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cell density- and quorum sensing-dependent expression of type vi secretion system 2 in vibrio parahaemolyticus.vibrio parahaemolyticus apha and opar are the two master quorum sensing (qs) regulators that are abundantly expressed at low cell density (lcd) and high cell density (hcd), respectively, with a feature of reciprocally gradient production of them with transition between lcd and hcd. the type vi secretion system 2 (t6ss2) gene cluster can be assigned into three putative operons, namely vpa1027-1024, vpa1043-1028, and vpa1044-1046. t6ss2 contributes to adhesion of v. parahaemolyticus to host cells.201323977385
[construction of biofilm formation related mutants in vibrio parahaemolyticus].to construct the mutants of biofilm related genes in vibrio parahaemolyticus and confirm the mutants.201323958128
differences in the stress tolerances of vibrio parahaemolyticus strains due to their source and harboring of virulence genes.to investigate the diversity of stress tolerance levels in vibrio parahaemolyticus, 200 v. parahaemolyticus strains isolated from various coastal environments, seafood, and human clinical cases were exposed to acid, low-osmolality, freezing-thawing, and heat stresses. tolerance against acid stress was higher in the virulent (tdh- and/or trh-positive) strains than in the avirulent (tdh- and trh-negative) strains. tolerance against low-osmolality, freezing-thawing, and heat stresses was higher in ...201323905806
[preparation of monoclonal antibodies against flagellin core protein of vibrio parahaemolyticus and its activity analysis].to prepare monoclonal antibodies (mabs) against flagellin core protein of vibrio (v.) parahaemolyticus and establish the double-sandwich elisa for testing v.parahaemolyticus from food products.201323837985
preliminary stochastic model for managing vibrio parahaemolyticus and total viable bacterial counts in a pacific oyster (crassostrea gigas) supply chain.vibrio parahaemolyticus can accumulate and grow in oysters stored without refrigeration, representing a potential food safety risk. high temperatures during oyster storage can lead to an increase in total viable bacteria counts, decreasing product shelf life. therefore, a predictive tool that allows the estimation of both v. parahaemolyticus populations and total viable bacteria counts in parallel is needed. a stochastic model was developed to quantitatively assess the populations of v. parahaem ...201323834791
[the development of complex technique of evaluation of virulence of parahemolytic vibrio].the article deals with results of studying parahemolytic vibrio separatedfrom different sources according their phenotype and genotype attributes associated with virulence. in certain cases the mismatch of results of kanagava tests and polymerase chain reaction test of gene tdh was established. the need in virulence complex evaluation is substantiated. this complex has to include detection of hemolytic activity in kanagava test and urease activity on the kristensen medium and polymerase chain re ...201323808010
extensive investigation of antimicrobial resistance in vibrio parahaemolyticus from shellfish and clinical sources, italy. 201323796895
draft genome sequence of vibrio parahaemolyticus v110, isolated from shrimp in hong kong.we report the whole-genome sequence of a tdh- and trh-negative vibrio parahaemolyticus strain, v110, from shrimp. the major difference of v110 from clinical strains was its lack of the type iii secretion system t3ss2, a key component of virulence. further sequence comparison can shed light on the pathogenesis of v. parahaemolyticus.201323788537
the vibrio parahaemolyticus small rna ryhb promotes production of the siderophore vibrioferrin by stabilizing the polycistronic mrna.high-affinity iron acquisition in vibrio parahaemolyticus is mediated by the cognate siderophore vibrioferrin. we have previously reported that the vibrioferrin biosynthesis operon (pvsop) is regulated at the transcriptional level by the iron-responsive repressor fur (t. tanabe, t. funahashi, h. nakao, s. miyoshi, s. shinoda, and s. yamamoto, j. bacteriol. 185:6938-6949, 2003). in this study, we identified the fur-regulated small rna ryhb and the rna chaperone hfq protein as additional regulator ...201323772063
biosynthesis of the osmoprotectant ectoine, but not glycine betaine, is critical for survival of osmotically stressed vibrio parahaemolyticus cells.vibrio parahaemolyticus is a halophile present in marine and estuarine environments, ecosystems characterized by fluctuations in salinity and temperature. one strategy to thrive in such environments is the synthesis and/or uptake of compatible solutes. the v. parahaemolyticus genome contains biosynthesis systems for both ectoine and glycine betaine, which are known to act as compatible solutes in other species. we showed that v. parahaemolyticus had a 6% nacl tolerance when grown in m9 minimal m ...201323770911
mechanisms of fluoroquinolone resistance in vibrio parahaemolyticus. 201323751355
genome sequence analysis of the vibrio parahaemolyticus lytic bacteriophage vpms1.vpms1 is a vibrio parahaemolyticus lytic phage isolated from a marine clam. the 42.3-kb genome was predicted to encode 53 proteins. comparison of the vpms1 dna genome with known phage genomes revealed no similarity; hence, it represents a new vp phage, organized into three differently oriented modules. the module for packaging covers 12 % of the genome, the module for structure covers 31 %, and the module for replication and regulation covers 48 %. the g + c content was 44.67 %. the coding regio ...201323732928
molecular characterization of a p38 mapk from litopenaeus vannamei and its expression during the molt cycle and following pathogen infection.the p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (mapk), a serine/threonine-specific protein kinase, has been reported to be involved in innate immunity, development and muscle differentiation. to explore the function of p38 in shrimp, partial cdna sequence of p38 in litopenaeus vannamei (designated as lv-p38) was characterized and the expression of lv-p38 in hepatopancreas of the shrimp after being infected with vibrio parahaemolyticus and in muscle of the shrimp at different molt stages was detected b ...201323707783
molecular epidemiology and genetic variation of pathogenic vibrio parahaemolyticus in peru.vibrio parahaemolyticus is a foodborne pathogen that has become a public health concern at the global scale. the epidemiological significance of v. parahaemolyticus infections in latin america received little attention until the winter of 1997 when cases related to the pandemic clone were detected in the region, changing the epidemic dynamics of this pathogen in peru. with the aim to assess the impact of the arrival of the pandemic clone on local populations of pathogenic v. parahaemolyticus in ...201323696906
the iodide-transport-defect-causing mutation r124h: a δ-amino group at position 124 is critical for maturation and trafficking of the na+/i- symporter.na(+)/i(-) symporter (nis)-mediated active accumulation of i(-) in thyrocytes is a key step in the biosynthesis of the iodine-containing thyroid hormones t3 and t4. several nis mutants have been identified as a cause of congenital i(-) transport defect (itd), and their investigation has yielded valuable mechanistic information on nis. here we report novel findings derived from the thorough characterization of the itd-causing mutation r124h, located in the second intracellular loop (il-2). r124h ...201323690546
