Publications

pneumocystis carinii detection in 158 hiv-seronegative patients.		1996	8822832
inhibitory effect of a pichia anomala killer toxin on the viability of rat-derived pneumocystis carinii.		1996	8822833
western blot analysis of rat pneumocystis carinii antigens using convalescent rat sera and rabbit anti-gp120.		1996	8822834
expression of the major surface glycoprotein of rat-derived pneumocystis carinii by recombinant baculovirus.		1996	8822835
development of a molecular typing method for pneumocystis carinii sp.f. hominis.		1996	8822837
survival and infectivity of pneumocystis carinii outside the mammalian host.	air blower prefilters servicing hepa-filtered biobubble housing pneumocystis carinii-infected rats were stored for up to five months at -80 degrees c to room temperature. after storage, 76% of immunosuppressed rats exposed to these prefilters developed p. carinii infections. in contrast, only 4% of control immunosuppressed rats exposed to autoclaved filters had p. carinii infections. these observations indicate that the organism has a dormant form that remains infective for at least several mont ...	1996	8822838
identification of c31 and c32 sterols in pneumocystis carinii hominis-infected human lungs.	two sterols in autopsied whole lung specimens obtained from pneumocystis carinii pneumonia patients were detected by gas-liquid chromatography and their structures were elucidated by mass spectrometry and nuclear magnetic resonance spectrometry. both were in the lanosterol series; the c31 sterol, with a methyl group at c-24, was identified as euphorbol, and the more abundant c32 sterol, with an ethyl group at c-24, is given the trivial name pneumocysterol.	1996	8822839
prevalence of various pneumocystis carinii sp. f. hominis types in different geographical locations.		1996	8822840
upregulation of host mitochondrial atpase 6 gene in pneumocystis carinii-infected rat lungs.		1996	8822841
sulfa resistance in mouse-derived pneumocystis carinii.		1996	8822842
evaluation of sulfa drugs against recombinant pneumocystis carinii dihydropteroate synthetase and in vivo.		1996	8822843
diagnosis of pcp by itss nested pcr on notinvasive oropharingeal samples.	pneumocystis carinii pneumonia is an opportunistic disease usually affecting immunocompromised hosts. diagnosis is based on the microscopical detection of microrganism on bal, an invasive sample which requires pt compliance for collection and skilled health care personnel for examination. in order to verify the possible diagnostic utility of noninvasive specimens collected in the upper respiratory tract we examined by the internal transcribed spacers (itss) nested pcr, 39 oropharingeal samples ( ...	1996	8822844
p.carinii dna detected by itss nested pcr in serum and pbmc of aids patients with pcp.	pneumocystis carinii pneumonia (pcp) is usually diagnosed by examination of bal, a sample often unpleasant to be collected from immunocompromised host affected by acute respiratory disease. we studied by the internal transcribed spacers (itss) nested pcr the presence of p.carinii dna in serum and peripheral blood mononuclear cells (pbmc) during acute episodes of pcp to test blood as a possible noninvasive diagnostic tool.	1996	8822845
types of pneumocystis carinii detected in air samples.		1996	8822847
demonstration of esterase activity in pneumocystis carinii by cleavage of 4-methylumbelliferyl substrates.		1996	8822848
kinetics of 2 genetically distinct pneumocystis carinii populations in rat colonies.	the natural history of prototype and variant pneumocystis carinii populations in several colonies of rats were monitored over time periods ranging from 1 to 4 years. karyotypic profiles of organism populations from individual rats were evaluated for the proportion of prototype:variant p. carinii and the number of animals harboring co-infections were enumerated. throughout the observation periods: (1) each p. carinii population retained its distinctive karyotype; (2) the proportions of prototype: ...	1996	8822849
pneumocystis carinii pneumonia in four mammal species: histopathology and ultrastructure.		1996	8822850
stability of four genetic loci in pneumocystis carinii sp. f. carinii.		1996	8822851
multi-locus genotype switching in pneumocystis carinii sp. f. hominis: evidence for reinfection.		1996	8822852
detailed analyses of individual neutral lipid classes of pneumocystis.	individual neutral lipid classes of pneumocystis carinii carinii were isolated and purified by thin-layer chromatography. the fatty acids in steryl esters, triglycerides, free fatty acids, diglycerides, and monoglycerides were quantified by gas-liquid chromatography. the fatty acid compositions of these lipids were similar to those of the neutral lipid classes in whole rat lung controls, unlike comparable studies of phospholipid classes. the free fatty alcohols of rat lung controls and p. carini ...	1996	8822853
clinically achievable plasma deferoxamine concentrations eliminate pneumocystis carinii trophozoites in a rat model.		1996	8822854
subpopulations of pneumocystis carinii separated by a percoll gradient.		1996	8822855
biodiversity of french and italian human pneumocystis carinii.		1996	8822856
usefulness of molecular biology for pneumocystis carinii hominis pneumonia epidemiology.		1996	8822857
pneumocystis carinii pneumonia: evolution from 1981 to 1995 in two paris hospitals.		1996	8822858
