Publications

diarylsulfones, a novel class of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 integrase inhibitors.	a majority of reported human immunodeficiency virus type 1 integrase (hiv-1 in) inhibitors are polyhydroxylated aromatic compounds containing two phenyl rings separated by aliphatic or aromatic linkers. most inhibitors possessing a catechol moiety exhibit considerable toxicity in cellular assays. in an effort to identify nonhydroxylated analogs, a series of aromatic sulfones were tested for their ability to inhibit the 3' processing and strand transfer steps that are necessary for hiv replicatio ...	1997	9021196
encephalitozoon cuniculi microsporidiosis: infection of the brain, heart, kidneys, trachea, adrenal glands, and urinary bladder in a patient with aids.	a female aids patient, dying with widely disseminated encephalitozoon cuniculi microsporidiosis, cytomegalovirus (cmv) disease, and pneumocystis carinii infection, is described. indirect immunofluorescent antibody staining studies and molecular analyses identified the microsporidian as the dog strain of e. cuniculi. autopsy revealed necrotizing microsporidiosis of the adrenal glands and kidneys, with lesser involvement of the brain, heart, trachea, urinary bladder, spleen, and lymph nodes. cellu ...	1997	9021729
interpretation of chest radiographs in aids patients: usefulness of cd4 lymphocyte counts.	specific infections and neoplasms that are complications of acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (aids) occur within various cd4 lymphocyte count ranges. knowledge of how these counts correlate with radiographic appearances of these entities can limit the differential diagnosis because certain conditions are uncommon above a specific count. in patients with cd4 lymphocyte counts above 200 cells/mm3 and radiographic findings of cavitary and noncavitary consolidation, bacterial pneumonia and mycobac ...	1997	9017798
predictors of pneumocystis carinii pneumonia in hiv-infected persons. pulmonary complications of hiv infection study group.	the pulmonary complications of hiv infection study is a prospective, multicenter, observational study evaluating pulmonary disease among hiv-infected persons. for approximately 52 mo, 1,182 hiv-infected subjects were followed. all participants were evaluated for pulmonary disease on a predetermined schedule. there were 145 episodes of pneumocystis carinii pneumonia (pcp). low cd4 count correlated with risk of pcp (p < 0.0001); 79% had cd4 counts less than 100/microl and 95% had cd4 counts less t ...	1997	9001290
intensive care of patients with hiv infection: utilization, critical illnesses, and outcomes. pulmonary complications of hiv infection study group.	to examine intensive care unit (icu) admission rates and diagnoses of patients with hiv infection, and to determine the outcomes of different critical illnesses, we analyzed data derived from the 63 patients who were admitted to an icu from among the 1,130 adults with hiv infection who did not have aids at the time of enrollment in a multicenter prospective study. patients were admitted and treated according to the judgment of their physicians. during 4,298 patient-years of follow-up for the ent ...	1997	9001291
respiratory disease trends in the pulmonary complications of hiv infection study cohort. pulmonary complications of hiv infection study group.	we examined trends in the incidence of specific respiratory disorders in a multicenter cohort with progressive human immunodeficiency virus (hiv) disease during a 5-yr period. individuals with a wide range of hiv disease severity belonging to three transmission categories were evaluated at regular intervals and for episodic respiratory symptoms using standard diagnostic algorithms. yearly incidence rates of respiratory diagnoses were assessed in the cohort as a whole and according to cd4 count o ...	1997	9001292
biodiversity of pneumocystis carinii hominis: typing with different dna regions.	the purpose of this study was to identify the most useful gene for the detection of biodiversity of pneumocystis carinii hominis isolates and to compare samples from french and italian subjects. we studied 20 bronchoalveolar lavage fluid specimens from 20 human immunodeficiency virus-infected patients (10 french and 10 italian patients) with pneumocystis carinii pneumonia by dna sequencing of the thymidylate synthase (ts), 5s rrna, large-subunit mitochondrial rrna (mt lsu rrna), and internal tra ...	1997	9003601
temporary seronegativity in a human immunodeficiency virus type 1-infected man.	over a period of 3 months a human immunodeficiency virus 1 (hiv-1)-infected patient showed a sequence of positive-negative-positive anti-hiv screening test results. during this period the level of hiv p24 antigen declined and the hiv antibody pattern by western blot gradually became complete, suggesting recent hiv infection. however the patient's weight loss, esophageal candidiasis, and pneumocystis carinii pneumonia, together with the severely and persistently lowered cd4 cell counts and the ab ...	1997	8986953
chest radiograph interpretation of pneumocystis carinii pneumonia, bacterial pneumonia, and pulmonary tuberculosis in hiv-positive patients: accuracy, distinguishing features, and mimics.	the purpose of this study was to assess the accuracy of chest x-ray (cxr) interpretation in the diagnosis of pneumocystis carinii pneumonia (pcp), bacterial pneumonia (bp), and pulmonary tuberculosis (tb) in human immunodeficiency virus (hiv)-positive patients and to identify the frequency with which these infections mimic one another radiographically. the admitting cxrs of 153 hiv-positive patients with laboratory proven bp (n = 71), pcp (n = 73), and tb (n = 9) and those of 10 hiv-positive pat ...	1997	8989759
pulmonary complications of hiv infection.	with changes in epidemiology and the application of newer treatment and prophylactic regimens, the types of pulmonary diseases that occur in hiv-infected persons are changing. new ways to assess the progression of hiv disease and new antiretroviral treatments are available. increased survival is often coupled with worsening immunosuppression. overall mortality from pneumocystis carinii pneumonia is declining, but mortality from bacterial pneumonia and mycobacterial disease is increasing. infecti ...	1997	9193862
nocardiosis after bone marrow transplantation: a retrospective study.	to evaluate the spectrum of nocardiosis after marrow transplantation, we reviewed the medical records of 27 patients with nocardiosis who were treated at three centers, and we reviewed the findings of three cases reported in the literature. nocardial involvement was defined as invasive nocardiosis (n = 25), colonization (n = 4), or contamination (n = 1). the median time to the diagnosis of nocardiosis after marrow transplantation was 210 days. nocardia asteroides complex accounted for 96% of iso ...	1997	9195074