molecular characterization of clinical and environmental vibrio parahaemolyticus isolates in taiwan.vibrio parahaemolyticus is the most prevalent foodborne pathogen in taiwan and it is frequently recovered from seafood. in this study, v. parahaemolyticus that was isolated in recent years from aquacultural environments and clinical specimens were comparatively analyzed by noti-restricted pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (pfge) and polymerase chain reaction, targeting common toxin genes (tdh, trh, urec), mtase gene, toxr regulator, markers for pandemic strains (orf8, group-specific toxrs) and re ...201323685468
a pentaplex pcr assay for detection and characterization of vibrio vulnificus and vibrio parahaemolyticus isolates.vibrio parahaemolyticus and vibrio vulnificus are the leading causes of seafood-related illnesses and also can cause wound infections. these bacteria often co-exist in marine and estuarine environments. however, there have been no reported protocols that can detect and characterize (i.e. pathogenic or nonpathogenic) them in a single pcr. in this study, we developed a ppcr assay with a combination of two species-specific and three pathogenic-specific pcr primers to simultaneously detect virulent ...201323682646
[selection of reference genes for virulence gene expression in vibrio parahaemolyticus].we selected reference genes for virulence gene expression of vibrio parahaemolyticus under different environmental conditions.201323678578
molecular insights of the first gastropod tlr counterpart from disk abalone (haliotis discus discus), revealing its transcriptional modulation under pathogenic stress.toll-like receptors (tlrs) are well-characterized pattern recognition receptors of innate immunity, known to induce immune responses against the pathogens by interacting with evolutionarily conserved pathogen-associated molecular patterns (pamps). in this study, a novel tlr homolog from disk abalone (haliotis discus discus) was identified and characterized at molecular level. the open reading frame (orf) of abtlr is 3804 bp in length and encodes a 1268 amino acid peptide with a calculated molecu ...201323669649
expression of glutamine synthetase in tegillarca granosa (bivalvia, arcidae) hemocytes stimulated by vibrio parahaemolyticus and lipopolysaccharides.the blood cockle, tegillarca granosa, is a widely consumed clam in the indo-pacific region. glutamine synthetase (gs) is an enzyme that plays an essential role in the metabolism of nitrogen by catalyzing the condensation of glutamate and ammonia to form glutamine. we identified the gs of t. granosa (tg-gs) from hemocytes by 3'- and 5'-rapid amplification of cdna ends (race)-pcr. the full-length cdna consisted of 1762 bp, with a 1104-bp open reading frame encoding 367 amino acids. sequence compar ...201323661439
multiplex pcr for the detection and differentiation of vibrio parahaemolyticus strains using the groel, tdh and trh genes.vibrio parahaemolyticus is a significant cause of human gastrointestinal disorders worldwide, transmitted primarily by ingestion of raw or undercooked contaminated seafood. in this study, a multiplex pcr assay for the detection and differentiation of v. parahaemolyticus strains was developed using primer sets for a species-specific marker, groel, and two virulence markers, tdh and trh. multiplex pcr conditions were standardised, and extracted genomic dna of 70 v. parahaemolyticus strains was use ...201323660458
a vibrio parahaemolyticus t3ss effector mediates pathogenesis by independently enabling intestinal colonization and inhibiting tak1 activation.vibrio parahaemolyticus type iii secretion system 2 (t3ss2) is essential for the organism's virulence, but the effectors required for intestinal colonization and induction of diarrhea by this pathogen have not been identified. here, we identify a type iii secretion system (t3ss2)-secreted effector, vopz, that is essential for v. parahaemolyticus pathogenicity. vopz plays distinct, genetically separable roles in enabling intestinal colonization and diarrheagenesis. truncation of vopz prevents v.  ...201323623501
[inactivation kinetics of vibrio parahaemolyticus in peeled shrimp treated with organic acids].to establish the kinetic inactivation models of vibrio parahaemolytius in saline and peeled shrimp treated with acetic acid, lactic acid and citric acid for guidance of their potential application in shrimp decontamination.201323614238
vibrio parahaemolyticus type vi secretion system 1 is activated in marine conditions to target bacteria, and is differentially regulated from system 2.vibrio parahaemolyticus is a marine bacterium that thrives in warm climates. it is a leading cause of gastroenteritis resulting from consumption of contaminated uncooked shellfish. this bacterium harbors two putative type vi secretion systems (t6ss). t6sss are widespread protein secretion systems found in many gram-negative bacteria, and are often tightly regulated. for many t6sss studied to date, the conditions and cues, as well as the regulatory mechanisms that control t6ss activity are unknow ...201323613791
gating of the trkh ion channel by its associated rck protein trka.trkh belongs to a superfamily of k(+) transport proteins required for growth of bacteria in low external k(+) concentrations. the crystal structure of trkh from vibrio parahaemolyticus showed that trkh resembles a k(+) channel and may have a gating mechanism substantially different from k(+) channels. trkh assembles with trka, a cytosolic protein comprising two rck (regulate the conductance of k(+)) domains, which are found in certain k(+) channels and control their gating. however, fundamental ...201323598339
murine macrophage inflammatory cytokine production and immune activation in response to vibrio parahaemolyticus infection.vibrio parahaemolyticus is the most common cause of bacterial, seafood-related illness in the usa. currently, there is a dearth of published reports regarding immunity to infection with this pathogen. here, production of both pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines by v. parahaemolyticus-infected raw 264.7 murine macrophages was studied. it was determined that this infection results in increased concentrations of il-1α, il-6, tnf-α and il-10. additionally, decreases in cell surface tlr2 and tlr4 an ...201323586636
isolation and characterization of pandemic and nonpandemic strains of vibrio parahaemolyticus from an outbreak of diarrhea in north 24 parganas, west bengal, india.strains of the enteric pathogen vibrio parahaemolyticus harboring the thermostable hemolysin (tdh) encoding gene tdh is known to cause epidemic and pandemic diarrhea. in industrialized countries, this pathogen causes sporadic or outbreaks of diarrheal illness associated with consumption of raw or improperly cooked seafood. this report describes a foodborne outbreak of gastroenteritis caused by v. parahaemolyticus in june 2011 following consumption of food served at a funeral reception held at ha ...201323566271