fludarabine monophosphate as salvage for refractory chronic lymphocytic leukaemia.	to assess the efficacy of the purine analogue fludarabine monophosphate (famp) as salvage therapy in patients at groote schuur hospital with chronic lymphocytic leukaemia (cll) refractory to standard therapy.	1996	8823419
risk factors for pneumocystis carinii pneumonia in patients with polymyositis/dermatomyositis or systemic lupus erythematosus.	to investigate risk factors for pneumocystis carinii pneumonia (pcp) in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus (sle) and polymyositis/dermatomyositis (pm/dm).	1996	8823690
women and hiv infection.	the pattern of the aids epidemic has recently changed with proportionately more women and children affected. cases are becoming more widespread and heterosexual encounters are becoming an important means of spread of disease (presently 43% of all cases in the united states). risks of contracting the virus depend upon sexual behaviors and the status of hiv disease in her partner. manifestations of hiv infection are varied in women and include infections and cancer. once the patient tests positive ...	1996	8824089
inpatient treatment patterns of human immunodeficiency virus-associated pneumocystis carinii pneumonia in new york state medicare patients.	hospital charts were reviewed to ascertain the frequency with which patients with human immunodeficiency virus (hiv)-associated pneumocystis carinii pneumonia (pcp) were being managed in accordance with current guidelines or recommendations in new york state for the calendar year 1993. comparisons were made between hospitals that are designated by the new york state department of health as comprehensive treatment centers--designated acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (aids) centers--and all othe ...	1996	10156543
apparent hemolysis in an aids patient receiving trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole: case report and literature review.	to describe a case of acute hemolysis associated temporally with administration of trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole (tmp/smx) in a patient with aids, review the available literature on tmp/smx-induced hemolytic anemia, and discuss possible drug- and disease-related factors that may have contributed to the episode of hemolysis.	1996	10157546
pharmacoeconomics of pneumocystis carinii pneumonia in hiv-infected and hiv-noninfected patients.	despite the proven effectiveness of pneumocystis carinii pneumonia (pcp) prophylaxis in both hiv-infected and hiv-noninfected patients, pcp remains an important cause of serious pulmonary infection. because pcp is a frequent event requiring inpatient admission at our institution, we conducted a study to define the pharmacoeconomics of this infection and the incidence of adverse events associated with anti-pcp therapy. in a retrospective review, 133 patients (101 hiv-positive, 32 hiv-negative) wi ...	1996	10160471
estimating the cost effectiveness of atovaquone versus intravenous pentamidine in the treatment of mild-to-moderate pneumocystis carinii pneumonia.	pneumocystis carinii pneumonia (pcp) is the most common severe opportunistic infection, and one of the most costly, among people with aids. over 50% of patients experience toxic effects of the major anti-pcp medications- cotrimoxazole (trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole) and pentamidine. recently, the us food and drug administration approved a new oral drug therapy, atovaquone, as an alternative to pentamidine for the treatment of people with mild-to-moderate pcp who are intolerant of cotrimoxazole. ...	1996	10160480
patterns of care for hiv-related pneumocystis carinii pneumonia in a university medical program: a case study.	previous studies have identified large variations in patterns of in-hospital acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (aids) care among groups of hospitals and physicians. we evaluated the patterns of care for patients with aids-related pneumocystis carinii pneumonia (pcp) care at a single university program with patients treated at an adjacent county and veterans' administration (va) hospital. all medical care was provided by physicians in a single residency program, but attending physician staffs we ...	1996	10162149
lack of desensitization to aerosol pentamidine with long-term use.	to assess whether long-term exposure to aerosol pentamidine (ap) results in desensitization.	1996	10163353
pseudomonas aeruginosa bronchopulmonary infection in patients with advanced human immunodeficiency virus disease.	pseudomonas aeruginosa is increasingly reported as a respiratory pathogen in patients with advanced human immunodeficiency virus (hiv) disease. we retrospectively reviewed the chest radiographic appearances of 29 hiv-infected adults with bronchopulmonary infection in whom pseudomonas aeruginosa was the sole respiratory pathogen isolated. the commonest radiographic abnormality was a diffuse reticular (11 patients) or reticulonodular (9 patients) infiltrate in the pulmonary interstitium. alveolar ...	1996	9135463
cervical intra-epithelial neoplasia (cin) iii of the uterine cervix in a young female associated with aids.	a case of cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (cin) iii implying severe dysplasia or carcinoma in situ of the uterine cervix in a 24 year old japanese female patient with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (aids) is reported. autopsy revealed marked systemic atrophy of lymph nodes, pneumocystis carinii pneumonia, pulmonary aspergillosis, acute pancreatitis and cin iii of the portio vaginalis uteri. the human papillomavirus (hpv) genome was detected in sections of the cin iii by polymerase chain r ...	1996	10846565