pneumocystis carinii pneumonia in asians and pacific islanders.		1997	9195100
diagnostic strategies for pneumocystis carinii pneumonia.	pneumocystis carinii is an opportunistic organism that is a common cause of pneumonia in immunocompromised patients. its life cycle begins when cysts rupture and release sporozoites, which mature into trophozoites that eventually form cysts. the diagnostic methods for p. carinii pneumonia (pcp) have progressed from open lung biopsy to bronchoalveolar lavage (bal) and induced sputum analysis (isa). detection of p. carinii organisms is done with various stains that highlight sporozoites, trophozoi ...	1997	9195672
treatment of pneumocystis carinii pneumonia in adults with aids.	trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole remains the treatment of choice in patients with pneumocystis carinii pneumonia (pcp) requiring intravenous therapy. those patients who require intravenous therapy who cannot tolerate or who fall therapy with trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole may be treated with either pentamidine or trimetrexate (plus folinic acid), with or without orally administered dapsone. the toxicity of the former drug makes trimetrexate-based therapy the preferred second choice for parenteral us ...	1997	9195673
study of internal transcribed spacer and mitochondrial large-subunit genes of pneumocystis carinii hominis isolated by repeated bronchoalveolar lavage from human immunodeficiency virus-infected patients during one or several episodes of pneumonia.	the objective of this study was to type, analyze, and compare pneumocystis carinii hominis strains obtained from different samples during a given or recurrent episodes of p. carinii pneumonia (pcp) for epidemiologic purposes. we studied 36 bronchoalveolar lavage (bal) or induced sputum (is) samples from 16 human immunodeficiency virus-infected patients with one or several episodes of pcp. pcr amplification and direct sequencing were performed on the two internal transcribed spacers (its1 and its ...	1997	9196174
simplified sample processing combined with a sensitive one-tube nested pcr assay for detection of pneumocystis carinii in respiratory specimens.	early diagnosis of pneumocystis carinii pneumonia, a life-threatening complication in immunosuppressed patients, may lower morbidity and mortality. we have developed a one-tube nested pcr assay for the detection of p. carinii in respiratory specimens. four primers were selected from the sequence of the small-subunit rrna gene of p. carinii to amplify a 265-bp fragment, and their specificities for p. carinii were confirmed by both theoretical evaluations (by computer-assisted comparison with the ...	1997	9196175
[pneumocystis carinii pneumonia in a, until now, healthy 46-year-old hiv-negative man].	a 46-year-old male patient was referred from a peripheral hospital with a 5 days history of high fever, dyspnea and respiratory deterioration. direct immunofluorescence examination of bronchoalveolar fluid repeatedly showed clusters of pneumocystis carinii. high-dose sulfamethoxazole-trimethoprim therapy was initiated and the patient recovered promptly during the following days. this otherwise healthy patient's past history was unremarkable in terms of prior infectious diseases. there was no evi ...	1997	9198889
detection of pneumocystis carinii in tracheal aspirates of intubated patients using calcofluor-white (fungi-fluor) and immunofluorescence antibody (genetic systems) stains.	to compare the detection rate of pneumocystis carinii in endotracheal aspirates with that rate in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid, using calcofluor-white (fungi-fluor) and immunofluorescence antibody (genetic systems) staining methods.	1997	9201045
the carbohydrate recognition domain of surfactant protein a mediates binding to the major surface glycoprotein of pneumocystis carinii.	pneumocystis carinii is a common cause of life-threatening pneumonia in immunodeficient patients. pulmonary surfactant protein a (sp-a), an alveolar glycoprotein containing collagen-like and carbohydrate recognition domains (crd), binds p. carinii and enhances adherence to alveolar macrophages. in this study, we examined the structural basis of the interaction between sp-a and the major surface glycoprotein of p. carinii (msg). rat sp-a bound to purified rat p. carinii-derived msg in a saturable ...	1997	9201957
dihydropteroate synthase polymorphisms in pneumocystis carinii.	sulfa drugs are widely used in the treatment and prophylaxis of pneumocystis carinii pneumonia. the nucleotide sequences of the sulfa target enzyme, dihydropteroate synthase (dhps), differed substantially in human-, rat-, and mouse-derived p. carinii. sequence variation also existed in the dhpss from human-derived isolates. six nucleotide changes were found in 6 human isolates; each was nonsynonymous and resulted in an amino acid change. several of these changes were in highly conserved regions ...	1997	9203679
[pulmonary complications of human immunodeficiency virus infection in sub-saharan africa].	based on a selection of articles published in the literature and reports from international aids conferences, we present the main pulmonary complications of hiv-infection observed in sub-saharan africa. the different clinical studies demonstrate the predominance of infectious complications, mainly tuberculosis (29 to 44%) and bacterial pneumonia (21 to 35%). the frequency of pneumocystis carinii pneumonia remains low (5 to 19%). other complications (mycobacterial infection, cytomegalovirus, toxo ...	1997	9205686
inhibitors of delta24(25) sterol methyltransferase block sterol synthesis and cell proliferation in pneumocystis carinii.	detailed analysis of the endogenous sterol content of purified pneumocystis carinii preparations by gas-liquid chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry suggested that this parasite can both synthesize de novo steroid skeletons (to produce delta7 sterols) and take them from the infected host (leading to delta5 sterols). in both cases the final products are 24-alkyl sterols, resulting from the action of delta24(25) and delta24(24') sterol methyltransferases, enzymes not present in vertebrates. ...	1997	9210660
pharmacokinetics of hyperimmune anti-human immunodeficiency virus immunoglobulin in persons with aids.	hyperimmune anti-human immunodeficiency virus immunoglobulin (hivig) is an intravenous immunoglobulin prepared from hiv-infected asymptomatic donors with a cd4 cell count greater than 400 cells/microl and a high titer of antibody to hiv-1 p24 protein. twelve persons with aids received four doses of hmg (two at 50 mg/kg of body weight and then two at 200 mg/kg) every 28 days. pharmacokinetics were evaluated by measurement of anti-p24 antibody. hivig was well tolerated, and all participants comple ...	1997	9210687