effects of pre- or post-processing storage conditions on high-hydrostatic pressure inactivation of vibrio parahaemolyticus and v. vulnificus in oysters.the effects of storage conditions on subsequent high-hydrostatic pressure (hhp) inactivation of vibrio parahaemolyticus and vibrio vulnificus in oysters were investigated. live oysters were inoculated with v. parahaemolyticus or v. vulnificus to ca. 7-8 log mpn/g by feeding and stored at varying conditions (i.e., 21 or 35 °c for 5h, 4 or 10 °c for 1 and 2 days and -18 °c for 2 weeks). oyster meats were then treated at 225-300 mpa for 2 min at 4, 21 or 35 °c. hhp at 300 mpa for 2 min achieved a > ...201323545264
ecological study of pathogenic vibrios in aquatic environments.an ecological study of pathogenic vibrios in aquatic environments of okayama was carried out. the number of vibrio parahaemolyticus detected in the sea area was comparatively smaler than that found in the survey of about two decades ago. various reasons for the decrease in the case of food poisoning by v. parahaemolyticus have been suggested but the lower number of the vibrio in aquatic environments may be one explanation. although the number of v. vulnificus was also not as large, most of the i ...201323538851
transcriptomic and cellular response to bacterial challenge (pathogenic vibrio parahaemolyticus) in farmed juvenile haliotis rufescens fed with or without probiotic diet.the abalone production in chile has increased considerably in recent years with no sign of tapering off. open and semi-closed circuits in the marine water zones in the north and south of chile are the preferred areas of culture. coastal ecosystems are subjected to a wide variety of contaminants that generate stress that affects populations via their impacts to individuals at both physiological and genetic levels. this work investigated the genomic and cellular response of post-weaning juvenile h ...201323535139
susceptibility of vibrio parahaemolyticus to disinfectants after prior exposure to sublethal stress.in the present study, vibrio parahaemolyticus 690 in phosphate buffered-saline containing 3% nacl was subjected to sublethal stresses: heat shock at 42 °c for 15 min, acid adaptation at ph 5.0 for 30 min, or cold shock at 20 °c for 4 h. the effect of sublethal stress on the susceptibility of v. parahaemolyticus to a chlorine-containing disinfectant (clidox-s) and a quaternary ammonium compound (quatricide) at 25 and 40 °c was investigated. it was found that the sublethal stresses examined enhanc ...201323498199
[isolation of vibrio parahaemolyticus having new combination of o and k serotypes from sporadic diarrheal patients]. 201323484380
structure and immune expression analysis of hemoglobin genes from the blood clam tegillarca granosa.hemoglobin (hb) is the major protein component of erythrocytes in animals with red blood, although it can serve additional functions beyond the transport of oxygen. the blood clam (tegillarca granosa) is one of the few mollusks that has hb, although the structure and function of molluskan hbs remain unclear. we characterized two unique and highly compartmentalized blood clam hemoglobin genes, tg-hbiia and tg-hbiib, at the molecular level. the full-length cdna of tg-hbiia was 731 bp with a 450-bp ...201323479150
polymorphism of the multiple hemoglobins in blood clam tegillarca granosa and its association with disease resistance to vibrio parahaemolyticus.hemoglobin (hb) is the major protein component of erythrocytes in animals with red blood, but it can serve additional functions beyond the transport of oxygen. in this study, we identified polymorphism in the blood clam tegillarca granosa hb (tg-hb) genes and investigated the association of this polymorphism with resistance/susceptibility to vibrio parahaemolyticus. analysis of the 540 sequences revealed 28 snps in the coding region of three tg-hbs, corresponding to about one snp per 48 bp. thre ...201323470816
complete genome sequence of prepandemic vibrio parahaemolyticus bb22op.the number of inflammatory gastroenteritis outbreaks due to the food-borne pathogen vibrio parahaemolyticus is rising sharply worldwide and in the united states in particular. here we report the complete, annotated genome sequence of the prepandemic v. parahaemolyticus strain bb22op and make some initial comparisons to the complete genome sequence for pandemic strain rimd2210633.201323469330
rapid identification of vibrio parahaemolyticus isolated from shellfish, sea water and sediments of the khnifiss lagoon, morocco, by maldi-tof mass spectrometry.we establish the presence of vibrio parahaemolyticus and deepen the comparison of isolates using maldi-tof ms for the typing of isolates originating from the khnifiss lagoon (morocco). amongst 48 samples from sea water, sediment and shellfish isolated from different sites of khnifiss lagoon, morocco, we obtained 22 isolates of v. parahaemolyticus identified by vitek 2™ system (biomérieux) and maldi biotyper™ (bruker daltonics). all isolates were highly resistant to ampicillin and ticarcillin, mo ...201323464928
in silico analysis of putative paralytic shellfish poisoning toxins export proteins in cyanobacteria.paralytic shellfish poisoning toxins (psts) are a family of more than 30 natural alkaloids synthesized by dinoflagellates and cyanobacteria whose toxicity in animals is mediated by voltage-gated na(+) channel blocking. the export of pst analogues may be through sxtf and sxtm, two putative mate (multidrug and toxic compound extrusion) family transporters encoded in psts biosynthetic gene cluster (sxt). sxtm is present in every sxt cluster analyzed; however, sxtf is only present in the cylindrospe ...201323457475
isolation of pandemic vibrio parahaemolyticus from uk water and shellfish produce.vibrio parahaemolyticus is a gram-negative, halophilic bacterium found commonly in temperate and warm estuarine waters worldwide. v. parahaemolyticus is considered an emerging bacterial pathogen in europe and has been responsible for several recent seafood-associated outbreaks. during ad hoc testing of raw shellfish produce in may 2012, pandemic group (o3:k6) v. parahaemolyticus was isolated from pacific oysters (crassostrea gigas), harvested in southern england. follow-on testing of water and s ...201323455432
vibrio parahaemolyticus type iv pili mediate interactions with diatom-derived chitin and point to an unexplored mechanism of environmental persistence.vibrio parahaemolyticus is a naturally occurring bacterium common in coastal waters where it concentrates in shellfish through filter feeding. the bacterium is a human pathogen and the leading cause of seafood-borne gastroenteritis. presently there is little information regarding mechanisms of environmental persistence of v.parahaemolyticus or an accurate early warning system for outbreak prediction. vibrios have been shown to adhere to several substrates in the environment, including chitin, on ...201323441888
virulence determinants for vibrio parahaemolyticus infection.vibrio parahaemolyticus is a marine microorganism that causes acute gastroenteritis associated with the consumption of contaminated raw or under cooked seafood. during infection, the bacterium utilizes a wide variety of virulence factors, including adhesins, toxins and type iii secretion systems, to cause both cytotoxicity in cultured cells and enterotoxicity in animal models. herein, we describe recent discoveries on the regulation and characterization of the virulence factors from v. para. det ...201323433802
