Publications
Title | Abstract | Year(sorted ascending) Filter | PMID Filter |
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respiratory syncytial virus ns1 protein degrades stat2 by using the elongin-cullin e3 ligase. | respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) infection causes bronchiolitis and pneumonia in infants. rsv has a linear single-stranded rna genome encoding 11 proteins, 2 of which are nonstructural (ns1 and ns2). rsv specifically downregulates stat2 protein expression, thus enabling the virus to evade the host type i interferon response. degradation of stat2 requires proteasomal activity and is dependent on the expression of rsv ns1 and ns2 (ns1/2). here we investigate whether rsv ns proteins can assemble u ... | 2007 | 17251292 |
ribavirin for respiratory syncytial virus infection of the lower respiratory tract in infants and young children. | respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) is a common cause of lower respiratory tract infection in infants and is responsible for many hospitalizations annually. ribavirin is approved for treatment of these infections, but its use is controversial because of questions about its efficacy, concerns about occupational exposure, and its high cost. | 2007 | 17253446 |
antibiotics for bronchiolitis in children. | bronchiolitis is a serious, potentially life-threatening respiratory illness commonly affecting young babies. it is most often caused by respiratory syncytial virus (rsv). the diagnosis is usually made on clinical grounds (especially tachypnoea and wheezing in a child less than two years of age). antibiotics are not recommended for bronchiolitis unless there is concern about complications such as secondary bacterial pneumonia. despite this, they are used at rates of 34 to 99% in uncomplicated ca ... | 2007 | 17253545 |
respiratory syncytial virus fusion inhibitors. part 4: optimization for oral bioavailability. | a series of benzimidazole-based inhibitors of respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) fusion were optimized for antiviral potency, membrane permeability and metabolic stability in human liver microsomes. 1-cyclopropyl-1,3-dihydro-3-[[1-(4-hydroxybutyl)-1h-benzimidazol-2-yl]methyl]-2h-imidazo[4,5-c]pyridin-2-one (6m, bms-433771) was identified as a potent rsv inhibitor demonstrating good bioavailability in the mouse, rat, dog and cynomolgus monkey that demonstrated antiviral activity in the balb/c and ... | 2007 | 17169560 |
the nine c-terminal amino acids of the respiratory syncytial virus protein p are necessary and sufficient for binding to ribonucleoprotein complexes in which six ribonucleotides are contacted per n protein protomer. | the respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) phosphoprotein (p) is a major polymerase co-factor that interacts with both the large polymerase fragment (l) and the nucleoprotein (n). the n-binding domain of rsv p has been investigated by co-expression of rsv p and n proteins in escherichia coli. pull-down assays performed with a series of truncated forms of p fused to glutathione s-transferase (gst) revealed that the region comprising the last nine c-terminal amino acid residues of p (233-dndlsledf-241) ... | 2007 | 17170452 |
tissue-specific regulation of cd8+ t-lymphocyte immunodominance in respiratory syncytial virus infection. | cytotoxic t lymphocytes (ctls) are critical for control of respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) infection in humans and mice. to investigate cellular immune responses to infection, it is important to identify major histocompatibility complex (mhc) class i-restricted ctl epitopes. in this study, we identified a new rsv-specific, h-2k(d)-restricted subdominant epitope in the m2 protein, m2(127-135) (amino acids 127 to 135). this finding allowed us to study the frequency of t lymphocytes responding to ... | 2007 | 17182672 |
comparison of cepheid's analyte-specific reagents with bd directigen for detection of respiratory syncytial virus. | for detection of respiratory syncytial virus (rsv), the bd directigen rsv rapid antigen assay was compared to cepheid's real-time reverse transcriptase pcr rsv analyte-specific reagents. the directigen rsv assay resulted in a 23% false-negative rate, using pcr and chart review as the gold standard, indicating that rapid rsv pcr results would be advantageous. | 2007 | 17182755 |
cost effectiveness of palivizumab for respiratory syncytial virus prophylaxis in high-risk children: a uk analysis. | to assess the cost effectiveness of palivizumab (a preventative treatment against severe respiratory syncytial virus [rsv] infection) in children at high risk of hospitalisation, i.e. preterm infants < or = 35 weeks gestation, children with bronchopulmonary dysplasia (bpd) and children with congenital heart disease (chd). | 2007 | 17192118 |
prednisolone reduces recurrent wheezing after a first wheezing episode associated with rhinovirus infection or eczema. | rhinovirus-induced early wheezing has been suggested as a new important risk factor for recurrent wheezing. | 2007 | 17196244 |
