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host transmission of salmonella enterica serovar typhimurium is controlled by virulence factors and indigenous intestinal microbiota.transmission is an essential stage of a pathogen's life cycle and remains poorly understood. we describe here a model in which persistently infected 129x1/svj mice provide a natural model of salmonella enterica serovar typhimurium transmission. in this model only a subset of the infected mice, termed supershedders, shed high levels (>10(8) cfu/g) of salmonella serovar typhimurium in their feces and, as a result, rapidly transmit infection. while most salmonella serovar typhimurium-infected mice ...200817967858
antimicrobial resistance genes associated with salmonella enterica serovar newport isolates from food animals.salmonella enterica serotype newport is an important cause of salmonellosis, with strains increasingly being resistant to multiple antimicrobial agents. the increase is associated with the acquisition of multiple resistance genes. this study characterizes the genetic basis of resistance of serotype newport isolates collected from veterinary sources by pcr and dna sequencing analysis.200817967918
salmonella in healthy pigs: prevalence, serotype diversity and antimicrobial resistance observed during 1998-1999 and 2004-2005 in japan.to determine prevalence, serotype diversity and antimicrobial resistance of salmonella in healthy pigs, faecal samples from 6771 pigs on 73 farms collected during 1998-1999 and 2004-2005 were examined. salmonella isolates were serotyped and tested for susceptibility to 22 antimicrobials: benzylpenicillin, ampicillin, amoxicillin, cefazolin, cephaloridine, gentamicin, kanamycin, streptomycin, fradiomycin, colistin, tetracycline, chlortetracycline, oxytetracycline, chloramphenicol, thiamphenicol, ...200817961277
comparison of salmonella enterica subspecies enterica serovar typhimurium isolates from dairy cattle and humans using in vitro assays of virulence.salmonella enterica subspecies enterica serovar typhimurium (salmonella typhimurium) can infect and cause disease in a wide range of host species however there have been suggestions that this serovar may have genes involved with host range or specificity [tsolis, r.m., townsend, s.m., miao, e.a., miller, s.i., ficht, t.a., adams, l.g., baumler, a.j., 1999. identification of a putative s. enterica serotype typhimurium host range factor with homology to ipah and yopm by signature-tagged mutagenesi ...200817964087
functional characterization of chicken tlr5 reveals species-specific recognition of flagellin.mammalian toll-like receptor 5 (tlr5) senses flagellin of several bacterial species and activates the innate immune system. the avian tlr repertoire exhibits considerable functional diversity compared to mammalian tlrs and evidence of a functional tlr5 in the avian species is lacking. in the present study we cloned and successfully expressed chicken tlr5 (chtlr5) in hela cells, as indicated by laser confocal microscopy. infection of chtlr5 transfected cells with salmonella enterica serovar enter ...200817964652
bacteriocin-like inhibitory substances from campylobacter spp.twenty-five campylobacter isolates were screened for production of antimicrobial substances using a deferred antagonism assay. sixteen isolates showed activity against either staphylococcus aureus, salmonella enterica serovar enteritidis or candida albicans. the inhibitory activity was sensitive to treatment with pronase e, trypsin and pepsin, suggesting that the antimicrobial compound(s) are proteinaceous. activity spectra of isolates included s. aureus, micrococcus luteus, streptococcus sp., b ...200817955339
the salmonella spi1 type three secretion system responds to periplasmic disulfide bond status via the flagellar apparatus and the rcscdb system.upon contact with intestinal epithelial cells, salmonella enterica serovar typhimurium injects a set of effector proteins into the host cell cytoplasm via the salmonella pathogenicity island 1 (spi1) type iii secretion system (t3ss) to induce inflammatory diarrhea and bacterial uptake. the master spi1 regulatory gene hila is controlled directly by three arac-like regulators: hild, hilc, and rtsa. previous work suggested a role for dsba, a periplasmic disulfide bond oxidase, in spi1 t3ss function ...200817951383
amelioratory effects of zinc supplementation on salmonella-induced hepatic damage in the murine model.zinc (zn) has been reported to influence the susceptibility of the host to a diverse range of infectious pathogens, including viruses, bacteria, fungi and protozoa. we report here an evaluation of the effects of zn supplementation on salmonella enterica serovar typhimurium (s. typhimurium)-induced hepatic injury in the murine model. zinc levels in the plasma and liver tissues were measured by atomic absorption spectroscopy. the effect of zn supplementation was evaluated by assessing the bacteria ...200817934836
emergence of multidrug-resistant salmonella spp. and isolates with reduced susceptibility to ciprofloxacin in kuwait and the united arab emirates.kuwait and united arab emirates (uae) are 2 countries with worldwide significance in the context of global epidemiology of antimicrobial resistance. the extent of drug resistance in salmonella spp. isolated from these countries was investigated by determining their susceptibility to 9 antibiotics using the e-test method. amikacin, cefotaxime, ceftriaxone, ciprofloxacin, and gentamicin had excellent activities against all kuwait and uae isolates with mic(90)s ranging between 0.056 and 4.5 microg/ ...200817931817
activation of pro-matrix metalloproteinase-9 and degradation of gelatin by the surface protease pgte of salmonella enterica serovar typhimurium.mammalian matrix metalloproteinases (mmps) degrade collagen networks in extracellular matrices by cleaving collagen and its denatured form gelatin, and thus enhance migration of mammalian cells. the gastrointestinal pathogen salmonella enterica survives and grows within host macrophages and dendritic cells, and can disseminate in the host by travelling within infected host cells. here, we report that s. enterica serovar typhimurium activates prommp-9 (gelatinase b) secreted by human primary macr ...200817888724
rational design of salmonella recombinant vaccines.salmonella enterica is an important pathogen of animals and humans causing a variety of infectious diseases. the large number of cases of typhoid fever due to s. enterica serovar typhi infections gives rise to the continuous need for improved vaccines against this life-threatening infection. however, s. enterica is also an interesting organism to act as a live attenuated carrier for the presentation of recombinant heterologous antigens. comprehensive experimental studies have been performed and ...200817888730
effect of norepinephrine on colonisation and systemic spread of salmonella enterica in infected animals: role of catecholate siderophore precursors and degradation products.norepinephrine promotes the growth of salmonella enterica in vitro in iron-restricted conditions imposed by the iron-binding proteins serum transferrin and egg-white ovotransferrin by facilitating the release of bound iron and subsequent uptake by the bacteria. moreover, significantly increased colonisation and systemic spread were observed in mouse and chicken models of s. enterica infection following pre-treatment of animals with norepinephrine. both ent and tonb mutants showed no growth promo ...200817888732
