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effect of secondhand cigarette smoke, rsv bronchiolitis and parental asthma on urinary cysteinyl lte4.cysteinyl leukotrienes promote airway inflammation, bronchoconstriction and mucus hypersecretion. cigarette smoking and respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) bronchiolitis are known to increase urinary cysteinyl leukotriene e4 (ulte4), the end product of the cysteinyl leukotriene biosynthetic pathway. we tested the following hypotheses: (1) secondhand smoke (shs) exposure increases ulte4 in well infants and in those hospitalized for rsv bronchiolitis; (2) length of hospital stay for those with rsv b ...200818615667
soluble g protein of respiratory syncytial virus inhibits toll-like receptor 3/4-mediated ifn-beta induction.monocyte-derived dendritic cells (mdcs) recognize viral rna extrinsically by toll-like receptor (tlr) 3 on the membrane and intrinsically retinoic acid-inducible gene i (rig-i)/melanoma differentiation-associated gene 5 (mda5) in the cytoplasm to induce type i ifns and mdc maturation. when mdcs were treated with live or uv-irradiated respiratory syncytial virus (rsv), early ( approximately 4 h) induction of ifn-beta usually occurs in other virus infections was barely observed. live rsv subsequen ...200818611945
epidemiologic, experimental, and clinical links between respiratory syncytial virus infection and asthma.virtually all children experience respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) infection at least once during the first 2 years of life, but only a few develop bronchiolitis and more severe disease requiring hospitalization, usually in the first 6 months of life. children who recover from rsv-induced bronchiolitis are at increased risk for the development of recurrent wheeze and asthma in later childhood. recent studies suggest that there is an association between rsv-induced bronchiolitis and asthma withi ...200818625684
clinical relevance of prevention of respiratory syncytial virus lower respiratory tract infection in preterm infants born between 33 and 35 weeks gestational age.premature infants are vulnerable to severe respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) lower respiratory tract infection (lrti) resulting in hospitalisation and the potential for longer-term respiratory morbidity. whilst the severity and consequence of rsv lrti are generally accepted and recognised in infants born <or=32 weeks gestational age (ga), there is less acknowledgment of the potential consequences in infants born 33-35 weeks ga. however, there is a growing body of evidence suggesting that infants ...200818629558
[spanish multidisciplinary consensus on the prevention of respiratory syncytial virus infection in children].a certain degree of feasibility exists in spanish clinical practice with respect to interventions performed to prevent paediatric respiratory infection by rsv, including hygienic measures and intramuscular immunoprophylaxis with palivizumab. this task involves different paediatric specialties that may have a different perception of the magnitude of the problem and different professional criteria regarding the most appropriate actions.200818620681
respiratory syncytial virus uses a vps4-independent budding mechanism controlled by rab11-fip2.respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) infects polarized epithelia, which have tightly regulated trafficking because of the separation and maintenance of the apical and basolateral membranes. previously we established a link between the apical recycling endosome (are) and the assembly of rsv. the current studies tested the role of a major are-associated protein, rab11 family interacting protein 2 (fip2) in the virus life cycle. a dominant-negative form of fip2 lacking its n-terminal c2 domain reduced ...200818621683
a cre-loxp-based mouse model for conditional somatic gene expression and knockdown in vivo by using avian retroviral vectors.site- and time-specific somatic gene transfer by using the avian sarcoma-leukosis retrovirus rcas (replication-competent avian sarcoma-leukosis virus long terminal repeat with splice acceptor) has been shown to be a powerful tool to analyze gene function in vivo. rcas retroviruses that express the avian subgroup a envelope transduce only mammalian cells genetically engineered to express the avian retroviral receptor, tumor virus a (tva). here, we generated a knockin mouse line termed lsl-r26(tva ...200818621715
cxcl10/cxcr3-mediated responses promote immunity to respiratory syncytial virus infection by augmenting dendritic cell and cd8(+) t cell efficacy.the induction of inflammatory cytokines during respiratory viral infections contributes to both disease pathogenesis and resolution. the present studies investigated the role of the chemokine cxcl10 and its specific receptor, cxcr3, in the host response to pulmonary respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) infection. antibody-mediated neutralization of cxcl10 resulted in a significant increase in disease pathogenesis, including airway hyperresponsiveness (ahr), mucus gene expression, and impaired viral ...200818624292
pulmonary eosinophilia requires interleukin-5, eotaxin-1, and cd4+ t cells in mice immunized with respiratory syncytial virus g glycoprotein.severe illness, type 2 cytokine production, and pulmonary eosinophilia are adverse immune responses resulting from respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) challenge of vvgs-immunized mice. we have shown il-4 and il-13 activity must be simultaneously inhibited to reduce disease severity. we now address the contributions of il-5, eotaxin-1, and cd4+ and cd8+ t cells to the induction of disease-enhancing immune responses. depletion of cd4+ t cells during immunization prevented il-4, il-13, and eotaxin-1 ...200818519743
t helper lymphocyte response to respiratory syncytial virus and its components in patients with respiratory allergy and nonatopic controls.respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) g protein is involved in th2-shifted immune response, while f protein has a reverse effect on rsv infection in th2-prone balb/c mice. studies on the human t cell response to f or g protein are few, and the relationship between the immune response to g protein and atopy is not known.200818520155
frequent detection of viral coinfection in children hospitalized with acute respiratory tract infection using a real-time polymerase chain reaction.respiratory viruses are the main cause of acute respiratory tract infection (ari) in children. real-time polymerase chain reaction (pcr) technology is highly practicable for the rapid detection of viral pathogens. the simultaneous detection of a broad spectrum of viruses enables the diagnosis and evaluation of viral coinfection in ari.200818520973
clinical predictors of respiratory syncytial virus infection in children.the aim of this study was to develop a clinical prediction model that identifies respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) infection in infants and young children.200818533951
