Publications
| Title | Abstract | Year(sorted ascending) Filter | PMID Filter |
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| anemia, parasitic infections and some risk factors among physical education female students in alexandria. | the present study was a cross-sectional one, carried out to estimate the percentages of anemia and parasites among students of faculty of physical education for girls and some of their related factors. a predesigned questionnaire was completed by the researchers through face-to-face meetings to collect data concerning age, menstruation history and some dietary habits. blood samples were taken by finger pricks to estimate hemoglobin (hb) concentration level (gm/dl). stool samples were collected a ... | 2003 | 17265613 |
| a cross-sectional study of intestinal parasitic infections in a rural district of west china. | parasitic infections are widespread in rural areas of west china. the remote and humid environment, traditional ways of life, contaminated potable water and limited health services all contribute to the transmission and persistence of fecal parasites. | 2003 | 18159450 |
| malaria and intestinal parasitosis among children presenting to the paediatric centre in sana'a, yemen. | we studied the profile of malaria and intestinal parasitosis among children presenting to the paediatric health centre in sana'a from january 1998 to december 2000. in stool samples from 9014 children, ascaris lumbricoides, entamoeba histolytica, giardia lamblia and trichuris trichiura were the most common. infection with parasites of direct life-cycle were similar in boys and girls. schistosome infection was significantly higher in boys than girls, but girls were more infected with ascariasis. ... | 2003 | 16450536 |
| evaluation of newer diagnostic methods for the detection and differentiation of entamoeba histolytica in an endemic area. | we evaluated the colorimetric polymerase chain reaction (pcr)-based method for the detection and differentiation of entamoeba spp. and compared the efficacy of e. histolytica-specific antigen detection in faeces with the detection of specific antibodies to e. histolytica-specific antigen in faeces, by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. faecal samples were obtained from patients attending hospital in chandigarh, india, from march 2001 to february 2002. the pcr-based colorimetric method was found ... | 2003 | 15259465 |
| [treatment of acanthamoeba keratitis: possibilities, problems, and new approaches]. | acanthamoeba keratitis is a corneal disease associated predominantly with contact lens wear. the occurrence of acanthamoeba keratitis has been rising since 1990 in correlation to the growing number of contact lens wearers. to date approximately 2000 cases have been published around the world. due to the complicated diagnostics, the elaborate treatment and the usually bad compliance of the patients, acanthamoeba keratitis unfortunately very often takes a serious progression, which may lead to ser ... | 2003 | 15508774 |
| first report of escherichia coli o157 among iraqi children. | we determined the prevalence of enterohaemorrhagic escherichia coli, especially e. coli o157, and other enteropathogens among 200 children with bloody diarrhoea and 100 age-matched controls at two baghdad hospitals. bacterial and parasitic agents were found in 39.5% and 28.5% of cases, respectively; no pathogen was detected in 32%. e. coli o157 was identified in 11.5% and more than one pathogen was found in 15.5% of cases. the most common pathogens were enteropathogenic e. coli (epec) (5%); e. c ... | 2003 | 15562746 |
| [value of screening for intestinal and urinary parasites in non-resident permanent students in tunisia]. | in order to fight digestive and urinary parasitoses, a national program of surveillance has been founded. the screening of these parasitoses among the non permanent resident students in tunisia (enrpts) is one of the main actions of this program. among 2560 enrpts tested in the laboratory of parasitologie of institut pasteur of tunis, between 1998 and 2002, 674 were infected by parasites, which represents a global prévalence of 26.3%. the intestinal protozoa constitute the majority of parasites ... | 2003 | 15941065 |
| association between parasitic intestinal infections and acute or chronic diarrhoea in hiv-infected patients in caracas, venezuela. | a cross sectional survey was conducted to determine the association between enteric parasites and diarrhoea in hiv-infected adults in caracas. three hundred and four patients were evaluated: 104 had acute diarrhoea, 113 chronic diarrhoea and 87 were controls. isopora belli infection was associated with acute (p = 0.022) and chronic diarrhoea (p = 0.003), entamoeba histolytica/dispar infection was also associated with both acute (p = 0.015) and chronic diarrhoea (p = 0.017). strongyloides stercor ... | 2003 | 12869231 |
| vh3 gene usage in neutralizing human antibodies specific for the entamoeba histolytica gal/galnac lectin heavy subunit. | a combinatorial human immunoglobulin gene library was constructed from peripheral lymphocytes of an asymptomatic entamoeba histolytica cyst passer and screened for the production of fab antibody to the parasite. one of the fab clones, cp33, recognized the 260-kda galactose- and n-acetyl-d-galactosamine (gal/galnac)-specific lectin of e. histolytica. by shuffling the heavy and light chains of cp33 with the heavy and light chains of two libraries derived from the cyst passer and a liver abscess pa ... | 2003 | 12874307 |
| stress-dependent expression of a polymorphic, charged antigen in the protozoan parasite entamoeba histolytica. | we have identified a novel stress inducible gene, ehssp1 in entamoeba histolytica, the causative agent of amebiasis. ehssp1 belongs to a polymorphic, multigene family and is present on multiple chromosomes. no homologue of this gene was found in the ncbi database. sequence alignment of the multiple copies, and genomic pcr data restricted the polymorphism to the central region of the gene. this region contains a polypurine stretch that encodes a domain rich in acidic and basic amino acids. under ... | 2003 | 12874327 |
| epidemiology and control of intestinal parasites with nitazoxanide in children in mexico. | the purpose of this study was to evaluate the efficacy and the tolerance of nitazoxanide in children as a single broad-spectrum antiparasitic agent in the treatment of mixed parasite infections with both intestinal protozoa and helminths. two hundred seventy-two children (age range = 2-14 years) participated in this study. we systematically surveyed every household head using questionnaires designed to obtain information about household socioeconomic status and hygiene. parasitic infections were ... | 2003 | 12875284 |