antimicrobial resistance in salmonella enterica serovar typhimurium from human and animal sources in italy.salmonella typhimurium strains isolated in italy in the period 2002-2004 from human and animal sources were examined for their antimicrobial susceptibility. resistance to tetracycline (t, 73.6%), sulfonamides (su, 73.3%), ampicillin (a, 67.6%), streptomycin (s, 65.4%) and chloramphenicol (c, 32.3%) were frequently observed. resistance to ciprofloxacin was only observed in a swine strain, but most human strains resistant to nalidixic acid showed reduced susceptibility to that drug (mic > or = 0.1 ...200818054179
identification of novel plasmid-mediated extended-spectrum beta-lactamase ctx-m-57 in salmonella enterica serovar typhimurium. 200818054206
donor-strand exchange in chaperone-assisted pilus assembly revealed in atomic detail by molecular dynamics.adhesive multi-subunit fibres are assembled on the surface of many pathogenic bacteria via the chaperone-usher pathway. in the periplasm, a chaperone donates a beta-strand to a pilus subunit to complement its incomplete immunoglobulin-like fold. at the outer membrane, this is replaced with a beta-strand formed from the n-terminal extension (nte) of an incoming pilus subunit by a donor-strand exchange (dse) mechanism. this reaction has previously been shown to proceed via a concerted mechanism, i ...200818054959
regulation of the yjjq-bglj operon, encoding luxr-type transcription factors, and the divergent yjjp gene by h-ns and leuo.the yjjq and bglj genes encode luxr-type transcription factors conserved in several enterobacterial species. yjjq is a potential virulence factor in avian pathogenic escherichia coli. bglj counteracts the silencing of the bgl (beta-glucoside) operon by h-ns in e. coli k-12. here we show that yjjq and bglj form an operon carried by e. coli k-12, whose expression is repressed by the histone-like nucleoid structuring (h-ns) protein. the lysr-type transcription factor leuo counteracts this repressio ...200818055596
innate immunity to intraphagosomal pathogens is mediated by interferon regulatory factor 8 (irf-8) that stimulates the expression of macrophage-specific nramp1 through antagonizing repression by c-myc.macrophages are a central arm of innate immune defense against intracellular pathogens. they internalize microbes into phagosomes where the invaders are being killed by oxygen and nitrogen reactive species. despite this battery of antimicrobial molecules, some are able to thrive within the phagosome thus termed intraphagosomal pathogens among which are salmonella, leishmania, and mycobacteria. in mice, a single dominant gene termed nramp1/slc11a1 controls innate resistance to such pathogens. thi ...200818045875
modulation of horizontally acquired genes by the hha-ydgt proteins in salmonella enterica serovar typhimurium.we describe a transcriptomic study of the effect of hha and ydgt mutations in salmonella enterica serovar typhimurium. a large number of genes showing altered expression are located in at-rich horizontally acquired dna sequences. many of these genes have also been reported to be targets for h-ns. as hha and ydgt interact with h-ns, our findings strongly suggest that hha and/or ydgt must form complexes with h-ns when they silence these dna regions.200818039769
in vitro activity of cefpodoxime, an expanded-spectrum cephalosporin, against salmonella enterica serotype typhi. 200818039924
during infection of epithelial cells salmonella enterica serovar typhimurium undergoes a time-dependent transcriptional adaptation that results in simultaneous expression of three type 3 secretion systems.the biogenesis of the salmonella-containing vacuole within mammalian cells has been intensively studied over recent years. however, the ability of salmonella to sense and adapt to the intracellular environment of different types of host cells has received much less attention. to address this issue, we report the transcriptome of salmonella enterica serovar typhimurium sl1344 within epithelial cells and show comparisons with salmonella gene expression inside macrophages. we report that s. typhimu ...200818031307
salmonellae interplay with host cells.salmonellae are important causes of enteric diseases in all vertebrates. characterization of the molecular mechanisms that underpin the interactions of salmonellae with their animal hosts has advanced greatly over the past decade, mainly through the study of salmonella enterica serovar typhimurium in tissue culture and animal models of infection. knowledge of these bacterial processes and host responses has painted a dynamic and complex picture of the interaction between salmonellae and animal c ...200818026123
in vitro effect of subinhibitory concentrations of antibiotics on biofilm formation by clinical strains of salmonella enterica serovar typhimurium isolated in slovakia.in this study, we examined the biofilm formation of 75 salmonella enterica serovar typhimurium (salm. typhimurium) human clinical isolates and the effect of subinhibitory concentrations (sub-mics) of gentamicin, ciprofloxacin and cefotaxime on biofilm formation and exopolysaccharides (eps) production.200818028358
fitness and dissemination of disinfectant-selected multiple-antibiotic-resistant (mar) strains of salmonella enterica serovar typhimurium in chickens.the aims of this study were to determine whether strains of salmonella enterica serovar typhimurium which had acquired low-level multiple antibiotic resistance (mar) through repeated exposure to farm disinfectants were able to colonize and transmit between chicks as easily as the parent strain and, if such strains were less susceptible to fluoroquinolones, would high-level resistance be selected after fluoroquinolone treatment.200817999979
prevalence and characterization of salmonella enterica serovar weltevreden from imported seafood.during 2001-2005, 210 salmonella enterica strains were isolated from seafood samples imported into us. strains of s. enterica serovar weltevreden were the most predominantly found among the 64 different serovars isolated. a total of 37 salmonella weltevreden isolates were characterized by pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (pfge), plasmid profiles and antibiotic susceptibility to assess genetic diversity. our results showed a low frequency of antibiotic resistance; 35 of the 37 isolates were sensi ...200817993374
fur regulates expression of the salmonella pathogenicity island 1 type iii secretion system through hild.the invasion of intestinal epithelial cells by salmonella enterica serovar typhimurium is mediated by a type iii secretion system (t3ss) encoded on salmonella pathogenicity island 1 (spi1). expression of the spi1 t3ss is tightly regulated by the combined action of hilc, hild, and rtsa, three arac family members that can independently activate hila, which encodes the direct regulator of the spi1 structural genes. expression of hilc, hild, and rtsa is controlled by a number of regulators that resp ...200817993530
