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the phosphoproteome of aspergillus nidulans reveals functional association with cellular processes involved in morphology and secretion.we describe the first phosphoproteome of the model filamentous fungus aspergillus nidulans. phosphopeptides were enriched using titanium dioxide, separated using a convenient ultra-long reverse phase gradient, and identified using a "high-high" strategy (high mass accuracy on the parent and fragment ions) with higher-energy collisional dissociation. using this approach 1801 phosphosites, from 1637 unique phosphopeptides, were identified. functional classification revealed phosphoproteins were ov ...201425116090
restraint of the g2/m transition by the sr/rrm family mrna shuttling binding protein snxahrb1 in aspergillus nidulans.control of the eukaryotic g2/m transition by cdc2/cyclinb is tightly regulated by protein-protein interactions, protein phosphorylations, and nuclear localization of cdc2/cyclinb. we previously reported a screen, in aspergillus nidulans, for extragenic suppressors of nimx2(cdc2) that resulted in the identification of the cold-sensitive snxa1 mutation. we demonstrate here that snxa1 suppresses defects in regulators of the cdk1 mitotic induction pathway, including nimx2(cdc) (2), nime6(cyclinb), a ...201425104516
genome organization and assessment of high copy number and increased expression of pectinolytic genes from penicillium griseoroseum: a potential heterologous system for protein production.the fungus penicillium griseoroseum has the potential for application on an industrial scale as a host for the production of homologous and heterologous proteins, mainly because it does not produce some mycotoxins or secrete proteases under the growth conditions for pectinase production. however, for the fungus to be used effectively as an expression heterologous system, an understanding of the organization of its genome, as well as the mechanisms of gene expression and protein production, is re ...201425099254
high-yield recombinant xylanase production by aspergillus nidulans under pyridoxine limitation.the present study investigated the limitation of pyridoxine on an aspergillus nidulans culture that produces xylanase b (xynb) as a client enzyme and was unable to synthesize pyridoxine. this technique was used to limit cell growth and divert substrate to product formation for a surface grown culture that could be used in trickle bed reactors. it was observed that growth was limited when pyridoxine was absent, while enzyme production was unaffected. enzyme production was 1,026 u after 480 h of c ...201425085742
similar is not the same: differences in the function of the (hemi-)cellulolytic regulator xlnr (xlr1/xyr1) in filamentous fungi.the transcriptional activator xlnr (xlr1/xyr1) is a major regulator in fungal xylan and cellulose degradation as well as in the utilization of d-xylose via the pentose catabolic pathway. xlnr homologs are commonly found in filamentous ascomycetes and often assumed to have the same function in different fungi. however, a comparison of the saprobe aspergillus niger and the plant pathogen magnaporthe oryzae showed different phenotypes for deletion strains of xlnr. in this study wild type and xlnr/x ...201425064064
germination of aspergillus niger conidia is triggered by nitrogen compounds related to l-amino acids.conidial germination is fundamentally important to the growth and dissemination of most fungi. it has been previously shown (k. hayer, m. stratford, and d. b. archer, appl. environ. microbiol. 79:6924-6931, 2013, http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aem.02061-13), using sugar analogs, that germination is a 2-stage process involving triggering of germination and then nutrient uptake for hyphal outgrowth. in the present study, we tested this 2-stage germination process using a series of nitrogen-containing c ...201425063657
elucidating how the saprophytic fungus aspergillus nidulans uses the plant polyester suberin as carbon source.lipid polymers in plant cell walls, such as cutin and suberin, build recalcitrant hydrophobic protective barriers. their degradation is of foremost importance for both plant pathogenic and saprophytic fungi. regardless of numerous reports on fungal degradation of emulsified fatty acids or cutin, and on fungi-plant interactions, the pathways involved in the degradation and utilisation of suberin remain largely overlooked. as a structural component of the plant cell wall, suberin isolation, in gen ...201425043916
improvement of aspergillus nidulans penicillin production by targeting acva to peroxisomes.aspergillus nidulans is able to synthesize penicillin and serves as a model to study the regulation of its biosynthesis. only three enzymes are required to form the beta lactam ring tripeptide, which is comprised of l-cysteine, l-valine and l-aminoadipic acid. whereas two enzymes, acva and ipna localize to the cytoplasm, aata resides in peroxisomes. here, we tested a novel strategy to improve penicillin production, namely the change of the residence of the enzymes involved in the biosynthesis. w ...201425043338
the putative stress sensor protein mtla is required for conidia formation, cell wall stress tolerance, and cell wall integrity in aspergillus nidulans.the mid2-like protein mtla is a putative sensor of the cell wall integrity (cwi) signaling pathway in aspergillus nidulans. an mtla-egfp fusion protein was localized at the cell surface and septa. the mtla disruptant (∆mtla) showed radial colony growth similar to the wild-type (wt) strain, but showed reduced conidia formation. the ∆mtla mutant showed growth deficiency in the presence of inhibitors of cell wall synthesis. moreover, mtla disruption resulted in a reduction in the glucan and chitin ...201425036689
photo-convertible tagging for localization and dynamic analyses of low-expression proteins in filamentous fungi.photo-convertible fluorescent proteins (pcfps) undergo a dramatic change in their excitation and emission spectra upon irradiation at specific wavelengths, thus rendering a different color. dendra2 is a commercially available pcfp used to track the redistribution of proteins within cellular compartments, their life-time or interactions. before photo-conversion dendra2 exhibits green fluorescence, which becomes red after irradiation with either uv or blue lights. multiple studies including dendra ...201425014896
identification of the augmin complex in the filamentous fungus aspergillus nidulans.augmin is a protein complex that binds to spindle microtubules (mts), recruits the potent mt nucleator, γ-tubulin, and thereby promotes the centrosome-independent mt generation within mitotic and meiotic spindles. augmin is essential for acentrosomal spindle assembly, which is commonly observed during mitosis in plants and meiosis in female animals. in many animal somatic cells that possess centrosomes, the centrosome- and augmin-dependent mechanisms work cooperatively for efficient spindle asse ...201425003582
the observation of plca mutation and localization in aspergillus nidulans.to know the function of the plca gene, which encodes a putative phosphoinositide-specific phospholipase c, in a model filamentous fungus aspergillus nidulans, it was disrupted thorough homologous recombination and examined. the germination rate of δplca was reduced by approximately 65% and germination of δplca at a lower temperature (25°c) was much slower than germination under normal conditions (37°c), suggesting the plca is responsible for cold-sensitivity. the hyphal growth of δplca was sligh ...201424972808