respiratory viruses in acute respiratory tract infections in western india.to study the circulation pattern of respiratory viruses in out patients department (opd) and hospitalized children with acute respiratory tract infection.200818536887
upper respiratory virus detection without parent-reported illness in children is virus-specific.viral upper respiratory tract infection (vuri) may or may not present with a cold/flu-like illness (cfli).200818538629
infection of mice with respiratory syncytial virus during neonatal life primes for enhanced antibody and t cell responses on secondary challenge.primary neonatal immune responses to infection or vaccines are weak when compared with those of adults. in addition, memory responses of neonatally primed animals may be absent, weak or t helper type 2 (th2)-biased. respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) is an important pathogen of human infants and infection during the neonatal period has been linked to the development of asthma in later life. here we report that acute intranasal infection of neonatal mice with rsv induces significant rsv-specific a ...200818549446
respiratory syncytial virus induces rela release from cytoplasmic 100-kda nf-kappa b2 complexes via a novel retinoic acid-inducible gene-i{middle dot}nf- kappa b-inducing kinase signaling pathway.respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) is a primary cause of severe lower respiratory tract infection in children worldwide. rsv infects airway epithelial cells, where it activates inflammatory genes via the nf-kappab pathway. nf-kappab is controlled by two pathways, a canonical pathway that releases sequestered rela complexes from the ikappabalpha inhibitor, and a second, the noncanonical pathway, that releases relb from the 100-kda nf-kappab2 complex. recently we found that the retinoic acid-induci ...200818550535
cellular la protein shields nonsegmented negative-strand rna viral leader rna from rig-i and enhances virus growth by diverse mechanisms.the la antigen (ss-b) associates with a wide variety of cellular and viral rnas to affect gene expression in multiple systems. we show that la is the major cellular protein found to be associated with the abundant 44-nucleotide viral leader rna (lerna) early after infection with respiratory syncytial virus (rsv), a nonsegmented negative-strand rna virus. consistent with this, la redistributes from the nucleus to the cytoplasm in rsv-infected cells. upon rna interference knockdown of la, lerna is ...200818550659
genetic delivery of an anti-rsv antibody to protect against pulmonary infection with rsv.respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) is a common cause of severe lower respiratory tract infections. protection against infection with rsv can be achieved by monthly administration of the humanized monoclonal antibody palivizumab. the present study analyzes if genetic delivery of a murine version of palivizumab by single administration would achieve high-level and sustained antibody expression to protect mice against pulmonary infection with rsv. a murine version of the palivizumab antibody was con ...200818556039
development and validation of a risk scoring tool to predict respiratory syncytial virus hospitalization in premature infants born at 33 through 35 completed weeks of gestation.the purpose of the study was to develop and validate a clinical instrument predicting the risk of respiratory syncytial virus (rsv)-associated hospitalization (rsv-h) in premature infants born at 33 through 35 completed weeks of gestation (33-35ga).200818556643
long-term care facilities: a cornucopia of viral pathogens.to determine the frequency and types of respiratory viruses circulating in boston long-term care facilities (ltcfs) during a 3-year period.200818557966
role of respiratory pathogens in infants hospitalized for a first episode of wheezing and their impact on recurrences.in order to evaluate the infectious agents associated with the first episode of severe acute wheezing in otherwise healthy infants and to define the role of each of them in recurrences, 85 patients in italy, aged <12 months, hospitalized because of a first acute episode of wheezing, were prospectively enrolled between 1 october 2005 and 31 march 2006. upon enrollment, nasopharyngeal swabs were collected for the real-time pcr detection of respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) types a and b, influenza ...200818558940
nonstructural proteins 1 and 2 of respiratory syncytial virus suppress maturation of human dendritic cells.human respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) is the most important agent of serious pediatric respiratory tract disease worldwide. one of the main characteristics of rsv is that it readily reinfects and causes disease throughout life without the need for significant antigenic change. the virus encodes nonstructural protein 1 (ns1) and ns2, which are known to suppress type i interferon (ifn) production and signaling. in the present study, we monitored the maturation of human monocyte-derived myeloid d ...200818562519
the effects of alternate polypurine tracts (ppts) and mutations of sequences adjacent to the ppt on viral replication and cleavage specificity of the rous sarcoma virus reverse transcriptase.we previously reported that a mutant rous sarcoma virus (rsv) with an alternate polypurine tract (ppt), duckhepbflipppt, had unexpectedly high titers and that the ppt was miscleaved primarily at one position following a ga dinucleotide by the rnase h of reverse transcriptase (rt). this miscleavage resulted in a portion of the 3' end of the ppt (5'-atgta) being added to the end of u3 of the linear viral dna. to better understand the rnase h cleavage by rsv rt, we made a number of mutations within ...200818562520
wheezing rhinovirus illnesses in early life predict asthma development in high-risk children.virus-induced wheezing episodes in infancy often precede the development of asthma. whether infections with specific viral pathogens confer differential future asthma risk is incompletely understood.200818565953
role of human beta-defensin-2 during tumor necrosis factor-alpha/nf-kappab-mediated innate antiviral response against human respiratory syncytial virus.human respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) constitutes a highly pathogenic virus that infects lung epithelial cells to cause a wide spectrum of respiratory diseases. our recent studies have revealed the existence of an interferon-alpha/beta-independent, innate antiviral response against rsv that was dependent on activation of nf-kappab. we demonstrated that nf-kappab inducing pro-inflammatory cytokines like tumor necrosis factor-alpha (tnf) confers potent antiviral function against rsv in an nf-kap ...200818567888
rsv 2007: recent advances in respiratory syncytial virus research.the sixth international respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) symposium was held from october 25 through october 28, 2007 in marco island, florida. during this conference, over 200 students and investigators representing 16 countries convened to present and discuss recent advancements in rsv research. presentations ranged from bench to bedside studies encompassing aspects of basic virology, pathogenesis, and immunology, as well as therapeutic and vaccine designs. in total, there were 12 invited spea ...200818570587