foodborne zoonoses due to meat: a quantitative approach for a comparative risk assessment applied to pig slaughtering in europe.foodborne zoonoses have a major health impact in industrialised countries. new european food safety regulations were issued to apply risk analysis to the food chain. the severity of foodborne zoonoses and the exposure of humans to biological hazards transmitted by food must be assessed. for meat, inspection at the slaughterhouse is historically the main means of control to protect consumers. however, the levels of detection of biological hazards during meat inspection have not been established i ...200818073088
prevalence and characterization of multidrug-resistant (type acssut) salmonella enterica serovar typhimurium strains in isolates from four gosling farms and a hatchery farm.salmonella enterica serovar typhimurium strains of phage types dt104 and u302 are often resistant to ampicillin, chloramphenicol, streptomycin, sulfonamides, and tetracycline (the acssut resistance type) and are major zoonotic pathogens. increased consumption of goose meat may enhance the risk of transferring s. enterica serovar typhimurium and other enteric pathogens from geese to human due to the consumption of meats from infected geese or improper preparation of meats. therefore, we character ...200818077649
structure of the receptor-binding protein of bacteriophage det7: a podoviral tail spike in a myovirus.a new salmonella enterica phage, det7, was isolated from sewage and shown by electron microscopy to belong to the myoviridae morphogroup of bacteriophages. det7 contains a 75-kda protein with 50% overall sequence identity to the tail spike endorhamnosidase of podovirus p22. adsorption of myoviruses to their bacterial hosts is normally mediated by long and short tail fibers attached to a contractile tail, whereas podoviruses do not contain fibers but attach to host cells through stubby tail spike ...200818077713
pseudo-b12 joins the cofactor family. 200818083805
phenotypic and proteomic characterization of multiply antibiotic-resistant variants of salmonella enterica serovar typhimurium selected following exposure to disinfectants.in previous work, salmonella enterica serovar typhimurium strain sl1344 was exposed to sublethal concentrations of three widely used farm disinfectants in daily serial passages for 7 days in an attempt to investigate possible links between the use of disinfectants and antimicrobial resistance. stable variants oxcr1, qacfgr2, and topr2 were obtained following treatment with an oxidizing compound blend, a quaternary ammonium disinfectant containing formaldehyde and glutaraldehyde, and a tar acid-b ...200818083849
cancer immunotherapy based on recombinant salmonella enterica serovar typhimurium aroa strains secreting prostate-specific antigen and cholera toxin subunit b.prostate cancer is the most common malignant tumor in men and is normally associated with increased serum levels of prostate-specific antigen (psa). therefore, psa is one potential target for a prostate cancer vaccine. in this study we analyzed the functionality of new bacterial psa vaccines, expressed and secreted via the hemolysin (hlya) secretion system of escherichia coli, the prototype of type i secretion systems (t1ss) using an attenuated salmonella enterica serovar typhimurium aroa strain ...200818084243
structural basis for the catalytic mechanism of phosphothreonine lyase.salmonella spvc belongs to a new enzyme family designated phosphothreonine lyases that irreversibly inactivate mitogen-activated protein kinases. the crystal structure of spvc reported here reveals that the two phosphorylated residues in the substrate peptide predominantly mediate its recognition by spvc. substrate-induced conformational changes in spvc sequester the phosphothreonine in a completely solvent-free environment, preventing the hydrolysis of the phosphate group and facilitating the e ...200818084305
reactive oxygen species are the major antibacterials against salmonella typhimurium purine auxotrophs in the phagosome of raw 264.7 cells.intramacrophage survival appears to be a pathogenic trait common to salmonellae and definition of the metabolic requirements of salmonella within macrophages might provide opportunities for novel therapeutic interventions. we show that loss of purg function in salmonella enterica serovar typhimurium sl1344 leads to death of the bacterium in raw264.7 cells, which was due to unavailability of purine nucleotides but not thiamine in the phagosome of raw264.7 cells. phagosomal escape of purg mutant r ...200818067606
translating innate response into long-lasting antibody response by the intrinsic antigen-adjuvant properties of papaya mosaic virus.identifying the properties of a molecule involved in the efficient activation of the innate and adaptive immune responses that lead to long-lasting immunity is crucial for vaccine and adjuvant development. here we show that the papaya mosaic virus (papmv) is recognized by the immune system as a pathogen-associated molecular pattern (pamp) and as an antigen in mice (pamptigen). a single immunization of papmv without added adjuvant efficiently induced both cellular and specific long-lasting antibo ...200818070030
survival and growth of salmonella enteritidis pt 30 in almond orchard soils.to evaluate factors potentially contributing to the long-term persistence of salmonella enterica serovar enteritidis phage type (pt) 30 in an almond orchard.200818070039
broad-spectrum in vitro antibacterial activities of clay minerals against antibiotic-susceptible and antibiotic-resistant bacterial pathogens.the capacity to properly address the worldwide incidence of infectious diseases lies in the ability to detect, prevent and effectively treat these infections. therefore, identifying and analysing inhibitory agents are worthwhile endeavours in an era when few new classes of effective antimicrobials have been developed. the use of geological nanomaterials to heal skin infections has been evident since the earliest recorded history, and specific clay minerals may prove valuable in the treatment of ...200818070832
growth and genetic responses of salmonella typhimurium to ph-shifts in an anaerobic continuous culture.salmonella infection of chickens that leads to potential human foodborne salmonellosis continues to be a concern. changes in the ph of poultry gastrointestinal tract could influence salmonella growth and virulence response. in the current study, growth responses of a chicken isolate salmonella enterica serovar typhimurium (st) to three incremental ph-shifts (6.17-7.35) in continuous cultures (cc) were evaluated. the expression of rpos and hila was determined by real time-polymerase chain reactio ...200818061487
the vi-capsule prevents toll-like receptor 4 recognition of salmonella.the viab locus enables salmonella enterica serotype typhi to reduce toll-like receptor (tlr) dependent cytokine production in tissue culture models. this dna region contains genes involved in the regulation (tvia), biosynthesis (tvibcde) and export (vexabcde) of the vi capsule. expression of the vi capsule in s. typhimurium, but not expression of the tvia regulatory protein, reduced tumour necrosis factor-alpha (tnf-alpha) and il-6 production by murine bone-marrow derived macrophages. production ...200818034866