hiv infection and aids.	many of the clinical features of hiv/aids can be ascribed to the profound immune deficiency which develops in infected patients. the destruction of the immune system by the virus results in opportunistic infection, as well as an increased risk of autoimmune disease and malignancy. in addition, disease manifestations related to the virus itself may occur. for example, during the primary illness which occurs within weeks after first exposure to hiv, clinical symptoms occur in at least 50% of cases ...	1996	9795558
ocular manifestations of aids.	the acquired immune deficiency syndrome (aids) is a lethal multisystem disease. its ocular manifestations have received relatively little attention in the literature. between 73% and 100% of aids patients develop ocular lesions. the commonest lesions seen are retinal--either infectious or noninfectious retinopathy. involvement of the conjunctiva with kaposi's sarcoma, infected tears and infected cornea as well as the vitreous are less common. infections with cytomegalovirus and varicella zoster ...	1996	9795562
pneumocystis carinii pneumonia after renal transplantation.		1996	18417916
differentiating pneumocystis cysts from candida sp. yeasts in pulmonary specimens using methenamine silver.	pneumocystis carinii (pc) pneumonia in the immunocopromised patient requires prompt therapeutic intervention; therefore, rapid identification of pc organisms in cytopathologic specimen is essential. conclusive diagnoses of pc are achievable using grocott's methenamine silver (gms), the "gold-standard" stain for pc cyst visualization. however, non-budding candida sp. yeasts can simulate pc cysts with gms and thus pose significant diagnostic challenges. after qualitative and semi-quantitative anal ...	1996	17372436
comparison of community-acquired pneumonia requiring admission to hospital in hiv-and non-hiv-infected patients.	to compare community-acquired pneumonia (cap) in hospitalized human immunodeficiency virus (hiv)-infected patients with that in hospitalized non-hiv-infected patients by assessing presenting characteristics, etiology and outcomes.	1996	22514448
anti-pneumocystis carinii pneumonia activity of dicationic 2,4-diarylpyrimidines.	a synthesis of 2,4-bis-(4-amidinophenyl)pyrimidine 6, 2,4-bis-[(4-imidazolin-2-yl)phenyl)]pyrimidine 7, 2,4-bis [(4-tetrahydropyrimidinyl-2-yl)phenyl]pyrimidine 8, 2,4-bis[(4-n-n-propylamidino)phenyl]pyrimidine 9, 2,4-bis[(4-n-isopropylamidino)-phenyl]pyrimidine 10 and 2,4-bis[(4-n-isobutylamidino)phenyl]pyrimidine 11 starting from 4-bromobenzamidine and 4-bromoaceto-phenone is reported. a synthesis of 2-(4-amidinopnenyl)-4-(2-methoxy-4-amidinophenyl)pyrimidine 20, 2-[4-(imidazolin2-yl)-phenyl]- ...	1996	22026932
medical microbiology	pneumocystis carinii is a cause of diffuse pneumonia in immunocompromised hosts. even in fatal cases, the organism and the disease remain localized to the lung. the pneumonia rarely, if ever, occurs in healthy individuals. pneumocystis carinii, an extracellular protozoan, has been observed in three forms. diagnosis requires identification of p carinii in lung tissue, obtained by invasive techniques, or in lower airway fluids. experimental studies have shown that the organism can be transmitted b ...	1996	21413303
medical microbiology	the protozoa are considered to be a subkingdom of the kingdom protista, although in the classical system they were placed in the kingdom animalia. more than 50,000 species have been described, most of which are free-living organisms; protozoa are found in almost every possible habitat. the fossil record in the form of shells in sedimentary rocks shows that protozoa were present in the pre-cambrian era. anton van leeuwenhoek was the first person to see protozoa, using microscopes he constructed w ...	1996	21413323
ddi and liver tests in hiv-1 seropositive haemophiliacs.	many patients with haemophilia who are hiv-1 seropositive are co-infected with the hepatitis c virus with variable degrees of underlying liver disease. to evaluate whether the use of the antiretroviral agent dideoxyinosine (ddi) causes worsening of hepatic dysfunction as measured by liver enzyme tests, we reviewed our cohort of patients previously treated with monotherapy with zidovudine (azt) and subsequently changed to ddi. seventeen patients (median age: 34 years, median absolute cd4 lymphocy ...	1997	27214617
partial inhibition of platelet aggregation by nebulized pentamidine in severe haemophiliacs.	the antiparasite agent pentamidine has been shown to inhibit human platelet aggregation in vitro at concentrations that (potentially) may be attained in patient plasma after the administration of the drug by nebulizer. we measured platelet aggregation in platelet-rich plasma (prp) before and after the administration of 300 mg nebulized pentamidine to 10 hiv-positive patients with severe haemophilia on prophylaxis against pneumocystis carinii pneumonia. all patients had normal platelet counts. pa ...	1997	27214616
co-infection by cryptococcus neoformans and mycobacterium avium intracellulare in aids. clinical and epidemiological aspects.	in the observation of various opportunistic pathogens in hiv-positive persons, co-infection by cryptococcus neoformans together with mycobacterium avium intracellulare was found if there was a cd4 lymphocyte count as low as 3-20/microliters. in 1540 hiv-positive patients under treatment at a berlin hospital (auguste-viktoria-krankenhaus) during 1985-1994, all aids-relevant diseases were examined in a multivariate analysis as variables of influence on the manifestation of a systemic mycobacterium ...	1997	9691498