purine utilization proteins in the eurotiales: cellular compartmentalization, phylogenetic conservation and divergence.the purine utilization pathway has been thoroughly characterized in aspergillus nidulans. we establish here the subcellular distribution of seven key intracellular enzymes, xanthine dehydrogenase (hxa), urate oxidase (uaz), 5-hydroxy-isourate hydrolase (uax), 2-oxo-4-hydroxy-4-carboxy ureido imidazoline decarboxylase (uaw), allantoinase (alx), allantoicase (aax), ureidoglycolate lyase (ugla), and the fungal-specific α-ketoglutarate fe(ii)-dependent dioxygenase (xana). hxa, alx, aax, uaw and xana ...201424970358
modelling and mutational analysis of aspergillus nidulans urea, a member of the subfamily of urea/h⁺ transporters in fungi and plants.we present the first account of the structure-function relationships of a protein of the subfamily of urea/h(+) membrane transporters of fungi and plants, using aspergillus nidulans urea as a study model. based on the crystal structures of the vibrio parahaemolyticus sodium/galactose symporter (vsglt) and of the nucleobase-cation-symport-1 benzylhydantoin transporter from microbacterium liquefaciens (mhp1), we constructed a three-dimensional model of urea which, combined with site-directed and c ...201424966243
genome-scale analysis of the high-efficient protein secretion system of aspergillus oryzae.the koji mold, aspergillus oryzae is widely used for the production of industrial enzymes due to its particularly high protein secretion capacity and ability to perform post-translational modifications. however, systemic analysis of its secretion system is lacking, generally due to the poorly annotated proteome.201424961398
f-box protein rcya controls turnover of the kinesin-7 motor kipa in aspergillus nidulans.fungal filamentous growth depends on continuous membrane insertion at the tip, the delivery of membrane-bound positional markers, and the secretion of enzymes for cell wall biosynthesis. this is achieved through exocytosis. at the same time, polarized growth requires membrane and protein recycling through endocytosis. endocytic vesicles are thought to enter the protein degradation pathway or recycle their content to the cell surface. in saccharomyces cerevisiae, the rcy1 f-box protein is involve ...201424951440
an aspergillus nidulans β-mannanase with high transglycosylation capacity revealed through comparative studies within glycosidase family 5.β-mannanases are involved in the conversion and modification of mannan-based saccharides. using a retaining mechanism, they can, in addition to hydrolysis, also potentially perform transglycosylation reactions, synthesizing new glyco-conjugates. transglycosylation has been reported for β-mannanases in gh5 and gh113. however, although they share the same fold and catalytic mechanism, there may be differences in the enzymes' ability to perform transglycosylation. three gh5 β-mannanases from asperg ...201424950755
maturation of late golgi cisternae into rabe(rab11) exocytic post-golgi carriers visualized in vivo.the mechanism(s) by which proteins traverse and exit the golgi are incompletely understood. using aspergillus nidulans hyphae, we show that late golgi cisternae undergo changes in composition to gradually lose golgi identity while acquiring post-golgi rabe(rab11) identity. this behavior of late golgi cisternae is consistent with the cisternal maturation model. post-golgi rabe(rab11) carriers travel to, and accumulate at, the apex, indicating that fusion is rate limiting for exocytosis. these car ...201424943841
chitinase but n-acetyl-β-d-glucosaminidase production correlates to the biomass decline in penicillium and aspergillus species.hydrolytic enzyme production is typical of the autolysis in filamentous fungi; however, less attention has been given to the physiological role of the enzymes. here, the aim was to investigate the possible relation of the chitinolytic enzymes to the changes in the biomass in some filamentous fungi of high importance for pharmaceutical or food industry. in penicillium and aspergillus filamentous fungi, which showed different characteristics in submerged cultures, the growth and biomass decline ra ...201424939682
aspergillus nidulans pmts form heterodimers in all pairwise combinations.eukaryotic protein o-mannosyltransferases (pmts) are divided into three subfamilies (pmt1, pmt2, and pmt4) and activity of pmts in yeasts and animals requires assembly into complexes. in saccharomyces cerevisiae, pmt1 and pmt2 form a heteromeric complex and pmt 4 forms a homomeric complex. the filamentous fungus aspergillus nidulans has three pmts: pmta (subfamily 2), pmtb (subfamily 1), and pmtc (subfamily 4). in this study we show that a. nidulans pmts form heteromeric complexes in all possibl ...201424936400
bem46 shows eisosomal localization and association with tryptophan-derived auxin pathway in neurospora crassa.bem46 proteins are evolutionarily conserved, but their functions remain elusive. we reported previously that the bem46 protein in neurospora crassa is targeted to the endoplasmic reticulum (er) and is essential for ascospore germination. in the present study, we established a bem46 knockout strain of n. crassa. this δbem46 mutant exhibited a level of ascospore germination lower than that of the wild type but much higher than those of the previously characterized bem46-overexpressing and rna inte ...201424928924
novel telomere-anchored pcr approach for studying sexual stage telomeres in aspergillus nidulans.telomere length varies between germline and somatic cells of the same organism, leading to the hypothesis that telomeres are lengthened during meiosis. however, little is known about the meiotic telomere length in many organisms. in the filamentous fungus aspergillus nidulans, the telomere lengths in hyphae and asexual spores are invariant. no study using existing techniques has determined the telomere length of the sexual ascospores due to the relatively low abundance of pure meiotic cells in a ...201424927411
"stop ne(c)king around": how interactomics contributes to functionally characterize nek family kinases.aside from polo and aurora, a third but less studied kinase family involved in mitosis regulation is the never in mitosis-gene a (nima)-related kinases (neks). the founding member of this family is the sole member nima of aspergillus nidulans, which is crucial for the initiation of mitosis in that organism. all 11 human neks have been functionally assigned to one of the three core functions established for this family in mammals: (1) centrioles/mitosis; (2) primary ciliary function/ciliopathies; ...201424921005
the histone acetyltransferase gcne (gcn5) plays a central role in the regulation of aspergillus asexual development.acetylation of histones is a key regulatory mechanism of gene expression in eukaryotes. gcne is an acetyltransferase of aspergillus nidulans involved in the acetylation of histone h3 at lysine 9 and lysine 14. previous works have demonstrated that deletion of gcne results in defects in primary and secondary metabolism. here we unveil the role of gcne in development and show that a ∆gcne mutant strain has minor growth defects but is impaired in normal conidiophore development. no signs of conidia ...201424907261
interdependence of the actin and the microtubule cytoskeleton during fungal growth.cell polarization is a theme in biology conserved from bacteria to man. one of the most extremely polarized cells in nature is the hyphae of filamentous fungi. a continuous flow of secretion vesicles from the hyphal cell body to the tip is essential for cell wall and membrane extension. microtubules (mts) and actin, along with their corresponding motor proteins, are involved in the secretion process. therefore, the arrangement of the cytoskeleton is a crucial step to establish and maintain polar ...201424879477
