Publications

hume on the nonhuman animal.	hume wrote about fundamental similarities and dissimilarities between human and nonhuman animals. his work was centered on the cognitive and emotional lives of animals, rather than their moral or legal standing, but his theories have implications for issues of moral standing. the historical background of these controversies reaches to ancient philosophy and to several prominent figures in early modern philosophy. hume develops several of the themes in this literature. his underlying method is an ...	1999	10517296
looking to hume for justice: on the utility of hume's view of justice for american health care reform.	this essay argues that hume's theory of justice can be useful in framing a more persuasive case for universal access in health care. theories of justice derived from a rawlsian social contract tradition tend to make the conditions for deliberation on justice remote from the lives of most persons, while religiously-inspired views require superhuman levels of benevolence. by contrast, hume's theory derives justice from the prudent reflections of socially-encumbered selves. this provides a more acc ...	1999	10517298
hume's influence on john gregory and the history of medical ethics.	the concept of medicine as a profession in the english-language literature of medical ethics is of recent vintage, invented by the scottish physician and medical ethicist, john gregory (1724-1773). gregory wrote the first secular, philosophical, clinical, and feminine medical ethics and bioethics in the english language and did so on the basis of hume's principle of sympathy. this paper provides a brief account of gregory's invention and the role that humean sympathy plays in that invention, wit ...	1999	10517300
first outbreak of influenza in the united kingdom this season hits orkney.		1999	10520566
management of symptomatic bph in the uk: who is treated and how?	to review the contemporary management of symptomatic benign prostatic hyperplasia (bph) in the united kingdom (uk).	1999	10559629
a sense of time and place--meeting report of hugo spatial organisation of the genome workshop, edinburgh, 14-15 may 1999. human genome organisation.		1999	10560965
uptake of calcium and magnesium by human scalp hair from waters of different geographic locations.	the uptake of ca2+ and mg2+ by human scalp hair from waters of 24 different locations throughout the world was determined. the uptake was found to vary markedly depending on the initial total hardness and ph of the water. water of high initial total hardness and/or high initial ph were found, in general, to result in more hair adsorption of these alkaline earth cations. when hair is washed with these differing waters, varying effects are then found in the eventual coiffure.	1999	10570842
association between variants at the gabaabeta2, gabaaalpha6 and gabaagamma2 gene cluster and alcohol dependence in a scottish population.	a role for the gaba/benzodiazepine receptor complex in alcohol dependence syndrome has been suggested by several lines of evidence. to elucidate the role of gabaa subunits in human alcohol dependence syndrome, we identified polymorphisms in the gabaabeta2 and gabaaalpha6 receptor subunit genes on 5q33 and assessed their potential contribution in an association study, together with a ncii rflp at the gabaagamma2 receptor subunit gene. one hundred and eight alcohol-dependent subjects and 54 unrela ...	1999	10578235
robert liston: surgeon extraordinary.	robert liston was probably the best surgeon in his day, being noted for his skill and his speed as an operator. his life as surgeon, teacher and writer have been reviewed. examples of some of his cases are given to illustrate the outstanding ability of this man in the pre-anaesthetic era.	1999	10613288
intestinal protozoa in homosexual men in edinburgh.	our objective was to determine the prevalence of intestinal protozoa in homosexual men attending a sexually transmitted diseases (std) clinic, to compare it with the prevalence in a previous study from the same clinic, and to examine the relationship, if any, between the presence of protozoa and sexual practices. men who consecutively attended the clinic and who gave a history of having had recent sexual contact with another male were invited to provide a stool sample for protozoological examina ...	1999	10639057
monitoring of approved research by a scottish lrec: two questionnaires.		1999	15584154
effects of influenza vaccination of health-care workers on mortality of elderly people in long-term care: a randomised controlled trial.	vaccination of health-care workers has been claimed to prevent nosocomial influenza infection of elderly patients in long-term care. data are, however, limited on this strategy. we aimed to find out whether vaccination of health-care workers lowers mortality and the frequency of virologically proven influenza in such patients.	2000	10675165
the effect of dietary trans alpha-linolenic acid on plasma lipids and platelet fatty acid composition: the transline study.	to collect (i) baseline data and (ii) execute a large multicentre study examining the effect of trans alpha-linolenic acid on its incorporation into plasma lipids and on risk factors for coronary heart disease.	2000	10694780
