influencing light emission from photobacterium phosphoreum in the microtox test to interpret bioassay results for urine. four reference urines were assessed as reference materials for the bioassay. nicotine and cotinine were investigated as urinary markers for tobacco exposure. the optimum luminescence conditions were: 1.85%-3.25% nacl, 0.33-0.58 mol/l ionic strength, and ph 5.8-6.7. low ph values and high concentration of toxic trace metals were important ...	1993	8475782
crystal structure of a flavoprotein related to the subunits of bacterial luciferase.	the molecular structure of the luxf protein from the bioluminescent bacterium photobacterium leiognathi has been determined by x-ray diffraction techniques and refined to a conventional r-factor of 17.8% at 2.3 a resolution. the 228 amino acid polypeptide exists as a symmetrical homodimer and 33% of the monomer's solvent-accessible surface area is buried upon dimerization. the monomer displays a novel fold that contains a central seven-stranded beta-barrel. the solvent-exposed surface of the mon ...	1993	8491169
use of a reporter gene to follow high-pressure signal transduction in the deep-sea bacterium photobacterium sp. strain ss9.	photobacterium sp. strain ss9 is a deep-sea bacterium which modulates the abundances of several outer membrane proteins as a function of hydrostatic pressure. these proteins include the product of the previously cloned omph gene (d. h. bartlett, m. wright, a. a. yayanos, and m. silverman. nature (london) 342:572-574, 1989). subsequent to conjugal plasmid delivery it was possible to cross an omph::lacz transcriptional fusion into the genome of ss9, replacing the wild-type omph gene, generating st ...	1993	8244922
spoilage and shelf-life of cod fillets packed in vacuum or modified atmospheres.	microbial growth, sensory and chemical changes and composition of gas atmosphere were studied in vacuum packed (vp) and modified atmosphere packed (map) cod fillets stored at 0 degree c. contrary to previous studies, coccobacilli and pleomorphic gram-negative microorganisms (2-4 by 2-5 microns) and not shewanella putrefaciens were found most likely to be the main spoilage organisms. these microorganisms, which may be photobacterium phosphoreum, can explain the short shelf-life extension of vp an ...	1993	8257657
growth and luminescence of luminous bacteria promoted by agents of microbial origin.	the examination of four species of luminous bacteria photobacterium leiognathi, photobacterium phosphoreum, vibrio fischeri and vibrio harveyi has enabled us to reveal some nutrient medium components effecting growth, luminescence intensity and luciferase synthesis. these agents are nucleic components (nucleotides, nucleotides and amine bases), amino acids and vitamins, which are part of hydrolysates from the biomass of various lithotrophic microorganisms, hydrogen-oxidizing, iron-oxidizing and ...	1993	8285107
identification of vibrio splendidus as a member of the planktonic luminous bacteria from the persian gulf and kuwait region with luxa probes.	hybridization probes specific for the luxa genes of four groups of luminous bacteria were used to screen luminous isolates obtained from the persian gulf, near al khiran, kuwait nine of these isolates were identified as vibrio harveyi, a commonly encountered planktonic isolate, while three others showed no hybridization to any of the four probes (v. harveyi, vibrio fischeri, photobacterium phosphoreum, or photobacterium leiognathi) under high-stringency conditions. polymerase chain reaction ampl ...	1993	16349023
a novel bod sensor based on bacterial luminescence.	a reagent-type bod sensor with a new principle employing a luminous bacterium, photobacterium phosphoreum, was developed. the increased intensity of luminescence resulting from the cellular assimilation of organic compounds in wastewater was detected by a photodiode. the bod response of the bacterial reagent could be obtained within 15 min with +/-7% error. the temperature condition for optimal bod response was 18 degrees to 25 degrees c at ph 7 to 8, indicating that it is possible to measure bo ...	1993	18601297
an upper limit for the effect of 60 hz magnetic fields on bioluminescence from the photobacterium vibrio fischeri.	bioluminescence from vibrio fischeri was measured in the presence and absence of 60 hz magnetic fields. the peak value of the field was approximately 1.3 mt, a value approximately 13 times the earth's background static field and comparable to the ac field near heavy-duty electrical equipment such as generators. the objective of this work was a search for causality between the applied magnetic field and a basic biological function at the biochemical, membrane or cellular level based on the direct ...	1994	8292047