| cockroaches (periplaneta americana and blattella germanica) as potential mechanical disseminators of entamoeba histolytica. | since cockroaches feed on feces, they may disseminate infective agents with the fecal-oral route. a field survey and experiments were conducted to determine the role of cockroaches in the dissemination of entamoeba histolytica. periplaneta americana (n=299) and blattella germanica (n=29) were collected from 11 primary schools in an urban area of south taiwan. e. histolytica/e. dispar cysts were found on the cuticle and/or in the digestive tract of p. americana (25.4%) whereas cysts were only iso ... | 2003 | 12875929 |
| molecular and structural characterization of nadph-dependent d-glycerate dehydrogenase from the enteric parasitic protist entamoeba histolytica. | putative nadph-dependent gdh (l-glycerate dehydrogenase) of the protozoan parasite entamoeba histolytica (ehgdh) has been characterized. the ehgdh gene encodes a protein of 318 amino acids with a calculated isoelectric point of 6.29 and a molecular mass of 35.8 kda. ehgdh showed highest identities with gdh from epsilon-proteobacteria. this close kinship was also supported by phylogenetic analyses, suggesting possible lateral transfer of the gene from epsilon-proteobacteria to e. histolytica. in ... | 2003 | 12877657 |
| molecular cloning of a member of the fasciola hepatica saposin-like protein family. | a 436-bp complementary dna (cdna) was isolated from an adult fasciola hepatica cdna expression library by screening with the serum from a rabbit infected with f. hepatica for 4 wk. the deduced amino acid sequence encoded by this cdna is an 11.5-kda polypeptide that has significant homology to f. hepatica nk-lysin protein, to several members of saposin-like or nk-lysin protein families, as well as 3 amoebapore precursors of entamoeba histolytica. the most striking feature observed within this pro ... | 2003 | 12880256 |
| the monocyte locomotion inhibitory factor produced by entamoeba histolytica inhibits induced nitric oxide production in human leukocytes. | the monocyte locomotion inhibitory factor, an anti-inflammatory pentapeptide produced by entamoeba histolytica, inhibits the in vitro production of nitric oxide induced by cytokines (inf-gamma, tnf-alpha) or pma in human leukocytes. this can be added to the other previously reported functional effects of this factor, such as the inhibition of monocyte locomotion and the synthesis of reactive oxygen intermediates in both monocytes and neutrophils. the decreased nitric oxide production may interfe ... | 2003 | 12884017 |
| amebic colitis in an asymptomatic patient. | 2003 | 12741911 | |
| comparison between constitutive and inducible plasmid vectors used for gene expression in entamoeba histolytica. | 2003 | 12742589 | |
| symptomatic intestinal amoebiasis and climatic parameters. | symptomatic intestinal amoebiasis is an important problem, especially in the developing world. the relationships between climatic parameters and amoebic dysentery cases were evaluated in this study. climatic data were obtained from the local meteorological department and the diagnosis of amoebic dysentery was established by clinical and laboratory investigation. monthly mean temperature (r = 0.755, p = 0.005), monthly mean maximum temperature (r = 0.711, p = 0.01), monthly mean temperature at 10 ... | 2003 | 12751714 |
| images in pathology. food for thought! vegetable cells in histopathological sections. | 2003 | 12754631 | |
| entamoeba histolytica infections in captive primates. | a group based survey on the presence of entamoeba histolytica and entamoeba dispar using real-time pcr among 20 species of captive non-human primates was performed after diagnosis of e. histolytica dysentery in a spider monkey ( ateles belzebuth hybridus). e. histolytica dna was detected in three species of new world primates and in three species of old world primates. in five of six e. histolytica isolates, it was possible to amplify the srehp gene. they all revealed the same pattern after alui ... | 2003 | 12756542 |
| entamoeba histolytica: a beta 1 integrin-like fibronectin receptor assembles a signaling complex similar to those of mammalian cells. | during tissue invasion, entamoeba histolytica trophozoites interact with endothelial cells and extracellular matrix (ecm) proteins such as fibronectin (fn), collagen, and laminin. it has been demonstrated that trophozoites interact with fn through a beta1 integrin-like fn receptor (beta 1ehfnr), activating tyrosine kinases. in order to characterize the signaling process triggered by the amoebic receptor, activation, and association of tyrosine kinases and structural proteins were determined. as ... | 2003 | 12810041 |
| entamoeba histolytica: expression and dna binding of ccaat/enhancer-binding proteins are regulated through the cell cycle. | 2003 | 12810051 | |
| [detection of parasites and symptoms of parasitic diseases. 2: parasites of the gastrointestinal tract, tissue and organ parasites, ecto- and skin parasites]. | intestinal parasites are giardia lamblia, cryptosporidium parvum, entamoeba histolytica, hookworms, ascaris, tape worms and others. as to organ parasites, their life-threatening courses are pointed out: amebiasis in the intestine, liver, lung and brain, toxoplasmosis in the brain, lung and heart muscle, including the danger for the child of a pregnant woman with an acute infection, west african sleeping sickness with encephalitis, the east african form with polyserositis, south american chagas' ... | 2003 | 12914402 |
| antiprotozoal activity of the constituents of teloxys graveolens. | antiprotozoal activity-guided fractionation of a methanol extract of the aerial parts of teloxys graveolens led to the isolation of one coumarinic acid derivative, melilotoside, and five flavonoids, pinocembrine, pinostrobin, chrysin, narcissin and rutin. among them, melilotoside exhibited the most potent activity toward entamoeba histolytica and giardia lamblia (ic(50) 12.5 and 16.8 micro g/ml, respectively). narcissin showed selectivity against e. histolytlica (ic(50) 17.2 micro g/ml). the res ... | 2003 | 12916068 |
| amoebapores and nk-lysin, members of a class of structurally distinct antimicrobial and cytolytic peptides from protozoa and mammals: a comparative functional analysis. | amoebapores, the pore-forming polypeptides of the protozoan parasite entamoeba histolytica, and nk-lysin, an effector molecule of porcine nk (natural killer) and cytotoxic t cells, belong to the same protein family, the saposin-like proteins. as both types of protein are implicated in the killing of microbes in vivo, it appears that phylogenetically diverse organisms such as amoebae and mammals use similar effector molecules to fulfil a comparable task. however, structural features have led to t ... | 2003 | 12917014 |
| prevalence of amebiasis in inflammatory bowel disease in turkey. | to explore the prevalence of amebiasis in inflammatory bowel disease (ibd) in turkey. | 2003 | 12918132 |