public health implications of new guidelines for lead in drinking water: a case study in an area with historically high water lead levels.	concern about the neurotoxicity of lead, particularly in infants and young children, has led to a revision of blood lead levels which are considered to involve an acceptable level of human exposure. drinking water guidelines have also been reviewed in order to reduce this source of population exposure to lead. in the last 20 years, guidelines have been reduced from 100 to 50 to 10 microg/litre. lead in tap water used to be a major public health problem in glasgow because of the high prevalence o ...	2000	10717374
uk's position on human cloning provokes hostile reaction in europe union.		2000	10776759
effects of influenza vaccination of health care workers on mortality of elderly people.		2000	10778830
lack of linkage between chromosome 5q23-33 markers and ige/bronchial hyperreactivity in 67 scottish families.	raised serum immunoglobulin e (ige) and bronchial hyperreactivity (bhr) are risk factors for the expression of the asthma phenotype. previous studies have reported evidence for linkage between these traits and markers on the 5q23-33 cytokine gene cluster.	2000	10848917
verocytotoxin-producing escherichia coli: a veterinary view.	this overview places verocytotoxin-producing escherichia coli (vtec) in perspective with other e. coli types that cause disease in animals. vtec o157 and other verocytotoxin-producing serotypes cause severe disease in man but to date, although other vtec are found in animals, zoonosis appears to be associated with e. coli o157 only. the epidemiology of e. coli o157 in cattle has been studied in scotland, and this work is described alongside current knowledge.	2000	10880177
the effects of multimedia communication technology on non-collocated teams: a case study.	collaborative teams are becoming increasingly important for industry, both within and across companies. there is a need for communication technology to support teams because many teams are non-collocated, or 'virtual'. two automotive supply chain teams were observed while they were experimenting with multimedia conferencing in order to determine what support non-collocated teams need and the potential effects of introducing technologies on their group processes. the observations included meeting ...	2000	10975182
a longitudinal survey of the evolution of some cardiovascular risk factors during the careers of male firefighters retiring from strathclyde fire brigade from 1985-1994.	this paper is based on a retrospective survey of the cardiovascular risk factor records of 526 wholetime male firefighters retiring from strathclyde fire brigade during the decade beginning 1 january 1985 who had accumulated 14,022 man-years of service. changes in body mass index (bmi) and systolic & diastolic blood pressure (s&dbp) were observed from enlistment and through the triennial routine medical examinations (rme) which took place from age 40 to retirement, usually occurring after age 50 ...	2000	10986742
sir william osler and john hunter.	"john hunter ..... the man in whose phenomenal personality may be seen all the distinctive traits of modern medicine, and the range of whose mighty intellect has had few, if any, equals since aristotle".	2000	10986745
genital herpes simplex typing in genitourinary medicine: 1995-1999.	retrospective study of all culture-positive first episode genital herpes (hsv) presenting to genitourinary medicine (gum) over a 4-year period, showing a high prevalence of type 1 (71%) hsv infection, most marked in women. this has implications for counselling patients and for the use of type-specific serological testing.	2000	10990333
rapid virological surveillance of community influenza infection in general practice.		2000	10999907
haemophilia care in central scotland 1980-94. i. demographic characteristics, hospital admissions and causes of death.	to estimate the resources required to manage patients with haemophilia in scotland, we studied the demographic features, hospital admissions and causes of deaths for individuals with haemophilia a and b and von willebrand disease, treated with blood products, during the period 1980-94 living in central scotland. data were obtained from 413 adults and children (93% ascertainment). the age distribution in 1980 revealed a paucity of individuals over 60 years but the number in this age group increas ...	2000	11012692
a longitudinal study of hpv detection and cervical pathology in hiv infected women.	to monitor the presence and persistence of high risk (hr) human papillomavirus (hpv) in cervical brushings from hiv infected women.	2000	11026879
human leucocyte antigen-a2 increases risk of alzheimer's disease but does not affect age of onset in a scottish population.	the use of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs has been associated with a reduced incidence of alzheimer's disease (ad), suggesting that attenuation of the inflammatory response may be beneficial. several, but not all, genetic association studies have shown human leucocyte antigen (hla)-a2, a major histocompatibility complex class i antigen-binding transmembrane protein has an increased frequency in ad compared to controls, and in some reports is associated with a lowered age of onset. we furt ...	2000	11044581