presence of pathogenic vibrio parahaemolyticus in waters and seafood from the tunisian sea.the occurrence of the hemolysin genes, tdh and trh, in vibrio parahaemolyticus strains isolated from environmental samples collected from various exported seafood products comprising of fishes and shellfish (mytilus edulis and crassostrea gigas) or seawater, was studied. eight strains were confirmed as v. parahaemolyticus by toxr -based polymerase chain reaction and only one strain out of these 8 strains was positive for tdh and trh genes. toxigenic v. parahaemolyticus isolates are present in tu ...201323430717
population structure of clinical and environmental vibrio parahaemolyticus from the pacific northwest coast of the united states.vibrio parahaemolyticus is a common marine bacterium and a leading cause of seafood-borne bacterial gastroenteritis worldwide. although this bacterium has been the subject of much research, the population structure of cold-water populations remains largely undescribed. we present a broad phylogenetic analysis of clinical and environmental v. parahaemolyticus originating largely from the pacific northwest coast of the united states. repetitive extragenic palindromic pcr (rep-pcr) separated 167 is ...201323409028
draft genome sequence of vibrio parahaemolyticus snuvps-1 isolated from korean seafood.vibrio parahaemolyticus is the leading cause of food-borne diseases, and several pathogenic strains cause global gastroenteritis outbreaks. here, we report a draft genome sequence of v. parahaemolyticus snuvps-1, which was isolated from seafood in a fishery market in the republic of korea and contained tl, toxr, and toxrs(old) genes. the current draft genome sequence will contribute to the effort to monitor the spread of v. parahaemolyticus seafood isolates and clinical isolates.201323405312
uptake and retention of vibrio parahaemolyticus in a cohabitating population of ruditapes decussatus and ruditapes philippinarum under experimental conditions.the presence of vibrio parahaemolyticus in bivalve mollusc is an important cause of foodborne illnesses, and their levels are influenced by environmental changes, such as temperature and salinity. clams are common species in estuaries and are used in environmental monitoring programmes. present study compared the uptake and retention of nonpathogenic v. parahaemolyticus by two species of clam (ruditapes decussatus and r. philippinarum), cohabitating in a closed system. results showed no signific ...201323397223
a candidate ion-retaining state in the inward-facing conformation of sodium/galactose symporter: clues from atomistic simulations.the recent vibrio parahaemolyticus sodium/galactose (vsglt) symporter crystal structure captures the protein in an inward-facing substrate-bound conformation, with the sodium ion placed, by structural alignment, in a site equivalent to the na2 site of the leucine transporter (leut). a recent study, based on molecular dynamics simulations, showed that the sodium ion spontaneously leaves its initial position diffusing outside vsglt, toward the intracellular space. this suggested that the crystal s ...201326588767
genetic relationships of vibrio parahaemolyticus isolates from clinical, human carrier, and environmental sources in thailand, determined by multilocus sequence analysis.vibrio parahaemolyticus is a seafood-borne pathogenic bacterium that is a major cause of gastroenteritis worldwide. we investigated the genetic and evolutionary relationships of 101 v. parahaemolyticus isolates originating from clinical, human carrier, and various environmental and seafood production sources in thailand using multilocus sequence analysis. the isolates were recovered from clinical samples (n = 15), healthy human carriers (n = 18), various types of fresh seafood (n = 18), frozen s ...201323377932
in situ strain-level detection and identification of vibrio parahaemolyticus using surface-enhanced raman spectroscopy.the outer membrane of a bacterium is composed of chemical and biological components that carry specific molecular information related to strains, growth stages, expressions to stimulation, and maybe even geographic differences. in this work, we demonstrate that the biochemical information embedded in the outer membrane can be used for rapid detection and identification of pathogenic bacteria using surface-enhanced raman spectroscopy (sers). we used seven different strains of the marine pathogen ...201323356387
high frequency of virulence factor genes tdh, trh, and tlh in vibrio parahaemolyticus strains isolated from a pristine estuary.virulence factor genes encoding the thermostable direct hemolysin (tdh) and the thermostable direct hemolysin-related hemolysin (trh) are strongly correlated with virulence of the emergent human pathogen vibrio parahaemolyticus. the gene encoding the thermolabile hemolysin (tlh) is also considered a signature molecular marker for the species. these genes are typically reported in very low percentages (1 to 2%) of nonclinical strains. v. parahaemolyticus strains were isolated from various niches ...201323354697
inactivation of vibrio parahaemolyticus in hard clams (mercanaria mercanaria) by high hydrostatic pressure (hhp) and the effect of hhp on the physical characteristics of hard clam meat.shellfish may internalize dangerous pathogens during filter feeding. traditional methods of depuration have been found ineffective against certain pathogens. the objective was to explore high hydrostatic pressure (hhp) as an alternative to the traditional depuration process. the effect of hhp on the survival of vibrio parahaemolyticus in live clams (mercanaria mercanaria) and the impact of hhp on physical characteristics of clam meat were investigated. clams were inoculated with up to 7 log cfu/ ...201323324022
preliminary study of transplanting as a process for reducing levels of vibrio vulnificus and vibrio parahaemolyticus in shellstock oysters.increasingly strict standards for harvest of oysters for the raw, half-shell market (designated as "white tag") should increase the proportion of oysters not meeting these standards (designated as "green tag"). transplanting of green tag oysters into highsalinity waters (>20 practical salinity units) was explored as a means of returning vibrio vulnificus and vibrio parahaemolyticus levels to levels present on initial harvest. in summer 2011, oysters originally harvested in louisiana were transpl ...201323317866
effects of the dietary administration of sodium alginate on the immune responses and disease resistance of taiwan abalone, haliotis diversicolor supertexta.sodium alginate extracted from brown algae was reported to enhance the immune response and resistance of fish and shrimp. in this study, survival rates of the abalone, haliotis diversicolor supertexta, against vibrio parahaemolyticus, and its non-specific immune parameters such as the total haemocyte count (thc), phenoloxidase (po) activity, respiratory bursts, superoxide dismutase (sod) activity, phagocytic activity, and clearance efficiency to v. parahaemolyticus by h. diversicolor supertexta ...201323296117
decontamination of vibrio parahaemolyticus in fish by washing with hygienic seawater and impacts of the high level contamination in the gills and viscera.the effect of washing in vibrio parahaemolyticus contaminated and hygienic seawater on fish, and the frequency and level of natural v. parahaemolyticus contamination in fish were investigated. in the first experiment, live horse mackerel was experimentally kept in seawater artificially contaminated with v. parahaemolyticus. after washing in contaminated and hygienic seawater, the contamination in fish was quantitatively analyzed. washing fish in the seawater contaminated with v. parahaemolyticus ...201323292104