clinical characteristics of human bocavirus infections compared with other respiratory viruses in spanish children.human bocavirus (hbov) can be found in a substantial proportion of children with respiratory tract diseases. the relative importance of hbov in viral respiratory tract illnesses is not yet well known.200818574440
study of montelukast for the treatment of respiratory symptoms of post-respiratory syncytial virus bronchiolitis in children.a pilot study (bisgaard h; study group on montelukast and respiratory syncytial virus. a randomized trial of montelukast in respiratory syncytial virus postbronchiolitis. am j respir crit care med 2003;167:379-383) reported the efficacy of montelukast in post-respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) bronchiolitic respiratory symptoms.200818583576
a one-step real time rt-pcr assay for quantifying rice stripe virus in rice and in the small brown planthopper (laodelphax striatellus fallen).rice stripe virus (rsv) is an important pathogen affecting rice production in subtropical and temperate regions. one-step real time rt-pcr methods using the taqman probe are described for quantitative detection of rsv in rice tissues and in laodelphax striatellus fallen, the small brown planthopper (sbph). primers and probe for specific detection of rsv were designed within the conserved region identified within the coat protein (cp) gene sequence. a dna fragment was amplified for mimicking the ...200818586332
effects of repeated respiratory syncytial virus infections on pulmonary dendritic cells in a murine model of allergic asthma.primary and secondary respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) infection differentially regulates preexisting allergic airway inflammation.200818594149
comparison of bd directigen ez rsv and binax now rsv tests for rapid detection of respiratory syncytial virus from nasopharyngeal aspirates in a pediatric population.the bd directigen ez rsv (bd) assay and the binax now rsv (bn) assays are lateral flow immunochromatographic assays used in the rapid diagnosis of respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) infection. a prospective study was undertaken to compare the performance characteristics of the bd and bn assays using 99 fresh nasopharyngeal aspirate specimens from children. all specimens were cultured by tube cultures and r-mix shell vials. culture-negative specimens that tested positive by 1 or both antigen tests ...200818597969
infection with respiratory syncytial virus alters peptidergic innervation in the lower airways of guinea-pigs.to probe the mechanisms by which respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) infection in early life forms an important risk factor for the development of chronic asthma, an airway hyper-responsiveness (ahr) animal model of guinea-pigs with persistent rsv infection was established by intranasal instillation of 2 x 10(5) plaque-forming units rsv. on days 0, 7, 28, 42 and 60 postinoculation, the rsv copy numbers, airway function and peptidergic innervation were measured in the peripheral airways. the result ...200818603600
differential recruitment of dendritic cells and monocytes to respiratory mucosal sites in children with influenza virus or respiratory syncytial virus infection.influenza virus and respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) are among the most common viruses causing infections of the lower respiratory tract in young children. although there are important differences in the immunopathogenesis of these 2 viral pathogens, little is known about how they affect antigen-presenting cells in children with acute infections.200818847373
respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) attachment and nonstructural proteins modify the type i interferon response associated with suppressor of cytokine signaling (socs) proteins and ifn-stimulated gene-15 (isg15).respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) is a major cause of severe lower airway disease in infants and young children, but no safe and effective rsv vaccine is yet available. factors attributing to this problem are associated with an incomplete understanding of the mechanisms by which rsv modulates the host cell response to infection. in the present study, we investigate suppressor of cytokine signaling (socs)-1 and socs3 expression associated with the type i ifn and ifn-stimulated gene (isg)-15 respo ...200818851747
protective effect of a rsv subunit vaccine candidate g1f/m2 was enhanced by a hsp70-like protein in mice.respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) is a major respiratory pathogen in newborns. neonate vaccine should induce strong protective immunity. we have engineered a subunit vaccine candidate g1f/m2. a major problem in developing subunit vaccines is their limited immunogenicity. aluminium adjuvants with a long history of use with routine childhood vaccines have some limitations, especially inability to elicit ctl response. there is a need for alternative adjuvants. heat shock proteins (hsps) are charact ...200818851947
human genetic factors and respiratory syncytial virus disease severity.summary: to explain the wide spectrum of disease severity caused by respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) and because of the limitations of animal models to fully parallel human rsv disease, study of genetic influences on human rsv disease severity has begun. candidate gene approaches have demonstrated associations of severe rsv in healthy infants with genetic polymorphisms that may alter the innate ability of humans to control rsv (surfactants, toll-like receptor 4, cell surface adhesion molecules, ...200818854487
comparison of the safety and immunogenicity of 2 respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) vaccines--nonadjuvanted vaccine or vaccine adjuvanted with alum--given concomitantly with influenza vaccine to high-risk elderly individuals.respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) has been recognized recently as an important adult pathogen.200818855558
the cost-effectiveness of palivizumab for respiratory syncytial virus prophylaxis in premature infants with a gestational age of 32-35 weeks: a canadian-based analysis .prophylactic therapy with palivizumab, a humanized monoclonal antibody, has been shown to reduce the number of respiratory syncytial virus (rsv)-related hospitalizations in preterm infants, including those in the 32-35 weeks' gestational age (ga) subgroup. the cost-effectiveness of this therapy in canada is unknown.200818928643