aberrant rna splicing in the hmsh2 gene: molecular identification of three aberrant rna in scottish patients with colorectal cancer in the west of scotland.	blood samples from 47 unselected patients with colorectal cancer were used as a source of hmsh2 mrna. we identified three new hmsh2 aberrant mrnas including: 1) ivs15 +5 g-->c resulting in exon 15 skipping from transcript; 2) an mrna deletion of exons 2 to 6 inclusive; and 3) an mrna deletion of exons 2 to 8 inclusive. in order to find out whether or not exon skipping is a natural consequence of alternative mrna splicing, total rna from 20 healthy individuals was converted to cdna by reverse-tra ...	2000	11074494
population carrier frequency of hmsh2 and hmlh1 mutations.	knowledge of population carrier frequency for dna mismatch repair (mmr) gene mutations would contribute to understanding the burden of cancer due to genetic susceptibility, but robust prevalence estimates are lacking. to estimate carrier frequency, we genotyped a cohort of relatives of mutation carriers and determined their colorectal cancer prevalence. systematic finnish and us data were combined with scottish genotype and cancer prevalence data in a bayesian calculation. the estimated carrier ...	2000	11104559
differences in intestinal humoral immunity between healthy volunteers from uk and bangladesh.	intestinal morphology has been shown to vary geographically. the impact of this variation on gut mucosal humoral immunity is not well-studied. the technique of peroral whole-gut lavage (wgl) with nonabsorbable cleansing fluid can be utilized for the study of gut immune responses in health and disease. in this study, the wgl technique was employed to compare various gut humoral immune parameters in healthy volunteers from dhaka in bangladesh and edinburgh, uk.	2000	11111774
capture-recapture: a useful methodological tool for counting traffic related injuries?	although the capture-recapture technique is increasingly employed in studies of human populations to correct for under-ascertainment in traditional epidemiological surveillance, it has rarely been used in injury research.	2000	11144633
robert knox md, frcsed, frsed 1791-1862: the first conservator of the college museum.	in 1791, the year in which mozart died, there was born in edinburgh a man who had some of the attributes of genius and whose name, but for a trivial mischance, might today occupy a distinguished place in the illustrious history of the edinburgh medical school. instead of this, his career was shattered and his reputation blighted forever by fortuitous association with a gruesome and macabre scandal the story of which is as shocking today as it was to our forebears 172 years ago. to the world at l ...	2000	11153431
cyp3a4 promoter variant in saudi, ghanaian and scottish caucasian populations.		2000	11186137
allele associations reveal four prominent haplotypes at the human interleukin-6 (il-6) locus.	we have examined four polymorphic elements in the human interleukin-6 (il-6) locus and described their allele distribution in 73 unrelated, healthy individuals from the west-of-scotland. these comprised three single nucleotide polymorphisms (snp) in the 5' promoter region of the gene and one vntr in the 3' region of il-6. a statistical consideration of the relationship between alleles at each locus was carried out. of a total of 12 possible haplotypes observed in the population, the analysis sug ...	2000	11196676
a polymorphic microsatellite marker in the human p55 tnf receptor, cd120a.	we provide characterization of a highly polymorphic dinucleotide repeat in the human tnf-receptor 1 gene (tnfr1, tnfrp55, cd120a). we have observed 11 alleles at this locus in individuals from the west of scotland. in a panel of healthy, unrelated individuals from the west of scotland (n = 143), the overall heterozygosity was 68%, indicating the potential usefulness of these markers in immunogenetic studies.	2000	11196717
scotland facing worst flu outbreak for six years.		2000	10634726
every man his own farrier in australia: the origins and growth of a veterinary business in colonial new south wales.	the life and work is told of john pottie (1832-1908), a scotsman who graduated from edinburgh veterinary college in 1858. a year later, he contracted to provide veterinary care to a consignment of horses bound for australia. once there, he founded a firm that has survived to the present day, still marketing products that originated in his own veterinary remedies. john pottie brought with him a european tradition of livestock care and treatment that was epitomised in clater's title and book, ever ...	2000	12068832
adults with incapacity (scotland) act 2000--excerpt.		2000	11842859
hiv/aids. man 'deliberately infected' girlfriend.		2001	11954226
daughter of charity.	members of religious orders, male and female, take the three vows of religion--poverty, chastity and obedience. to renounce one's rights to personal possessions, to sexual experience and family life and in determining one's own future may, on initial examination, appear somewhat negative. however, priests, brothers and nuns in religious orders, are encouraged to adopt a more positive attitude in taking the vows. by relinquishing their rights to personal property and to procreate, and by acceptin ...	2001	12143447