pneumocystis carinii colonization in the absence of immunosuppression.	a prospective study was undertaken to evaluate the incidence and the course of pneumocystis carinii colonization in immunocompetent patients with severe pulmonary diseases. a further perspective was to determine the diagnostic values of different detection methods. bronchoalveolar lavage fluid samples from 77/838 adult hiv-negative patients were examined by diff-quik stain, direct immunofluorescence test and polymerase chain reaction. all diff-quik stains were negative, but direct immunofluoresc ...	1997	9571740
the demography, clinical manifestations and natural history of human immunodeficiency virus (hiv) infection in an older population in singapore.	in this retrospective study, we report 43 cases (41 males and 2 females) of human immunodeficiency virus (hiv) infection in the singapore population aged 50 years and above at first presentation. we found an increasing proportion of these older individuals among our hiv-seropositive patients; from 4.8% in 1991 to 16.7% by mid-1996. the mean age at presentation was 59.2 years (range 50 to 75 years). they were mainly heterosexuals (93%) and the majority (79.1%) were previously or currently married ...	1997	9522969
[pneumocystis carinii pneumonia in a patient whose primary cerebral tumor was treated with steroids].		1997	9580297
in utero transmission of pneumocystis carinii sp. f. oryctolagi.	although vertical transmission of pneumocystis in human or animal hosts has often been suspected, no evidence demonstrating this infection route has been furnished until now. this widespread parasite is constantly found in the lungs of rabbits, which spontaneously develop a benign pneumocystosis at weaning. however, the infection source, the method of entry of pneumocystis organisms into the rabbit and when this mammal is infected, remain to be known. as a few parasites have been microscopically ...	1997	9587600
a controlled trial of dapsone versus pyrimethamine-sulfadoxine for primary prophylaxis of pneumocystis carinii pneumonia and toxoplasmosis in patients with aids.	pneumocystis carinii pneumonia (pcp) is the most common opportunistic human immunodeficiency virus (hiv)-related infection, occurring in 85% of hiv infected patients without prophylaxis. preventive treatment is required when cd4 cell count falls below 200 cells per cubic millimeter. cotrimoxazole has been shown to be highly effective but alternative drug regimens are often necessary because of the frequent drug hypersensitivity exhibited by hiv infected patients. the aim of this prospective, ope ...	1997	9863502
epidemiology of hiv and aids in bahrain.	between 1986 and 1996, 378 hiv cases were identified in bahrain, of whom 51% were foreign nationals. intravenous drug abuse was a major risk factor (38.8%) among bahraini nationals, while transmission through sexual contact was more common (45.7%) among foreigners. other well known risk factors were also represented in the two communities. the male to female ratio for the two communities were very different with 10:1 for nationals compared to 1:1.4 for foreigners. among the aids defining manifes ...	1997	10085637
the safety of pyrimethamine and sulfadoxine for the prevention of pneumocystis carinii pneumonia.	the medical records of 157 patients taking pyrimethamine-sulfadoxine for pneumocystis carinii pneumonia prophylaxis were reviewed for assessment of safety and tolerance. 11 patients had experienced side effects, 7 (1 each: neutropenia, stevens-johnson, hepatic abnormalities; 2 each: subjective and hypersensitivity reactions) leading to a discontinuation of the drugs.	1997	9580544
[severe combined immunodefficiency disease, 4 autopsy case reports].	to study the pathological changes of severe combined immunodefficiency disease (scid).	1997	10072882
clinical experience of hiv/aids in a municipal hospital in taiwan.	to describe the spectrum of epidemiological and major clinical manifestations of patients infected by human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (hiv-1) in a municipal hospital, a retrospective review was done of 53 hiv-1-infected patients who had been admitted to taipei municipal jen-ai hospital between january 1990, and july 1996. the majority (94.3%) of the patients in the cohort were male. peak incidence was found in the fourth decade (28.3%). forty-four (83%) patients presented in the first hospit ...	1997	10592814
autopsy findings on patients with aids in taiwan.	at national taiwan university hospital, from 1986 to 1996, autopsies were performed on 16 patients with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. there were 15 men and 1 woman. fourteen of these male patients had contracted the disease as a result of sexual practice, among which 9 were homosexual, 1 was bisexual and 4 were heterosexual. one of the patients had become infected by sharing a syringe during intravenous drug use. the female was a sex worker. among these patients, only 2 had been tested for ...	1997	10592820