kinetic and structural analysis of bisubstrate inhibition of the salmonella enterica aminoglycoside 6'-n-acetyltransferase.aminoglycosides are antibacterial compounds that act by binding to the a site of the small 30s bacterial ribosomal subunit and inhibiting protein translation. clinical resistance to aminoglycosides is generally the result of the expression of enzymes that covalently modify the antibiotic, including phosphorylation, adenylylation, and acetylation. bisubstrate analogs for the aminoglycoside n-acetyltransferases are nanomolar inhibitors of enterococcus faecium aac(6')-ii. however, in the case of th ...200818095712
expression of in vivo-inducible salmonella enterica promoters during infection of caenorhabditis elegans.in vitro mimicking of the stimuli controlling in vivo-inducible bacterial promoters during infection of the host can be complex. therefore, the use of the nematode caenorhabditis elegans was evaluated, as a surrogate host to examine the expression of salmonella enterica promoters. green fluorescent protein (gfp+) was put under the control of the promoters of the pagc, mgtb, ssea, pgte and fur genes of s. enterica. after infection of c. elegans with an s. enterica serovar typhimurium vaccine stra ...200818096019
multiple-locus variable-number tandem-repeats analysis of listeria monocytogenes using multicolour capillary electrophoresis and comparison with pulsed-field gel electrophoresis typing.the multiple-locus variable-number tandem-repeats analysis (mlva) method for genotyping has proven to be a fast and reliable typing tool in several bacterial species. mlva is in our laboratory the routine typing method for salmonella enterica subsp. enterica serovar typhimurium and escherichia coli o157. the gram-positive bacteria listeria monocytogenes, while not isolated as frequent as s. typhimurium and e. coli, causes severe illness with an overall mortality rate of 30%. thus, it is importan ...200818096258
a salmonella enterica serovar typhimurium succinate dehydrogenase/fumarate reductase double mutant is avirulent and immunogenic in balb/c mice.previously we showed that the tricarboxylic acid (tca) cycle operates as a full cycle during salmonella enterica serovar typhimurium sr-11 peroral infection of balb/c mice (m. tchawa yimga et al., infect. immun. 74:1130-1140, 2006). the evidence was that a deltasuccd mutant (succinyl coenzyme a [succinyl-coa] synthetase), which prevents the conversion of succinyl-coa to succinate, and a deltasdhcda mutant (succinate dehydrogenase), which blocks the conversion of succinate to fumarate, were both ...200818086808
isolation and purification of enterocin e-760 with broad antimicrobial activity against gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria.strain nrrl b-30745, isolated from chicken ceca and identified as enterococcus durans, enterococcus faecium, or enterococcus hirae, was initially identified as antagonistic to campylobacter jejuni. the isolate produced a 5,362-da bacteriocin (enterocin) that inhibits the growth of salmonella enterica serovar enteritidis, s. enterica serovar choleraesuis, s. enterica serovar typhimurium, s. enterica serovar gallinarum, escherichia coli o157:h7, yersinia enterocolitica, citrobacter freundii, klebs ...200818086839
extended spectrum beta-lactamase shv-12-producing salmonella from poultry.salmonella strains isolated from poultry and poultry products over the period 2005-2006 have been investigated in order to ascertain the presence of extended spectrum cephalosporins (esc) resistance. twelve (esc)-resistant isolates (n=1 s. enteritidis, n=1 s. braenderup and n=10 s. livingstone) were characterized as shv-12-positive. the multi-drug resistant s. livingstone shv-12-producing isolates, untypeable by pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (pfge), showed a clonal relationship by random ampl ...200818063489
the lysr-type transcriptional regulator leuo controls expression of several genes in salmonella enterica serovar typhi.leuo is a lysr-type transcriptional regulator that has been implicated in the bacterial stringent response and in the virulence of salmonella. a genomic analysis with salmonella enterica serovar typhi revealed that leuo is a positive regulator of omps1, omps2, asst, and sty3070. in contrast, leuo down-regulated the expression of ompx, tpx, and sty1978. transcriptional fusions supported the positive and negative leuo regulation. expression of omps1, asst, and sty3070 was induced in an hns mutant, ...200818156266
[pediatric salmonellosis at the tokoin's teaching hospital, lomé (togo)].the authors had for aim to describe the epidemiological, clinical, and bacteriological aspects and outcome of pediatric salmonella enterica, salmonella septicemia, over the last 10 years.200818160240
enteric salmonellosis disrupts the microbial ecology of the murine gastrointestinal tract.the commensal microbiota protects the murine host from enteric pathogens. nevertheless, specific pathogens are able to colonize the intestinal tract and invade, despite the presence of an intact biota. possibly, effective pathogens disrupt the indigenous microbiota, either directly through pathogen-commensal interaction, indirectly via the host mucosal immune response to the pathogen, or by a combination of these factors. this study investigates the effect of peroral salmonella enterica serovar ...200818160481
coordinate regulation of salmonella pathogenicity island 1 (spi1) and spi4 in salmonella enterica serovar typhimurium.salmonella enterica serovar typhimurium harbors five pathogenicity islands (spi) required for infection in vertebrate hosts. although the role of spi1 in promoting epithelial invasion and proinflammatory cell death has been amply documented, spi4 has only more recently been implicated in salmonella virulence. spi4 is a 24-kb pathogenicity island containing six open reading frames, siia to siif. secretion of the 595-kda siie protein requires a type i secretory system encoded by siic, siid, and si ...200818160484
card6 is interferon inducible but not involved in nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain protein signaling leading to nf-kappab activation.we have previously reported the cloning and characterization of card6, a caspase recruitment domain (card)-containing protein that is structurally related to the interferon (ifn)-inducible gtpases. card6 associates with microtubules and with receptor-interacting protein 2 (rip2). rip2 mediates nf-kappab activation induced by the intracellular nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain (nod) receptors that sense bacterial peptidoglycan. here we report that the expression of card6 and rip2 in bone ...200818160713
proteomics analysis of the causative agent of typhoid fever.typhoid fever is a potentially fatal disease caused by the bacterial pathogen salmonella enterica serotype typhi ( s. typhi). s. typhi infection is a complex process that involves numerous bacterially encoded virulence determinants, and these are thought to confer both stringent human host specificity and a high mortality rate. in the present study, we used a liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (lc-ms)-based proteomics strategy to investigate the proteome of logarithmic, stationary phase, an ...200818166006