role of moand1-mediated nuclear positioning in morphogenesis and pathogenicity in the rice blast fungus, magnaporthe oryzae.to cause disease on host plants, many phytopathogenic fungi undergo morphological transitions including development of reproductive structures as well as specialized infection structures called appressoria. such morphological transitions display distinct nuclear dynamics. here we report the developmental requirement of moand1-mediated nuclear positioning for pathogenesis of the rice blast fungus, magnaporthe oryzae. the moand1 gene encodes a protein that shows high similarity to num1 in saccharo ...201424875422
fhip and fts proteins are critical for dynein-mediated transport of early endosomes in aspergillus.the minus end-directed microtubule motor cytoplasmic dynein transports various cellular cargoes, including early endosomes, but how dynein binds to its cargo remains unclear. recently fungal hook homologues were found to link dynein to early endosomes for their transport. here we identified fhipa in aspergillus nidulans as a key player for hooka (a. nidulans hook) function via a genome-wide screen for mutants defective in early-endosome distribution. the human homologue of fhipa, fhip, is a prot ...201424870033
endocytosis and early endosome motility in filamentous fungi.hyphal growth of filamentous fungi requires microtubule-based long-distance motility of early endosomes. since the discovery of this process in ustilago maydis, our understanding of its molecular basis and biological function has greatly advanced. studies in u. maydis and aspergillus nidulans reveal a complex interplay of the motor proteins kinesin-3 and dynein, which co-operate to support bi-directional motion of early endosomes. genetic screening has shed light on the molecular mechanisms unde ...201424835422
the set1/compass histone h3 methyltransferase helps regulate mitosis with the cdk1 and nima mitotic kinases in aspergillus nidulans.mitosis is promoted and regulated by reversible protein phosphorylation catalyzed by the essential nima and cdk1 kinases in the model filamentous fungus aspergillus nidulans. protein methylation mediated by the set1/compass methyltransferase complex has also been shown to regulate mitosis in budding yeast with the aurora mitotic kinase. we uncover a genetic interaction between an-swd1, which encodes a subunit of the set1 protein methyltransferase complex, with nima as partial inactivation of nim ...201424835271
the aspergillus nidulans acul gene encodes a mitochondrial carrier required for the utilization of carbon sources that are metabolized via the tca cycle.in aspergillus nidulans, the utilization of acetate as sole carbon source requires several genes (acu). most of them are also required for the utilization of fatty acids. this is the case for acud and acue, which encode the two glyoxylate cycle-specific enzymes, isocitrate lyase and malate synthase, respectively, but also for acul that we have identified as an7287, and characterized in this study. deletion of acul resulted in the same phenotype as the original acul217 mutant. acul encodes a 322- ...201424835019
the double zinc finger domain and adjacent accessory domain from the transcription factor loss of zinc sensing 1 (loz1) are necessary for dna binding and zinc sensing.the loz1 transcription factor from schizosaccharomyces pombe plays an essential role in zinc homeostasis by repressing target gene expression in zinc-replete cells. to determine how loz1 function is regulated by zinc, we employed a genetic screen to isolate mutants with impaired zinc-dependent gene expression and analyzed loz1 protein truncations to map a minimal zinc-responsive domain. in the screen, we isolated 36 new loz1 alleles. 27 of these alleles contained mutations resulting in the trunc ...201424831008
modelling, substrate docking and mutational analysis identify residues essential for function and specificity of the major fungal purine transporter azga.the azga purine/h(+) symporter of aspergillus nidulans is the founding member of a functionally and phylogenetically distinct transporter family present in fungi, bacteria and plants. here a valid azga topological model is built based on the crystal structure of the escherichia coli uracil transporter uraa, a member of the nucleobase-ascorbate transporter (nat/ncs2) family. the model consists of 14 transmembrane, mostly α-helical, segments (tmss) and cytoplasmic n- and c-tails. a distinct compac ...201424818808
direct involvement of the crea transcription factor in penicillin biosynthesis and expression of the pcbab gene in penicillium chrysogenum.the transcription factor crea is the main regulator responsible for carbon repression in filamentous fungi. crea is a wide domain regulator that binds to regulatory elements in the promoters of target genes to repress their transcription. penicillin biosynthesis and the expression of penicillin biosynthetic genes are subject to carbon repression. however, evidence of the participation of crea in this regulation is still lacking, and previous studies on the promoter of the pcbc gene of aspergillu ...201424818689
a cyclin-like protein, clga, regulates development in aspergillus nidulans.a cyclin-like protein from aspergillus nidulans, clga, was identified. its cyclin-like subunit shares 28.3% identity to saccharomyces cerevisiae clg1. deletion of clga slightly influenced fungal growth, but repressed asexual development and made it more sensitive to temperature variations. it also downregulated expression of brla, abaa and weta, which are critically responsible for asexual development. sexual development was impaired in the δclga mutant. its related genes, vea and nosa, were exp ...201424794637
high-affinity glucose transport in aspergillus nidulans is mediated by the products of two related but differentially expressed genes.independent systems of high and low affinity effect glucose uptake in the filamentous fungus aspergillus nidulans. low-affinity uptake is known to be mediated by the product of the mste gene. in the current work two genes, msta and mstc, have been identified that encode high-affinity glucose transporter proteins. these proteins' primary structures share over 90% similarity, indicating that the corresponding genes share a common origin. whilst the function of the paralogous proteins is little cha ...201424751997
dual dna binding and coactivator functions of aspergillus nidulans tama, a zn(ii)2cys6 transcription factor.transcription factors containing dna binding domains generally regulate transcription by direct interaction with dna. for most transcription factors, including the fungal zn(ii)2cys6 zinc binuclear cluster transcription factors, the dna binding motif is essential for function. however, aspergillus nidulans tama and the related saccharomyces cerevisiae dal81p protein contain zn(ii)2cys6 motifs shown to be dispensable for function. tama acts at several promoters as a coactivator of the global nitr ...201424750216
in aspergillus nidulans the suppressors suaa and suac code for release factors erf1 and erf3 and suad codes for a glutamine trna.in aspergillus nidulans, after extensive mutagenesis, a collection of mutants was obtained and four suppressor loci were identified genetically that could suppress mutations in putative chain termination mutations in different genes. suppressor mutations in suab and suad have a similar restricted spectrum of suppression and suab111 was previously shown to be an alteration in the anticodon of a gln trna. we have shown that like suab, a suad suppressor has a mutation in the anticodon of another gl ...201424727290