| identification and characterization of two isoenzymes of methionine gamma-lyase from entamoeba histolytica: a key enzyme of sulfur-amino acid degradation in an anaerobic parasitic protist that lacks forward and reverse trans-sulfuration pathways. | to better understand the metabolism of sulfur-containing amino acids, which likely plays a key role in a variety of cell functions, in entamoeba histolytica, we searched the genome data base for genes encoding putative orthologs of enzymes known to be involved in the metabolism. the search revealed that e. histolytica possesses only incomplete cysteine-methionine conversion pathways in both directions. instead, this parasite possesses genes encoding two isoenzymes of methionine gamma-lyase (ec 4 ... | 2003 | 12920135 |
| alcohol consumption, hepatic iron load and the risk of amoebic liver abscess: a case-control study. | it is unknown why most amoebic liver abscess (ala) cases occur in alcohol drinkers. in experimental studies, the presence of 'iron' potentiates the in-vitro growth of entamoeba histolytica (e. histolytica), and is also known to increase its in-vivo invasiveness in animal infections. chronic alcoholism increases the hepatic iron deposition. we hypothesized that ala occurs more commonly in livers with a high iron load as in alcoholics. to test this hypothesis we compared the levels of iron between ... | 2003 | 12924485 |
| intestinal parasitic infestations among children in an orphanage in pathum thani province. | infection caused by intestinal parasites is still a common health problem especially in children from developing countries. orphans are a group of underprivileged population in society. to evaluate the intestinal parasitic infections in children in an orphanage in pathum thani province, thailand, stool samples were collected during a cross-sectional study in april 2001. examination for intestinal parasites were performed by using simple smear, formalin-ether concentration, boeck and drbohlav's l ... | 2003 | 12929999 |
| detection of cryptosporidium amongst diarrhoeic and asymptomatic children in jeddah, saudi arabia. | between the march and may of 2000, stool specimens were collected from children aged <5 in six pre-school crèches and clinics in the jeddah area of saudi arabia. sixty-three (25%) of the children had diarrhoeal disease but the other 190 were asymptomatic. when the stool samples were stained and examined for the oocysts of cryptosporidium spp. and other enteric protozoa, 20 (32%) of the symptomatic children but only nine (4.7%) of the asymptomatic were found to be excreting cryptosporidium oocyst ... | 2003 | 12930614 |
| interaction between chondroitin-6-sulfate and entamoeba histolytica as revealed by force spectroscopy. | we have observed by atomic force microscopy (afm) the amoeba surface and probed the interaction force between entamoeba histolytica and chondroitin-6-sulphate (c6s). we have used several substrates to adhere trophozoites. the best reproducibility in sample preparation was obtained with fibronectin-coated coverslips and when the cells were fixed with paraformaldehyde. the images obtained with the afm showed that the trophozoite exhibits an irregular surface. pseudopods and waving adhesion plaques ... | 2003 | 12932758 |
| entamoeba histolytica: direct pcr-based typing of strains using faecal dna. | 2003 | 12932765 | |
| tumor necrosis factor alpha is a key mediator of gut inflammation seen in amebic colitis in human intestine in the scid mouse-human intestinal xenograft model of disease. | we used entamoeba histolytica infection in human intestinal xenografts to study the roles interleukin-1 (il-1) and tumor necrosis factor alpha (tnf-alpha) in the pathogenesis of amebic colitis. we found that blockade of tnf-alpha reduced inflammation and intestinal damage in amebic infection, while inhibition of il-1 reduced cytokine production but had less marked effects on inflammation and disease. | 2003 | 12933883 |
| [epidemiological, clinical and parasitological data concerning intestinal amebiasis in northern tunisia]. | in order to evaluate the principal characteristics of the intestinal amoebiasis in the north of tunisia, one retrospective study review all cases diagnosed in principal gastroenterologic sections of the hospitals of tunis. twenty height cases of intestinal amoebiasis, 10 of which have an inflammatory bowel disease associated were included. watery stools containing blood and mucus were the most important symptoms (25 cases). the endoscopic exam showed for all the cases non specific lesions. the d ... | 2003 | 12934452 |
| calcium regulation in protozoan parasites. | the calcium ion (ca(2+)) is used as a major signaling molecule in a diverse range of eukaryotic cells including several human parasitic protozoa, such as trypanosoma cruzi, trypanosoma brucei, leishmania spp, plasmodium spp, toxoplasma gondii, cryptosporidium parvum, entamoeba histolytica, giardia lamblia and trichomonas vaginalis. ca(2+) is critical for invasion of intracellular parasites, and its cytosolic concentration is regulated by the concerted operation of several transporters present in ... | 2003 | 12941405 |
| prevalence of endoparasitic infection in children and its relation with cholera prevention efforts in mexico. | to investigate whether increased knowledge and use of public health measures promoted for cholera prevention is reflected in lower prevalence of parasitic infection in households in a community in the state of tamaulipas, mexico, that is close to the border with the united states of america. | 2003 | 12952605 |
| cellular immunity and diarrhoeal disease amongst patients infected with the human immunodeficiency viruses 1 and 2 in zaria, nigeria. | this study was carried out to determine the aetiological agents associated with diarrhoea in nigerians infected with the human immunodeficiency viruses, and to correlate the cellular immunity status with the causes of diarrhoea. the mean duration of diarrhoea was 20.7 weeks. giardia lamblia was the commonest pathogen and was isolated from the stools of 10 patients (25%). isospora belli was isolated in 3 of the patients (7.5%) but in none of the controls. other pathogens isolated include salmonel ... | 2003 | 12956003 |
| protein prenyltransferases: anchor size, pseudogenes and parasites. | lipid modification of eukaryotic proteins by protein prenyltransferases is required for critical signaling pathways, cell cycle progression, cytoskeleton remodeling, induction of apoptosis and vesicular trafficking. this review analyzes the influence of distinct states of sequential posttranslational processing that can be obtained after single or double prenylation, reversible palmitoylation, proteolytic cleavage of the c-terminus and possible reversible carboxymethylation. this series of modif ... | 2003 | 12956414 |
| hepatic amebiasis. | amebiasis can be considered the most aggressive disease of the human intestine, responsible in its invasive form for clinical syndromes, ranging from the classic dysentery of acute colitis to extra-intestinal disease, with emphasis on hepatic amebiasis, unsuitably named amebic liver abscess. found worldwide, with a high incidence in india, tropical regions of africa, mexico and other areas of central america, it has been frequently reported in amazonia. the trophozoite reaches the liver through ... | 2003 | 12959680 |