periplasmic cu,zn superoxide dismutase and cytoplasmic dps concur in protecting salmonella enterica serovar typhimurium from extracellular reactive oxygen species.several bacteria possess periplasmic cu,zn superoxide dismutases which can confer protection from extracellular reactive oxygen species. thus, deletion of the sodc1 gene reduces salmonella enterica serovar typhimurium ability to colonize the spleens of wild type mice, but enhances virulence in p47phox mutant mice. to look into the role of periplamic cu,zn superoxide dismutase and into possible additive effects of the ferritin-like dps protein involved in hydrogen peroxide detoxification, we have ...200818166161
powdered infant formula as a source of salmonella infection in infants.powdered infant formula is not sterile and may be intrinsically contaminated with pathogens, such as salmonella enterica, that can cause serious illness in infants. in recent years, at least 6 outbreaks of salmonella infection in infants that have been linked to the consumption of powdered infant formula have been reported. many of these outbreaks were identified because the salmonella strains were unique in some way (e.g., a rare serotype) and a well-established salmonella surveillance network, ...200818171262
aminoglycosides affect intracellular salmonella enterica serovars typhimurium and virchow.the high antibacterial activity and selectivity of aminoglycosides and their low activity against intracellular bacteria associated with eukaryotic cells make them the antibiotics of choice for the elimination of extracellular bacteria during intracellular studies. given the evidence that aminoglycosides can penetrate the eukaryotic cell membrane, the goal of this study was to examine the influence of aminoglycosides on macrophage-associated salmonella. herein, we show that gentamicin, kanamycin ...200818172002
n-terminal residues of sipb are required for its surface localization on salmonella enterica serovar typhimurium.sipb, one of the invasion proteins encoded in salmonella pathogenicity island 1 (spi-1), is known to be secreted outside the cell, where it functions as a translocon by assembling into a host-cell plasma membrane-integral structure. here, we confirmed that wild-type sipb could be localized to the bacterial outer membrane, and further showed that its localization was dependent on extracellular secretion, and was independent of the presence of the sipd protein. proteinase k susceptibility and immu ...200818174139
reactive nitrogen species contribute to innate host defense against campylobacter jejuni.campylobacter jejuni, a gram-negative, invasive organism, is a common cause of food-borne bacterial diarrheal disease. however, the relationship between c. jejuni and the innate immune system is not well described. to better characterize host defense against c. jejuni, we investigated the ability of nitric oxide/reactive nitrogen species to kill two strains of c. jejuni. c. jejuni viability was measured after exposure to reactive nitrogen species produced biochemically as acidified nitrite and b ...200818174337
decreased potency of the vibrio cholerae sheathed flagellum to trigger host innate immunity.vibrio cholerae is a monoflagellated gram-negative bacterium that causes the severe diarrheal disease cholera. in contrast to salmonella enterica serovar typhimurium infection, which is accompanied by both acute diarrhea and high-level inflammation, v. cholerae infection is largely noninflammatory in human hosts. bacterial flagella are composed of flagellin, a highly conserved protein that is also a target of the innate immune response. because the v. cholerae flagellum is covered by a sheath, w ...200818174340
plasmid-mediated quinolone resistance in salmonella enterica, united kingdom. 200818258138
evaluation of the premi test salmonella, a commercial low-density dna microarray system intended for routine identification and typing of salmonella enterica.a new commercial system based on genetic profiling and aimed at identifying salmonella enterica serovars was evaluated by comparing its performance with classical serotyping on 443 strains. within 62 serovars represented, 60 gave unique genetic profiles while 2 were undistinguishable. results were obtained within 8 h, were reproducible and clear-cut. the system allowed single-tube processing of the samples and required no peculiar technical skill. it showed interesting potential for routine labo ...200818258323
architectural adaptation and protein expression patterns of salmonella enterica serovar enteritidis biofilms under laminar flow conditions.salmonella enterica serovar enteritidis is a significant biofilm-forming pathogen. the influence of a 10-fold difference in nutrient laminar flow velocity on the dynamics of salmonella enteritidis biofilm formation and protein expression profiles were compared in order to ascertain how flow velocity influenced biofilm structure and function. low-flow (0.007 cm s(-1)) biofilms consisted of diffusely-arranged microcolonies which grew until merging by approximately 72 h. high-flow (0.07 cm s(-1)) b ...200818261816
the capacity of salmonella to survive inside dendritic cells and prevent antigen presentation to t cells is host specific.infection with salmonella enterica serovar typhimurium (s. typhimurium) causes a severe and lethal systemic disease in mice, characterized by poor activation of the adaptive immune response against salmonella-derived antigens. recently, we and others have reported that this feature relies on the ability of s. typhimurium to survive within murine dendritic cells (dcs) and avoid the presentation of bacteria-derived antigens to t cells. in contrast, here we show that infection of murine dcs with ei ...200818266715
subcutaneous vaccination with attenuated salmonella enterica serovar choleraesuis c500 expressing recombinant filamentous hemagglutinin and pertactin antigens protects mice against fatal infections with both s. enterica serovar choleraesuis and bordetella bronchiseptica.salmonella enterica serovar choleraesuis strain c500 is a live, attenuated vaccine that has been used in china for over 40 years to prevent piglet paratyphoid. we compared the protective efficacies of subcutaneous (s.c.) and oral vaccination of balb/c mice with c500 expressing the recombinant filamentous hemagglutinin type i domain and pertactin region 2 domain antigen (rf1p2) of bordetella bronchiseptica. protective efficacy against both s. enterica serovar choleraesuis infection in an oral fat ...200818268026
overcoming h-ns-mediated transcriptional silencing of horizontally acquired genes by the phop and slya proteins in salmonella enterica.the acquisition of new traits through horizontal gene transfer depends on the ability of the recipient organism to express the incorporated genes. however, foreign dna appears to be silenced by the histone-like nucleoid-structuring protein (h-ns) in several enteric pathogens, raising the question of how this silencing is overcome and the acquired genes are expressed at the right time and place. to address this question, we investigated transcription of the horizontally acquired ugtl and pagc gen ...200818270203
tolc, but not acrb, is involved in the invasiveness of multidrug-resistant salmonella enterica serovar typhimurium by increasing type iii secretion system-1 expression.the acrab-tolc efflux system is involved in multidrug and bile salt resistances. in addition, this pump has recently been suggested to increase the invasion of salmonella enterica serovar typhimurium (s. typhimurium) into host cells in vitro and could therefore have an important clinical relevance for multidrug-resistant strains. the aim of this study was to investigate the role of the tolc outer membrane channel and the acrb transporter in the interaction of multidrug-resistant s. typhimurium s ...200818272427