10th international hugo mutation database initiative meeting, 19 april 2001, edinburgh, scotland.	the 10th international mutation database initiative meeting was held on april 19, 2001, in conjunction with the annual human genome meeting in edinburgh, scotland. key points of the meeting are described here. the bisc waystation was presented as an operational, viable beginning to the solution for the lack of centralized variation collection structures, with a number of possibilities, notably the bisc central database and hgbase, as candidates for storing the data. exploration of new avenues of ...	2001	11668619
sentinel practice-based survey of the management and health of horses in northern britain.	details of the management, feeding, level of activity and routine health care of horses in scotland and the five northernmost counties in england were recorded through a stratified random sample of horse owners who had responded to a previous survey. sixty-eight per cent of the horses were kept where their owners resided, and 32 per cent were kept away from the owner's home. more than 99 per cent were turned out to grazing for at least part of the year and 81 per cent were stabled for at least p ...	2001	11678214
hypermutability at a poly(a/t) tract in the human germline.	poly(a/t) tracts are abundant simple sequence repeats (ssrs) within the human genome. they constitute part of the coding sequence of a variety of genes, encoding polylysine stretches that are important for protein function. assessment of poly(a/t) tract stability is also used to identify microsatellite unstable colorectal cancers, which are characteristic of tumours defective in dna mismatch repair. despite their importance, little is known about the stability of poly(a/t) ssrs in the human germ ...	2001	11691928
regional differences in waiting time to pregnancy among fertile couples from four european cities.	a previous european study found a longer time to pregnancy (ttp) among fertile women from paris compared with women from other western european countries. a co-ordinated, cross-sectional study of pregnant couples from denmark (copenhagen), france (paris), scotland (edinburgh) and finland (turku) was therefore undertaken to assess differences in waiting ttp among couples from these cities.	2001	11726598
sperm morphological defects related to environment, lifestyle and medical history of 1001 male partners of pregnant women from four european cities.	recently, differences in semen quality have been found among the partners of pregnant women from four european cities: turku, copenhagen, edinburgh and paris.	2001	11726600
on being prepared: the influenza pandemic plan.		2001	11732352
acceptability and uptake of a community-based flu immunisation programme.	to evaluate a community based influenza immunisation programme in terms of patients' and primary care professionals' satisfaction and uptake of immunisation.	2001	12664727
frederick knox, younger brother and assistant of dr robert knox: his contribution to "knox's catalogues".	analysis of the material written in the two manuscript volumes known as the "old" and "new" knox catalogues has revealed that most of their contents are in the hand of frederick knox, younger brother of dr robert knox. frederick was employed by dr knox as his research assistant, and prepared detailed lists of the items in his brother's museum collection. he also dissected and prepared human and non-human specimens, many of which were described by dr knox in his numerous publications. as relative ...	2001	11242743
use of confidential hiv data helps convict former prisoner.		2001	11250838
longitudinal cohort study of childhood iq and survival up to age 76.	to test the association between childhood iq and mortality over the normal human lifespan.	2001	11290633
an outbreak of e. coli o157 infection with evidence of spread from animals to man through contamination of a private water supply.	an outbreak of e. coli o157 infection occurred in the highland region of scotland in the summer of 1999. the source of the outbreak was traced to an untreated private water supply. all six cases identified arose in visitors to the area, and most had very limited exposure to the contaminated water. permanent residents on the same supply were unaffected. the e. coli o157 isolates from the water, sheep faeces collected from around the source and the human stool samples were indistinguishable using ...	2001	11293673
prevalence of antibodies to hepatitis c virus, hiv and human t-cell leukaemia/lymphoma viruses in injecting drug users in tayside, scotland, 1993-7.	the prevalence of blood-borne viruses in injecting drug users (idus) in tayside, scotland was determined by testing serum samples from idus who underwent attributable hiv antibody testing during 1993-7. the prevalence of antibodies to hiv was 29/802, (3.6%); to hepatitis c virus (hcv) 451/691, (65.3%); and to human t-cell leukaemia/lymphoma viruses type 1 and 2 (htlv) 0/679, (0.0%). the prevalence of hiv and hcv antibodies were higher in subjects over the age of 25 (p = 0.03 and p = 0.001, respe ...	2001	11293687