wheezing illness caused by respiratory syncytial virus and other agents.respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) and other pathogenic agents cause lower respiratory infection with wheezing in infants (wheezing illness in infancy). wheezing illness in infancy due to rsv can be life-threatening and can induce recurrent wheezing; but these events can also be produced by infection by other pathogenic agents. thus, whether rsv induces more severe wheezing illness in infancy remains poorly understood.200818937754
mavs and myd88 are essential for innate immunity but not cytotoxic t lymphocyte response against respiratory syncytial virus.infection by rna viruses is detected by the host through toll-like receptors or rig-i-like receptors. toll-like receptors and rig-i-like receptors signal through the adaptors myd88 and mavs, respectively, to induce type i ifns (ifn-i) and other antiviral molecules, which are thought to be essential for activating the adaptive immune system. we investigated the role of these adaptors in innate and adaptive immune responses against respiratory syncytial virus (rsv), a common human pathogen. deleti ...200818780793
[toll-like receptor 4 expression and function of respiratory syncytial virus-infected airway epithelial cells].to observe the epithelial toll like receptor (tlr)4 expression changes and the signaling pathway function after respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) infection and to explore the mechanisms of rsv-induced airway inflammation.200818785522
the challenge of respiratory virus infections in hematopoietic cell transplant recipients.respiratory virus infections in hematopoietic cell transplant (hct) recipients are a major cause of morbidity and mortality. while respiratory syncytial virus (rsv), human metapneumovirus, parainfluenzaviruses, and influenza viruses are well known for their potential to cause fatal pneumonia, information has only recently emerged regarding the significance of the newly discovered viruses, such as human coronaviruses nl63 and hku1, and human bocavirus. lymphopenia seems to be the most important r ...200818785968
differential regulation of gm1 and asialo-gm1 expression by t cells and natural killer (nk) cells in respiratory syncytial virus infection.we previously reported that respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) infection increases lung cd8(+) t cell gm1 expression. the related lipid asialo-gm1 (asgm1) is expressed by t cells in viral infection and by natural killer (nk) cells. the in vivo co-expression of gm1 and asgm1 by immune cells is not defined. here we analyzed lung lymphocyte gm1 and asgm1 expression in rsv-infected mice. gm1 and asgm1 were coordinately upregulated by activated cd8(+) t cells in rsv-infected balb/c and c57bl/6 mice. i ...200818788941
prevalence and clinical aspects of respiratory syncytial virus a and b groups in children seen at hospital de clínicas of uberlândia, mg, brazil.respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) is well recognized as the most important pathogen causing acute respiratory disease in infants and young children, mainly in the form of bronchiolitis and pneumonia. two major antigenic groups, a and b, have been identified; however, there is disagreement about the severity of the diseases caused by these two types. this study investigated a possible association between rsv groups and severity of disease. reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction was used ...200818797752
experience with the use of palivizumab together with infection control measures to prevent respiratory syncytial virus outbreaks in neonatal intensive care units.respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) frequently causes nosocomial outbreaks in general paediatric wards and occasionally in neonatal intensive care units (nicus). conventional infection control measures often fail to prevent the spread of rsv, and it can cause significant morbidity especially in preterm and young infants. we report our experience in preventing an outbreak on a nicu after rsv had been detected in a premature infant. the index case was a 34-day-old premature infant who presented with ...200818799241
impairment of the cd8+ t cell response in lungs following infection with human respiratory syncytial virus is specific to the anatomical site rather than the virus, antigen, or route of infection.a subset of the virus-specific cd8+ cytotoxic t lymphocytes (ctl) isolated from the lungs of mice infected with human respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) is impaired in the ability to secrete interferon gamma (ifngamma), a measure of functionality. it was suggested that the impairment specifically suppressed the host cellular immune response, a finding that could help explain the ability of rsv to re-infect throughout life.200818816384
respiratory syncytial virus impairs t cell activation by preventing synapse assembly with dendritic cells.respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) infection is one of the leading causes of infant hospitalization and a major health and economic burden worldwide. infection with this virus induces an exacerbated innate proinflammatory immune response characterized by abundant immune cell infiltration into the airways and lung tissue damage. rsv also impairs the induction of an adequate adaptive t cell immune response, which favors virus pathogenesis. unfortunately, to date there are no efficient vaccines agai ...200818818306
identification of a movement protein of the tenuivirus rice stripe virus.rice stripe virus (rsv) is the type member of the genus tenuivirus. rsv has four single-stranded rnas and causes severe disease in rice fields in different parts of china. to date, no reports have described how rsv spreads within host plants or the viral and/or host factor(s) required for tenuivirus movement. we investigated functions of six rsv-encoded proteins using trans-complementation experiments and biolistic bombardment. we demonstrate that nsvc4, encoded by rsv rna4, supports the interce ...200818818319
rna interference inhibits respiratory syncytial virus replication and disease pathogenesis without inhibiting priming of the memory immune response.respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) is a major cause of morbidity in infants, young children, and the elderly worldwide. currently, there is no effective vaccine, and antiviral drugs to control infection are limited. rna interference is a powerful tool amenable to development of antiviral drugs. using small interfering rna (sirna) targeting the rsv p gene (sirna-p), rsv replication can be silenced both in vitro and in a balb/c model of rsv infection. in this study, we examine the effect of sirna p ...200818818323
current status of vaccines for parainfluenza virus infections.parainfluenza viruses (piv) have been generally disregarded as pathogens in spite of their importance in pediatric lower respiratory illness. because pivs account for 17% of hospitalized illness associated virus isolation, the development of piv vaccine would be a major advance in preventing lower respiratory tract infection in infants and young children. we will review in detail several piv vaccine candidates and recent newer approaches to piv vaccine development. intranasally administered bovi ...200818820572