| prevalence of intestinal parasitic infection among thai people with mental handicaps. | the prevalence of intestinal parasitic infection was studied by stool examination in institutionalized and non-institutionalized thai people with mental handicaps. it was found that the prevalence of infection was much higher in institutionalized (57.6%) than in non-institutionalized people (7.5%). the common parasites found in institutionalized people were trichuris trichiura (29.7%), entamoeba coli (23.1%), giardia intestinalis (8.0%), hymenolepis nana (7.8%), and entamoeba histolytica/dispar ... | 2003 | 12971546 |
| [enteropathogens associated with diarrheal disease in infants (< 5 years old) in a population sample in greater metropolitan criciúma, santa catarina state, brazil]. | enteropathogens were investigated in 94 children with diarrhea and 45 age-matched controls, 0 to 5 years old, attending an outpatient unit in criciúma, santa catarina state, brazil. cryptosporidium (85.1%) topped the list of parasite isolates, followed by entamoeba histolytica (56.4%) and giardia lamblia (4.3%). four samples contained enteropathogenic escherichia coli (4.3%). samonella and shiguella were not detected. only one sample contained rotavirus (1.1%). | 2003 | 12973585 |
| [amebic dysentery]. | 2003 | 12722286 | |
| gastric amebiasis due to entamoeba histolytica in a dama wallaby (macropus eugenii). | a 1.5-year-old captive female dama wallaby (macropus eugenii) died after a 3-month period of progressive weight loss, anorexia, bloat, and diarrhea. histopathologic examination revealed numerous entamoeba histolytica trophozoites within the gastric mucosa and, less frequently, gastric submucosa and submucosal vessels. immunofluorescent antibody testing confirmed the identity of the trophozoites as e. histolytica. the trophozoites were associated with mild glandular epithelial necrosis, mucosal e ... | 2003 | 12724579 |
| enteric pathogens and soil: a short review. | it is known that soil is a recipient of solid wastes able to contain enteric pathogens in high concentrations. although the role of soil as a reservoir of certain bacterial pathogens is not in question, recent findings show that soil may have a larger role in the transmission of enteric diseases than previously thought. many of the diseases caused by agents from soil have been well characterized, although enteric diseases and their link to soil have not been so well studied. gastrointestinal inf ... | 2003 | 12730707 |
| [vulvar amebiasis. report of a case and review of the literature]. | genital amebiasis by entamoeba histolytica is rare, even in mexico where the disease is endemic. we report a case of genital amebiasis in a female patient with a recto-perineal fistula and two-week history of a profuse vaginal discharge, a painful and friable vulvar ulcer and induration in gluteal and inner side of thighs. the pap smear and the biopsy showed trophozoites, no malignant cells were observed. the findings were compatible with genital amebiasis. the serology test for e. histolytica w ... | 2003 | 12708354 |
| amebiasis. | 2003 | 12700377 | |
| amoebiasis. | amoebiasis is the second leading cause of death from parasitic disease worldwide. the causative protozoan parasite, entamoeba histolytica, is a potent pathogen. secreting proteinases that dissolve host tissues, killing host cells on contact, and engulfing red blood cells, e histolytica trophozoites invade the intestinal mucosa, causing amoebic colitis. in some cases amoebas breach the mucosal barrier and travel through the portal circulation to the liver, where they cause abscesses consisting of ... | 2003 | 12660071 |
| specific antibody immune response against the parasitic portion of a glutathione-s-transferase fusion protein. | the humoral immune response against an entamoeba histolytica recombinant protein has been investigated. the 628 bp bam hi-eco ri dna fragment (l1b) from the m11 cdna clone, partially coding for a 220 kda (l220) protein, was ligated in-frame into the pgex-3x plasmid vector to produce the fusion protein gst-l1b. balb/c mice were immunized with different doses of the gst-l1b fusion protein (10-500 microg). gst-l1b doses of 100/50/50, 300, or 500 microg induced an antibody response (igg1>igg3, igg2a ... | 2003 | 12665474 |
| membrane-bound acid phosphatase (map) from entamoeba histolytica has phosphotyrosine phosphatase activity and disrupts the actin cytoskeleton of host cells. | protein tyrosine phosphatases (ptpases) have been described as virulence factors in different pathogenic microorganisms. the pathogenic process by enatamoeba histolytica is a multifactorial phenomenon that occurs in 3 steps: adhesion, cytolytic and cytotoxic effect, and phagocytosis. lytic enzymes may participate during the second part of this process. in this work, we determined that purified membrane-bound acid phosphatase (map) from e. histolytica trophozoites has ptpase activity. the enzyme ... | 2003 | 12666878 |
| intestinal parasitic infection and associated symptoms in children attending day care centres in trujillo, venezuela. | to examine the presence of intestinal protozoan and helminth infections and their association with clinical signs and symptoms in children in trujillo, venezuela. | 2003 | 12667154 |
| molecular biology of the amitochondriate parasites, giardia intestinalis, entamoeba histolytica and trichomonas vaginalis. | the amitochondriates are an assembly of unicellular protists that lack mitochondria, and often other typical eukaryotic organelles, such as peroxisomes. relatively little research has been conducted on amitochondriates, even though marine waters are likely to be teeming with such organisms, representing yet unknown protist lineages. the three amitochondriates that have been studied in any detail are the three mucosal human parasites: giardia, trichomonas and entamoeba. these pathogens have world ... | 2003 | 12670510 |
| identification of entamoeba histolytica thiol-specific antioxidant as a galnac lectin-associated protein. | entamoeba histolytica is a human intestinal parasite that causes amebic dysentery. a cell surface amebic adhesin, the galactose and n-acetyl-d-galactosamine inhibitable (galnac) lectin mediates amebic adherence to and contact-dependent killing of host cells. previous work has suggested that the galnac lectin transduces signals via protein interactions with its short cytoplasmic domain. we used a yeast two-hybrid system to screen an e. histolytica cdna library for proteins that interact with the ... | 2003 | 12672520 |
| l10 ribosomal protein from entamoeba histolytica share structural and functional homologies with qm/jif-1: proteins with extraribosomal functions. | in the present work, the complete amino acid sequence of the entamoeba histolytica ribosomal protein l10 (ehl10) is reported. cdna of 630bp revealed an open reading frame that encodes a protein of 210 amino acids. analysis of ehl10 ribosomal protein revealed 75% similarity and 57% identity with qm protein from homo sapiens and 78 and 60%, respectively, with arabidopsis thaliana. western blot analysis of ribosomal proteins from e. histolytica showed that ehl10 protein is part of the ribosomal com ... | 2003 | 12672524 |