effect of combination therapy on immunologic progression of human immunodeficiency virus at a population level.	there is accumulating evidence from clinical trials and cohort studies that highly active antiretroviral combination therapy is effective at halting immunologic and clinical progression of human immunodeficiency virus (hiv). its impact at a population level is less well known because the regimes may be difficult to tolerate and compliance poorer. the authors make use of population data for almost all of the hiv-infected people in scotland in 1997 who were under clinical care and monitor their re ...	2001	11323321
the genomic organisation of the metabotropic glutamate receptor subtype 5 gene, and its association with schizophrenia.	the g-protein coupled metabotropic glutamate receptors (grms/mglurs) have been implicated in the aetiology of schizophrenia as they modulate the nmda response and that of other neurotransmitters including dopamine and gaba.(1-3) electrophysiological studies in grm subtype 5 knockout mice reveal, in one study, a sensorimotor gating deficit characteristic of schizophrenia and in another, a key rôle for this gene in the modulation of hippocampal nmda-dependent synaptic plasticity. in humans, grm5 l ...	2001	11326300
regional differences in semen quality in europe.	recent reports have indicated a decrease in semen quality of men in some countries, and suggested regional differences. a study was undertaken of semen samples from 1082 fertile men from four european cities (copenhagen, denmark; paris, france; edinburgh, scotland; and turku, finland). semen analysis was standardized, inter-laboratory differences in assessment of sperm concentration were evaluated, and morphology assessment centralized. lowest sperm concentrations and total counts were detected ...	2001	11331653
the gender imbalance among speech and language therapists and students.	speech and language therapy is still a predominantly female profession. this paper reports the numbers and percentages of males among the population of student speech and language therapists in the uk in 1999-2000. the numbers imply that there is no prospect of redressing the gender imbalance in the near future. information was gathered by means of a questionnaire to male speech and language therapy students and male therapists on the reasons for their career choice and their occupation-related ...	2001	11340775
a novel mutation in the keratin 13 gene causing oral white sponge nevus.	white sponge nevus (wsn) is an autosomal-dominantly inherited form of mucosal leukokeratosis. defects in keratins, proteins that form the stress-bearing cytoskeleton in epithelia, have been shown to cause several epithelial fragility disorders. recently, mutations in the genes encoding mucosal-specific keratins k4 and k13 were shown to be the underlying cause of wsn. we have studied a large scottish family with 19 persons affected by wsn in four generations. the k4 locus was excluded by genetic ...	2001	11379896
failure to confirm notch4 association with schizophrenia in a large population-based sample from scotland.	the notch4 gene was recently reported to be associated with schizophrenia based on tdt analysis of 80 british trios. the strongest evidence for association derived from two microsatellites. we genotyped both loci in a large sample of unrelated scottish schizophrenics and controls, but failed to replicate the reported association, finding instead that each putative schizophrenia-associated allele had a somewhat lower frequency in schizophrenics than in controls.	2001	11381258
permanent vegetative state and the law.		2001	11511740
identification of polymorphisms within disrupted in schizophrenia 1 and disrupted in schizophrenia 2, and an investigation of their association with schizophrenia and bipolar affective disorder.	we have undertaken a search for polymorphic sequence variation within disrupted in schizophrenia 1 and disrupted in schizophrenia 2 (disc1 and disc2), which are both novel genes that span a translocation breakpoint strongly associated with schizophrenia and related psychoses in a large scottish family. a scan of the coding sequence, intron/exon boundaries, and part of the 5' and 3' untranslated regions of disc1, plus 2.7 kb at the 3' end of disc2, has revealed a novel microsatellite and 15 novel ...	2001	11525420
ethical approval for research involving geographically dispersed subjects: unsuitability of the uk mrec/lrec system and relevance to uncommon genetic disorders.	to assess the process involved in obtaining ethical approval for a single-centre study involving geographically dispersed subjects with an uncommon genetic disorder.	2001	11579194
human embryonic cloning.		2001	16639815
anthropometric cartography: constructing scottish racial identity in the early twentieth century.		2001	18459237
gift relationships in genetics research.		2002	15971368
real-time modelling of influenza outbreaks--a linear regression analysis.	seasonal outbreaks of influenza exert a considerable burden on health services, and are notorious for their variability from year to year. making use of historical data from the scottish sentinelle surveillance since 1972, a potential candidate model has been derived based on simple linear regression. it was applied with a measure of success in the 1999-2000 winter season.	2002	12631985