changes of ultrastructure and stress tolerance of vibrio parahaemolyticus upon entering viable but nonculturable state.this study examined the change of ultrastructure and stress tolerance of the marine foodborne pathogen, vibrio parahaemolyticus 1137, when incubated under viable but nonculturable (vbnc) state induction conditions for different time intervals. the rod-shaped v. parahaemolyticus cells in the exponential phase became coccoid cells in the vbnc state, with aberrantly shaped cells formed in the initial stage. in the aberrantly shaped cells, the cell wall was loosened, flexible and allowed the cell to ...201323290246
prevalence of vibrio parahaemolyticus in oyster and clam culturing environments in taiwan.vibrio parahaemolyticus is the most prevalent gastroenteritis pathogen in taiwan and some other asian countries, and it frequently occurs in oysters and other seafood. this study monitors changes in the density of v. parahaemolyticus and environmental parameters in oyster and hard clam aquacultural environments in taiwan. water, sediment and shellfish samples were collected from five sampling sites in 2008-2010, and analyzed for environmental physiochemical parameters, numbers of indicator bacte ...201323290223
prevalence and distribution of vibrio parahaemolyticus in finfish from cochin (south india).finfish samples obtained from four retail outlets in cochin between june 2009 and june 2010 were investigated for the occurrence of vibrio parahaemolyticus. a total of 182 samples were collected and suspect isolates were identified using standard biochemical tests and were further confirmed by a species-specific tlh gene. v. parahaemolyticus was detected in 45.1% of samples, with demersal fish being more affected than pelagic species. the bacterium was isolated more frequently from the skin and ...201323038073
rise and fall of pandemic vibrio parahaemolyticus serotype o3:k6 in southern chile.seafood consumption-related diarrhoea increased drastically in chile when the pandemic strain of vibrio parahaemolyticus serotype o3:k6 reached region de los lagos, where most of chile's seafood is produced. outbreaks peaked in 2005 with 3725 clinical cases in this region and gradually decreased to fewer than 10 cases in 2010 and 2011. we show here that the pandemic strain concurrently vanished from mussels; we also report further environmental data. integration of the 2010/2011 data with those ...201323051148
transcriptional response of lysozyme, metallothionein, and superoxide dismutase to combined exposure to heavy metals and bacteria in mactra veneriformis.the response of the defense components lysozyme (lyz), metallothionein (mt), and superoxide dismutase (sod) to combined exposure to heavy metals and bacteria was assessed at transcriptional level in the surf clam mactra veneriformis. first, the full-length lyz cdna containing 808 nucleotides and encoding 194 deduced amino acids was identified from the clam. multiple alignments revealed that mvlyz had a high identity with invertebrate-type lyzs from other mollusks. next, clams were exposed to vib ...201323058986
contamination by vibrio parahaemolyticus and its virulent strains in seafood marketed in thailand, vietnam, malaysia, and indonesia.infections by virulent strains of vibrio parahaemolyticus are frequently reported in southeast asia. this is due to the frequent seafood contamination by virulent strains. in this study conducted from 2008 to 2011, seafood like fish, shrimp, squid, crab, and molluscan shellfish were purchased from provinces in thailand and three southeast asian countries and examined for the prevalence of three genetic markers of v. parahaemolyticus (species-specific gene: toxr gene, virulence genes: tdh and trh ...201324155650
molecular characterisation of a multidrug resistance conjugative plasmid from vibrio parahaemolyticus.vibrio parahaemolyticus is a major causative agent of gastroenteritis and is the leading cause of food-borne illness in hong kong. recent studies of resistance to extended-spectrum β-lactams and fluoroquinolones in v. parahaemolyticus have caused huge concern. this work reports the characterisation of a multidrug resistance conjugative plasmid in v. parahaemolyticus isolated from shrimp samples from hong kong. the plasmid is ca. 200 kb and carries multidrug resistance genes, including a novel pl ...201324139885
heterogeneous interactome between litopenaeus vannamei plasma proteins and vibrio parahaemolyticus outer membrane proteins.a great loss has been suffered by microbial infectious diseases under intensive shrimp farming in recent years. in this background, the understanding of shrimp innate immunity becomes an importantly scientific issue, but little is known about the heterogeneous protein-protein interaction between pathogenic cells and hosts, which is a key step for the invading microbes to infect internet organs through bloodstream. in the present study, bacterial outer membrane (om) protein array and pull-down ap ...201323099052
the role of catalase in the immune response to oxidative stress and pathogen challenge in the clam meretrix meretrix.catalase (cat) can effectively eliminate h(2)o(2) and maintain the redox balance of immune system, which is essential for innate immunity. a catalase gene was cloned and its potential role in immune system was investigated in the clam, meretrix meretrix. the catalase (mmecat) gene had an open reading frame of 1533 bp encoding 511 amino acids which showed high identity with that of molluscs. the distribution of mmecat in clam tissues was examined and the mrna, protein expression and cat activity ...201323079536
characteristics of potentially pathogenic vibrios from subtropical mozambique compared with isolates from tropical india and boreal sweden.reported outbreaks of vibrio parahaemolyticus have increased worldwide, particularly in regions of high seafood consumption. in mozambique, seafood constitutes an important food resource and diarrheal diseases are common among its inhabitants. edible clams were collected in maputo bay during both the dry and rainy seasons, with the results showing the number of viable counts of vibrios in clams to peak during the latter. vibrio parahaemolyticus was the predominant species identified among the is ...201322891871
an extensive investigation into the prevalence and the genetic and serological diversity of toxigenic vibrio parahaemolyticus in italian marine coastal waters.the relationship between vibrio parahaemolyticus strains isolated from the aquatic environment and those isolated from cases of infection in humans is poorly understood due to the low prevalence of tdh- and/or trh-positive strains in the environment. to address this concern, it would be useful to analyse the genetic relationships among environmental and food strains and with reference to clinical isolates, also applying molecular typing methods. the aim of this study was to evaluate the prevalen ...201322891758