imp dehydrogenase from pneumocystis carinii as a potential drug target.	mycophenolic acid, a specific inhibitor of imp dehydrogenase (impdh; ec 1.1.1.205), is a potent inhibitor of pneumocystis carinii growth in culture, suggesting that impdh may be a sensitive target for chemotherapy in this organism. the impdh gene was cloned as a first step to characterizing the enzyme and developing selective inhibitors. a 1.3-kb fragment containing a portion of the p. carinii impdh gene was amplified by pcr with two degenerate oligonucleotides based on conserved sequences in im ...	1997	8980752
effects of steroidal allenic phosphonic acid derivatives on the parasitic protists leishmania donovani, leishmania mexicana mexicana, and pneumocystis carinii carinii.	several pathogenic fungi and protozoa are known to have sterols distinct from those of their mammalian hosts. of particular interest as targets for drug development are the biosyntheses of the sterols of important parasites such as the kinetoplastid flagellates and the aids-associated opportunistic protist pneumocystis carinii. these pathogens synthesize sterols with an alkyl group at c-24, and some have a double bond at c-22 of the side chain. humans and other mammalian hosts are incapable of c ...	1997	8980773
efficacy of lasalocid against murine pneumocystis carinii pneumonitis.	the efficacy of the ionophore lasalocid against pneumocystis carinii pneumonitis in corticosteroid-immunosuppressed sprague-dawley rats was investigated. lasalocid was effective in the prevention of the pneumonitis in a dose-dependent manner. at dosages of 0, 5, 10, and 20 mg/kg/day, p. carinii infection rates were 92, 60, 20, and 0%, respectively, during dexamethasone immunosuppression. also, lasalocid compared favorably with other drugs known to have anti-p. carinii activity, including trimeth ...	1997	8980779
antiretroviral treatment and progression to aids in hiv seroconverters from different risk groups. hiv italian seroconversion study.	to evaluate the association between time since initiation of pre-aids antiretroviral therapy [mainly with zidovudine (zdv)] and aids-free survival in a cohort of hiv seroconverters, and to assess possible differences in this association and in the use of antiretroviral therapy by hiv exposure group.	1997	9084793
predictors of cytomegalovirus disease, natural history and autopsy findings in a cohort of patients with aids.	to identify the predictors of acquiring cytomegalovirus (cmv) disease, and to describe natural history, therapeutic management and autopsy findings in affected patients.	1997	9084800
pneumocystis carinii hominis sequencing to study hypothetical person-to-person transmission.		1997	9084812
pneumocystis carinii pneumonia. review of 32 cases in immunocompromised hosts.	the records of patients in whom pneumocystis carinii pneumonia (pcp) was diagnosed between january 1989 and december 1991 were reviewed. thirty-two patients--all immunocompromised--were included in the study: 41% were hiv-positive and 59% hiv-negative. in 23 patients (72%) concomitant pathogens were isolated, most frequently cytomegalovirus. presenting symptoms included fever (97%), cough (75%) and dyspnea (63%). all hiv-infected patients had a t4-lymphocyte count below 200/mm3 (or 20%). the maj ...	1997	9085615
novel anti-pneumocystis carinii effects of the immunosuppressant mycophenolate mofetil in contrast to provocative effects of tacrolimus, sirolimus, and dexamethasone.	the effects of three new immunosuppressive drugs used for organ transplantation, mycophenolate mofetil, tacrolimus, and sirolimus, were compared with those of dexamethasone in provocation of pneumocystis carinii pneumonitis in virus-free sprague-dawley rats. rats injected daily with tacrolimus showed a dose-related response to the point of severe p. carinii pneumonitis 4 weeks after initiation of drug administration identical to those animals treated with high-dose dexamethasone. thirty percent ...	1997	9086147
current trends in hiv-related hospital admissions and their impact on hospital resource utilization in ontario.	to assess changes in patterns of hospital admissions, in frequency of admissions and in average length of stay (alos) at a tertiary hiv referral centre, and to investigate the overall impact of care for patients with hiv infection of aids on peer hospitals in ontario.	1997	9088665
effect of n9-methylation and bridge atom variation on the activity of 5-substituted 2,4-diaminopyrrolo[2,3-d]pyrimidines against dihydrofolate reductases from pneumocystis carinii and toxoplasma gondii.	the effect of n9-methylation and bridge atom variation on inhibitory potency and selectivity of 2,4-diaminopyrrolo[2,3-d]pyrimidines against dihydrofolate reductases (dhfr) was studied. specifically three nonclassical 2,4-diamino-5-((n-methylanilino)methyl)pyrrolo[2,3-d]pyrimidines with 2',5'-dimethoxyphenyl (2), 3',4'-dichlorophenyl (3), 1'-naphthyl (4), one classical analogue with a 4'-l-glutamate substituent (10), and four nonclassical 2,4-diamino-5-((phenylthio)methyl)pyrrolo[2,3-d]pyrimidin ...	1997	9089339
pneumocystis carinii pneumonia.	pneumocystis carinii pneumonia (pcp) remains an important complication of aids. advances have been made in establishing the taxonomy of the organism but the life cycle of the organism and pathogenetic mechanisms of disease remain obscure. in hiv patients the incidence of pcp has decreased because of widespread use of prophylaxis and survival of those with pcp has improved with use of adjunctive corticosteroid therapy. less toxic drug therapies are still needed as well as better noninvasive diagn ...	1997	9093230