| evaluation of dot-elisa for serological diagnosis of amebiasis. | we improved the dot enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (dot-elisa) reported by itoh and sato, and assessed the usefulness of this test for the diagnosis of amebiasis. the sensitivity of dot-elisa was compared with that of plate elisa, the indirect hemagglutination test (iha), and the indirect fluorescent antibody test (ifa) for the diagnosis of amebiasis. of 37 serum samples from patients with documented amebiasis, 36 (97.3%) were positive by dot-elisa. there was consistency among the results of ... | 2003 | 12673403 |
| differential use of multiple replication origins in the ribosomal dna episome of the protozoan parasite entamoeba histolytica. | the factors that control the initiation of eukaryotic dna replication from defined origins (oris) on the chromosome remain incompletely resolved. here we show that the circular rdna episome of the human pathogen entamoeba histolytica contains multiple potential oris, which are utilized in a differential manner. the primary ori in exponentially growing cells was mapped close to the promoter of rrna genes in the upstream intergenic spacer (igs) by two-dimensional gel electrophoresis. replication i ... | 2003 | 12682354 |
| transcriptional silencing of an amoebapore gene in entamoeba histolytica: molecular analysis and effect on pathogenicity. | transcriptional silencing of the gene coding for amoebapore a (ap-a) was observed when trophozoites of entamoeba histolytica were transfected with a hybrid plasmid construct containing the ap-a gene flanked by the upstream and downstream segments of the original ehap-a gene. transfectants were totally devoid of ap-a transcript and ap-a protein. an identical silencing effect was observed upon transfection with a plasmid that contained only the 5' upstream region of ap-a. removal of the selecting ... | 2003 | 12684379 |
| ehp53, an entamoeba histolytica protein, ancestor of the mammalian tumour suppressor p53. | this paper reports the identification of ehp53, a p53-like entamoeba histolytica protein, which binds to the human p53 dna consensus sequence (oli-p53). monoclonal antibodies against p53 (ab-1 and ab-2) recognized a single 53 kda spot in two-dimensional gels and inhibited the formation of complexes produced by e. histolytica nuclear extracts and oli-p53. additionally, e. histolytica gene promoter sequences with high homology to oli-p53 formed complexes with nuclear proteins that were abolished b ... | 2003 | 12686631 |
| proteolysis of enteric cell villin by entamoeba histolytica cysteine proteinases. | invasive microorganisms efface enteric microvilli to establish intimate contact with the apical surface of enterocytes. to understand the molecular basis of this effacement in amebic colitis, we seeded entamoeba histolytica trophozoites on top of differentiated human caco-2 cell layers. western blots of detergent lysates from such cocultures showed proteolysis of the actin-bundling protein villin within 1 min of direct contact of living trophozoites with enterocytes. mixtures of separately prepa ... | 2003 | 12690119 |
| cyclospora cayetanensis and other intestinal parasites associated with diarrhea in a rural area of jordan. | cryptosporidium spp. and cyclospora cayetanensis have emerged as important causes of epidemic and endemic diarrhea in immunocompetent and immunocompromised hosts. the exact modes of transmission in certain rural areas are still unclear. reports of water-borne and food-borne outbreaks suggest that fecally contaminated water or food acts as a vehicle of transmission. two hundred stool samples of patients with gastroenteritis from four health centers in a rural area of jordan were examined using fo ... | 2003 | 12783275 |
| amebic cysteine proteinase 2 (ehcp2) plays either a minor or no role in tissue damage in acute experimental amebic liver abscess in hamsters. | amebic cysteine protease 2 (ehcp2) was purified from ethyl ether extracts of axenically grown trophozoites of entamoeba histolytica strain hm1-imss. the purification procedure involved molecular filtration and electroelution. sequence analysis of the purified product revealed ehcp2 and ubiquitin(s). electrophoretic migration patterns, isoelectric point determination and western blot studies failed to reveal other ehcp molecules. polyclonal antibodies against the purified ehcp2 prepared in rabbit ... | 2003 | 12783310 |
| [intestinal parasitoses in the mahajanga region, west coast of madagascar]. | a study on human intestinal parasites was carried out from november 1996 until january 1997, in mahajanga's hospital, on the western coast of madagascar. we collected the faeces from 401 patients and the sera from 112 of them. faecal examination using direct examination and mif method revealed that 67.6% of the stools contained at least one parasite. the frequency of the protozoa was high (47.7%). the prevalence of the nematodosis reached 23.4%. hymenolepis nana, taenia saginata or solium and sc ... | 2003 | 12784593 |
| new palladium(ii) complexes of 5-nitrothiophene-2-carboxaldehyde thiosemicarbazones. synthesis, spectral studies and in vitro anti-amoebic activity. | thiosemicarbazones (1-7) and their palladium(ii) complexes (1a-7a) of the type [pd(tscn)cl(2)] (where tscn=thiosemicarbazone) were prepared from 5-nitro thiophene-2-carboxaldehyde and [pd(dmso)(2)cl(2)], respectively. coordination via the thionic sulphur and the azomethine nitrogen atom of the thiosemicarbazones to the metal ion were confirmed by spectral data. these compounds were screened in vitro against (hk-9) strain of entamoeba histolytica possess amoebicidal properties. enhancement of ant ... | 2003 | 12788362 |
| prospect for an entamoeba histolytica gal-lectin-based vaccine. | entamoeba histolytica is the aetiological agent of invasive amoebiasis, the third leading parasitic cause of mortality in the world. the disease can be easily cured by chemotherapy; however, prevention, mainly in the form of vaccination, could greatly decrease the incidence of the disease, and possibly help in its eradication. the parasite's surface galactose and n-acetyl-d-galactosamine-inhibitable adherence lectin (gal-lectin) is highly antigenic and is the most promising subunit vaccine candi ... | 2003 | 12791100 |
| entamoeba dispar does not produce the monocyte locomotion inhibitory factor (mlif) produced by entamoeba histolytica. | 2003 | 12791105 | |