development of recombinant sendai virus vaccines for prevention of human parainfluenza and respiratory syncytial virus infections.respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) and human parainfluenza viruses (hpivs) are the most important causes of hospitalization for viral respiratory tract diseases in infants and young children. unfortunately, there are currently no licensed vaccines for prevention of these infections. researchers at st. jude children's research hospital are now developing sendai virus (sv), a natural respiratory pathogen of mice, as a jennerian vaccine for hpiv-1, and as a vaccine backbone for the prevention of rsv ...200818820573
respiratory syncytial virus persistence: evidence in the mouse model.several studies have described a clear association between respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) lower respiratory tract infection in infancy and the subsequent development of persistent wheezing in children. using the mouse model we demonstrated that rsv induces long-term airway disease characterized by chronic airway inflammation and airway hyperreactivity (ahr). the rsv murine model offers great advantages to study the immunopathogenesis of rsv-induced long-term airway disease. mice can be challe ...200818820580
respiratory syncytial virus persistence in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) is predominantly recognized as a pediatric pathogen although sensitive molecular diagnostic techniques have led to its more frequent detection in some adult settings. in some studies rsv has been detected just as frequently in stable chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (copd) patients as in those suffering disease exacerbations, leading to the suggestion that rsv may persist in copd. although some studies have found negligible rsv in stable copd, others have d ...200818820581
lung dendritic cells in respiratory syncytial virus bronchiolitis.respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) bronchiolitis, an important respiratory disease in infancy, is thought to be caused by severe inflammation of the small peripheral airways and has been associated with the development of recurrent wheeze, childhood asthma, and early allergen sensitization. both innate and adaptive immune responses are thought to contribute to the development of bronchiolitis in rsv infection. if vaccination and specific therapy for bronchiolitis, which are currently lacking, are ...200818820586
respiratory syncytial virus and influenza virus infections: observations from tissues of fatal infant cases.respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) and influenza virus are common causes of infantile lower respiratory tract infection (lrti). it is widely believed that both viral replication and inappropriately enhanced immune responses contribute to disease severity. in infants, rsv lrti is known to be more severe than influenza virus lrti. we compared cytokines and chemokines in secretions of infants surviving various forms of respiratory illness caused by rsv or influenza viruses, to determine which mediat ...200818820587
development of a piv-vectored rsv vaccine: preclinical evaluation of safety, toxicity, and enhanced disease and initial clinical testing in healthy adults.medi-534 is a bivalent live attenuated vaccine candidate against human respiratory syncytial virus (hrsv) and human parainfluenza virus type 3 (hpiv3) that was previously shown to be immunogenic and to protect rodents and african green monkeys from wild-type (wt) hrsv challenge. we performed further preclinical evaluations to address the safety of medi-534 prior to human testing. medi-534 did not predispose rodents to enhanced rsv disease following wt-rsv challenge, and the tissue tropism of the ...200818822334
[common viral etiologies of community acquired lower respiratory tract infections in young children and their relationship with long term complications].viral lower respiratory tract infections (lrtis) and their late complications are important causes of morbidity and mortality in childhood. the aims of this study were the detection of viral agents that cause community-acquired lrtis in young children and investigation of the relationship between viral etiology and bronchiolitis obliterans (bo) which is one of the late complications of lrtis. a total of 151 children (86 male, 65 female; mean age: 2.9 +/- 1.9 years) who were diagnosed to have lrt ...200818822886
[investigation of viral nucleic acids in middle-ear effusion specimens from children with acute otitis media].acute otitis media with effusion (ome) is one of the major causes of antibiotic use, indication for operation and hearing loss in children. in two third of the cases the etiologic agents are bacteria. nonetheless, increasing numbers of reports have implicated viruses as etiologic agents that may have some effect on prognosis of ome. the aim of this study was to investigate the presence of nucleic acids of respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) type a and b, influenza type a virus, adenovirus, cytomeg ...200818822887
isolation, characterization, molecular cloning and modeling of a new lipid transfer protein with antiviral and antiproliferative activities from narcissus tazetta.a fetuin-binding peptide with a molecular mass of about 9kda (designated ntp) was isolated and purified from the bulbs of chinese daffodil, narcissus tazetta var. chinensis l., by gel filtration and high-performance liquid chromatography, after removing the mannose-binding proteins by mannose-agarose column. molecular cloning revealed that ntp contained an open reading frame of 354bp encoding a polypeptide of 118 amino acids which included a 26-amino-acid signal peptide. an analysis of the deduc ...200818824058
viral pathogens in acute exacerbations of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.the objective of this study is to determine the prevalence of respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) and other viral respiratory pathogens in emergency department (ed) patients with acute exacerbations of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (aecopd). copd patients presenting to the ed with <10 days of aecopd symptoms were eligible. we used pcr to test nasal swabs for common viral respiratory pathogens. we completed viral studies on 76 patients from two eds. patients had a mean age of 72 years, and ...200818825480
respiratory syncytial virus persistence in the lungs correlates with airway hyperreactivity in the mouse model.previous studies in mice showed that respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) infection was associated with rsv rna persistence. this study was designed to characterize the significance of rsv rna persistence and its relation to rsv-induced chronic airway disease.200818828742