salmonella enterica serovar senftenberg human clinical isolates lacking spi-1.nontyphoidal salmonella species cause gastrointestinal disease worldwide. the prevailing theory of salmonella enteropathogenesis is that bacterial invasion of the intestinal epithelium is essential for virulence and that this requires the virulence-associated genomic region salmonella pathogenicity island 1 (spi-1). recent studies of salmonella enterica infection models have demonstrated that enterocolitis and diarrhea in mice and cows can occur independently of spi-1. in this study, we sought t ...200818272702
simple, rapid, and affordable point-of-care test for the serodiagnosis of typhoid fever.we developed a point-of-care test for the serodiagnosis of typhoid fever in the format of an immunochromatographic lateral flow assay. the flow assay for typhoid fever is based on the detection of salmonella enterica serotype typhi lipopolysaccharide-specific immunoglobulin m (igm) antibodies. the assay was evaluated on serum samples collected in a hospital in south sulawesi, indonesia, where typhoid fever is endemic, and the results were compared with culture and widal test. the sensitivity of ...200818276100
parallel evolution of multidrug-resistance in salmonella enterica isolated from swine.the increase in frequency of salmonella enterica resistant to antibiotics in food-producing animals is of great concern to public health. determining the rate at which different resistance phenotypes are generated and maintained in the environment is thus of great importance. the distribution and evolution of antibiotic resistance and multidrug-resistance in 362 salmonella stains as part of a cross-sectional study of the canadian swine industry were investigated. the susceptibility of all isolat ...200818279339
emergence of highly fluoroquinolone-resistant salmonella enterica serovar typhi in a community-based fever surveillance from kolkata, india. 200818280709
influence of housing system, grain type, and particle size on salmonella colonization and shedding of broilers fed triticale or corn-soybean meal diets.salmonella colonization in poultry may be influenced by grain type and particle size. broilers reared either in nonlitter cage-based housing or in a conventionally floored litter house from 0 to 42 d were assigned to 1 of 4 dietary treatments: 1) ground corn-soybean meal (c, 560 microm), 2) coarsely ground corn-soybean meal (cc, >1,700 microm), 3) ground triticale-soybean meal (t, 560 microm), or 4) whole triticale-soybean meal (wt). a 4-strain cocktail of salmonella enterica was orally gavaged ...200818281566
salmonella species in free-living spur-thighed tortoises (testudo graeca) in central western morocco. 200818281632
nucleotide biosynthesis is critical for growth of bacteria in human blood.proliferation of bacterial pathogens in blood represents one of the most dangerous stages of infection. growth in blood serum depends on the ability of a pathogen to adjust metabolism to match the availability of nutrients. although certain nutrients are scarce in blood and need to be de novo synthesized by proliferating bacteria, it is unclear which metabolic pathways are critical for bacterial growth in blood. in this study, we identified metabolic functions that are essential specifically for ...200818282099
growth control in the salmonella-containing vacuole.salmonella enterica is an intracellular bacterial pathogen that inhabits membrane-bound vacuoles of eukaryotic cells. coined as the 'salmonella-containing vacuole' (scv), this compartment has been studied for two decades as a replicative niche. recent findings reveal, however, marked differences in the lifestyle of bacteria enclosed in the scv of varied host cell types. in fibroblasts, the emerging view supports a model of bacteria facing in the scv a 'to grow' or 'not to grow' dilemma, which is ...200818282735
spvc is a salmonella effector with phosphothreonine lyase activity on host mitogen-activated protein kinases.spvc is encoded by the salmonella virulence plasmid. we have investigated the biochemical function of spvc and the mechanism by which it is secreted by bacteria and translocated into infected macrophages. we constructed a strain carrying a deletion in spvc and showed that the strain is attenuated for systemic virulence in mice. spvc can be secreted in vitro by either the spi-1 or spi-2 type iii secretion systems. cell biological and genetic experiments showed that translocation of the protein in ...200818284579
flil is essential for swarming: motor rotation in absence of flil fractures the flagellar rod in swarmer cells of salmonella enterica.flil is the first gene in a flagellar operon that specifies members of the switch complex and type iii export system in salmonella enterica and escherichia coli, but no function has been ascribed to this gene thus far. here we report that a flil mutant is slightly impaired for swimming but completely defective in swarming in both organisms, and have studied this phenotype further in s. enterica. we have found that on swarm agar, mutant cells release or 'eject' their flagellar filaments. the rele ...200818284590
nitric oxide homeostasis in salmonella typhimurium: roles of respiratory nitrate reductase and flavohemoglobin.nitric oxide (no) is generated in biological systems primarily via the activity of no synthases and nitrate and nitrite reductases. here we show that salmonella enterica serovar typhimurium (s. typhimurium) grown anaerobically with nitrate is capable of generating polarographically detectable no after nitrite (no(2)(-)) addition. no accumulation is sensitive to the no scavenger 2-(4-carboxyphenyl)-4,4,5,5-tetramethylimidazoline-1-oxyl-3-oxide. neither an fnr mutant nor an fnr hmp double mutant p ...200818285340
infection of epithelial cells with salmonella enterica.salmonella enterica serovars cause a variety of diseases ranging from self-limiting gastroenteritis to severe systemic infections. virulence of these facultative intracellular pathogens is dependent on their ability to invade and replicate within non-phagocytic cells, and cultured epithelial cell systems have been used extensively to dissect the molecular mechanisms involved. for efficient invasion in vitro, the bacterial cell growth conditions as critical since the invasion associated type iii ...200818287758
terpenoid compositions, and antioxidant and antimicrobial properties of the rhizome essential oils of different hedychium species.a phytochemical study of the rhizome essential oils of four different hedychium species was performed by means of gc and gc/ms analyses. h. ellipticum mainly contained 1,8-cineole, sabinene, and terpin-4-ol, while h. aurantiacum possessed terpin-4-ol, para-cymene, and bornyl acetate as the major entities. similarly, trans-meta-mentha-2,8-diene and linalool were noticed in h. coronarium. three different collections (i-iii) of h. spicatum showed amazing differences in the relative contents of thei ...200818293443