an essential histidine residue required for fatty acylation and acyl transfer by myristoyltransferase from luminescent bacteria.	the lux-specific acyltransferases are serine esterases responsible for preferential diversion of myristic acid from fatty acid biosynthesis to the luminescent system. in contrast to other acyltransferases, an acylated enzyme intermediate can readily be detected making it ideal for the study of the mechanism of acyl transfer. although the transferase readily cleaves acyl carrier protein and acyl-coa, an alternate more rapid and convenient assay involving the cleavage of p-nitrophenyl acyl esters ...	1994	8120025
human acute toxicity prediction of the first 50 meic chemicals by a battery of ecotoxicological tests and physicochemical properties.	five acute bioassays consisting of three cyst-based tests (with artemia salina, streptocephalus proboscideus and brachionus calyciflorus), the daphnia magna test and the bacterial luminescence inhibition test (photobacterium phosphoreum) are used to determine the acute toxicity of the 50 priority chemicals of the multicentre evaluation of in vitro cytotoxicity (meic) programme. these tests and five physiocochemical properties (n-octanol-water partition coefficient, molecular weight, melting poin ...	1994	8132177
riboflavin synthesis genes are linked with the lux operon of photobacterium phosphoreum.	four genes immediately downstream of luxg in the photobacterium phosphoreum lux operon (ribebha) have been sequenced and shown to be involved in riboflavin synthesis. sequence analyses and complementation of escherichia coli riboflavin auxotrophs showed that the gene products of ribb and riba are 3,4-dihydroxy-2-butanone 4-phosphate (dhbp) synthetase and gtp cyclohydrolase ii, respectively. by expression of p. phosphoreum ribe in e. coli using the bacteriophage t7 promoter-rna polymerase system, ...	1994	8144477
genetic characterization of omph mutants in the deep-sea bacterium photobacterium sp. strain ss9.	omph is an outer membrane protein produced by the deep-sea bacterium photobacterium species strain ss9 in response to elevated hydrostatic pressure. in order to facilitate studies of the function of this protein, a series of omph+ and omph- strains were obtained from ss9 by tn5 gene replacement mutagenesis. a previously isolated omph::lacz strain and a derivative of this strain harboring a plasmid expressing the wild-type omph gene were also utilized. the acridine mutagen icr 191 preferentially ...	1994	7857197
penaeid prawns and associated luminous bacteria.	luminous bacteria associated with the exoskeleton, gill and gut of penaeid prawns, penaeus indicus h. milne edwards and penaeus monodon fabricius in mangalore waters were isolated, identified and quantified. two species of bacteria, vibrio harveyi and vibrio fischeri were recorded, the former was dominant in the exoskeleton and gill of both the penaeids. gut of prawns supported exclusive and dense populations of v. harveyi suggesting that the species is well adapted to proliferate in this microe ...	1994	7866726
ecotox-evaluation strategy for soil bioremediation exemplified for a pah-contaminated site.	during a bioremediation of a pah-contaminated site chemical and biological analyses were carried out. the biological investigations included ecotoxicological analyses in the aqueous extract, (pseudomonas putida, photobacterium phosphoreum, daphnids, algae, fish) and analyses in the soil with introduced organisms (plants, earthworms) and natural soil organisms (nematodes, microorganisms). in all test systems a correspondence between decreasing toxicity and degradation of the easily biodegradable ...	1994	7922149
uv-a coexposure enhances the toxicity of aromatic hydrocarbons, munitions, and metals to photobacterium phosphoreum.	johnson et al. (1993) showed that coexposure to uv-a between 300-400 nm enhanced the toxicity of nitrotoluenes to photobacterium phosphoreum, a marine bioluminescent bacteria used in the microtox test (microbics inc.). this paper reports that uv-a photoenhanced the toxicity of polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons, other types of organic compounds, and some transition metals to p. phosphoreum. coexposure to 400 muw/cm2 for 15 min increased the toxicity of psoralen, alpha-terthienyl, anthracene, acri ...	1994	7946004