six hydrophobins are involved in hydrophobin rodlet formation in aspergillus nidulans and contribute to hydrophobicity of the spore surface.hydrophobins are amphiphilic proteins able to self-assemble at water-air interphases and are only found in filamentous fungi. in aspergillus nidulans two hydrophobins, roda and dewa, have been characterized, which both localize on the conidiospore surface and contribute to its hydrophobicity. roda is the constituent protein of very regularly arranged rodlets, 10 nm in diameter. here we analyzed four more hydrophobins, dewb-e, in a. nidulans and found that all six hydrophobins contribute to the h ...201424722460
production of 5,8-dihydroxy-9,12(z,z)-octadecadienoic acid from linoleic acid by whole recombinant escherichia coli cells expressing diol synthase from aspergillus nidulans.diol synthase from aspergillus nidulans was cloned and expressed in escherichia coli. recombinant e. coli cells expressing diol synthase from a. nidulans converted linoleic acid to a product that was identified as 5,8-dihydroxy-9,12(z,z)-octadecadienoic acid by liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry/mass spectrometry (lc-ms/ms). the recombinant cells and the purified enzyme showed the highest activity for linoleic acid among the fatty acids tested. the optimal reaction conditions for the produc ...201424695832
extra- and intracellular lactose catabolism in penicillium chrysogenum: phylogenetic and expression analysis of the putative permease and hydrolase genes.penicillium chrysogenum is used as an industrial producer of penicillin. we investigated its catabolism of lactose, an abundant component of whey used in penicillin fermentation, comparing the type strain nrrl 1951 with the high producing strain as-p-78. both strains grew similarly on lactose as the sole carbon source under batch conditions, exhibiting almost identical time profiles of sugar depletion. in silico analysis of the genome sequences revealed that p. chrysogenum features at least five ...201424690910
functional characterization of a xylose transporter in aspergillus nidulans.the production of bioethanol from lignocellulosic feedstocks will only become economically feasible when the majority of cellulosic and hemicellulosic biopolymers can be efficiently converted into bioethanol. the main component of cellulose is glucose, whereas hemicelluloses mainly consist of pentose sugars such as d-xylose and l-arabinose. the genomes of filamentous fungi such as a. nidulans encode a multiplicity of sugar transporters with broad affinities for hexose and pentose sugars. sacchar ...201424690493
identification of interphase functions for the nima kinase involving microtubules and the escrt pathway.the never in mitosis a (nima) kinase (the founding member of the nek family of kinases) has been considered a mitotic specific kinase with nuclear restricted roles in the model fungus aspergillus nidulans. by extending to a. nidulans the results of a synthetic lethal screen performed in saccharomyces cerevisiae using the nima ortholog kin3, we identified a conserved genetic interaction between nima and genes encoding proteins of the endosomal sorting complex required for transport (escrt) pathwa ...201424675878
distinct septin heteropolymers co-exist during multicellular development in the filamentous fungus aspergillus nidulans.septins are important components of the cytoskeleton that are highly conserved in eukaryotes and play major roles in cytokinesis, patterning, and many developmental processes. septins form heteropolymers which assemble into higher-order structures including rings, filaments, and gauzes. in contrast to actin filaments and microtubules, the molecular mechanism by which septins assemble is not well-understood. here, we report that in the filamentous fungus aspergillus nidulans, four core septins fo ...201424664283
constitutive homologous expression of phosphoglucomutase and transaldolase increases the metabolic flux of fusarium oxysporum.fusarium oxysporum is among the few filamentous fungi that have been reported of being able to directly ferment biomass to ethanol in a consolidated bioprocess. understanding its metabolic pathways and their limitations can provide some insights on the genetic modifications required to enhance its growth and subsequent fermentation capability. in this study, we investigated the hypothesis reported previously that phosphoglucomutase and transaldolase are metabolic bottlenecks in the glycolysis an ...201424649884
hooka is a novel dynein-early endosome linker critical for cargo movement in vivo.cytoplasmic dynein transports membranous cargoes along microtubules, but the mechanism of dynein-cargo interaction is unclear. from a genetic screen, we identified a homologue of human hook proteins, hooka, as a factor required for dynein-mediated early endosome movement in the filamentous fungus aspergillus nidulans. hooka contains a putative n-terminal microtubule-binding domain followed by coiled-coil domains and a c-terminal cargo-binding domain, an organization reminiscent of cytoplasmic li ...201424637327
trans-resveratrol concentrations and antimutagenic potential of juice from the grape cultivars vênus, brs violeta and isabel.grape juice, in addition to being an energetic food, due to its high sugar content, has several compounds that can prevent or treat various types of diseases. resveratrol is a compound present in grapes that has attracted a lot of interest; in addition to preventing cardiovascular disease linked to lipid metabolism, it has chemopreventive and chemotherapeutic activities. we evaluated the antimutagenic activity and determined the trans-resveratrol content in grape juice from the varieties vênus, ...201424634171
comparative functional analysis of the velvet gene family reveals unique roles in fungal development and pathogenicity in magnaporthe oryzae.the ascomycete fungus magnaporthe oryzae is an economically important pathogen that causes rice blast disease worldwide. accumulating evidence indicates that the fungal velvet genes are key regulators of a number of cellular processes, including development, pathogenicity and secondary metabolism, in many species of fungi. in this study, we identified and functionally characterized four genes (movosa, movelb, movea, and movelc) from the genome of the fungal pathogen m. oryzae. these genes were h ...201424632440
synthetic biology tools for bioprospecting of natural products in eukaryotes.filamentous fungi have the capacity to produce a battery of natural products of often unknown function, synthesized by complex metabolic pathways. unfortunately, most of these pathways appear silent, many in intractable organisms, and their products consequently unidentified. one basic challenge is the difficulty of expressing a biosynthesis pathway for a complex natural product in a heterologous eukaryotic host. here, we provide a proof-of concept solution to this challenge and describe how the ...201424631120
x-ray microfluorescence (μxrf) imaging of aspergillus nidulans cell wall mutants reveals biochemical changes due to gene deletions.we used synchrotron x-ray fluorescence to create the first semiquantitative, submicron resolution, element distribution maps of p, s, k, and ca, in situ, in fungal samples. data collection was performed at the european synchrotron radiation facility beam line id21, grenoble, france. we studied developing hyphae, septa, and conidiophores in aspergillus nidulans, comparing wild type and two cell wall biosynthesis gene deletion strains. the latter encode sequential enzymes for biosynthesis of galac ...201424618991