animal model of mucosally transmitted human immunodeficiency virus type 1 disease: intravaginal and oral deposition of simian/human immunodeficiency virus in macaques results in systemic infection, elimination of cd4+ t cells, and aids.	chimeric simian/human immunodeficiency virus (shiv) consists of the env, vpu, tat, and rev genes of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (hiv-1) on a background of simian immunodeficiency virus (siv). we derived a shiv that caused cd4+ cell loss and aids in pig-tailed macaques (s. v. joag, z. li, l. foresman, e. b. stephens, l. j. zhao, i. adany, d. m. pinson, h. m. mcclure, and o. narayan, j. virol. 70:3189-3197, 1996) and used a cell-free stock of this virus (shiv(ku-1)) to inoculate macaques b ...	1997	9094679
a study of malaysian drug addicts with human immunodeficiency virus infection.	a cross-sectional study was undertaken to determine the clinical profile, haematological and biochemical changes, seroprevalence of common opportunistic pathogens, and aids-defining events in 49 malaysian male drug addicts with hiv infection. their mean age was 33.2 years, the majority had been injecting drugs for more than 5 years and 88% reporting sharing needles. fatigue, weight loss and night sweats were common presenting symptoms and the most frequent physical findings were hepatomegaly (57 ...	1997	9061411
presence of glomerular basement membrane (gbm) antibodies in hiv- patients with pneumocystis carinii pneumonia.	following the unexpected finding of antibodies to gbm in a patient with pneumocystis carinii pneumonia in the absence of kidney abnormalities, the presence of anti-gbm antibodies was analysed in 14 patients with pulmonary p. carinii infection who did not have clinical evidence of autoimmune glomerulonephritis. patients were divided into three groups: hiv- with p. carinii pneumonia (n = 4), hiv+ with p. carinii pneumonia (n = 5) and hiv- carriers of p. carinii without pneumonia (n = 5). as contro ...	1997	9067515
human t cell leukemia/lymphoma virus type i (htlv-i) and pneumocystis carinii associated with t cell proliferation and haemophagocytic syndrome.		1997	9067590
pulmonary manifestations in hiv seropositivity and malnutrition in zimbabwe.	over a 10 month period 184 children, aged 5 years or less, who died at home had their nutritional status and hiv serostatus established; necropsies were also carried out. the hiv antibody test was positive in 122/184 (66%). of the hiv seropositive children pneumocystis carinii pneumonia was present in 19 (16%), cytomegalovirus pneumonia in nine (7%), and lymphoid interstitial pneumonitis in 11 (9%). opportunistic infection was therefore seen in 28/122 (23%) of the seropositive cases but in none ...	1997	9068301
[clinical course of hiv-infected tuberculosis patients who admitted to the tuberculosis isolation ward: current problems of medical care].	to clarify the problems of medical care of hiv-infected tuberculosis patients, we investigated clinical course of six cases admitted to our tuberculosis isolation ward. all cases were sputum smear positive for tubercle bacilli at the time of diagnosis of tuberculosis. hiv-positive was confirmed at the same time or soon after the diagnosis of tuberculosis in four cases. cd4+ cell count was on the average 21/mm3 on admission, and all cases were defined as acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (aids) ...	1997	9071088
skin involvement with pneumocystis despite dapsone prophylaxis: a rare cause of skin nodules in a patient with aids.	pneumocystis carinii pneumonia is among the most common life-threatening opportunistic infections that occurs in those with hiv infection and a depleted absolute cd4+ t-lymphocyte count. fortunately, with the advent of effective prophylaxis, this aids-defining complication is diminishing. rarely, pneumocystis carinii (p carinii) occurs outside the lungs, typically in the setting of prophylaxis with aerosolized pentamidine or no prophylaxis at all. this is the case of a man with advanced aids and ...	1997	9075436
detection of pneumocystis carinii in induced sputa from immunocompromised patients using a repetitive dna probe.	a hybridization assay for the detection of pneumocystis carinii was developed using a repetitive dna fragment of p.c. hominis. the assay was specific as different micro-organisms typically found in the respiratory tract, normal human lung dna (a 549 cell line) and normal rat lung dna did not react with the repetitive probe. in a slot blot (sb) hybridization assay, the repetitive probe was able to detect as few as 100 p.c. hominis organisms with no false-positives. the results of the sb hybridiza ...	1997	9076709
comparison of oral agents for treatment of pneumocystis carinii pneumonia.		1997	9054287
terminology changes needed for descriptions of pneumocystis carinii infection.		1997	9038331
immune restoration by fetal pig thymus grafts in t cell-depleted, thymectomized mice.	donor-specific tolerance can be induced across a discordant xenogeneic barrier in t/nk cell-depleted, thymectomized (atx) b10 mice by grafting of fetal pig thymic and liver tissue (fp thy/liv) under the kidney capsule. we have now examined the phenotype and function of murine t cells that develop in fp thy/liv grafts in these mice. mouse cd4+ t cells reached normal levels in pbl by 14 wk, and were maintained up to 30 wk. similar proportions of splenic cd4+ cells expressed the naive phenotype (cd ...	1997	9029100
tumor necrosis factor alpha-mediated host defense against pneumocystis carinii.		1997	9032116