| genotyping of entamoeba species in south africa: diversity, stability, and transmission patterns within families. | using a recently described polymerase chain reaction-based dna typing method for entamoeba histolytica and e. dispar, we investigated the genetic diversity of these species in a geographically restricted region of south africa. patterns were stable over time in the same infection, and, with few exceptions, infected family members carried the same strain. however, both species exhibited remarkable variation, with no 2 family groups being infected with the same strain of e. histolytica. mixed infe ... | 2003 | 12792862 |
| the intestinal protozoan parasite entamoeba histolytica contains 20 cysteine protease genes, of which only a small subset is expressed during in vitro cultivation. | cysteine proteases are known to be important pathogenicity factors of the protozoan parasite entamoeba histolytica. so far, a total of eight genes coding for cysteine proteases have been identified in e. histolytica, two of which are absent in the closely related nonpathogenic species e. dispar. however, present knowledge is restricted to enzymes expressed during in vitro cultivation of the parasite, which might represent only a subset of the entire repertoire. taking advantage of the current e. ... | 2003 | 12796295 |
| gene discovery in the entamoeba invadens genome. | entamoeba invadens, a parasite of reptiles, is a model for the study of encystation by the human enteric pathogen entamoeba histolytica, because e. invadens form cysts in axenic culture. with approximately 0.5-fold sequence coverage of the genome, we were able to get insights into e. invadens gene and genome features. overall, the e. invadens genome displays many of the features that are emerging from ongoing genome sequencing efforts in e. histolytica. at the nucleotide level the e. invadens ge ... | 2003 | 12798503 |
| induction of permeability changes and death of vertebrate cells is modulated by the virulence of entamoeba spp. isolates. | although entamoeba histolytica is capable of inducing an apoptotic response in vertebrate cells in vitro (cell. microbiol. 2 (2000) 617), it is not known whether vertebrate cell death requires direct amoeba-vertebrate cell contact or simply the presence of amoebae in the area of the vertebrate cells. in addition, entamoeba spp. vary in their virulence and pathogenicity. the potential effects of these critical parameters also have not been elucidated. we tested the virulent hm-1:imss isolate and ... | 2003 | 12798929 |
| an ecto-protein tyrosine phosphatase of entamoeba histolytica induces cellular detachment by disruption of actin filaments in hela cells. | actin cytoskeleton disruption in host cells has been demonstrated for ptpases from pathogenic microorganisms. in this work, we analysed whether the secreted acid phosphatase from entamoeba histolytica has phosphotyrosine phosphatase activity and the possibility that this activity may participate in damaging host cells. the secreted acid phosphatase of e. histolytica, which catalyses p-nitrophenyl phosphate hydrolysis at acid ph values, was found to have phosphotyrosine phosphatase activity. the ... | 2003 | 12814646 |
| antiamoebic activity of benzyl glucosinolate from lepidium virginicum. | in a continuation of our search for potential antiprotozoal agents from plants, we found that a crude extract from the roots of lepidium virginicum exhibited antiprotozoal activity against entamoeba histolytica trophozoites (ic(50) of 100.1 micro g/ml). bioassay-guided fractionation resulted in the isolation of one known glucosinolate responsible for such activity. this compound was identified as benzyl glucosinolate. it showed in vitro activity against entamoeba histolytica strain hm1-imss (ic( ... | 2003 | 12820228 |
| antiprotozoal activity of the constituents of rubus coriifolius. | extraction of the aerial parts of rubus coriifolius, a medicinal plant used by the maya communities in southern mexico to treat bloody diarrhoea, resulted in the isolation of seven known compounds (-)-epicatechin, (+)-catechin, hyperin, nigaichigoside f1, beta-sitosterol 3-o-beta-d-glucopyranoside, gallic acid and ellagic acid. all compounds were tested for their antiprotozoal activity against entamoeba histolytica and giardia lambia. epicatechin was the main responsible for the antiprotozoal ac ... | 2003 | 12820241 |
| intracellular release of nitric oxide by ncx 972, an no-releasing metronidazole, enhances in vitro killing of entamoeba histolytica. | the activity of ncx 972, a new molecule obtained by adding a nitric oxide (no) moiety to metronidazole, was tested against six isolates of entamoeba histolytica in xenic cultures. ncx 972 released no into trophozoite cells and enhanced killing of amoebas in a dose- and time-dependent manner compared to metronidazole. | 2003 | 12821483 |
| emphysematous pyelonephritis and renal amoebiasis in a patient with diabetes mellitus. | emphysematous pyelonephritis is an uncommon and life-threatening infection of the kidney that is characterized by gas formation within or around the kidney and is associated with diabetes mellitus and urinary tract infection. amoebiasis is a protozoal infection caused by entamoeba histolytica. in its invasive forms, the disease is characterized by visceral abscess formations. we present a case of concomitant emphysematous pyelonephritis and renal amoebiasis in a 42-year-old female with uncontrol ... | 2003 | 12823698 |
| diagnosis of entamoeba histolytica in a routine cervical smear. | 2003 | 12827708 | |
| humoral immune response against proteophosphoglycan surface antigens of entamoeba histolytica elicited by immunization with synthetic mimotope peptides. | the protozoan parasite entamoeba histolytica, which is responsible for intestinal amebiasis and amebic liver abscess, is causing significant morbidity and mortality worldwide. proteophosphoglycans (ppgs, also known as lipophosphoglycans, lpgs, or lipopeptidophosphoglycans, lppgs) are major surface components of e. histolytica. passive immunization with a monoclonal antibody (eh5) directed against the ppgs protected severe combined immune-deficient mice from amebic liver abscess. the structure of ... | 2003 | 12832123 |
| analysis of genes of mitochondrial origin in the genus entamoeba. | the amitochondriate protistan parasite entamoeba histolytica has lost most mitochondrial functions secondarily but has retained a reduced organelle of mitochondrial origin, the mitosome. we here investigate the presence, origins, and expression in other species of entamoeba of three genes of mitochondrial origin--pyridine nucleotide transhydrogenase and the mitochondrial-type chaperonins cpn60 and hsp70. the genes appear to be present in all species and specifically related, confirming that the ... | 2003 | 12836878 |
| amebiasis in the newborn. | infestation with entamoeba histolytica is especially common in areas with low socioeconomic status. extra intestinal invasive involvement is more frequent in young children with significant mortality. this disease is rarely reported in the newborns. this 19-day-old newborn who was infected with orally given surgar solution is presented. he was successfully treated with omidazole. | 2003 | 12841407 |