children's participation in healthcare in the uk--gesture, rhetoric, or real involvement?	in the united kingdom (england, wales, scotland, and northern ireland) children and their best interests are protected through a range of best practice initiatives, and legislation and guidance at country, national, european, and global levels. some of the recent commitment by the government may be the result of enlightened thinking, but some of it has resulted from the aftermath of at least two major healthcare incidents. this article reviews the uk's recent national and international efforts t ...	2002	12744268
the scottish molecular genetics consortium--15 years on.	remarkable advances have been made in recent years in our knowledge of the human genome. genes for disorders such as huntington disease, cystic fibrosis and duchenne muscular dystrophy have been mapped and mutations identified. simple molecular tests are now available for the diagnosis of these and many other conditions. as a result, in the last 15 years the whole new field of molecular pathology has been introduced to the health service of the united kingdom and now there are nearly 40 diagnost ...	2002	12664773
human bedbug infestation of a domestic cat.		2002	12356240
the annual societal cost of alcohol misuse in scotland.	to estimate the annual socioeconomic burden imposed by alcohol misuse on scottish society.	2002	12381241
susceptibility to varicella-zoster virus in applicants for nurse training in scotland.	we investigated the immunity to varicella-zoster virus (vzv) of a cohort of applicants for nurse training and determined the relationship between immune status and history of chickenpox or shingles based on a self-completed questionnaire. three hundred and fifty-six applicants for nurse training were enrolled at an occupational health department in nhs scotland and 96% were immune to vzv. the positive predictive value of a history of vzv infection for seropositivity was 98% (286/292). the negati ...	2002	12434695
an eight-month study of a population of verocytotoxigenic escherichia coli (vtec) in a scottish cattle herd.	strains of verocytotoxin-producing escherichia coli (vtec) from scottish beef cattle on the same farm were isolated during four visits over a period of eight months. characteristics of these strains were examined to allow comparisons with strains of vtec associated with human infection.	2002	12452950
human case of ebl type 2 following exposure to bats in angus, scotland.		2002	12498413
management of ectopic pregnancy in a scottish teaching hospital: implications for training.	an audit was undertaken to assess the management of 50 consecutive women with an ectopic pregnancy at a teaching hospital in scotland. the ectopic pregnancy was removed laparoscopically in 62% and of these women 80% were discharged home on the first postoperative day. in a minority of patients, elements of substandard care were identified including failure to operate when the ectopic pregnancy had been visualised on ultrasound or in the presence of static hcg levels in patients with an empty ute ...	2002	12521708
epidemiology and economic burden of viral hepatitis: an observational population based study.	to describe the epidemiology and estimate the health resource use of patients with viral hepatitis in tayside, scotland, using record linkage techniques.	2002	11772975
the mutation spectrum of hyperphenylalaninaemia in the republic of ireland: the population history of the irish revisited.	phenylketonuric and hyperphenylalaninaemic patients in the population of the republic of ireland were screened for mutations at the human phenylalanine hydroxylase (pah) locus. a composite data set for the island of ireland was generated by merging the findings of this study with extant data for northern ireland. analysis of this data on the basis of the four historic provinces (munster, leinster, connacht and ulster) revealed genetic diversity that is informative in terms of demographic forces ...	2002	12173030
sexual history and epstein-barr virus infection.	to determine the role of sexual contact in transmission of epstein-barr virus (ebv) and occurrence of infectious mononucleosis (im), a cross-sectional study was undertaken of ebv serologic testing and histories of im and sexual behavior among 1006 new students at edinburgh university. prevalence of ebv seropositivity was significantly greater among women (79.2%) than among men (67.4%; p<.001) and among those who had ever been sexually active (82.7%) than among those who had not (63.7%; p<.001). ...	2002	12198605
survival in trisomy 13 and trisomy 18 cases ascertained from population based registers.		2002	12205124
hierarchical statistical modelling of influenza epidemic dynamics in space and time.	an infectious disease typically spreads via contact between infected and susceptible individuals. since the small-scale movements and contacts between people are generally not recorded, available data regarding infectious disease are often aggregations in space and time, yielding small-area counts of the number infected during successive, regular time intervals. in this paper, we develop a spatially descriptive, temporally dynamic hierarchical model to be fitted to such data. disease counts are ...	2002	12228886