effect of water treatment on the growth potential of vibrio cholerae and vibrio parahaemolyticus in seawater.in laboratory experiments we added vibrio cholerae and vibrio parahaemolyticus to bottles with seawater previously treated by filtration, uv, chlorine or ozone. the purpose was to investigate the influence of different treatment techniques on the growth potential of these bacteria in simulated ballast water tanks. residual oxidants were removed before inoculation, and the bottles were incubated at 21 ± 1 °c. the growth potential of the vibrios was investigated in two different experimental setup ...201323127287
development of a groel gene-based species-specific multiplex polymerase chain reaction assay for simultaneous detection of vibrio cholerae, vibrio parahaemolyticus and vibrio vulnificus.to develop an effective multiplex polymerase chain reaction (pcr) for the simultaneous detection of three important vibrio species, vibrio cholerae (vc), v. parahaemolyticus (vp) and v. vulnificus (vv) using the groel gene, a potential phylogenetic marker.201323121500
three vibrio-resistance related est-ssr markers revealed by selective genotyping in the clam meretrix meretrix.the clam meretrix meretrix is an important commercial bivalve distributed in the coastal areas of south and southeast asia. in this study, marker-trait association analyses were performed based on the stock materials of m. meretrix with different vibrio-resistance profile obtained by selective breeding. forty-eight est-ssr markers were screened and 27 polymorphic ssrs of them were genotyped in the clam stocks with different resistance to vibrio parahaemolyticus (11-r and 11-s) and to vibrio harv ...201323707743
prevention of quorum-sensing-mediated biofilm development and virulence factors production in vibrio spp. by curcumin.the increasing occurrence of disease outbreaks caused by vibrio spp. and the emergence of antibiotic resistance has led to a growing interest in finding alternative strategies to prevent vibriosis. since the pathogenicity of vibrios is controlled in part by quorum-sensing (qs) system, interfering with this mechanism would prevent the pathogenicity of vibrios without developing resistance. hence, a non-toxic phytochemical curcumin from curcuma longa was assessed for its potential in reducing the ...201323354447
relationship of aquatic environmental factors with the abundance of vibrio cholerae, vibrio parahaemolyticus, vibrio mimicus and vibrio vulnificus in the coastal area of guaymas, sonora, mexico.members of the genus vibrio are common in aquatic environments. among them are v. cholerae, v. vulnificus, v. parahaemolyticus and v. mimicus. several studies have shown that environmental factors, such as temperature, salinity, and dissolved oxygen, are involved in their epidemiology. therefore, the main objective of this study is to determine if there is a correlation between the presence/amount of v. cholerae, v, vulnificus, v. parahaemolyticus and v. mimicus and the environmental conditions ...201324334844
multiplex real-time polymerase chain reaction assays for simultaneous detection of vibrio cholerae, vibrio parahaemolyticus, and vibrio vulnificus.a multiplex real-time polymerase chain reaction (rt-pcr) method was developed for the identification of three vibrio species: vibrio cholerae, vibrio parahaemolyticus, and vibrio vulnificus.201324159544
vibrio cholerae and vibrio parahaemolyticus detected in seafood products from senegal.the detection of pathogenic vibrio in seafood from senegal has generated five food alerts in the european union. to investigate the presence and abundance vibrio cholerae and vibrio parahaemolyticus in seafood and coastal and estuarine waters, 123 seafood samples and 52 water samples were collected during 2007-2009 from two large seafood markets in dakar, and from different oceanic and estuarine areas of the country. v. parahaemolyticus was detected in 30.1% of seafood samples, whereas presence ...201324147655
a novel retron of vibrio parahaemolyticus is closely related to retron-vc95 of vibrio cholerae.some bacteria produce a satellite rna-dna complex termed msdna, multicopy single-stranded dna. in this report, msdna from vibrio parahaemolyticus, a cause of acute gastroenteritis, was identified and named msdna-vp96. the retron element containing the ret gene, encoding the reverse transcriptase (rt) that is responsible for msdna production, was cloned and characterized. comparison of msdna-vp96 and msdna-vc95, from vibrio cholerae, showed a high level of sequence similarity. we exchanged the tw ...201323812812
taxonomic and functional metagenomic profiling of gastrointestinal tract microbiome of the farmed adult turbot (scophthalmus maximus).metagenomics combined with 16s rrna gene sequence analyses was applied to unveil the taxonomic composition and functional diversity of the farmed adult turbot gastrointestinal (gi) microbiome. proteobacteria and firmicutes which existed in both gi content and mucus were dominated in the turbot gi microbiome. 16s rrna gene sequence analyses also indicated that the turbot gi tract may harbor some bacteria which originated from associated seawater. functional analyses indicated that the clustering- ...201323802730
quantification of vibrio parahaemolyticus, vibrio vulnificus and vibrio cholerae in french mediterranean coastal lagoons.vibrio parahaemolyticus, vibrio vulnificus and vibrio cholerae are human pathogens. little is known about these vibrio spp. in the coastal lagoons of france. the purpose of this study was to investigate their incidence in water, shellfish and sediment of three french mediterranean coastal lagoons using the most probable number-polymerase chain reaction (mpn-pcr). in summer, the total number of v. parahaemolyticus in water, sediment, mussels and clams collected from the three lagoons varied from ...201323770313
triplex pcr assay for the rapid identification of 3 major vibrio species, vibrio cholerae, vibrio parahaemolyticus, and vibrio fluvialis.a triplex pcr assay was developed for the identification of 3 major vibrio spp., vibrio cholerae, vibrio parahaemolyticus, and vibrio fluvialis by targeting their haemolysin, haem-utilizing, and central regulatory genes, respectively. this simple, rapid, sensitive, and specific assay using cell lysates from 227 samples established its usefulness in research and epidemiology.201323706502
in vitro and in vivo bactericidal activity of vitex negundo leaf extract against diverse multidrug resistant enteric bacterial pathogens.to investigate in vitro and in vivo antibacterial potentials of vitex negundo (v. negundo) leaf extracts against diverse enteric pathogens.201323608373
abundance and distribution of vibrio cholerae, v. parahaemolyticus, and v. vulnificus following a major freshwater intrusion into the mississippi sound.in response to a major influx of freshwater to the mississippi sound following the opening of the bonnet carre spillway, water samples were collected from three sites along the mississippi shoreline to assess the impact of altered salinity on three pathogenic vibrio species. salinity readings across the affected area during the 2011 sample period ranged from 1.4 to 12.9 ppt (mean = 7.0) and for the 2012 sample period from 14.1 to 23.6 ppt (mean = 19.8). analyses of the data collected in 2011 sho ...201323494573