exacerbation of murine pneumocystis carinii infection by adenoviral-mediated gene transfer of a tnf inhibitor.	the role of mononuclear phagocytes and their cytokine products in host defense against pneumocystis carinii (pc) remains unclear. the cytokine tumor necrosis factor (tnf) has been proposed as critical for host defense against this pathogen. to investigate the role of this cytokine in pc infection, we treated immunocompetent mice (cd4+) or mice depleted of cd4 lymphocytes (cd4-) with a recombinant adenovirus encoding a tnf inhibitor gene (adtnf-r). adtnf-r treated cd4+ animals displayed delayed c ...	1997	9032117
light and electron microscopy study of carbohydrate antigens found in the electron-lucent layer of pneumocystis carinii cysts.	the localization and biochemical nature of antigens found in the electron-lucent layer (ell) of pneumocystis carinii cysts using polyclonal rabbit antibodies are described. these antigens, specific for the cystic stages of the parasite, were shared by organisms from different hosts, suggesting that they represent functionally important components of the cyst cell wall. the binding sites were situated on an interwoven net of fibrils in the ell produced by mild to strong proteolysis. degradation o ...	1997	9039701
pneumocystis carinii pneumonia masquerading as tuberculosis.	recent laboratory studies indicate that genetic diversity exists in human strains of pneumocystis carinii. structural and functional variability in infecting strains could result in differences in host-parasite interactions and the natural history of p carinii pneumonia. we report 5 unusual cases in which the clinical presentation mimicked tuberculosis. all patients were cared for at a university-based public hospital clinic in los angeles, calif, during a 2-year period. these patients were chro ...	1997	9040304
cyclosporin treatment for ulcerative colitis complicated by fatal pneumocystis carinii pneumonia.		1997	9040337
survival after diagnosis of aids: a prospective observational study of 2625 patients. royal free/chelsea and westminster hospitals collaborative group.	to estimate median survival and changes in survival in patients diagnosed as having aids.	1997	9040386
isoenzyme diversity in pneumocystis carinii from rats, mice, and rabbits.	pneumocystis carinii is an opportunistic pathogen that causes pneumonia in immunocompromised patients. to investigate the genetic diversity of p. carinii populations, multilocus enzyme electrophoresis was used to analyze five enzyme systems (malate dehydrogenase, glucose phosphate isomerase, leucine aminopeptidase, malic enzyme, and 6-phosphogluconate dehydrogenase). only five different multilocus associations (zymodemes) were recorded for the 70 isolates studied. while only one multilocus combi ...	1997	9041338
lipid transfer from human epithelial cells to pneumocystis carinii in vitro.	pneumocystis carinii lipids are similar to host lipids, but it is not known if some of these lipids are acquired from host cells. the ability of p. carinii to incorporate a fluorescent fatty acid analogue (bodipy-c12) was analyzed, the metabolism of the incorporated lipid by p. carinii was characterized, and lipid transfer from human alveolar epithelial cells (a549) to p. carinii was investigated. both p. carinii and a549 cells incorporated exogenous bodipy-c12 in a concentration-dependent manne ...	1997	9041339
gamma-interferon inhibits pneumocystis carinii attachment to lung cells by decreasing expression of lung cell-surface integrins.	pneumocystis carinii (pc) is a leading cause of pneumonia in immunocompromised patients. previous work has shown that fibronectin (fn) and fn-binding integrins mediate pc attachment to lung cells in vitro. gamma-interferon (gamma-ifn) is a major factor in host defence against pc infection. to determine the effect of gamma-ifn on pc attachment to lung cells, the alveolar epithelial cell line a549 was incubated with gamma-ifn (0-10(4) u ml(-1)) and attachment of 51cr-labelled pc to the a549 cells ...	1997	9041372
bacterial infections in hiv: the extent and nature of the problem.	leucopenia and neutropenia in hiv appears to be much less common than in the context of haematological malignancies although severe neutropenia (< 0.75 x 10(9)/l) occurs in as many as 70% of patients with aids often related to concomitant drug therapy. in addition to low numbers of neutrophils there is also some evidence of defective neutrophil function in hiv/aids (chemotaxis, bacterial killing, phagocytosis and superoxide production). however the frequency and importance of these defects is as ...	1997	9043975
in-vitro activity of atovaquone, sulphamethoxazole and dapsone alone and combined with inhibitors of dihydrofolate reductase and macrolides against pneumocystis carinii.	the anti-pneumocystis carinii activity of atovaquone, dapsone and sulphamethoxazole alone and combined with dihydrofolate reductase (dhfr) inhibitors and macrolides was investigated against five clinical isolates of p. carinii. the susceptibility tests were performed by inoculation of the organisms on to cell monolayer and parasite count after 72 h incubation at 37 degrees c. culture plates were added to dulbecco's modified eagle's medium containing serial dilutions of atovaquone, dapsone and su ...	1997	9044027