longitudinal study of genital infection by herpes simplex virus type 1 in western scotland over 15 years.		2002	12052804
william hunter's gravid uterus: the specimens and plates.	william hunter's collection of anatomical specimens of the pregnant uterus forms one of the finest displays in the anatomy museum at the university of glasgow. we were interested to know which specimens in the museum matched the plates in hunter's the anatomy of the human gravid uterus exhibited in figures (1774). in our investigation we were greatly assisted by teacher's catalogue of the anatomical and pathological preparations of dr william hunter (1900). thirteen specimens in the museum and o ...	2002	12112351
influenza and pneumococcal vaccine distribution and use in primary care and hospital settings in scotland: coverage, practice and policies.	a survey of the coverage, distribution and the factors associated with use of influenza and pneumococcal vaccines among general practitioners (gps) in primary care and in hospital settings was carried out in 53 general practices in scotland taking part in the 'continuous morbidity recording' (cmr) programme. the annual vaccine distribution increased substantially among 53 general practices from 1993 to 1999 and in scotland as a whole from 1984 to 1999. from the questionnaire, overall coverage wa ...	2002	12113489
combined ultrasound and biochemical screening for down's syndrome in the first trimester: a scottish multicentre study.	to evaluate the use of ultrasound measurements of fetal nuchal translucency (nt) obtained in a routine antenatal clinic setting in combination with appropriate biochemical markers as a first trimester screening test for down's syndrome.	2002	12118646
thomas stephenson, dsc, phc, frsedin, fcs: a man of parts.		2002	12138907
the english diaspora: discovering scotland's invisible migrants - 1945 to 2000.		2002	19489176
pesticide firms ask to use human data to assess safety.		2003	12529604
the assessment of the amount of fat in the human body from measurements of skinfold thickness. 1967.		2003	12572562
investigation of human infections with salmonella enterica serovar java in scotland and possible association with imported poultry.	pfge analysis of s. java strains (29 from humans, 30 from poultry meat) showed two major clusters. all isolates from poultry imported from the netherlands belonged to cluster a, which also comprised 10 human isolates. thirty-one of the 37 isolates in this cluster had an identical javx1 pattern, similar to the x8 profile of a particular s. java clone predominant in poultry production in several european countries. cluster b comprised 19 human isolates and two poultry isolates of unknown origin. t ...	2003	12631973
the gene for hmsn2c maps to 12q23-24: a region of neuromuscular disorders.	hereditary motor and sensory neuropathy type 2c (hmsn2c, charcot-marie-tooth 2c [cmt2c]) is an autosomal dominant motor and sensory neuropathy involving limb, diaphragm, vocal cord, and intercostal muscles.	2003	12682323
professional advantage and public health: british veterinarians and state veterinary services, 1865-1939.	at the beginning of the twentieth century, municipal authorities in england and wales, and in scotland, began to develop systems of veterinary public health which encompassed both the welfare of animals and the safety of meat and milk intended for human consumption. this paper examines the motives behind veterinary attempts to extend the integration of human and animal health considerations within the public health framework in the inter-war period. in 1938 the ministry of agriculture implemente ...	2003	12688295
the threat of climate change to freshwater pearl mussel populations.	changes in climate are occurring around the world and the effects on ecosystems will vary, depending on the extent and nature of these changes. in northern europe, experts predict that annual rainfall will increase significantly, along with dramatic storm events and flooding in the next 50-100 years. scotland is a stronghold of the endangered freshwater pearl mussel, margaritifera margaritifera (l.), and a number of populations may be threatened. for example, large floods have been shown to adve ...	2003	12691490
anaesthetists' non-technical skills (ants): evaluation of a behavioural marker system.	non-technical skills are critical for good anaesthetic practice but are not addressed explicitly in normal training. realization of the need to train and assess these skills is growing, but these activities must be based on properly developed skills frameworks and validated measurement tools. a prototype behavioural marker system was developed using human factors research techniques. the aim of this study was to conduct an experimental evaluation to establish its basic psychometric properties an ...	2003	12697584