sample preparation methods for quantitative detection of dna by molecular assays and marine biosensors.the need for quantitative molecular methods is growing in environmental, food, and medical fields but is hindered by low and variable dna extraction and by co-extraction of pcr inhibitors. dna extracts from enterococcus faecium, seawater, and seawater spiked with e. faecium and vibrio parahaemolyticus were tested by qpcr for target recovery and inhibition. conventional and novel methods were tested, including synchronous coefficient of drag alteration (scoda) and lysis and purification systems u ...201323790450
a duplex quantitative real-time pcr assay for the detection of haplosporidium and perkinsus species in shellfish.a duplex quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (dq-pcr) assay was optimized to simultaneously detect haplosporidium spp. and perkinsus spp. of shellfish in one reaction. two sets of specific oligonucleotide primers for haplosporidium spp. and perkinsus spp., along with two hydrolysis probes specific for each parasite group, were used in the assay. the dq-pcr results were detected and analyzed using the light cycler 2.0 software system. the dq-pcr identified and differentiated the two ...201323371501
in vitro protective efficacy of clostridium butyricum against fish pathogen infections.most pathogens in intestine are opportunist, called "opportunistic pathogens" that usually do not cause disease in a healthy host. only when the host's resistance is lowered or the intestinal microecological balance is destroyed, the opportunistic pathogens are capable of causing disease. here, two opportunistic pathogens, salmonella enteritidis and vibrio parahaemolyticus were chosen to test the possible antagonistic effect of the probiotic agent clostridium butyricum on these pathogens infecti ...201324426150
cgmolluscidin, a novel dibasic residue repeat rich antimicrobial peptide, purified from the gill of the pacific oyster, crassostrea gigas.a 5.5 kda antimicrobial peptide consisting of 55 amino acids, cgmolluscidin, was purified from the acidified gill extract of the pacific oyster, crassostrea gigas, by ion-exchange and c18 reversed-phase high performance liquid chromatography. by comparing the n-terminal amino acid sequences and the molecular weight of this peptide with those of other known antimicrobial peptides, it has been revealed that this peptide had no homology with any known peptides. cgmolluscidin showed potent antimicro ...201323711469
expression of allograft inflammatory factor-1 (aif-1) in response to bacterial challenge and tissue injury in the pearl oyster, pinctada martensii.allograft inflammatory factor-1 (aif-1), an interferon (ifn)-γ-inducible calcium-binding cytokine, is associated with the inflammatory response and defense. we cloned and analyzed the expression pattern of the aif-1 gene of the pearl oyster pinctada martensii, hereafter designated pmaif-1. the full-length pmaif-1 cdna is 946 bp in length and consists of a 5'-untranslated region (utr) of 120 bp, a 3'-utr of 376 bp, and an open reading frame (orf) of 450 bp encoding a polypeptide of 149 amino acid ...201323178259
biological characteristics and probiotic effect of leuconostoc lactis strain isolated from the intestine of black porgy fish.a strain of lactic acid bacteria, leuconostoc lactis, was isolated from the intestinal tract of black porgy, sparus macrocephalus, and identified by conventional biochemical characteristics and 16s rdna gene sequence analysis. the isolated strain had the ability of bile tolerance and resistance to low ph, and survived well in the trypsinase and pepsin solution. but the highly concentrated dose of trypsinase and pepsin affect the viability of the isolated strain. the isolate was resistant to seve ...201324516418
multiplex pcr (polymerase chain reaction) assay for detection of e. coli o157:h7, salmonella sp., vibrio cholerae and vibrio parahaemolyticus in spiked shrimps (penaeus monodon).the coastal aquaculture mainly shrimps constitute major export sector in bangladesh and is increasingly shaped by international trade conditions and by national responses to those stringent quality and safety standards. pcr based validated methods for detection of major bacterial pathogens in shrimp might be very useful tool for ensuring quality and safety standards of exportable shrimps. the objective of this study was to evaluate overall performance (sensitivity and specificity) of the multipl ...201324498789
microbiological quality and risk factors related to sandwiches served in bakeries, cafés, and sandwich bars in south korea.the objective of this study was to investigate the microbiological quality of sandwiches produced on site and served in bakeries, cafés, and sandwich bars in south korea and to determine the major risk factors affecting the sanitation level in each store (n = 1,120). the microbiological quality of the sandwiches was analyzed, and the sanitation level of each store was evaluated as satisfactory or unsatisfactory based on sanitation guidelines. total coliforms were detected in 906 samples (80.9%), ...201323433370
probiotics in the intestinal tract of juvenile whiteleg shrimp litopenaeus vannamei: modulation of the bacterial community.molecular analysis of the 16s rdna of the intestinal microbiota of whiteleg shrimp litopenaeus vannamei was examined to investigate the effect of a bacillus mix (bacillus endophyticus yc3-b, bacillus endophyticus c2-2, bacillus tequilensisyc5-2) and the commercial probiotic (alibio(®)) on intestinal bacterial communities and resistance to vibrio infection. pcr and single strain conformation polymorphism (sscp) analyses were then performed on dna extracted directly from guts. injection of shrimp ...201323161451
a severe case of aeromonas veronii biovar sobria travellers' diarrhoea characterized by vibrio parahaemolyticus co-isolation.we report a severe case of travellers' diarrhoea in a patient returning from ecuador to italy with the concomitant presence of aeromonas veronii biovar sobria and vibrio parahaemolyticus in their faeces. based on diagnostic results, epidemiological information and the clinical outcome, we conclude that the real aetiological agent was a. veronii biovar sobria, while v. parahaemolyticus was only transient in the intestine of the patient.201323002063
aeromonas salmonicida ati2 is an effector protein of the type three secretion system.the bacterium aeromonas salmonicida, a fish pathogen, uses the type three secretion system (ttss) to inject effector proteins into host cells to promote the infection. the study of the genome of a. salmonicida has revealed the existence of ati2, a potential ttss effector protein. in the present study, a structure-function analysis of ati2 has been done to determine its role in the virulence of a. salmonicida. biochemical assays revealed that ati2 is secreted into the medium in a ttss-dependent m ...201323832001
exsa and lcrf recognize similar consensus binding sites, but differences in their oligomeric state influence interactions with promoter dna.exsa activates type iii secretion system (t3ss) gene expression in pseudomonas aeruginosa and is a member of the arac family of transcriptional regulators. arac proteins contain two helix-turn-helix (hth) dna binding motifs. one helix from each hth motif inserts into the major groove of the dna to make base-specific contacts with the promoter region. the amino acids that comprise the hth motifs of exsa are nearly identical to those in lcrf/virf, the activators of t3ss gene expression in the path ...201324142246