mixed respiratory virus infections.mixed respiratory viral infections are double negative common and evidence that they are associated with severe disease is supported by some groups. this controversial observation can be explained by the lack of sensitivity of the assessed methods used for viral identification and by the small number of patients included in the randomized cohorts studied. most studies showed that respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) is identified in about 70% of hospitalized infants with bronchiolitis during season ...200818829380
human bocavirus infection in children with respiratory tract disease.human bocavirus (hbov) is a ubiquitous, newly described member of the parvoviridae family frequently detected in the respiratory tract of children, but only few reports provide data proving the link between hbov and respiratory tract disease (rtd).200818833027
inhibition of g1p3 expression found in the differential display study on respiratory syncytial virus infection.respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) is the leading viral pathogen associated with bronchiolitis and lower respiratory tract disease in infants and young children worldwide. the respiratory epithelium is the primary initiator of pulmonary inflammation in rsv infections, which cause significant perturbations of global gene expression controlling multiple cellular processes. in this study, differential display reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction amplification was performed to examine mrna ...200818838000
oxygen-independent stabilization of hypoxia inducible factor (hif)-1 during rsv infection.background: hypoxia-inducible factor 1 (hif)-1alpha is a transcription factor that functions as master regulator of mammalian oxygen homeostasis. in addition, recent studies identified a role for hif-1alpha as transcriptional regulator during inflammation or infection. based on studies showing that respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) is among the most potent biological stimuli to induce an inflammatory milieu, we hypothesized a role of hif-1alpha as transcriptional regulator during infections with ...200818839041
clinical disease and viral load in children infected with respiratory syncytial virus or human metapneumovirus.the relationship between respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) and human metapneumovirus (hmpv) quantity in respiratory secretions and severity of illness in children remains unclear. we assessed the effect of hmpv and rsv viral load as determined by reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction on disease characteristics. data were abstracted from medical records of 418 children with rsv and 81 children with hmpv; associations were evaluated in multivariate analyses, both continuously and compari ...200818842376
the secreted form of respiratory syncytial virus g glycoprotein helps the virus evade antibody-mediated restriction of replication by acting as an antigen decoy and through effects on fc receptor-bearing leukocytes.respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) readily infects and reinfects during infancy and throughout life, despite maternal antibodies and immunity from prior infection and without the need for significant antigenic change. rsv has two neutralization antigens, the f and g virion glycoproteins. g is expressed in both membrane-bound (mg) and secreted (sg) forms. we investigated whether sg might act as a decoy for neutralizing antibodies by comparing the in vitro neutralization of wild-type (wt) rsv versu ...200818842713
pulmonary immunity and immunopathology: lessons from respiratory syncytial virus.respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) is the leading cause of severe respiratory disease in infants and is an important source of morbidity and mortality in the elderly and immunocompromised. this review will discuss the humoral and cellular adaptive immune responses to rsv infection and how these responses are shaped in the immature immune system of the infant and the aged environment of the elderly. furthermore, we will provide an overview of our current understanding of the role the various arms ...200818844597
identification of antibody neutralization epitopes on the fusion protein of human metapneumovirus.human metapneumovirus (hmpv) is genetically related to respiratory syncytial virus (rsv); both cause respiratory tract illnesses ranging from a mild cough to bronchiolitis and pneumonia. the f protein-directed monoclonal antibody (mab) palivizumab has been shown to prevent severe lower respiratory tract rsv infection in animals and humans. we have previously reported on a panel of mabs against the hmpv f protein that neutralize hmpv in vitro and, in two cases, in vivo. here we describe the gener ...200819008400
strategies for preventing respiratory syncytial virus.prevention of respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) infection-crucial for decreasing the burden associated with this disease-is discussed.200819020197
hospital pharmacists' role in the prevention and management of respiratory syncytial virus.the role pharmacists play in managing respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) is discussed.200819020199
impact of respiratory syncytial virus in the united states.respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) infection is most common in infants and young children, with almost all children experiencing at least one infection by their second birthday.200819020201
identification and management of severe respiratory syncytial virus.identifying children at risk for severe respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) so that the most appropriate management strategies can be implemented, thereby reducing the morbidity associated with this disease, is discussed.200819020202
innate immune response and bronchiolitis and preschool recurrent wheeze.bronchiolitis and preschool recurrent wheeze (psrw) are common paediatric problems causing significant morbidity and mortality in the first years of life. respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) and rhinoviruses are the commonest pathogens associated with these illnesses. why some infants are severely affected, requiring admission to hospital, whilst others experience a simple cold is not fully understood: research has suggested that the innate immune response to these viruses is important. the innate ...200819026366
respiratory syncytial virus glycoproteins uptake occurs through clathrin-mediated endocytosis in a human epithelial cell line.cell-surface viral proteins most frequently enter the cell through clathrin or caveolae endocytosis. respiratory syncytial virus antigen internalization by immune cells is via caveolin, however, uptake of paramyxovirus cell membrane proteins by non-immune cells is done through clathrin-coated pits. in this work, the uptake of respiratory syncytial virus cell surface glycoproteins by non-immune human epithelial cells was investigated through indirect immunofluorescence with polyclonal anti-rsv an ...200818950517