opportunistic infections in pediatric hiv infection: a study of 74 autopsy cases from latin america. the latin american aids pathology study group.	the present report describes opportunistic infections found at 74 autopsies of pediatric hiv/aids patients performed at several hospitals in latin american countries. fungal infections were the most common (53 cases), candida sp. (39.18%) and pneumocystis carinii (20.27%) being the most frequently recognized. other fungal diseases included histoplasmosis, aspergillosis, and cryptococcosis. viral infections were present in 31 cases, 38.7% being due to cytomegalovirus. other viruses recognized inc ...	1997	9211549
comparison of nursing interventions classification and current procedural terminology codes for categorizing nursing activities.	to compare the frequency with which nursing activity terms could be categorized using nursing interventions classification (nic) and current procedural terminology (cpt) codes.	1997	9212508
how to interpret an overview: a meta-analysis of the relative efficacy and toxicity of pneumocystis carinii prophylactic regimens.		1997	9215100
rapid diagnosis of acute eosinophilic pneumonia (aep) in a patient with respiratory failure using bronchoalveolar lavage (bal) with calcofluor white (cw) staining.	a diagnosis of exclusion, acute eosinophilic pneumonia (aep) is an acute febrile illness with respiratory impairment, diffuse pulmonary infiltrates, and bronchoalveolar lavage (bal) fluid eosinophilia. whether pulmonary eosinophilia in aep is primary or secondary remains undetermined. we report here a 22-year-old auto mechanic with severe aep and acute respiratory failure who required intubation and ventilatory support. the patient's bronchoalveolar lavage (bal) fluid was analyzed using cultures ...	1997	9219061
survival of adults with aids in the united kingdom.	accurate estimates of expected survival times and survival rates of aids patients are important both for estimating the prognosis of individuals and for monitoring the progress of the hiv/aids epidemic as new treatments are introduced. they are also needed for projecting future numbers of aids cases. data on reported aids cases held at the phls aids centre at the communicable disease surveillance centre and the scottish centre for infection and environmental health confirmed the time, age, and r ...	1997	9219423
aseptic meningitis from trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole in an hiv-infected adolescent.	adolescents infected with the human immunodeficiency virus (hiv) often confront the clinician with difficult medical problems. besides the host of opportunistic infections, which can affect these patients, side effects from medications can be frequent and, at times, life-threatening. we report a case of aseptic meningitis secondary to trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole therapy for prophylaxis against pneumocystis carinii in an hiv-infected adolescent.	1997	9220510
discovery of selective, small-molecule inhibitors of rna complexes--ii. self-splicing group i intron ribozyme.	self-splicing group i intron rna was chosen as a potential therapeutic target for small-molecule intervention. high-throughput screening methodologies have been developed to identify small organic molecules that regulate the activities of these catalytic introns. group introns derived from pathogenic pneumocystis carinii and phage t4 were used as model systems. inhibitors identified from a library of approximately equal to 150,000 compounds were shown to regulate biochemical reactions including ...	1997	9222512
impact of treatment changes on the interpretation of the concorde trial.	the concorde trial compared two policies of therapy with zidovudine (zvd) in individuals with asymptomatic hiv infection: immediate or deferred zdv. participants in both groups could stop their blinded trial therapy for several reasons and/or could start open-label zdv. the difference in survival and disease progression between the two groups was estimated allowing for treatment changes.	1997	9223734
fulminant pneumocystis carinii pneumonia in 4 patients with dermatomyositis.	between 1989 and 1996, 4 cases of pneumocystis carinii pneumonia (pcp) were observed in patients seronegative for the human immunodeficiency virus who were receiving corticosteroid therapy for dermatomyositis in our institution. these cases were considered unusual in light of the short delay of their onset after initiation of immunosuppressive therapy and their fulminant course: 3 of these patients died of pcp occurring during the first month of treatment with prednisone. in all 4 patients lymph ...	1997	9224230
opportunistic infections and psychosocial stress in hiv.	persons infected with the human immunodeficiency virus (hiv) are susceptible to both opportunistic infections and psychosocial crises at varying stages of their disease. many interventions, including lifestyle changes and chemoprophylaxis, may help prevent, delay or lessen the extent of the morbidities associated with immunodeficiency. in appropriate patients, prophylaxis for infections with pneumocystis carinii, mycobacterium avium complex and toxoplasma helps to reduce morbidity.	1997	9225668
extrapulmonary pneumocystosis.	extrapulmonary pneumocystosis is an exceedingly rare complication of pneumocystis carinii pneumonia (pcp). prior to the advent of the human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (hiv-1) epidemic, only 16 cases of extrapulmonary pneumocystosis in individuals who were immunocompromised by a variety of underlying diseases had been reported. since the beginning of the hiv-1 and related pcp epidemic, at least 90 cases of extrapulmonary pneumocystosis have been reported. this review briefly presents a history ...	1997	9227859
the activity of triple combinations of antifolate biguanides, with and without folinic acid, against plasmodium falciparum in vitro.	at least two triple combinations of biguanides, proguanil-atovaquone-dapsone and ps-15-atovaquone-dapsone, may be useful in treating drug-resistant infections of falciparum malaria. each of these triple combinations can be considered as two synergistic combinations: proguanil-atovaquone and cycloguanil-dapsone, and ps-15-atovaquone and wr99210-dapsone, respectively. since folinic acid might mitigate the possible side-effects produced by such drug combinations, both combinations were administered ...	1997	9229018