effects of potential probiotic bacillus amyloliquefaciens [corrected] fptb16 on systemic and cutaneous mucosal immune responses and disease resistance of catla (catla catla).effects of dietary administration of bacillus amyloliquefaciens fptb16 on systemic and mucosal immunity and disease resistance of catla (catla catla) against edwardsiella tarda infection were evaluated in the present study. the laboratory maintained b. amyloliquefaciens was used to study antagonistic activity against fish pathogenic bacteria by agar well diffusion assay. healthy catla were challenged by this bacterium for determination of its safety. for preparation of probiotic supplemented die ...201324012512
survival of vibrio parahaemolyticus and aeromonas hydrophila in sea bream (sparus aurata) fillets packaged under enriched co(2) modified atmospheres.the ability to survive of two pathogens (vibrio parahaemolyticus and aeromonas hydrophila) spread over sea bream fillets packaged under different modified atmospheres (maps) was studied at 0°c and 4°c under refrigerated storage. the atmospheres used were 60% co2/40% n2, 70% co2/30% n2 and 80% co2/20% n2 and a control batch packaged in air. head space gas analyses, microbial counts and confirming test of pathogenic bacteria were carried out during 16days. the results obtained showed that all the ...201323860282
characterization of a gene encoding the outer membrane receptor for ferric enterobactin in aeromonas hydrophila atcc 7966(t).aeromonas hydrophila atcc 7966(t) produces a catecholate siderophore amonabactin in response to iron starvation. in this study, we determined that this strain utilizes exogenously supplied enterobactin (ent) for growth under iron-limiting conditions. a homology search of the a. hydrophila atcc 7966(t) genomic sequence revealed the existence of a candidate gene encoding a protein homologous to vibrio parahaemolyticus irga that functions as the outer membrane receptor for ferric ent. sds-page show ...201323391908
aeromonas hydrophila lateral flagellar gene transcriptional hierarchy.aeromonas hydrophila ah-3 lateral flagella are not assembled when bacteria grow in liquid media; however, lateral flagellar genes are transcribed. our results indicate that a. hydrophila lateral flagellar genes are transcribed at three levels (class i to iii genes) and share some similarities with, but have many important differences from, genes of vibrio parahaemolyticus. a. hydrophila lateral flagellum class i gene transcription is σ(70) dependent, which is consistent with the fact that latera ...201323335410
development of a real-time resistance measurement for vibrio parahaemolyticus detection by the lecithin-dependent hemolysin gene.the marine bacterium vibrio parahaemolyticus (v. parahaemolyticus) causes gastroenteritis in humans via the ingestion of raw or undercooked contaminated seafood, and early diagnosis and prompt treatment are important for the prevention of v. parahaemolyticus-related diseases. in this study, a real-time resistance measurement based on loop-mediated isothermal amplification (lamp), electrochemical ion bonding (crystal violet and mg(2+)), real-time monitoring, and derivative analysis was developed. ...201323991096
persistence of vibrio parahaemolyticus in the pacific oyster, crassostrea gigas, is a multifactorial process involving pili and flagella but not type iii secretion systems or phase variation.vibrio parahaemolyticus can resist oyster depuration, suggesting that it possesses specific factors for persistence. we show that type i pili, type iv pili, and both flagellar systems contribute to v. parahaemolyticus persistence in pacific oysters whereas type iii secretion systems and phase variation do not.201323475619
vibrio parahaemolyticus effector proteins suppress inflammasome activation by interfering with host autophagy signaling.bacterial pathogens utilize pore-forming toxins or sophisticated secretion systems to establish infection in hosts. recognition of these toxins or secretion system by nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain leucine-rich repeat proteins (nlrs) triggers the assembly of inflammasomes, the multiprotein complexes necessary for caspase-1 activation and the maturation of inflammatory cytokines such as il-1β or il-18. here we demonstrate that both the nlrp3 and nlrc4 inflammasomes are activated by the ...201323357873
effectors of animal and plant pathogens use a common domain to bind host phosphoinositides.bacterial type iii secretion systems deliver effectors into host cells to manipulate cellular processes to the advantage of the pathogen. many host targets of these effectors are found on membranes. therefore, to identify their targets, effectors often use specialized membrane-localization domains to localize to appropriate host membranes. however, the molecular mechanisms used by many domains are unknown. here we identify a conserved bacterial phosphoinositide-binding domain (bpd) that is found ...201324346350
parp prevents dissociation of chea from chemotactic signaling arrays and tethers them to a polar anchor.bacterial chemotaxis proteins are organized into ordered arrays. in peritrichous organisms, such as escherichia coli, stochastic assembly processes are thought to account for the placement of chemotaxis arrays, which are nonuniformly distributed. in contrast, we previously found that chemotactic signaling arrays in polarly flagellated vibrios are uniformly polar and that array localization is dependent on the para-like atpase parc. however, the processes that enable parc to facilitate array loca ...201324379357
identification and function of leucine-rich repeat flightless-i-interacting protein 2 (lrrfip2) in litopenaeus vannamei.leucine-rich repeat flightless-i-interacting protein 2 (lrrfip2) is a myeloid differentiation factor 88-interacting protein with a positive regulatory function in toll-like receptor signaling. in this study, seven lrrfip2 protein variants (lvlrrfip2a-g) were identified in litopenaeus vannamei. all the seven lvlrrfip2 protein variants encode proteins with a duf2051 domain. lvlrrfip2s were upregulated in hemocytes after challenged with lipopolysaccharide, poly i:c, cpg-odn2006, vibrio parahaemolyt ...201323468989
characterization of micrornas in mud crab scylla paramamosain under vibrio parahaemolyticus infection.infection of bacterial vibrio parahaemolyticus is common in mud crab farms. however, the mechanisms of the crab's response to pathogenic v. parahaemolyticus infection are not fully understood. micrornas (mirnas) are a class of small noncoding rnas that function as regulators of gene expression and play essential roles in various biological processes. to understand the underlying mechanisms of the molecular immune response of the crab to the pathogens, high-throughput illumina/solexa deep sequenc ...201324023678
functionally cloned pdrm from streptococcus pneumoniae encodes a na(+) coupled multidrug efflux pump.multidrug efflux pumps play an important role as a self-defense system in bacteria. bacterial multidrug efflux pumps are classified into five families based on structure and coupling energy: resistance-nodulation-cell division (rnd), small multidrug resistance (smr), major facilitator (mf), atp binding cassette (abc), and multidrug and toxic compounds extrusion (mate). we cloned a gene encoding a mate-type multidrug efflux pump from streptococcus pneumoniae r6, and designated it pdrm. pdrm showe ...201323555691
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