improved production of fatty acid ethyl esters in saccharomyces cerevisiae through up-regulation of the ethanol degradation pathway and expression of the heterologous phosphoketolase pathway.due to an increasing demand of transportation fuels, a lower availability of cheap crude oil and a lack of sustainability of fossil fuels, a gradual shift from petroleum based fuels towards alternative and renewable fuel resources will be required in the near future. fatty acid ethyl esters (faees) have properties similar to current crude diesel and could therefore form an important contribution to the development of sustainable transportation fuels in future. it is important to develop novel ce ...201424618091
the sugarcane defense protein sugarwin2 causes cell death in colletotrichum falcatum but not in non-pathogenic fungi.plants respond to pathogens and insect attacks by inducing and accumulating a large set of defense-related proteins. two homologues of a barley wound-inducible protein (barwin) have been characterized in sugarcane, sugarwin1 and sugarwin2 (sugarcane wound-inducible proteins). induction of sugarwins occurs in response to diatraea saccharalis damage but not to pathogen infection. in addition, the protein itself does not show any effect on insect development; instead, it has antimicrobial activitie ...201424608349
gene homozygosis and mitotic recombination induced by camptothecin and irinotecan in aspergillus nidulans diploid cells.mitotic recombination is a process involved in carcinogenesis which can lead to genetic loss through the loss of heterozygosity. the recombinogenic potentials of two anticancer drugs topoisomerase i inhibitors, camptothecin (cpt) and irinotecan (cpt-11), were evaluated in the present study. the homozygotization assay, which assess the induction of mitotic recombination and gene homozygosis, as well as the heterozygous a757//ut448 diploid strain of aspergillus nidulans were employed. the three no ...201425590709
role of lammer kinase in cell wall biogenesis during vegetative growth of aspergillus nidulans.depending on the acquisition of developmental competence, the expression of genes for β-1,3-glucan synthase and chitin synthase was affected in different ways by aspergillus nidulans lammer kinase. lammer kinase deletion, δlkha, led to decrease in β-1,3-glucan, but increase in chitin content. the δlkha strain was also resistant to nikkomycin z.201425606019
standardization of functional reporter and antibiotic resistance cassettes to facilitate the genetic engineering of filamentous fungi.the unique physiological properties of fungi are useful for a myriad of applications, which could greatly benefit from increased control of native pathways and introduction of recombinant genes. however, fungal genetic engineering is still limited in scope and accessibility, largely due to lack of standardization. to help standardize the genetic engineering of filamentous fungi, we created biobricks of commonly used antibiotic resistance genes, neomycin phosphotransferase (nptii) and hygromycin ...201425524098
nitrogen regulation of fungal secondary metabolism in fungi.fungi occupy diverse environments where they are constantly challenged by stressors such as extreme ph, temperature, uv exposure, and nutrient deprivation. nitrogen is an essential requirement for growth, and the ability to metabolize a wide variety of nitrogen sources enables fungi to colonize different environmental niches and survive nutrient limitations. favored nitrogen sources, particularly ammonium and glutamine, are used preferentially, while the expression of genes required for the use ...201425506342
crystallization and preliminary x-ray crystallographic analysis of ribosome assembly factors: the rpf2-rrs1 complex.rpf2 and rrs1 are essential proteins for ribosome biogenesis. these proteins form a complex (the rpf2-subcomplex) with 5s rrna and two ribosomal proteins (l5 and l11). this complex is recruited to the ribosome precursor (the 90s pre-ribosome). this recruitment is necessary for the maturation of 25s rrna. genetic depletion of rpf2 and rrs1 results in accumulation of the 25s rrna precursor. in this study, rpf2 and rrs1 from aspergillus nidulans were co-overexpressed in escherichia coli, purified a ...201425484219
gbf/gea mutant with a single substitution sustains fungal growth in the absence of big/sec7.golgi arf1-guanine nucleotide exchange factors (gefs) belong to two subfamilies: gbf/gea and big/sec7. both are conserved across eukaryotes, but the physiological role of each is not well understood. aspergillus nidulans has a single member of the early golgi gbf/gea-subfamily, geaa, and the late golgi big/sec7-subfamily, hypb. both geaa and hypb are essential. hypb5 conditionally blocks secretion. we sought extragenic hypb5 suppressors and obtained geaa1. geaa1 results in tyr1022cys within a co ...201425451223
trpac1, a ph response transcription regulator, is involved in cellulase gene expression in trichoderma reesei.fungi grow over a relatively wide ph range and adapt to extracellular ph through a genetic regulatory system mediated by a key component pacc, which is a ph transcription regulator. the cellulase production of the filamentous fungi trichoderma reesei is sensitive to ambient ph. to investigate the connection between cellulase expression regulation and ambient ph, an ortholog of aspergillus nidulans pacc, trpac1, was identified and functionally characterized using a target gene deletion strategy. ...201425442944
eucast testing of isavuconazole susceptibility in aspergillus: comparison of results for inoculum standardization using conidium counting versus optical density.the eucast e.def9.1 standard recommends standardization of the inoculum concentration by conidium counting using a hemocytometer rather than a spectrophotometer. in this study, we investigated whether the choice of these methods influenced isavuconazole mics. a blinded collection of 30 molecularly characterized azole-resistant isolates and 10 wild-type aspergillus fumigatus isolates was shared with four different laboratories. additionally, each laboratory selected approximately 100 a. fumigatus ...201425136005
sporadic distribution of prion-forming ability of sup35p from yeasts and fungi.sup35p of saccharomyces cerevisiae can form the [psi+] prion, an infectious amyloid in which the protein is largely inactive. the part of sup35p that forms the amyloid is the region normally involved in control of mrna turnover. the formation of [psi+] by sup35p's from other yeasts has been interpreted to imply that the prion-forming ability of sup35p is conserved in evolution, and thus of survival/fitness/evolutionary value to these organisms. we surveyed a larger number of yeast and fungal spe ...201425081567
genome mining and functional genomics for siderophore production in aspergillus niger.iron is an essential metal for many organisms, but the biologically relevant form of iron is scarce because of rapid oxidation resulting in low solubility. simultaneously, excessive accumulation of iron is toxic. consequently, iron uptake is a highly controlled process. in most fungal species, siderophores play a central role in iron handling. siderophores are small iron-specific chelators that can be secreted to scavenge environmental iron or bind intracellular iron with high affinity. a second ...201425062661
effect of serum components on biofilm formation by aspergillus fumigatus and other aspergillus species.biofilm production by microorganisms is critical for their pathogenicity. serum promotes biofilm production by aspergillus fumigatus; however, its effects on other aspergillus spp. have not been reported. we analyzed biofilm formation by five aspergillus spp., i.e., a. fumigatus, a. flavus, a. nidulans, a. niger, and a. terreus, and examined the effects of serum/serum proteins such as fetal bovine serum (fbs), fetuin a, and bovine serum albumin (bsa) on hyphal growth, hyphal branching, and extra ...201424858605