construction and use of new cloning vectors for the rapid isolation of recombinant proteins from escherichia coli.we describe the construction and use of two sets of vectors for the over-expression and purification of protein from escherichia coli. the set of ptev plasmids (ptev3, 4, 5) directs the synthesis of a recombinant protein with a n-terminal hexahistidine (his(6)) tag that is removable by the tobacco etch virus (tev) protease. the set of pkld plasmids (pkld66, 116) directs the synthesis of a recombinant protein that contains a n-terminal his(6) and maltose-binding protein tag in tandem, which can a ...200818295882
yjgf is required for isoleucine biosynthesis when salmonella enterica is grown on pyruvate medium.the yjgf/yer057c/uk114 family of proteins is conserved across the three domains of life, yet no biochemical function has been clearly defined for any member of this family. in salmonella enterica, a deletion of yjgf results in a requirement for isoleucine when the mutant strain is grown in glucose-serine or pyruvate medium. feedback inhibition of ilva is required for the curative effect of isoleucine on glucose-serine medium. on pyruvate medium, yjgf mutants are unable to synthesize enough isole ...200818296521
microcompartments for b12-dependent 1,2-propanediol degradation provide protection from dna and cellular damage by a reactive metabolic intermediate.salmonella enterica grows on 1,2-propanediol (1,2-pd) in a coenzyme b(12)-dependent fashion. prior studies showed that a bacterial microcompartment (mcp) is involved in this process and that an mcp-minus mutant undergoes a 20-h period of growth arrest during 1,2-pd degradation. it was previously proposed that growth arrest resulted from propionaldehyde toxicity, but no direct evidence was presented. here, high-pressure liquid chromatography analyses of culture medium were used to show that the m ...200818296526
viability of zoonotic pathogens escherichia coli and salmonella in swine manure slurries with and without a urease inhibitor and thymol.to determine the effects of urine, a urease inhibitor and/or an odour-reducing antimicrobial compound, on zoonotic pathogens in swine manure slurries.200818298450
display of heterologous proteins on the surface of lactococcus lactis using the h and w domain of prtb from lactobacillus delburueckii subsp. bulgaricus as an anchoring matrix.the aim of this study was to develop a cell-surface display system for foreign antigens on the surface of a lactococcus lactis strain using an h and w domain of prtb from lactobacillus delburueckii subsp. bulgaricus as an anchoring matrix.200818298534
caspase-3-dependent phagocyte death during systemic salmonella enterica serovar typhimurium infection of mice.growth of salmonella enterica in mammalian tissues results from continuous spread of bacteria to new host cells. our previous work indicated that infective s. enterica are liberated from host cells via stochastic necrotic burst independently of intracellular bacterial numbers. here we report that liver phagocytes can undergo apoptotic caspase-3-mediated cell death in vivo, with apoptosis being a rare event, more prevalent in heavily infected cells. the density-dependent apoptotic cell death is l ...200818298550
inactivation of salmonella enterica ser. enteritidis in tomato juice by combining of high-intensity pulsed electric fields with natural antimicrobials.the effect of high-intensity pulsed electric field (hipef) treatment (35kv/cm, 4 mus pulse length in bipolar mode without exceeding 38 degrees c) as influenced by treatment time (200, 600, and 1000 micros) and pulse frequency (100, 150, and 200 hz) for inactivating salmonella enterica ser. enteritidis inoculated in tomato juice was evaluated. similarly, the effect of combining hipef treatment with citric acid (0.5%, 1.0%, 1.5%, and 2.0%[wt/vol]) or cinnamon bark oil (0.05%, 0.10%, 0.2%, and 0.3% ...200818298735
detection of sublethal thermal injury in salmonella enterica serotype typhimurium and listeria monocytogenes using fourier transform infrared (ft-ir) spectroscopy (4000 to 600 cm(-1)).fourier transform infrared (ft-ir) spectroscopy (4000 to 600 cm(-1)) was utilized to detect sublethally heat-injured microorganisms: salmonella enterica serotype typhimurium atcc 14028, a gram-negative bacterium, and listeria monocytogenes atcc 19113, a gram-positive bacterium. a range of heat treatments (n= 2) at 60 degrees c were evaluated: 0d (control), 2d, 4d, 6d, and 8d using a d(60 degrees c) (s. enterica serotype typhimurium atcc 14028 = 0.30 min, l. monocytogenes atcc 19113 = 0.43 min). ...200818298736
role of soil, crop debris, and a plant pathogen in salmonella enterica contamination of tomato plants.in the u.s., tomatoes have become the most implicated vehicle for produce-associated salmonellosis with 12 outbreaks since 1998. although unconfirmed, trace backs suggest pre-harvest contamination with salmonella enterica. routes of tomato crop contamination by s. enterica in the absence of direct artificial inoculation have not been investigated.200818301739
the salmonella-containing vacuole: moving with the times.salmonella pathogenesis is dependent on its ability to invade and replicate within host cells. following invasion the bacteria remain within a modified phagosome known as the salmonella-containing vacuole (scv), within which they will survive and replicate. invasion and scv biogenesis are dependent on two type iii secretion systems, t3ss1 and t3ss2, which are used to translocate distinct cohorts of bacterial effector proteins into the host cell. elucidating the roles of individual effector prote ...200818304858
the pdux enzyme of salmonella enterica is an l-threonine kinase used for coenzyme b12 synthesis.here, the pdux enzyme of salmonella enterica is shown to be an l-threonine kinase used for the de novo synthesis of coenzyme b(12) and the assimilation of cobyric acid (cby). pdux with a c-terminal his tag (pdux-his(6)) was produced at high levels in escherichia coli, purified by nickel affinity chromatography, and partially characterized. (31)p nmr spectroscopy established that purified pdux-his(6) catalyzed the conversion of l-threonine and atp to l-threonine-o-3-phosphate and adp. enzyme assa ...200818308727
small outer-membrane lipoprotein, smpa, is regulated by sigmae and has a role in cell envelope integrity and virulence of salmonella enterica serovar typhimurium.smpa is a small outer-membrane lipoprotein that is a component of the essential yaet outer-membrane protein assembly complex. in salmonella enterica serovar typhimurium (s. typhimurium), expression of the smpa gene was shown to be directed by two promoters, smpap1 and smpap2. the more distal promoter, smpap1, is dependent upon the extracytoplasmic stress response sigma factor sigma(e). an smpa null mutant was constructed in s. typhimurium sl1344 and was shown to be more sensitive than its wild-t ...200818310044
characterization of the periplasmic domain of motb and implications for its role in the stator assembly of the bacterial flagellar motor.mota and motb are integral membrane proteins that form the stator complex of the proton-driven bacterial flagellar motor. the stator complex functions as a proton channel and couples proton flow with torque generation. the stator must be anchored to an appropriate place on the motor, and this is believed to occur through a putative peptidoglycan-binding (pgb) motif within the c-terminal periplasmic domain of motb. in this study, we constructed and characterized an n-terminally truncated variant ...200818310339