temporal trends and factors associated with survival after pneumocystis carinii pneumonia in california, 1983-1992.	the authors investigated quarterly trends in survival after the diagnosis of pneumocystis carinii pneumonia for 19,607 patients in california in the decade from january 1, 1983, through december 31, 1992. subjects included all cases for whom p. carinii pneumonia was the initial (and only) acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (aids)-defining diagnosis as reported to the california human immunodeficiency virus/aids surveillance registry. there was a period of rapidly improving survival from approxim ...	1997	9230773
pneumocystis carinii pneumonia in malawian children.	sixty children aged between 1 and 23 months admitted to queen elizabeth central hospital in blantyre, malawi for diagnosis of acute lower respiratory tract infections (alri) were investigated for laboratory diagnosis of pneumocystis carinii pneumonia (pcp) by indirect immunofluorescence assay on nasopharyngeal secretions. p. carinii was found in five of the 60 children. three pcp cases had aids. the clinical presentation of children with pcp was of little diagnostic value and all the children we ...	1997	9230974
care for the patient with aids in the icu: outcomes and ethics.	hiv infection and aids are common diagnoses in many intensive care units (icus) in the united states. although pneumocystis carinii currently represents only one quarter of all diagnoses for which hiv-infected persons are admitted to the icu, it is the disease with the most clinically applicable outcome data and, therefore, is a model for ethical decision-making regarding patients with hiv infection in the icu. despite advances in diagnosis and treatment of hiv-related p. carinii, recent studies ...	1997	9233138
[pulmonary alveolar proteinosis: ultrastructural study of 4 cases].	pulmonary alveolar proteinosis (pap) is a rare and diffuse lung disease characterized by the abnormal deposition of pas positive, lipoproteinaceous material in the alveolar spaces. it has been related, mainly, to alterations in the immune state and to secondary infections. we studied four cases of pap diagnosed by light microscopy. in two cases we were able to demonstrate disseminated histoplasmosis related to immunodeficiency states (aids and malnutrition), one case with pneumocystis carinii in ...	1997	9235071
[radiographic findings in pneumocystis carinii pneumonia and its complications in hiv patients].	we have performed a retrospective study of 61 cases of pneumocystis carinii pneumonia (pcp) among the human immunodeficiency virus (hiv) seropositive population at the 11th health area of the comunidad de madrid with microbiological diagnosis until january 1994. we made an epidemiologic analysis of this pcp group and compared it with the epidemiologic data of the general hiv population in madrid. besides, we studied the radiologic manifestations and their possible associations with several facto ...	1997	9235078
infection and pathogenicity of chimeric simian-human immunodeficiency viruses in macaques: determinants of high virus loads and cd4 cell killing.	chimeric simian-human immunodeficiency viruses (shivs) carrying envelope glycoproteins derived from a t cell-macrophage dual-tropic primary isolate (human immunodeficiency virus type 1 [hiv-1] strain dh12) were constructed. when inoculated into macaque monkeys, shiv(md14) carrying simian immunodeficiency virus-derived nef established significantly higher virus loads than did shiv(md1), which contains the hiv-1 nef gene. three patterns of cd4 cell depletion were observed in infected monkeys: expo ...	1997	9237701
[extrapulmonary and disseminated pneumocystosis in aids. a review of the literature].	we present a literature review about extrapulmonary and disseminated pneumocystosis in aids. the prevalence of such infections seems low but is probably under-estimated. disseminated pneumocystosis occurs in patients with profound immunosuppression, who do not receive prophylaxis against pneumocystis carinii pneumonia or are treated with aerolized pentamidine. the lack of specificity of symptoms may delay the diagnosis. most organs may be involved. three different presentations may be individual ...	1997	9238445
cd8+ t lymphocyte counts as an adjunctive predictor of cytomegalovirus retinitis in patients with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome.	we encountered a case of cytomegalovirus (cmv) retinitis with spontaneous regression in association with an increased number of cd8+ but not cd4+ t lymphocytes in a patient with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (aids). thus, we examined the number of cd4 and cd8 counts at the diagnosis of cmv retinitis and compared with those of pneumocystis carinii pneumonia (pcp). all 21 patients with a confirmed diagnosis of pcp (22 episodes) and 14 cmv retinitis patients were included in this study. althou ...	1997	9240493
lobar or segmental consolidation on chest radiographs of patients with hiv infection.	to correlate chest radiographic abnormalities with diagnoses in hiv infected patients presenting with acute respiratory symptoms and lobar or segmental consolidation.	1997	9240708
epidemiology of hiv/aids in women and children in the usa.	in the usa, the aids epidemic has shown dramatic increases among women and children in the past decade with more than 70,000 cases in women and 7000 cases in children reported. acquired immunodeficiency syndrome is the seventh leading cause of death in children aged 1-4 years and the fourth leading cause of death among women aged 25-44 years. data from the national survey of childbearing women, a blinded serosurvey of blood specimens left over from routine metabolic screening of most infants bor ...	1997	9240851
meta-analysis of prophylactic treatments against pneumocystis carinii pneumonia and toxoplasma encephalitis in hiv-infected patients.	in a meta-analysis, we examined the efficacy of aerosolized pentamidine, trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole, and dapsone or dapsone/pyrimethamine for the prevention of pneumocystis carinii pneumonia and toxoplasma encephalitis in patients with hiv infection. of 22 trials, 13 compared trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole with aerosolized pentamidine, nine compared dapsone alone or in combination with pyrimethamine with aerosolized pentamidine, and eight compared trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole with dapsone/pyr ...	1997	9241108
central nervous system pneumocystosis in a patient with aids.	extrapulmonary involvement with pneumocystis carinii has been described in 0.5%-2.5% of persons with aids. one hundred nine patients with aids and confirmed extrapulmonary pneumocystosis were identified, and seven of these patients (including our patients) had central nervous system (cns) pneumocystosis. of these seven patients, six had prior aids-related complications, and three had previous p. carinii pneumonia. six patients had cns symptoms, one of whom underwent a focal neurological examinat ...	1997	9243039