expression and properties of the recombinant lumazine (riboflavin) protein from photobacterium leiognathi.	photobacterium leiognathi lumazine protein has been expressed in escherichia coli in high yield, 30 mg/l. the cloned gene was one previously reported by illarionov (embl x56534), that had a similar sequence and was located in the same position as the lumazine protein gene in p. phosphoreum. this gene was placed downstream of the t7 gene 10 promoter of the plasmid pt7-7. when the e. coli are grown at 37 degrees c the protein accumulates in inclusion bodies but solubilization can be achieved in 6 ...	1994	7947939
modelling of human acute toxicity from physicochemical properties and non-vertebrate acute toxicity of the 38 organic chemicals of the meic priority list by pls regression and neural network.	linear and non-linear modelling of human acute toxicity (as human lethal concentrations; hlcs) of the 38 organic chemicals from the 50 priority compounds of the multicentre evaluation of in vitro cytotoxicity (meic) programme was investigated. the models obtained were derived either from a set of 23 physicochemical properties of the compounds or from their acute toxicities to five aquatic non-vertebrates together with the physicochemical properties. for the linear type, modelling was performed u ...	1994	7959448
the ctfa evaluation of alternatives program: an evaluation of in vitro alternatives to the draize primary eye irritation test. (phase ii) oil/water emulsions.	the cosmetic, toiletry and fragrance association (ctfa) evaluation of alternatives program is an evaluation of the relationship between draize ocular safety test data and comparable data from a selection of in vitro tests. in phase ii, 18 representative oil/water-based personal-care formulations were subjected to the draize primary eye safety test and 30 in vitro assay protocols (14 different types of in vitro endpoints were evaluated; the remainder were protocol variations). correlation of in v ...	1994	7959449
(trifluoromethyl)lumazine derivatives as 19f nmr probes for lumazine protein.	lumazine protein acts as an electronic excited state transducer in bioluminescence of photobacterium species. the protein binds 6,7-dimethyl-8-(d-ribityl)lumazine (1) which serves as the fluorophore. this compound also serves as a biosynthetic precursor of riboflavin and is the substrate of the enzyme riboflavin synthase. this enzyme and lumazine protein show considerable sequence homology. the interaction of lumazine apoprotein with several trifluoromethyl analogs of 6,7-dimethyl-8-ribityllumaz ...	1994	8011629
inhibition of bacterial enzyme activity and luminescence by urban river sediments.	the toxicological and ecological effects of pollutants in urban river sediments were studied. the sediments were chemically or physically fractionated, using selective extractants to separate the effects of metal and organic contaminants, and subsequently tested for the inhibition of bacterial enzyme activity and luminescence. in many cases the enzyme activity of the sediment-dwelling bacteria was inhibited by metals. the variations in inhibition were attributed to differences in sediment comple ...	1994	8016633
the lumazine synthase/riboflavin synthase complex of bacillus subtilis. x-ray structure analysis of hollow reconstituted beta-subunit capsids.	the lumazine synthase/riboflavin synthase complex of bacillus subtilis consists of an icosahedral capsid of 60 beta subunits enclosing a triplet of alpha subunits. an x-ray structure of 0.32 nm resolution has been obtained for the icosahedral capsid of the native alpha 3 beta 60 complex [ladenstein, r., schneider, m., huber, r., bartunik, h. d., wilson, k., schott, k. & bacher, a. (1988) j. mol. biol. 203, 1045-1070]. beta subunits were isolated after denaturation of the alpha 3 beta 60 complex ...	1994	8055941
a bacterial toxicity assay performed with microplates, microluminometry and microtox reagent.	we have developed a procedure for undertaking a microtox-based test by coupling microplate and microluminometric technologies. sample dilutions are prepared in a 96-well polystyrene microplate kept at 15 degrees c, while the microtox reagent and diluent are placed in an opaque, microluminometry-compatible 96-well microplate also kept at 15 degrees c. exposure begins when sample aliquots are brought into contact with bacterial reagents in the opaque microplate. after specific exposure times (5, 1 ...	1994	8068350