potential anti-respiratory syncytial virus lead compounds from aglaia species.although the global prevalence of respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) infection, especially among infants and young children is on the increase, there are only limited therapeutic options for treatment of this disease. therefore, the search for novel antiviral inhibitors of rsv has become more intensive. in a pilot screening of eighteen compounds from various aglaia species for anti-rsv activity, we identified dammarenolic acid (ignt1), aglaiol (dupt1) and niloticin (cuct1) as potential anti-rsv c ...200818972843
new strategies for control of respiratory syncytial virus infection.to report on recent progress on the development and implementation of a vaccine against respiratory syncytial virus (rsv), on investigations of the mechanism of action of prophylactic antibodies and the potential for increased efficacy of those antibodies, and on candidate antiviral drugs against rsv.200818978532
macrophage impairment underlies airway occlusion in primary respiratory syncytial virus bronchiolitis.although respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) infection is the most important cause of bronchiolitis in infants, the pathogenesis of rsv disease is poorly described. we studied histopathologic changes in a panel of lung tissue specimens obtained from infants with fatal cases of primary rsv infection. in these tissues, airway occlusion with accumulations of infected, apoptotic cellular debris and serum protein was consistently observed. similar observations were found after rsv infection in new zeal ...200818980502
cutting edge: eosinophils do not contribute to respiratory syncytial virus vaccine-enhanced disease.respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) infection of balb/c mice previously immunized with a recombinant vaccinia virus (vacv) expressing the attachment (g) protein of rsv (vacvg) results in pulmonary eosinophilia, which mimics the response of formalin-inactivated rsv-vaccinated children, as well as increased weight loss, clinical illness, and enhanced pause (penh). we show that rsv infection of eosinophil-deficient mice previously immunized with vacvg results in the development of increased weight lo ...200818981084
use of the seeplex rv detection kit for surveillance of respiratory viral outbreaks in toronto, ontario, canada.the seeplex rv detection kit was used to identify specific respiratory viruses from specimens collected during respiratory outbreaks in the greater toronto area from 1 september 2007 to 1 february 2008. two hundred-thirty-one patient samples (nasopharyngeal swabs) were collected from 63 respiratory outbreaks. the distribution of outbreaks characterized by molecular means was: 30% (n=19) no identification; 52.5% (n=33) one pathogen; 14.5% (n=9) two pathogens; and 3% (n=2) three pathogens. in cont ...200818988931
a novel active respiratory syncytial virus surveillance system in the united states: variability in the local and regional incidence of infection.to characterize the onset, peak, and duration of the rsv season in major metropolitan areas in the united states as determined from laboratory test data collected by a novel rsv surveillance program (rsv alert), including regional and national trends.200818989237
persistent adenovirus-mediated thymidine kinase gene expression in ovarian cancer cells increases cell killing efficacy over time.adenovirus (adv)-mediated gene therapy with the thymidine kinase (tk) gene under control of the rous sarcoma virus (rsv) promotor followed by the administration of acyclovir has been established in vitro for the treatment of ovarian cancer cells and has been used as the basis for intraperitoneal phase i clinical trials. it is unclear how long a significant degree of transgene translation can be expected after adenovirus-mediated tk transduction, where the transcriptional complex is localized in ...200819035280
antiviral activity of benzimidazole derivatives. i. antiviral activity of 1-substituted-2-[(benzotriazol-1/2-yl)methyl]benzimidazoles.forty-three 2-[(benzotriazol-1/2-yl)methyl]benzimidazoles, bearing either linear (dialkylamino)alkyl- or bulkier (quinolizidin-1-yl)alkyl moieties at position 1, were evaluated in cell-based assays for cytotoxicity and antiviral activity against viruses representative of two of the three genera of the flaviviridae family, i.e. flaviviruses (yellow fever virus (yfv)) and pestiviruses (bovine viral diarrhoea virus (bvdv)), as hepaciviruses can hardly be used in routine cell-based assays. compounds ...200819035566
molecular characterization of strains of respiratory syncytial virus identified in a hematopoietic stem cell transplant outpatient unit over 2 years: community or nosocomial infection?respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) is recognized as the leading cause of nosocomial respiratory infection among hematopoietic stem cell transplant (hsct) recipients, causing considerable morbidity and mortality. rsv is easily transmitted by contact with contaminated surfaces, and in hsct units, more than 50% of rsv infections have been characterized as of nosocomial origin. from april 2001 to october 2002, rsv was identified by direct immunofluorescent assay in 42 symptomatic hsct recipients. sev ...200819041056
the number of respiratory syncytial virus (rsv)-specific memory cd8 t cells in the lung is critical for their ability to inhibit rsv vaccine-enhanced pulmonary eosinophilia.children that were administered a formalin-inactivated respiratory syncytial virus (fi-rsv) vaccine experienced enhanced respiratory disease, including pulmonary eosinophilia, after contracting a natural rsv infection. rsv vaccine-enhanced disease can be mimicked in balb/c mice immunized with either fi-rsv or with a recombinant vaccinia virus (vacv) expressing the rsv attachment (g) protein. we have recently demonstrated that memory cd8 t cells directed against the rsv immunodominant m2(82-90) e ...200819017987
the impact of laboratory characteristics on molecular detection of respiratory syncytial virus in a european multicentre quality control study.the performance of nucleic acid amplification techniques for detecting respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) was evaluated in 25 laboratories across europe by an external quality assessment study. in addition, factors related to the diagnostic performance of laboratories were explored. the results of this quality control study show that the performance of laboratories for rsv diagnosis in europe is good, with an overall correct score of 88%. the type of assay (nested or real-time pcr vs. commercial ...200819046164
immunoprophylaxis against respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) with palivizumab in children: a systematic review and economic evaluation.to systematically review the effectiveness and cost-effectiveness of palivizumab for the prevention of respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) in children and examine prognostic factors to determine whether subgroups can be identified with important differences in cost-effectiveness.200819049692