a pneumocystis carinii multi-gene family with homology to subtilisin-like serine proteases.	copies of multi-gene family, named prt1 (protease 1), encoding a subtilisin-like serine protease were cloned from the opportunistic fungal pathogen pneumocystis carinii. comparison of the nucleotide sequence of a genomic clone and a cdna clone of prt1 from p. carinii f. sp. carinii revealed the presence of seven short introns. several different domains were predicted from the deduced amino acid sequence: an n-terminal hydrophobic signal sequence, a pro-domain, a subtilisin-like catalytic domain, ...	1997	9245811
steady-state effects of vitronectin and fibronectin on the binding, uptake, and degradation of pneumocystis carinii in rat alveolar macrophages.	pneumocystis carinii pneumonia remains a serious complication of immunodeficiency. vitronectin (vn) and fibronectin (fn) accumulate in the lung during p. carinii infection and bind to the organism, thereby enhancing macrophage release of tnf alpha. it is not known whether vn and fn also regulate uptake and degradation of p. carinii by macrophage when present in concentrations similar to those in the lung during pneumonia. to address this, macrophages were cultured with 35s-radiolabeled p. carini ...	1997	9246575
understanding the devastation of aids.	a patient admitted to your unit this morning presents a dauntingly complex clinical picture. maria dejesus, 34 years old, has hiv infection, which progressed to aids last year with an episode of pneumocystis carinii pneumonia. she's also experienced recurrent vaginal and esophageal candidiasis and cryptococcal meningitis, and her more recent history includes peripheral neuropathy, causing pain and numbness, as well as cognitive and motor function problems. her admission was prompted by diarrhea ...	1997	9247379
penetration of dapsone into cerebrospinal fluid of patients with aids.	it has been proposed that dapsone in combination with pyrimethamine could be used for prophylaxis of both pneumocystis carinii pneumonia and encephalitis due to toxoplasma gondii. ten patients with aids undergoing lumbar puncture for diagnostic purposes were studied in order to assess the penetration of dapsone into csf. blood and csf samples were obtained between 3 and 72 h following administration. six patients had received oral dapsone for at least 1 month at the dosage regimen of 100 mg twic ...	1997	9249213
predicting in-hospital mortality of patients with aids-related pneumocystis carinii pneumonia: an example of hierarchically optimal classification tree analysis.	a non-linear statistical classification methodology known as hierarchically optimal classification tree analysis (cta) offers promise of outperforming linear alternatives. we present the first example of cta in medicine, for an application that uses four attributes (age, body mass index, alveolar-arterial oxygen gradient, prior history of aids) to predict in-hospital mortality for a sample of 1339 patients with aids-related pneumocystis carinii pneumonia. we also illustrate use of a hold-out (cr ...	1997	9249918
the results of direct and indirect treatment comparisons in meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials.	when little or no data directly comparing two treatments are available, investigators often rely on indirect comparisons from studies testing the treatments against a control or placebo. one approach to indirect comparison is to pool findings from the active treatment arms of the original controlled trials. this approach offers no advantage over a comparison of observational study data and is prone to bias. we present an alternative model that evaluates the differences between treatment and plac ...	1997	9250266
pneumocystis carinii cysts are susceptible to inactivation by chemical disinfectants.	the inactivation efficacy of eight disinfectants commonly used in laboratories and animal rooms to inactive pneumocystis carinii cysts was estimated by experimental infection in c.b-17-scid mice. the disinfectants examined in this study were 70% ethyl alcohol, 10% iodoform, 0.5% hypochlorous acid, two 1% quanternary ammonium salts, 3% hydrogen peroxide, sodium chlorite and 1% cresol soap. the lung homogenates from p. carinii infected c.b-17-scid mice were treated with each disinfectant for 15 mi ...	1997	9250487
late infections following allogeneic bone marrow transplantation: suggested strategies for prophylaxis.	bone marrow transplant recipients remain at risk for infections for a variable period of time even after adequate hematologic reconstitution. late infections are a significant cause of morbidity and can be fatal in 4-15% of these patients. patients with chronic graft versus host disease (gvhd) and unrelated-donor transplant recipients, even without gvhd, are at particular risk. most late infections occur in the first post-transplant year, the majority are caused by bacteria, particularly encapsu ...	1997	9250782
impact of pregnancy on maternal aids.	to assess the impact of pregnancy on maternal acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (aids) among tribal women in india.	1997	9252934
clinical spectrum of x-linked hyper-igm syndrome.	we report the clinical and immunologic features and outcome in 56 patients with x-linked hyper-igm syndrome, a disorder caused by mutations in the cd40 ligand gene. upper and lower respiratory tract infections (the latter frequently caused by pneumocystis carinii), chronic diarrhea, and liver involvement (both often associated with cryptosporidium infection) were common. many patients had chronic neutropenia associated with oral and rectal ulcers. the marked prevalence of infections caused by in ...	1997	9255191
defective antigen-induced lymphocyte proliferation in the x-linked hyper-igm syndrome.	we examined t-cell proliferation in five patients with x-linked hyper-igm syndrome (xhim), using a panel of antigens and lectins. all patients had impaired antigen-induced proliferation, whereas their lectin responses were normal. thus, in addition to severely depressed antibody responses, patients with xhim have a defect in antigen-specific t-cell proliferation, which may explain their susceptibility to pathogens such as pneumocystis carinii.	1997	9255207
[prevention of parasitic infections (excluding toxoplasmosis) in immunocompromised patients].	immunocompromised patients, notably those with cell mediated immunity deficiency, are at risk for severe and life-threatening parasitic infections. severity and frequency of pneumocystis carinii pneumonia have led to systematically initiate prophylaxis for high-risk patients such as patients with hiv infection, hemopathy or renal transplants. cotrimoxazole has shown the best efficacy both in primary and secondary prophylaxis. side effects, notably skin rash, constitute the major limiting factor ...	1997	9255333