| characterization of a rab11-like gtpase, ehrab11, of entamoeba histolytica. | the entamoeba histolytica rab11 family of small molecular weight gtpases consists of three members, ehrab11, ehrab11b, and ehrab11c. the functions of these rabs in entamoeba have not been determined. therefore, as an approach to elucidate the role of the rab11 family of gtpases in entamoeba, immunofluorescence microscopy was undertaken to define the subcellular localization of one member of this family, ehrab11. under conditions of growth, ehrab11 displayed a punctate pattern in the cytoplasm of ... | 2003 | 12850258 |
| nontranslated polyadenylated rnas from entamoeba histolytica. | protozoan parasites display a range of unusual molecular mechanisms that could be helpful for their survival in nature. among these parasites, entamoeba histolytica is one of the most prevalent in developing countries such as india. entamoeba histolytica produces at least four different unusual transcripts, ie, tr, ehapt1 and uee1, that are polyadenylated, but do not have significant open reading frames. availability of large-scale sequence information has helped us to understand the nature of t ... | 2003 | 12855374 |
| incorporation of iron into tritrichomonas foetus cell compartments reveals ferredoxin as a major iron-binding protein in hydrogenosomes. | the intracellular transport of iron and its incorporation into organelles are poorly understood processes in eukaryotes and virtually unknown in parasitic protists. the transport of iron is of particular interest in trichomonads, which possess hydrogenosomes instead of mitochondria. the metabolic functions of hydrogenosomes, which contain a specific set of fes proteins, entirely depend on iron acquisition. in this work the incorporation of iron into the cattle parasite tritrichomonas foetus was ... | 2003 | 12855742 |
| ehpak, a member of the p21-activated kinase family, is involved in the control of entamoeba histolytica migration and phagocytosis. | entamoeba histolytica migration is essential for the development of amoebiasis, a human disease characterised by invasion and destruction of tissues. amoebic motility requires both polarisation of the cell and formation of a predominant pseudopod. as p21-activated kinases paks are known to regulate eukaryotic cell motility and morphology, we investigated the role of pak in e. histolytica. we showed that the c-terminal domain of ehpak comprised a constitutive kinase activity in vitro and that ove ... | 2003 | 12456716 |
| calcium modulates promoter occupancy by the entamoeba histolytica ca2+-binding transcription factor ure3-bp. | the entamoeba histolytica upstream regulatory element 3-binding protein (ure3-bp) binds to the ure3 sequence of the gal/galnac-inhibitable lectin hgl5 and ferredoxin 1 (fdx) gene promoters. this binding can be inhibited in vitro by addition of calcium. two ef-hand motifs, which are associated with the ability to bind calcium, are present in the amino acid sequence of ure3-bp. mutation of the second ef-hand motif in ure3-bp resulted in the loss of calcium inhibition of dna binding as monitored by ... | 2003 | 12466263 |
| a surface amebic cysteine proteinase inactivates interleukin-18. | amebiasis is a major cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide. invasion by entamoeba histolytica trophozoites causes secretion of proinflammatory cytokines from host epithelial cells, leading to a local acute inflammatory response, followed by lysis of colonic cells. extracellular cysteine proteinases from amebic trophozoites are key virulence factors and have a number of important interactions with host defenses, including cleavage of immunoglobulin g (igg), iga, and complement components c3 ... | 2003 | 12595442 |
| effectiveness of peptone-yeast extract (p-y) medium in the cultivation and isolation of entamoeba histolytica/entamoeba dispar in turkish patients. | amebiasis is a common protozoan infection worldwide, causing serious health problems in both children and adults. today, almost 10% of the world population is infected with entamoeba histolytica/entamoeba dispar. the aims of this study were both the comparison of the reproduction rates and densities of e. histolytica/e. dispar in robinson, dobell-laidlaw and p-y culture media and isolation of e. histolytica/e. dispar from stool samples in peptone-yeast (p-y) medium. trophozoites and cysts of e. ... | 2003 | 12614984 |
| antiprotozoal activities of phospholipid analogues. | the antiprotozoal activity of phospholipid analogues, originally developed as anti-cancer drugs, has been determined in the past decade. the most susceptible parasites are leishmania spp. and trypanosoma cruzi with activity also shown against trypanosoma brucei spp., entamoeba histolytica and acanthamoeba spp. miltefosine, an alkylphosphocholine, was registered for the oral treatment of visceral leishmaniasis (vl) in india in march 2002. this review will focus on the biological activities of pho ... | 2003 | 12615315 |
| blocking the expression of a calcium binding protein of the protozoan parasite entamoeba histolytica by tetracycline regulatable antisense-rna. | 2003 | 12615327 | |
| nitric oxide inhibits cysteine proteinases and alcohol dehydrogenase 2 of entamoeba histolytica. | nitric oxide is involved in the neutrophil and macrophage killing of the protozoan parasite entamoeba histolytica. in the present study, we found that cysteine proteinases, significant contributors to amebic virulence and alcohol dehydrogenase 2, an enzyme absolutely required for the survival of the parasite, are both significantly inhibited by s-nitroso-glutathione, a physiological nitric oxide donor, within the concentration range 0.5-2.0 m m. | 2003 | 12489015 |
| detection and differentiation of entamoeba histolytica and entamoeba dispar isolates in clinical samples by pcr and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. | differential diagnosis of entamoeba histolytica (pathogenic) and entamoeba dispar (nonpathogenic), which are two morphologically identical species of amebae, is essential both for treatment decision and public health knowledge. the study reported here was designed to choose a reference differentiation technique. stool samples (n = 95) were tested by microscopy, techlab enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (elisas), and an in-house pcr. the target for the pcr amplification was a small region (135 b ... | 2003 | 12517854 |
| synthesis, spectral studies and screening for amoebicidal activity of new palladium(ii) complexes derived from thiophene-2-carboxaldehyde thiosemicarbazones. | in view of the antiamoebic properties observed for many thiophene-2-carboxaldehyde thiosemicarbazones, a series of n(4)-substituted thiosemicarbazones metal complexes derived from thiophene-2-carboxaldehyde was prepared for evaluation against entamoeba histolytica. reaction of thiophene-2-carboxaldehyde with cycloalkylaminothiocarbonylhydrazines having different amines gave the corresponding thiosemicarbazones. reaction of latter with [pd(dmso)(2)cl(2)] gave requisite palladium thiosemicarbazone ... | 2003 | 12639559 |