isolation and identification of aspergillus spp. from brown kiwi (apteryx mantelli) nocturnal houses in new zealand.aspergillosis, a disease caused by infection with aspergillus spp., is a common cause of death in birds globally and is an irregular cause of mortality of captive kiwi (apteryx spp.). aspergillus spp. are often present in rotting plant material, including the litter and nesting material used for kiwi in captivity. the aim of this study was to survey nocturnal kiwi houses in new zealand to assess the levels of aspergillus currently present in leaf litter. samples were received from 11 nocturnal k ...201424758108
aspergillus nidulans cell wall composition and function change in response to hosting several aspergillus fumigatus udp-galactopyranose mutase activity mutants.deletion or repression of aspergillus nidulans ugma (anugma), involved in galactofuranose biosynthesis, impairs growth and increases sensitivity to caspofungin, a β-1,3-glucan synthesis antagonist. the a. fumigatus ugma (afugma) crystal structure has been determined. from that study, afugma mutants with altered enzyme activity were transformed into anugma▵ to assess their effect on growth and wall composition in a. nidulans. the complemented (anugma::wild type afugma) strain had wild type phenot ...201424454924
the aspergillus genome database: multispecies curation and incorporation of rna-seq data to improve structural gene annotations.the aspergillus genome database (aspgd; http://www.aspgd.org) is a freely available web-based resource that was designed for aspergillus researchers and is also a valuable source of information for the entire fungal research community. in addition to being a repository and central point of access to genome, transcriptome and polymorphism data, aspgd hosts a comprehensive comparative genomics toolbox that facilitates the exploration of precomputed orthologs among the 20 currently available asperg ...201424194595
understanding transporter specificity and the discrete appearance of channel-like gating domains in transporters.transporters are ubiquitous proteins mediating the translocation of solutes across cell membranes, a biological process involved in nutrition, signaling, neurotransmission, cell communication and drug uptake or efflux. similarly to enzymes, most transporters have a single substrate binding-site and thus their activity follows michaelis-menten kinetics. substrate binding elicits a series of structural changes, which produce a transporter conformer open toward the side opposite to the one from whe ...201425309439
heterologous expression of gaeumannomyces graminis lipoxygenase in aspergillus nidulans.aspergillus sp. contain ppo genes coding for ppo enzymes that produce oxylipins from polyunsaturated fatty acids. these oxylipins function as signal molecules in sporulation and influence the asexual to sexual ratio of aspergillus sp. fungi like aspergillus nidulans and aspergillus niger contain just ppo genes where the human pathogenic aspergillus flavus and aspergillus fumigatus contain ppo genes as well as lipoxygenases. lipoxygenases catalyze the synthesis of oxylipins and are hypothesized t ...201425401068
aspergillus fumigatus and related species.the genus aspergillus contains etiologic agents of aspergillosis. the clinical manifestations of the disease range from allergic reaction to invasive pulmonary infection. among the pathogenic aspergilli, aspergillus fumigatus is most ubiquitous in the environment and is the major cause of the disease, followed by aspergillus flavus, aspergillus niger, aspergillus terreus, aspergillus nidulans, and several species in the section fumigati that morphologically resemble a. fumigatus. patients that a ...201425377144
cytotoxic and antifungal activities of melleolide antibiotics follow dissimilar structure-activity relationships.the fungal genus armillaria is unique in that it is the only natural source of melleolide antibiotics, i.e., protoilludene alcohols esterified with orsellinic acid or its derivatives. this class of natural products is known to exert antimicrobial and cytotoxic effects. here, we present a refined relationship between the structure and the antimicrobial activity of the melleolides. using both agar diffusion and broth dilution assays, we identified the δ(2,4)-double bond of the protoilludene moiety ...201424906293
aspergillosis of bones and joints - a review from 2002 until today.poor clinical outcome and complicated neurological complications illustrate the severity of bone and joint infections with aspergillus species. host predisposing conditions are immunosuppression, intravenous drug use, a variety of chronic underlying diseases and prior surgical interventions. nosocomial infections may originate from contaminated air ventilation systems or water pipes. most common causative pathogen is aspergillus fumigatus, followed by aspergillus flavus and aspergillus nidulans. ...201424397460
osteomyelitis caused by aspergillus species: a review of 310 reported cases.aspergillus osteomyelitis is a rare infection. we reviewed 310 individual cases reported in the literature from 1936 to 2013. the median age of patients was 43 years (range, 0-86 years), and 59% were males. comorbidities associated with this infection included chronic granulomatous disease (19%), haematological malignancies (11%), transplantation (11%), diabetes (6%), pulmonary disease (4%), steroid therapy (4%), and human immunodeficiency virus infection (4%). sites of infection included the sp ...201424303995
alternaria alternata transcription factor cmra controls melanization and spore development.melanin is a black pigment widely distributed across the kingdoms, from bacterial to human. the filamentous fungus alternaria alternata is a typical 'black fungus', which produces melanin in its hyphal and especially its asexual spore cell walls. its biosynthesis follows the dihydroxynaphthalene (dhn) pathway with 1,8-dhn as an intermediate. two genes, encoding a polyketide synthase (pksa) and a 1,3,8-trihydroxynaphthalene (thn) reductase (brm2), along with a putative transcription factor, cmra, ...201424972701
conserved and varied dinucleotide sequences in the genomes of three aspergillus species.both guanine-cytosine content and nucleosome occupancy are higher in exons than in introns. in this study, the association between the frequencies of the dinucleotide sequences and the nucleosome occupancy of the exons and introns of the genes of aspergillus fumigatus, aspergillus nidulans, and aspergillus oryzae was studied. the frequency of the dinucleotide sequences aa (tt), at, and ta in the introns was more than that in the exons. in addition, the frequency of these sequences in the regions ...201425564023
calcium signaling mediates antifungal activity of triazole drugs in the aspergilli.azoles are widely applied and largely effective as antifungals; however, the increasing prevalence of clinically resistant isolates has yet to be matched by approaches to improve the efficacy of antimicrobial therapy. in this study, using the model fungus aspergillus nidulans and one of the most common human pathogen aspergillus fumigatus as research materials, we present the evidence that calcium signaling is involved in the azole-antifungals-induced stress-response reactions. in normal media, ...201525554700