endocrine modulation of the neurotoxicity of gp120: implications for aids-related dementia complex.	hiv infection often involves the development of aids-related dementia complex, a variety of neurologic, neuropsychologic, and neuropathologic impairments. a possible contributor to aids-related dementia complex is the hiv envelope glycoprotein gp120, which damages neurons via a complex glutamate receptor- and calcium-dependent cascade. we demonstrate an endocrine modulation of the deleterious effects of gp120 in primary hippocampal and cortical cultures. specifically, we observe that gp120-induc ...	1997	9256504
prevention of pneumocystis carinii pneumonia: who are we missing?	to obtain population-based information on the characteristics of persons who were not receiving chemoprophylaxis against pneumocystis carinii pneumonia (pcp) by examining the use of primary and secondary pcp prophylaxis among san francisco residents whose aids-defining opportunistic illness was pcp in 1993.	1997	9256945
occurrence of pneumocystis carinii in canine distemper.		1997	9257457
radioactively labelled diethylene triamine penta acetate lung scan in pneumocystis carinii pneumonia and asymptomatic hiv-positive patients.	the objective of this study is to establish normal ranges for the assessment of lung permeability, using 99mtc dtpa (diethylene triamine penta acetate) aerosol by measuring the half-time of transfer from the lung in asymptomatic hiv-positive patients. also to audit the use of the test in the clinical management of outpatients with symptoms suggestive of pneumocystis carinii pneumonia (pcp). a retrospective analysis of data from outpatients' notes for the audit of symptomatic patients, and prospe ...	1997	9259495
investigations of pneumocystosis among humans and rodents in lithuania.	pneumocystosis (pneumocystis carinii pneumonia) is a parasitic disease which in lithuania used to be diagnosed only with the use of pathohistological methods. the aim of our study was to determine prevalence of p. carinii antibodies among children and women, using immunochemical method (elisa) and to find out which groups of patients have higher antibody titres. we also addressed the question of infection with p. carinii among rodents. after investigating 9 species of rodents it was found that m ...	1997	9259608
pleural disease in patients with aids.	patients infected with hiv are at risk of developing a variety of infectious and malignant pleuropulmonary disorders. the three most common causes of aids-related pleural effusions are parapneumonic effusions or empyemas, tuberculosis, and kaposi's sarcoma. however, the relative frequency of these conditions varies from series to series as well as from one region of the world to another. pneumocystis carinii is a common pulmonary pathogen in aids, but it is rarely the cause of a pleural effusion ...	1997	9262120
a population pharmacokinetic model of trimethoprim in patients with pneumocystis pneumonia, made with parametric and nonparametric methods.	a population pharmacokinetic model of intravenously and orally administered trimethoprim in patients with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome and pneumocystis carinii pneumonia has been made using a parametric iterative two-stage bayesian and a nonparametric expectation maximization computer program. when good information was present in the serum level data, both methods obtained similar results. with the nonparametric expectation maximization program, the median apparent rate constant for absorp ...	1997	9263388
variations in medical care for hiv-related pneumocystis carinii pneumonia: a comparison of process and outcome at two hospitals.	institutional variation in the quality of medical care may be evaluated by examining process measures, such as use of diagnostic procedures or treatment modalities, or outcome measures, such as mortality. we undertook this study to examine variations in both process and outcome of care for patients with hiv-related pneumocystis carinii pneumonia (pcp) at two geographically diverse, hiv-experienced, public municipal hospitals.	1997	9266875
pneumocystis carinii infection alters gtp-binding proteins in the lung.	the gtp-binding regulatory proteins (g proteins) in the membranes of the lung parenchyma from normal, uninfected ferrets were compared to those from immunosuppressed animals with and without pneumocystis carinii pneumonitis. in lung membranes, pertussis toxin (pt) catalyzed adp ribosylation of a 41-kda protein; treatment with cholera toxin (ct) led to ribosylation of a 44-kda polypeptide. compared to that in the normal ferrets, the level of the 44-kda protein was dramatically suppressed in the p ...	1997	9267411
[biological diagnosis of pneumocystis infection. evaluation and value of a new direct immunofluorescent technique].	opportunist disease in immunocompromised patients and prematured babies, pneumocystis carinii pneumonia was rare. it represents today inaugural manifestation of sida in 35-40% of cases. the research of the parasite becomes a current analysis for a medical laboratory. biological diagnosis is based on the show of the parasite in the sampling with classical coloration technics. the limits of these colorations have played a great part in the development of fluorescent monoclonal antibody stains. in ...	1997	9097841
[pneumocystis carinii pneumonia in patients with a solid organ transplant].		1997	9102664
[pneumocystis carinii pneumonia in patients with a solid organ transplant: a report of 5 cases].	a report is made here of five patients who underwent solid organ transplantation, were not infected with the human immunodeficiency virus, and suffered pneumocystis carinii pneumonia while receiving immunosuppressive drugs. the figure represents a prevalence of 0.43% among patients with solid organ transplantation at the clínica puerta de hierro. some features of this infection are reported in patients without aids, both transplanted patients and with other clinical conditions, the possible pred ...	1997	9102669
does pulmonary airway inflammation relate to intercellular adhesion molecule (icam-1) in bronchoalveolar lavage specimens? a pilot study.	the objective of this study was to assess the value of intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (icam-1) levels in bronchoalveolar lavage (bal) specimens.	1997	9103837
maintenance of chemoprophylaxis against pneumocystis carinii despite combination antiretroviral treatment associated cd4+ t-lymphocytosis.		1997	9105103