identification of novel genes and pathways affecting salmonella type iii secretion system 1 using a contact-dependent hemolysis assay.we screened 5,700 salmonella enterica serovar typhimurium mutants for defects in type iii secretion system 1 (t3ss-1)-mediated contact-dependent hemolysis to identify novel genes and pathways affecting the activity of t3ss-1. our data suggest that previously unrecognized factors such as type i fimbriae may modulate the expression, activity, or deployment of this key virulence factor.200818310344
aro mutations in salmonella enterica cause defects in cell wall and outer membrane integrity.in this study we characterized aro mutants of salmonella enterica serovars enteritidis and typhimurium, which are frequently used as live oral vaccines. we found that the aroa, arod, and aroc mutants were sensitive to blood serum, albumen, edta, and ovotransferrin, and this defect could be complemented by an appropriate aro gene cloned in a plasmid. subsequent microarray analysis of gene expression in the arod mutant in serovar typhimurium indicated that the reason for this sensitivity might be ...200818310348
interactions between food-borne pathogens and protozoa isolated from lettuce and spinach.the survival of salmonella enterica was recently shown to increase when the bacteria were sequestered in expelled food vacuoles (vesicles) of tetrahymena. because fresh produce is increasingly linked to outbreaks of enteric illness, the present investigation aimed to determine the prevalence of protozoa on spinach and lettuce and to examine their interactions with s. enterica, escherichia coli o157:h7, and listeria monocytogenes. glaucoma sp., colpoda steinii, and acanthamoeba palestinensis were ...200818310421
leaf age as a risk factor in contamination of lettuce with escherichia coli o157:h7 and salmonella enterica.outbreaks of escherichia coli o157:h7 infections have been linked increasingly to leafy greens, particularly to lettuce. we present here the first evidence that this enteric pathogen can multiply on the leaves of romaine lettuce plants. the increases in population size of e. coli o157:h7 in the phyllosphere of young lettuce plants ranged from 16- to 100-fold under conditions of warm temperature and the presence of free water on the leaves and varied significantly with leaf age. the population si ...200818310433
the prpz gene cluster encoding eukaryotic-type ser/thr protein kinases and phosphatases is repressed by oxidative stress and involved in salmonella enterica serovar typhi survival in human macrophages.the prpz gene cluster consists of three orfs coding for proteins with homology to eukaryotic-type ser/thr protein phosphatases 2c (prpz) and ser/thr protein kinases (prky and prkx). this cluster is present in the sequenced genomes of salmonella enterica serovar typhi (s. typhi) strains ty2 and ct18. this study investigated the genetic organization of this gene cluster, its regulation and its putative involvement in virulence. the three genes are transcribed as a polycistronic mrna as demonstrate ...200818312574
role of outer membrane lipopolysaccharides in the protection of salmonella enterica serovar typhimurium from desiccation damage.the ability to survive desiccation between hosts is often essential to the success of pathogenic bacteria. the bacterial outer membrane is both the cellular interface with hostile environments and the focus of much of the drying-induced damage. this study examined the contribution of outer membrane-associated polysaccharides to the survival of salmonella enterica serovar typhimurium in air-dried blood droplets following growth in high and low osmolarity medium and under conditions known to induc ...200818312578
salmonella enterica serovar choleraesuis derivatives harbouring deletions in rpos and phop regulatory genes are attenuated in pigs, and survive and multiply in porcine intestinal macrophages and fibroblasts, respectively.live attenuated salmonella enterica strains have been extensively studied as potential vectors for the oral delivery of heterologous antigens. due to its ability to target immune cells, its specific mechanism for crossing the intestinal barrier, and its swine-restricted tropism, s. enterica subspecies enterica serovar choleraesuis (s. choleraesuis) has attracted a great deal of interest for the production of bacterial-based oral carriers specifically adapted to swine. in this study, two mutants ...200818313237
heterologous prime-boost immunizations with different salmonella serovars for enhanced antigen-specific cd8 t-cell induction.pre-existing anti-vector immunity can severely compromise the ability of salmonella enterica serovar typhimurium live vaccines to induce protective cd8 t-cell frequencies after type iii secretion system-mediated heterologous protein translocation in orally immunized mice. in the present study, we demonstrate that heterologous prime-boost immunizations using attenuated serovar typhimurium and serovar dublin strains for foreign antigen delivery can be employed to bypass anti-salmonella immunity re ...200818313813
efficient immobilization and patterning of live bacterial cells.a monolayer of live bacterial cells has been patterned onto substrates through the interaction between cfa/i fimbriae and the corresponding antibody. patterns of live bacteria have been prepared with cellular resolution on silicon and gold substrates for salmonella enterica serovar typhimurium as a model with high specificity and efficiency. the immobilized cells are capable of dividing in growth medium to form a self-sustaining bacterial monolayer on the patterned areas. interestingly, the immo ...200818321142
characterization of salmonella enterica serovar agona slaughter isolates from the animal arm of the national antimicrobial resistance monitoring system-enteric bacteria (narms): 1997 through 2003.a total of 499 salmonella enterica serovar agona isolates from cattle, swine, chicken, and turkey samples were assayed for antimicrobial susceptibility and subtyped using pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (pfge). salmonella agona isolates exhibited increased resistance to amoxicillin/clavulanic acid, ampicillin, cefoxitin, ceftiofur, cephalothin, and chloramphenicol, and a single isolate was resistant to ceftriaxone. multiple drug resistance (mdr; resistance >or= 2 antimicrobials) was exhibited i ...200818321206
high-throughput genotyping of salmonella enterica serovar typhi allowing geographical assignment of haplotypes and pathotypes within an urban district of jakarta, indonesia.high-throughput epidemiological typing systems that provide phylogenetic and genotypic information are beneficial for tracking bacterial pathogens in the field. the incidence of salmonella enterica serovar typhi infection in indonesia is high and is associated with atypical phenotypic traits such as expression of the j and the z66 flagellum antigens. utilizing a high-throughput genotyping platform to investigate known nucleotide polymorphisms dispersed around the genome, we determined the haplot ...200818322069
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