william porterfield (ca. 1696-1771) and his phantom limb: an overlooked first self-report by a man of medicine.	early reports of phantom limbs by ambroise paré and rené descartes were based on second- or third-hand descriptions provided by amputees. william porterfield (ca. 1696-1771) was a prominent scottish physician and was possibly the first man of medicine to write about his experiences after having a leg amputated. porterfield was an authority on vision; he devised the first optometer and examined accommodation after cataract operations. rather than using the phenomenon of a phantom limb to question ...	2003	12699565
henry wade (1876-1955) and cancer research: early years in the life of a pioneer of urological surgery.	this paper describes the microscopic studies of human and experimental cancers made by henry wade during the years 1904-9. william ford robertson, his mentor, and wade claimed to have discovered a microbial cause of human cancer. the claim was at once fiercely disputed. wade turned to the investigation of a transmissible sarcoma of the dog, during which he demonstrated an early form of immune transplant rejection. he also undertook studies of hodgkin's disease. later in life, wade established ur ...	2003	12717535
first rotavirus, now astrovirus: the evolving benefits of rt-pcr.	we compared rt-pcr and a newly developed amplified eia for the detection of human astrovirus (hastv) in 48 stool samples taken from children of less than five years of age with gastroenteritis. the rt-pcr classified more samples as positive than the eia (18 versus 8). without sensitive diagnosis, infection control policies will be disadvantaged and the true economic burden of hastv underestimated.	2003	12736977
the identification of a us serviceman recovered from the holy loch, scotland.	during february and march 2000, human remains were recovered from the holy loch, scotland. police enquiries identified 13 males that had gone missing, presumed drowned in the holy loch or the adjoining lochs, over the previous 35 years. osteological examination of the remains established they were from a male, aged between 15 and 23 and 168-174 cm tall. this information eliminated ten of the known missing persons. dna profiles, both str and mitochondrial were generated from the remains and compa ...	2003	12744005
multilocus genotyping of cryptosporidium parvum type 2: population genetics and sub-structuring.	cryptosporidium parvum is an intracellular protozoan parasite that infects the gastrointestinal tract of humans and other mammals. it has significant economic importance as a pathogen of livestock and, as there is no effective treatment or vaccine available, understanding transmission routes and identifying sources of infection is key to preventing future outbreaks and controlling this disease. in this study we have determined the multilocus genotype (mlg) of 240 c. parvum type 2 (bovine) isolat ...	2003	14522184
a polymorphism of the cholesteryl ester transfer protein gene predicts cardiovascular events in non-smokers in the west of scotland coronary prevention study.	the association of cholesteryl ester transfer protein (cetp) gene polymorphisms with risk of a cardiovascular event and whether any association was explained by an influence on high-density lipoprotein (hdl) levels or low-density lipoprotein (ldl) size was tested in the west of scotland coronary prevention study (woscops). gene-smoking and gene-treatment interactions were investigated.	2003	14563342
man convicted of grievous bodily harm for infecting two women with hiv.		2003	14576243
epidemiology of salmonella enterica serovars enteritidis and typhimurium in animals and people in scotland between 1990 and 2001.	two serovars of salmonella which are currently of particular importance in both human and animal infections are salmonella enterica serovars enteritidis phage type 4 (pt4) and typhimurium definitive type 104 (dt104). this paper describes the trends in the relationships between the levels of infection of people and a range of farm animal species with these two serovars and explores some of the reasons behind them. in 1996, there was a peak of 520 reports of s typhimurium dt104 infection in people ...	2003	14620550
the population structure of mycobacterium bovis in great britain: clonal expansion.	we have analyzed 11,500 isolates of mycobacterium bovis (the cause of tuberculosis in cattle and other mammals) isolated in great britain (england, wales and scotland)] and characterized by spoligotype. genetic exchange between cells is rare or absent in strains of the mycobacterium tuberculosis complex so that, by using spoligotypes, it is possible to recognize "clones" with a recent common ancestor. the distribution of variable numbers of tandem repeats types in the most common clone in the da ...	2003	14657373
how should we evaluate patient access to their own records? an example with cancer patients in scotland.	government policy in many european countries now assumes that patients should have access to their own medical records. increasingly such access can be used as one method of tailoring a wide range of information to the patient. process evaluation, to ensure that human computer interfaces of such systems are appropriate, is needed during their design and implementation. however, studies to assess the impact on health outcomes are relatively expensive and time consuming so are they worth doing? we ...	2003	14663979