relevance of nucleic acid amplification techniques for diagnosis of respiratory tract infections in the clinical laboratory.	clinical laboratories are increasingly receiving requests to perform nucleic acid amplification tests for the detection of a wide variety of infectious agents. in this paper, the efficiency of nucleic acid amplification techniques for the diagnosis of respiratory tract infections is reviewed. in general, these techniques should be applied only for the detection of microorganisms for which available diagnostic techniques are markedly insensitive or nonexistent or when turnaround times for existin ...	1997	9105753
pneumocystis carinii pneumonia in hiv-negative patients with haematologic disease.	since 1990, pneumocystis carinii pneumonia (pcp) was diagnosed in 15 adult hiv-negative haematologic patients in our hospital. none of them had received pcp prophylaxis. all except one had been treated with prednisone. symptoms usually started after stopping or tapering. in six patients the diagnosis of pcp was delayed because of confounding bacterial isolates from blood, sputum or urine leading to unsuccessful antibiotic treatment. pcp was diagnosed by demonstrating pneumocysts in bronchoalveol ...	1997	9108180
disseminated histoplasmosis in a human immunodeficiency virus-infected african child.	progressive disseminated histoplasmosis (pdh), a recognized defining illness of aids, is an opportunistic fungal infection caused by histoplasma capsulatum. the authors report a case of pdh in a hiv-infected african child from a histoplasma capsulatum non-endemic area. an 8-year-old girl from kwazulu/natal, south africa, was admitted to king edward viii hospital with pyrexia and respiratory distress. pale with generalized lymphadenopathy, she had been sick with general malaise and fever for 3 ...	1997	9109150
characterization of rat cd4 t cell clones specific for the major surface glycoprotein of pneumocystis carinii.	pneumocystis carinii are coated by abundant heterogenous major surface glycoproteins (msgs), which facilitate interaction with the host. we have produced msg-specific t-cell clones from the spleens of p. carinii-exposed lewis rats and analyzed five for antigen specificity to native msg and a recombinant form of msg, cell surface markers, and cytokine profiles. all five of the clones were cd4+. all of the clones proliferated specifically to both the native msg and the recombinant msg only in the ...	1997	9109259
pneumocystis carinii of the common shrew, sorex araneus, shows a discrete phenotype.	we carried out an immunohistological and morphological study on pneumocystis carinii originating from the common shrew, sorex araneus. immunologic properties were studied by applying two commercially available immunofluorescence staining kits with differing developmental form specificity to a lung homogenate. the cyst form-specific staining kit reacted with cysts originating from s. araneus. ultrastructurally this particular antigen epitope specifically deposited on the electron-lucent middle la ...	1997	9109260
aspergilloma formation in a pneumatocele associated with pneumocystis carinii pneumonia.		1997	9110096
chronic immunosuppressive therapy for systemic vasculitis.	treatment with glucocorticoids and cytotoxic agents has markedly improved the outcome in patients with systemic vasculitis. as more patients survive with these disorders, the long-term risks of these therapies have become increasingly apparent. an understanding of therapeutic toxicities is important because in some instances they can be minimized by the use of treatment strategies and monitoring techniques. pneumocystis carinii pneumonia is associated with a high mortality rate in immunosuppress ...	1997	9110133
correspondence re: fraire ae, kemp b, greenberg sd, kim h-s, estrada r, mcbride ra. calcofluor white stain for the detection of pneumocystis carinii in transbronchial lung biopsy specimens: a study of 68 cases. mod pathol 1996;9:861-4.		1997	9110307
surveillance for thrombocytopenia in persons infected with hiv: results from the multistate adult and adolescent spectrum of disease project.	thrombocytopenia in persons infected with hiv is prevalent and has numerous causes. to study the occurrence, associations, and effect on survival of thrombocytopenia in hiv-infected persons, we used surveillance data from a longitudinal survey of the medical records of 30,214 hiv-infected patients who received medical care from january 1990 through august 1996 in more than 100 medical clinics in 10 u.s. cities. thrombocytopenia was defined as a physician diagnosis of thrombocytopenia or a platel ...	1997	9111481
features and outcome of pneumocystis carinii pneumonia according to risk category for hiv infection.	a retrospective study of pneumocystis carinii pneumonia (pcp) was undertaken to examine differences between the presentation and outcome of pcp in aids patients from different risk categories for hiv infection. there were 176 pcp episodes recorded in 126 patients from the following risk categories: 69 intravenous drug misusers (idms), 36 homosexually infected men and 21 heterosexually infected patients. most clinical features did not differ significantly between the 3 groups but hypercapnia was ...	1997	9112299
no evidence of nosocomial pneumocystis carinii infection via health care personnel.	clusters of pneumocystis carinii pneumonia (pcp) in immunocompromised settings suggest person-to-person transmission. we examined whether personnel in a ward for hiv-infected patients were carriers of p. carinii. none of 29 sputum samples from 19 personnel caring for hiv-infected patients had detectable amounts of p. carinii dna, as determined by the two pcr methods used. two of 26 personnel were found, by an immunofluorescence assay, to have serum antibodies for p. carinii. the results do not s ...	1997	9112300
the continued occurrence of primary pneumocystis carinii pneumonia despite the availability of prophylaxis.		1997	9114218
kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus-like dna sequences (kshv/hhv-8) in oral aids-kaposi's sarcoma: a pcr and clinicopathologic study.	recently, a new human herpesvirus (kshv/hhv-8) has been identified in classic, transplant, endemic, and aids kaposi's sarcoma that may be involved in the pathogenesis of kaposi's sarcoma. the purpose of this study was to evaluate oral aids-kaposi's sarcoma for detection of kshv/hhv-8 dna. dna extracted from 54 oral aids-kaposi's sarcoma lesions (47 initial, 7 postvinblastine treated), 5 non-kaposi's sarcoma hiv-positive lesions, and 3 non-kaposi's sarcoma hiv-negative lesions was evaluated by po ...	1997	9117759