overcoming t cell-mediated immunopathology to achieve safe rsv vaccination.respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) is the leading cause of lower respiratory tract disease in young children. premature infants, immunocompromised individuals, and the elderly exhibit an increased risk for the development of severe disease after rsv infection. currently, there is not a safe and effective rsv vaccine available, in part due to our incomplete understanding of how severe immunopathology was induced following rsv infection of children previously immunized with a formalin-inactivated r ...200819057653
crystallization and preliminary x-ray analysis of the human respiratory syncytial virus nucleocapsid protein.human respiratory syncytial virus (hrsv) has a nonsegmented negative-stranded rna genome which is encapsidated by the hrsv nucleocapsid protein (hrsvn) that is essential for viral replication. hrsv is a common cause of respiratory infection in infants, yet no effective antiviral drugs to combat it are available. recent data from an experimental anti-hrsv compound, rsv-604, indicate that hrsvn could be the target site for drug action. here, the expression, purification and preliminary data collec ...200818997331
a predictive model for respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) hospitalisation of premature infants born at 33-35 weeks of gestational age, based on data from the spanish flip study.the aim of this study, conducted in europe, was to develop a validated risk factor based model to predict rsv-related hospitalisation in premature infants born 33-35 weeks' gestational age (ga).200819063742
antiviral activities of extracts from hong kong seaweeds.we extracted six hong kong brown seaweed species with hot water for their antiviral properties. the cytotoxicity and antiviral activity of these extracts were tested by mtt [3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenlytetrezolium bromide] method, cytopathic effect reduction assay, and plaque reduction assay. the antiviral effect was further determined by flow cytometric analysis. the results showed that most of these extracts inhibited the propagation of herpes simplex virus types 1 and 2 (hsv-1 an ...200819067465
[action of an active compound rg2-1 from radix gentianae on antirespiratory syncytial virus in vitro].to observe an action of an active compound rg2-1 from radix gentianae on the antirespiratory syncytial virus(rsv) in vitro.200819069662
protective t cell immunity against respiratory syncytial virus is efficiently induced by recombinant bcg.respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) is one of the leading causes of childhood hospitalization and a major health burden worldwide. unfortunately, because of an inefficient immunological memory, rsv infection provides limited immune protection against reinfection. furthermore, rsv can induce an inadequate th2-type immune response that causes severe respiratory tract inflammation and obstruction. it is thought that effective rsv clearance requires the induction of balanced th1-type immunity, involvi ...200819075247
high seroprevalence of human metapneumovirus infection in children in chongqing, china.the human metapneumovirus (hmpv) is a newly discovered respiratory viral pathogen that was first isolated in 2001 in the netherlands. its global distribution and long history of infection in humans have been well documented. in this study, we assessed the seropositivity of hmpv igg antibodies in children in chongqing, china.200819080178
comprehensive detection of causative pathogens using real-time pcr to diagnose pediatric community-acquired pneumonia.we have developed a real-time reverse transcription-pcr (rt-pcr) method to detect 13 respiratory viruses: influenza virus a and b; respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) subgroup a and b; parainfluenza virus (piv) 1, 2, and 3; adenovirus; rhinovirus (rv); enterovirus; coronavirus (oc43); human metapneumovirus (hmpv); and human bocavirus (hbov). the new method for detection of these viruses was applied simultaneously with real-time pcr for the detection of six bacterial pathogens in clinical samples f ...200819089556
respiratory syncytial virus activity-- united states, july 2007-december 2008.respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) is the most common cause of bronchiolitis and pneumonia in children aged <1 year and is a major cause of respiratory illness in older adults. rsv is transmitted person-to-person via close contact, droplets, and fomites. each year in the united states, an estimated 75,000-125,000 children aged <1 year are hospitalized with rsv. those at increased risk for hospitalization include premature infants meeting certain criteria and persons of any age with compromised re ...200819092759
[association of rantes gene promoter -28c/g polymorphism with respiratory syncytial virus bronchiolitis].respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) infects nearly all children under two years of age. it is poorly understood why a few children who were infected with rsv develop bronchiolitis that require hospital admission while most have a relatively minor illness. several recent studies have obtained some indications for the involvement of genetic heterogeneity in rsv bronchiolitis, implying that the clinical outcome of rsv infection perhaps is determined by genetic factors. regulated on activation, normal ...200819099677
[construction and preliminary panning of fab phage display antibody library against respiratory syncytial virus].to construct a human phage display antibody library, which will help to develop new drugs and vaccines against respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) and solve many of the issues that have limited the progression and application of murine monoclonal antibodies (mcabs) in the clinic. this can provide a platform for human antibody preparation and diagnosis, prophylaxis and therapy of rsv infection in children.200819102829
enhancement of mucosal and cellular immune response in mice by vaccination with respiratory syncytial virus dna encapsulated with transfersome.respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) is one of the principal causes of bronchiolitis and pneumonia in young children, and currently there is no safe and effective vaccine. dna vaccines encoding rsv surface glycoproteins are one option being examined. we evaluated the topical delivery of transfersome encapsulated dna vaccine for its ability to confer protection against rsv challenge in mice and to determine whether such delivery could induce strong and specific immunity against rsv. after topical va ...200819115938
irregular and semi-regular polyhedral models for rous sarcoma virus cores.whereas many viruses have capsids of uniquely defined sizes that observe icosahedral symmetry, retrovirus capsids are highly polymorphic. nevertheless, they may also be described as polyhedral foldings of a fullerene lattice on which the capsid protein (ca) is arrayed. lacking the high order of symmetry that facilitates the reconstruction of icosahedral capsids from cryo-electron micrographs, the three-dimensional structures of individual retrovirus capsids may be determined by cryo-electron tom ...200819122884
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