divergent targets of aspergillus fumigatus acuk and acum transcription factors during growth in vitro versus invasive disease.in aspergillus nidulans, the acuk and acum transcription factors form a complex that regulates gluconeogenesis. in aspergillus fumigatus, acum governs gluconeogenesis and iron acquisition in vitro and virulence in immunosuppressed mice. however, the function of acuk was previously unknown. through in vitro studies, we found that a. fumigatus δacuk single and δacuk δacum double mutants had impaired gluconeogenesis and iron acquisition, similar to the δacum mutant. also, the δacuk, δacum, and δacu ...201525534941
the apses family proteins in fungi: characterizations, evolution and functions.the apses protein family belongs to transcriptional factors of the basic helix-loop-helix (bhlh) class, the originally described members (apses: asm1p, phd1p, sok2p, efg1p and stuap) are used to designate this group of proteins, and they have been identified as key regulators of fungal development and other biological processes. apses proteins share a highly conserved dna-binding domain (apses domain) of about 100 amino acids, whose central domain is predicted to form a typical bhlh structure. b ...201525534868
redox metabolites signal polymicrobial biofilm development via the napa oxidative stress cascade in aspergillus.filamentous fungi and bacteria form mixed-species biofilms in nature and diverse clinical contexts. they secrete a wealth of redox-active small molecule secondary metabolites, which are traditionally viewed as toxins that inhibit growth of competing microbes.201525532893
the fungal exopolysaccharide galactosaminogalactan mediates virulence by enhancing resistance to neutrophil extracellular traps.of the over 250 aspergillus species, aspergillus fumigatus accounts for up to 80% of invasive human infections. a. fumigatus produces galactosaminogalactan (gag), an exopolysaccharide composed of galactose and n-acetyl-galactosamine (galnac) that mediates adherence and is required for full virulence. less pathogenic aspergillus species were found to produce gag with a lower galnac content than a. fumigatus and expressed minimal amounts of cell wall-bound gag. increasing the galnac content of gag ...201526492565
fgric8 is involved in regulating vegetative growth, conidiation, deoxynivalenol production and virulence in fusarium graminearum.proteins of the resistance to inhibitors of cholinesterase 8 (ric8) group act as guanine nucleotide exchange factors (gefs) and play important roles in regulating g-protein signaling in animals. in filamentous fungi, putative ric8 orthologs have so far been identified in magnaporthe oryzae, neurospora crassa, aspergillus nidulans and aspergillus fumigatus. here, we report the functional investigation of a potential ric8 ortholog (fgric8) in the wheat head blight pathogen fusarium graminearum. ta ...201526341536
functional analysis of sterol transporter orthologues in the filamentous fungus aspergillus nidulans.polarized growth in filamentous fungi needs a continuous supply of proteins and lipids to the growing hyphal tip. one of the important membrane compounds in fungi is ergosterol. at the apical plasma membrane ergosterol accumulations, which are called sterol-rich plasma membrane domains (srds). the exact roles and formation mechanism of the srds remained unclear, although the importance has been recognized for hyphal growth. transport of ergosterol to hyphal tips is thought to be important for th ...201526116213
a pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic analysis of a standard voriconazole regimen in different cyp2c19 genotypes by monte carlo simulation.the objective of this study was to evaluate the standard voriconazole dosage regimen (maintenance dose was 200 mg bid orally) against aspergillus infections in different cyp2c19 genotypes from a pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic (pk/pd) perspective.201526062298
the aspergillus fumigatus septins play pleiotropic roles in septation, conidiation, and cell wall stress, but are dispensable for virulence.septins are a conserved family of gtpases that regulate important cellular processes such as cell wall integrity, and septation in fungi. the requirement of septins for virulence has been demonstrated in the human pathogenic yeasts candida albicans and cryptococcus neoformans, as well as the plant pathogen magnaporthe oryzae. aspergillus spp. contains five genes encoding for septins (aspa-e). while the importance of septins aspa, aspb, aspc, and aspe for growth and conidiation has been elucidate ...201526051489
the gβ-like protein cpcb is required for hyphal growth, conidiophore morphology and pathogenicity in aspergillus fumigatus.cpcb (cross pathway control b) encodes a yeast cpc2 and mammalian rack1 (receptor for activated protein kinase c) ortholog, which is a wd repeat protein with functional homology to the β subunit of heterotrimeric g proteins in aspergillus fumigatus. previous study has reported that cpcb governs growth and development in both a. fumigatus and aspergillus nidulans. however, little is known about the functional identities of cpcb orthologs and their relationships with g protein complexes. in this s ...201525892048
insight into the antifungal mechanism of neosartorya fischeri antifungal protein.small, cysteine-rich, highly stable antifungal proteins secreted by filamentous ascomycetes have great potential for the development of novel antifungal strategies. however, their practical application is still limited due to their not fully clarified mode of action. the aim of this work was to provide a deep insight into the antifungal mechanism of neosartorya fischeri antifungal protein (nfap), a novel representative of this protein group. within a short exposure time to nfap, reduced cellular ...201525994413
targeted production of secondary metabolites by coexpression of non-ribosomal peptide synthetase and prenyltransferase genes in aspergillus.prenylated tryptophan-containing cyclic dipeptides are found in different fungi and serve as precursors for the biosynthesis of diverse biologically active secondary metabolites. they show distinct and usually higher biological and pharmacological activities than the respective non-prenylated dipeptides. successful production of such compounds were achieved by a new approach based on the coexpression of ftmps, a non-ribosomal peptide synthetase from neosartorya fischeri, with three cyclic dipept ...201525744649
hgt-finder: a new tool for horizontal gene transfer finding and application to aspergillus genomes.horizontal gene transfer (hgt) is a fast-track mechanism that allows genetically unrelated organisms to exchange genes for rapid environmental adaptation. we developed a new phyletic distribution-based software, hgt-finder, which implements a novel bioinformatics algorithm to calculate a horizontal transfer index and a probability value for each query gene. applying this new tool to the aspergillus fumigatus, aspergillus flavus, and aspergillus nidulans genomes, we found 273, 542, and 715 transf ...201526473921
the wopr domain protein osaa orchestrates development in aspergillus nidulans.orchestration of cellular growth and development occurs during the life cycle of aspergillus nidulans. a multi-copy genetic screen intended to unveil novel regulators of development identified the an6578 locus predicted to encode a protein with the wopr domain, which is a broadly present fungi-specific dna-binding motif. multi-copy of an6578 disrupted the normal life cycle of the fungus leading to enhanced proliferation of vegetative cells, whereas the deletion resulted in hyper-active sexual fr ...201526359867