pulmonary aspergilloma and aids. a comparison of hiv-infected and hiv-negative individuals.	while pulmonary aspergilloma has been well described in immunocompetent hosts, to date and to our knowledge, there has not been a description of pulmonary aspergilloma in the hiv-infected individual. a retrospective review of cases seen by the bellevue hospital chest service from january 1992 through june 1995 identified 25 patients with aspergilloma. to investigate the impact of hiv status on pulmonary aspergilloma, we compared clinical presentation, progression of disease, treatment, and outco ...	1997	9118696
neutralization of interferon-gamma exacerbates pneumocystis-driven interstitial pneumonitis after bone marrow transplantation in mice.	the role of ifngamma in the development of infection-driven interstitial pneumonitis in a model of murine graft-versus-host disease was investigated. mice were given either syngeneic or allogeneic bone marrow transplants along with lung pneumocystis carinii infections and were treated with either control mab or anti-ifngamma mab. at day 21 after transplant, lung weights were elevated nearly twofold in all groups. by day 41, mice in all groups had cleared the p. carinii but only the mice given al ...	1997	9120007
[prevention of opportunistic infections in hiv seropositive patients. prevention of parasitic infections].	pneumocystis carinii pneumonia: below a threshold 200 cd4 cont, the risk of p. carinii infection is sufficiently high to propose systematic prophylaxis. trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole is the treatment of choice for primary and secondary prevention. pentamidine-isothionate can also be used, possibly with dapsone. toxoplasmosis: there is a consensus on primary prevention in patients with positive toxoplasmosis serology whose cd4 count is under 100. trimethoprime-sulfamethoxazole is the first intent ...	1997	9122147
pneumocystis carinii pneumonia in two cavalier king charles spaniels.		1997	9133724
cytokine profiles in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid and blood in hiv-seropositive patients with pneumocystis carinii pneumonia.	concentrations and ex vivo production of interleukin 1 beta (il-1), tumour necrosis alpha (tnf), interleukin 6 (il-6), interleukin-1 receptor antagonist (il-1ra) and tnf soluble receptors (stnf-receptors, p55 and p75) were measured in bronchoalveolar lavage (bal) fluid and blood in 23 hiv-seropositive (hiv+) patients with pneumocystis carinii pneumonia (pcp) and compared with values found in healthy hiv-seronegative (hiv-) controls and asymptomatic hiv+ subjects. concentrations of the proinflamm ...	1997	9134383
gender differences in early suspicion of tuberculosis in hospitalized, high-risk patients during 4 epidemic years, 1987 to 1990.	to assess the degree to which, from 1987 to 1990, physicians suspected tuberculosis (tb) in the first 2 hospital days in human immunodeficiency virus (hiv)-infected patients with pulmonary disease.	1997	9131365
lung parasites of shrews from pennsylvania.	we examined lung parasites of three species of soricids, sorex cinereus (n = 58), sorex fumeus (n = 23) and blarina brevicauda (n = 45) collected from pennsylvania (usa), from 1990 to 1995. yeast-like cells of hisfoplasma capsulatum var. capsulatum were found in lung sections stained with grocott's modification of gomori's methenamine silver, periodic acid-schiff, giemsa, and hematoxylin-eosin in two (3%) s. cinereus, eight (35%) s. fumeus and two (4%) b. brevicauda. the number of spores of h. c ...	1997	9131560
toxoplasma pneumonia.	toxoplasma gondii, an obligate intracellular parasite, is the causal agent of significant morbidity and mortality worldwide. in the presence of a normal immune response, the pathogen becomes latent and the immunocompetent host remains chronically infected throughout life, often without clinical disease. in the case of the patient with the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (aids) or other defects in cell-mediated immunity, the infection reactivates and is most often manifest as toxoplasmic encep ...	1997	9097375
a 5-year retrospective review of adverse drug reactions and their risk factors in human immunodeficiency virus-infected patients who were receiving intravenous pentamidine therapy for pneumocystis carinii pneumonia.	the incidence and severity of adverse drug reactions (adrs) in human immunodeficiency virus-infected persons receiving intravenous pentamidine for pneumocystis carinii pneumonia during a 5-year period were reviewed retrospectively. predisposing risk factors for adrs were identified. adrs were included if they occurred during or within 1 week following the discontinuation of pentamidine treatment. nephrotoxicity, dysglycemia, hepatotoxicity, hyperkalemia, and hyperamylasemia accounted for 80% of ...	1997	9142782
etiology of solitary pulmonary nodules in patients with human immunodeficiency virus infection.	we assessed 10 patients with human immunodeficiency virus (hiv) infection (nine of whom had aids) and solitary pulmonary nodules (spns) that were detected on roentgenograms. five of the patients presented with respiratory symptoms. the etiology of the spn was determined for eight of these patients: six had infections (hydatidosis, mucormycosis, or infection with nocardia asteroides, cryptococcus neoformans, cytomegalovirus, or pneumocystis carinii), one had non-hodgkin's lymphoma, and the remain ...	1997	9142791
rapid disease progression in human immunodeficiency virus type 1-infected individuals with adverse reactions to trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole prophylaxis.	we studied the relation between the occurrence of adverse reactions to trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole (tmp-smz) prophylaxis and the subsequent course of human immunodeficiency virus (hiv) infection in a cohort of homosexual men. adverse reactions to tmp-smz were associated with a more rapid progression to aids (p < .001) and death (p < .001) and with a more rapid decline in cd4+ cell counts (p = .001). the median time to progression to aids was 14.9 months in subjects with adverse reactions to tm ...	1997	9142796
reducing the incidence of pneumocystis carinii pneumonia: a persisting challenge.		1997	9143626
penetration of dapsone into pulmonary lining fluid of human immunodeficiency virus type 1-infected patients.	we studied the penetration of dapsone into the epithelial lining fluid (elf) of sixteen human immunodeficiency virus type 1-infected patients who had received the drug at a dose of 100 mg twice weekly as primary prophylaxis for pneumocystis carinii pneumonia. bronchoscopy, bronchoalveolar lavage (bal), and venipuncture were performed for each patient at a specific time after administration of the last dose of dapsone. dapsone concentrations in plasma and bal were determined by high-performance l ...	1997	9145873
clinical features and outcomes of hiv-related cytomegalovirus pneumonia.	to describe the characteristics and outcomes of hiv-infected patients with biopsy-proven cytomegalovirus (cmv) pneumonia.	1997	9147423