human immunodeficiency virus-related lymphoid proliferations.	human immunodeficiency virus (hiv) infection is associated with a range of lymphoid alterations from generalized lymphadenopathy to abnormal lymphoid proliferations and malignant lymphomas. special characteristics of lymphoid proliferation are seen in the lungs and thymus of children infected with hiv. hiv-related lymphoid proliferations may be associated with other infectious agents including pneumocystis carinii, mycobacteria, rickettsial-like organisms, epstein-barr virus (ebv) and kaposi's s ...	1997	9044509
synthesis and dihydrofolate reductase inhibitory activities of 2,4-diamino-5-deaza and 2,4-diamino-5,10-dideaza lipophilic antifolates.	two series of nonclassical antifolates (2,4-diamino-5-deaza compounds 2-5 and 5,10-dideaza compounds 6-13) were synthesized as inhibitors of dihydrofolate reductase (dhfr) from pneumocystis carinii (pc) and toxoplasma gondii (tg) organisms that are responsible for fatal opportunistic infections in aids patients. rat liver (rl) dhfr served as the mammalian reference enzyme to determine selectivity. syntheses of the target 5-deaza compounds were achieved by initial construction of the pivaloyl-pro ...	1997	9046337
synthesis and biological evaluation of nonclassical 2,4-diamino-5-methylpyrido[2,3-d]pyrimidines with novel side chain substituents as potential inhibitors of dihydrofolate reductases.	nine novel 2,4-diamino-5-methyl-6-substituted-pyrido[2,3-d]pyrimidines, 2-10, were synthesized as potential inhibitors of pneumocystis carinii dihydrofolate reductase (pcdhfr) and toxoplasma gondii dihydrofolate reductase (tgdhfr). compounds 2-5 were designed as conformationally restricted analogues of trimetrexate (tmq), in which rotation around tau 3 was constrained by incorporation of the side chain nitrogen as part of an indoline or an indole ring. analogue 6, which has an extra atom between ...	1997	9046338
opportunistic infection and immunologic function in patients with human immunodeficiency virus-associated non-hodgkin's lymphoma treated with chemotherapy.	the incidence of systemic non-hodgkin's lymphoma (nhl) is higher in the population infected with human immunodeficiency virus (hiv) than in the uninfected population. standard treatment for this cancer involves the administration of systemic chemotherapy.	1997	9048834
effect of charcoal hemoperfusion on clearance of pentamidine isethionate after accidental overdose.	pentamidine isethionate is an antimicrobial agent effective in the treatment of pneumocystis carinii pneumonia, trypanosomiasis and leishmaniasis. severe and fatal toxicity is reported with pentamidine use.	1997	9022658
role of gamma interferon in the host immune and inflammatory responses to pneumocystis carinii infection.	the role of gamma interferon (ifn-gamma) in host defense to pneumocystis carinii was investigated by use of three different murine models of infection. c57bl/6 scid/scid (severe combined immunodeficient [scid]) mice were given intratracheal inoculations of p. carinii and reconstituted with splenocytes from either mice with disrupted ifn-gamma genes (ifn-gamma-/- mice) or homozygous wild-type (ifn-gamma+/+) mice. unreconstituted scid mice had log10 7.08 +/- 0.13 p. carinii nuclei in their lungs a ...	1997	9009285
drug treatment of hiv-related opportunistic infections.	the aids epidemic has led to the emergence of several disease entities which in the pre-aids era were rare or seemingly innocuous. experience of treating these diseases varies. in some instances, such as pneumocystis carinii pneumonia, there is an abundance of published literature to direct our course of action. however, for many of these newly recognised diseases our treatment experience is limited. furthermore, in many instances, well controlled trials evaluating treatment modalities in the ai ...	1997	9010648
clinically used antimicrobial drugs against experimental pneumocystosis, singly and in combination: analysis of drug interactions and efficacies.	we analyzed single drugs and combinations of drugs used clinically in the treatment of opportunistic infections and other conditions for their activities against pneumocystis carinii pneumonia in immunosuppressed rats. when they were used alone, atovaquone, rifabutin, and dapsone were more active than clarithromycin or trimethoprim. drug combinations were evaluated for synergistic activity by an analysis of variance model for two-way factorial experiments and a response surface model. atovaquone ...	1997	9021174
immunodeficient and immunosuppressed mice as models to test anti-pneumocystis carinii drugs.	congenitally immunodeficient and immunosuppressed normal mice with naturally acquired pneumocystis carinii infection were compared as models for testing anti-p. carinii drugs. among the immunodeficient mice, mice with severe combined immunodeficiency disease (scid), which lack b and t cells, had higher levels of p. carinii pneumonia than did micromt mice, which lack k cells. normal mice administered dexamethasone in the drinking water had more extensive pneumocystosis than mice administered pare ...	1997	9021175
a cytotoxicity assay for evaluation of candidate anti-pneumocystis carinii agents.	a series of over 60 agents representing several different classes of compounds were evaluated for their effects on the atp pools of pneumocystis carinii populations derived from immunosuppressed rats. a cytotoxicity assay based on an atp-driven bioluminescent reaction was used to determine the concentration of agent which decreased the p. carinii atp pools by 50% versus untreated controls (ic50). a ranking system based on the ic50 value was devised for comparison of relative responses among the ...	1997	9021195