development of the dichlorvos-ammonia (dv-am) method for the visual detection of aflatoxigenic fungi.aflatoxins (afs) are carcinogenic and toxic secondary metabolites produced mainly by aspergillus flavus and aspergillus parasiticus. to monitor and regulate the af contamination of crops, a sensitive and precise detection method for these toxigenic fungi in environments is necessary. we herein developed a novel visual detection method, the dichlorvos-ammonia (dv-am) method, for identifying af-producing fungi using dv and am vapor on agar culture plates, in which dv inhibits the esterase in af bi ...201526300294
association of fungal secondary metabolism and sclerotial biology.fungal secondary metabolism and morphological development have been shown to be intimately associated at the genetic level. much of the literature has focused on the co-regulation of secondary metabolite production (e.g., sterigmatocystin and aflatoxin in aspergillus nidulans and aspergillus flavus, respectively) with conidiation or formation of sexual fruiting bodies. however, many of these genetic links also control sclerotial production. sclerotia are resistant structures produced by a number ...201525762985
in vitro antioxidant and antidiabetic activities of biomodified lignin from acacia nilotica wood.the antioxidant and antidiabetic activity of biomodified alkali lignin extracted from a deciduous plant acacia nilotica, was evaluated in vitro. the extracted alkali lignin was subjected to microbial biotransformation by ligninolytic fungus aspergillus flavus and emericella nidulans. these modifications were done under varying concentration of carbon to nitrogen sources. the structural feature of the lignin samples were compared by ftir, functional group analysis and (13)c solid state nmr. all l ...201525600985
pcr-rflp on β-tubulin gene for rapid identification of the most clinically important species of aspergillus.aspergillus species are important agents of life-threatening infections in immunosuppressed patients. proper speciation in the aspergilli has been justified based on varied fungal virulence, clinical presentations, and antifungal resistance. accurate identification of aspergillus species usually relies on fungal dna sequencing but this requires expensive equipment that is not available in most clinical laboratories. we developed and validated a discriminative low-cost pcr-based test to discrimin ...201526264625
microbial communication leading to the activation of silent fungal secondary metabolite gene clusters.microorganisms form diverse multispecies communities in various ecosystems. the high abundance of fungal and bacterial species in these consortia results in specific communication between the microorganisms. a key role in this communication is played by secondary metabolites (sms), which are also called natural products. recently, it was shown that interspecies "talk" between microorganisms represents a physiological trigger to activate silent gene clusters leading to the formation of novel sms ...201525941517
evaluation of aerial microbial pollutants in al-haram al-nabawi during pilgrimage of 2013.al-madinah al-munawwarah is the second holiest site in islam. the possibility of new emerging microbes is valid due to the increased number of pilgrims. the objectives of the current study were to estimate the numbers of fungi and bacteria inside and outside al-haram al-nabawi and to find whether new bacterial and fungal species have emerged compared to previous studies. air samples were collected twice a day from 12 spots and four directions during the pilgrim year of 2013 for four consecutive ...201528053593
the selective expression of carbonic anhydrase genes of aspergillus nidulans in response to changes in mineral nutrition and co2 concentration.carbonic anhydrase (ca) plays an important role in the formation and evolution of life. however, to our knowledge, there has been no report on ca isoenzyme function differentiation in fungi. two different ca gene sequences in aspergillus nidulans with clear genetic background provide us a favorable basis for studying function differentiation of ca isoenzymes. heterologously expressed ca1 was used to test its weathering ability on silicate minerals and real-time quantitative pcr was used to detec ...201526553629
snpks19 encodes the polyketide synthase for alternariol mycotoxin biosynthesis in the wheat pathogen parastagonospora nodorum.alternariol (aoh) is an important mycotoxin from the alternaria fungi. aoh was detected for the first time in the wheat pathogen parastagonospora nodorum in a recent study. here, we exploited reverse genetics to demonstrate that snog_15829 (snpks19), a close homolog of penicillium aethiopicum norlichexanthone (nlx) synthase gene gsfa, is required for aoh production. we further validate that snpks19 is solely responsible for aoh production by heterologous expression in aspergillus nidulans. the e ...201526025896
agrobacterium tumefaciens-mediated transformation of the entomopathogenic fungus nomuraea rileyi.an agrobacterium-mediated genetic transformation system for the entomopathogenic fungus nomuraea rileyi was established. three binary t-dna vectors, ppzp-hph, ppzp-hph-rnai and ppzp-hph-dsred2, were constructed. the trpc promoter from aspergillus nidulans was used as the cis-regulatory element to drive the expression of hygromycin phosphotransferase (hph) gene and dsred2, which conferred the hygromycin b (hyg b) resistance and red fluorescence visualization, respectively. the blastospores and co ...201526275508
genetic transformation of extremophilic fungi acidea extrema and acidothrix acidophila.intact, growing cells of strongly acidophilic fungi acidea extrema and acidothrix acidophila have been successfully transformed by introduction of heterologous dna fragment (composed of the glyceraldehyde-phosphate-dehydrogenase gene promoter from emericella nidulans, a metallothionein-coding gene asmt1 from amanita strobiliformis and glyceraldehyde-phosphate-dehydrogenase gene terminator from colletotrichum gloeosporioides) with the length of 1690 bp. the transformation procedure was based on t ...201525934267
recurrent prosthetic valve endocarditis caused by aspergillus delacroxii (formerly aspergillus nidulans var. echinulatus).we report aspergillus delacroxii (formerly aspergillus nidulans var. echinulatus) causing recurrent prosthetic valve endocarditis. the fungus was the sole agent detected during replacement of a mechanical aortic valve conduit due to abscess formation. despite extensive surgery and anti-fungal treatment, the patient had a cerebral hemorrhage 4 months post-surgery prompting a diagnosis of recurrent prosthetic valve endocarditis and fungemia.201526909244
aspergillus nidulans protein kinase a plays an important role in cellulase production.the production of bioethanol from lignocellulosic feedstocks is dependent on lignocellulosic biomass degradation by hydrolytic enzymes. the main component of lignocellulose is cellulose and different types of organisms are able to secrete cellulases. the filamentous fungus aspergillus nidulans serves as a model organism to study cellulase production and the available tools allow exploring more in depth the mechanisms governing cellulase production and carbon catabolite repression.201526690721
superresolution microscopy reveals a dynamic picture of cell polarity maintenance during directional growth.polar (directional) cell growth, a key cellular mechanism shared among a wide range of species, relies on targeted insertion of new material at specific locations of the plasma membrane. how these cell polarity sites are stably maintained during massive membrane insertion has remained elusive. conventional live-cell optical microscopy fails to visualize polarity site formation in the crowded cell membrane environment because of its limited resolution. we have used advanced live-cell imaging tech ...201526665168
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