| characterization of sialidase from entamoaeba hystolitica and possible pathogenic role in amebiasis. | sialidase from entamoeba histolytica was purified to apparent electrophoretic homogeneity by chromatography on hydroxyapatite, reactive brown agarose, fetuin/agarose and by fast performance liquid chromatography on a monoq column. the enzyme had a molecular mass of 65 kda, as determined by sds-page. it had an optimum ph of 5.5 and was maximally active at 37 degrees c. it required ca(2+) and mg(2+) for activation but was strongly inhibited by cu(2+), fe(2+) and zn(2+). the e. histolytica sialidas ... | 2003 | 12632168 |
| cytogenetic evaluation of two nitroimidazole derivatives. | 5-nitroimidazoles are a well-established group of antiprotozoal and antibacterial agents. thanks to their antimicrobial activity these chemotherapeutic agents inhibit the growth of both anaerobic bacteria and certain anaerobic protozoa such as trichomonas vaginalis, entamoeba histolytica and giardia lamblia. the aim of the present study is to achieve a precise characterization of the genotoxic activity of these compounds and to establish the value of cytogenetic assays in order to determine the ... | 2003 | 12537960 |
| entamoeba histolytica cysteine proteinases disrupt the polymeric structure of colonic mucin and alter its protective function. | the adherent mucous gel layer lining the colonic epithelium is the first line of host defense against invasive pathogens, such as entamoeba histolytica. the mucous layer prevents the attachment of amoeba to the colonic epithelium by trapping and aiding in the expulsion of the parasite. disruption of the mucous layer is thought to occur in invasive amebiasis, and the mechanism by which the parasite overcomes this barrier is not known. the aim of this study was to characterize the specific interac ... | 2003 | 12540564 |
| apoptotic killing and phagocytosis of host cells by the parasite entamoeba histolytica. | the ability of entamoeba histolytica to kill and phagocytose host cells correlates with parasite virulence. this study addressed the role of apoptotic cell killing and host cell phosphatidylserine exposure in the subsequent phagocytosis of jurkat t cells by e. histolytica. ingested host cells were apoptotic, as evidenced by the activation of caspase 3 in 88% +/- 3% (mean and standard deviation [sd] of the mean) of jurkat cells engulfed by e. histolytica; ingested cells without detectable active ... | 2003 | 12540579 |
| biosynthesis of entamoeba histolytica proteophosphoglycan in vitro. | a complex glycoconjugate proteophosphoglycan (ppg) is present on the surface of the pathogenic protozoan parasite entamoeba histolytica but not in the non-pathogenic entamoeba dispar. it is thought to be an important molecule involved in pathogenesis. in order to study its biosynthesis, an in vitro cell-free system was developed. the specificity of the system was demonstrated by various criteria including immunoprecipitation by a specific monoclonal antibody. the in vitro synthesized molecule wa ... | 2003 | 12554078 |
| molecular analysis of repetitive dna elements from entamoeba histolytica, which encode small rnas and contain matrix/scaffold attachment recognition sequences. | we have isolated two dna elements-eh mrs1 and eh mrs2-from entamoeba histolytica, which contain the eukaryotic consensus scaffold/matrix attachment region (s/mar) bipartite recognition sequences. both these sequences bind to high salt extractable nuclear proteins and insoluble nuclear matrix proteins in e. histolytica hm1:imss, suggesting that the predicted s/mar recognition sequences may indeed function as scaffold attachment regions in e. histolytica. sequence analysis shows that eh mrs1 and e ... | 2003 | 12554082 |
| ehpgp5 mrna stability is a regulatory event in the entamoeba histolytica multidrug resistance phenotype. | the multidrug resistance (mdr) phenotype in entamoeba histolytica is characterized by the overexpression of the ehpgp5 gene in trophozoites grown in high drug concentrations. here we evaluated the role of ehpgp5 mrna stability on mdr using actinomycin d. ehpgp5 mrna from trophozoites growing without emetine had a half-life of 2.1 h, which augmented to 3.1 h in cells cultured with 90 microm and to 7.8 h with 225 microm emetine. polyadenylation sites were detected at 118-, 156-, and 189-nucleotide ... | 2003 | 12556531 |
| fulminant amoebic colitis with perforation successfully treated by staged surgery: a case report. | radical surgery for fulminant amoebic colitis leads to extremely high mortality; however, resective surgery is mandatory if a patient develops massive fecal peritonitis. we herein report an extremely rare case of fulminant amoebic colitis with multiple perforations, which was successfully treated by staged surgical procedures. a 48-year-old man who had been treated with predonisolone under a diagnosis of ulcerative colitis was admitted. biopsy specimens from the colonic mucosa revealed entamoeba ... | 2003 | 12560929 |
| iron-dependent hydrogenases of entamoeba histolytica and giardia lamblia: activity of the recombinant entamoebic enzyme and evidence for lateral gene transfer. | entamoeba histolytica and spironucleus barkhanus have genes that encode short iron-dependent hydrogenases (fe-hydrogenases), even though these protists lack hydrogenosomes. to understand better the biochemistry of the protist fe-hydrogenases, we prepared a recombinant e. histolytica short fe-hydrogenase and measured its activity in vitro. a giardia lamblia gene encoding a short fe-hydrogenase was identified from shotgun genomic sequences, and rt-pcr showed that cultured entamoebas and giardias t ... | 2003 | 12588739 |
| amoebapores, archaic effector peptides of protozoan origin, are discharged into phagosomes and kill bacteria by permeabilizing their membranes. | antimicrobial peptides are widespread in animal species and their function as defensive molecules may even have appeared before the evolution of metazoa. the amoeboid protozoon entamoeba histolytica discharge membrane-permeabilizing polypeptides named amoebapores into the phagosome in which engulfed bacteria are situated as evidenced here by confocal laser microscopy and electron microscopy using specific antibodies. we demonstrate that the purified three isoforms of the amoebic polypeptides exh ... | 2003 | 12590963 |
| structural basis for sequential displacement of ca(2+) by yb(3+) in a protozoan ef-hand calcium binding protein. | we have studied the displacement of ca(2+)by the trivalent lanthanide ions (yb(3+)) in a protozoan (entamoeba histolytica) ca(2+)-binding protein (ehcabp), by nmr and thermodynamics. we have demonstrated, for the first time, how one can use in a combined fashion the utility of nmr and thermodynamics to have an insight to the relative binding specificities/affinity between ca(2+) and yb(3+). as revealed by the titration experiments, yb(3+) displaces ca(2+) from the four metal binding sites presen ... | 2003 | 12592012 |