respiratory syncytial virus nephropathy in rats. | the pathogenesis of minimal change nephrotic syndrome (mcns) remains unclear. respiratory tract viruses could contribute to mcns, and respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) is the most common one. in this study, we planned to investigate the effects of rsv on the proteinuria and glomerular structure of rats and to explore the role of rsv in the pathogenesis of mcns. rats were inoculated with 6 x 10(2), 10(4), and 10(6) pfu (plaque-forming units) rsv and killed on days 4, 8, 14, 28, and 60 postinocula ... | 2007 | 17200682 |
role of respiratory syncytial virus in acute otitis media: implications for vaccine development. | we summarize herein the results of various virologic studies of acute otitis media (aom) conducted at our site over a 10-year period. among 566 children with aom, respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) was the most common virus identified in either middle ear fluid or nasal wash; it was found in 16% of all children and 38% of virus-positive children. seventy-one percent of the children with rsv were 1 year of age or older, which was significantly older than all other viruses combined (p=0.045). rsv i ... | 2007 | 17156899 |
interaction of monocytic cells with respiratory syncytial virus results in activation of nf-kappab and pkc-alpha/beta leading to up-regulation of il-15 gene expression. | respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) is a major human respiratory pathogen, particularly for infants. rsv is also a powerful inducer of cytokines, one of which is il-15, an important immunoregulatory cytokine. il-15 plays a key role in nk and t cell development and differentiation and also regulates nk cell/macrophage interaction, as well as monocyte/macrophage and granulocyte function. we have shown previously that different viruses up-regulate il-15 gene expression in human pbmcs. recently, we fo ... | 2007 | 17158609 |
retinoic acid-inducible gene i mediates early antiviral response and toll-like receptor 3 expression in respiratory syncytial virus-infected airway epithelial cells. | respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) is one of the most common viral pathogens causing severe lower respiratory tract infections in infants and young children. infected host cells detect and respond to rna viruses using different mechanisms in a cell-type-specific manner, including retinoic acid-inducible gene i (rig-i)-dependent and toll-like receptor (tlr)-dependent pathways. because the relative contributions of these two pathways in the recognition of rsv infection are unknown, we examined thei ... | 2007 | 17108032 |
solution structure of the rous sarcoma virus nucleocapsid protein: mupsi rna packaging signal complex. | the 5'-untranslated region (5'-utr) of retroviral genomes contains elements required for genome packaging during virus assembly. for many retroviruses, the packaging elements reside in non-contiguous segments that span most or all of the 5'-utr. the rous sarcoma virus (rsv) is an exception, in that its genome can be packaged efficiently by a relatively short, 82 nt segment of the 5'-utr called mupsi. the rsv 5'-utr also contains three translational start codons (aug-1, aug-2 and aug-3) that have ... | 2007 | 17070546 |
the histopathology of fatal untreated human respiratory syncytial virus infection. | the pathology of respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) infection was evaluated 1 day after an outpatient diagnosis of rsv in a child who died in a motor vehicle accident. we then identified 11 children with bronchiolitis from the vanderbilt university autopsy log between 1925 and 1959 who met criteria for possible rsv infection in the preintensivist era. their tissue was re-embedded and evaluated by routine hematoxylin and eosin and pas staining and immunostaining with rsv-specific antibodies. tissu ... | 2007 | 17143259 |
nonstructural proteins of respiratory syncytial virus suppress premature apoptosis by an nf-kappab-dependent, interferon-independent mechanism and facilitate virus growth. | the two nonstructural (ns) proteins ns1 and ns2 of respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) are abundantly expressed in the infected cell but are not packaged in mature progeny virions. we found that both proteins were expressed early in infection, whereas the infected cells underwent apoptosis much later. coincident with ns protein expression, a number of cellular antiapoptotic factors were expressed or activated at early stages, which included nf-kappab and phosphorylated forms of protein kinases akt ... | 2007 | 17151097 |
influenza- and rsv-associated hospitalizations among adults. | we estimated influenza- and respiratory syncytial virus (rsv)-associated hospitalizations by age, high-risk status and outcome, during the 1996/1997-1999/2000 respiratory seasons among adults who did not receive influenza vaccine. using three health maintenance organization (hmo) databases and local viral surveillance data, we identified weeks when influenza and rsv were circulating and estimated influenza- and rsv-associated hospitalizations. persons aged > or = 65 years with and without high-r ... | 2007 | 17074423 |
etiology of respiratory disease in non-vaccinated, non-medicated calves in rearing herds. | the aim of this study was to examine the occurrence of bacterial, mycoplasmal and viral pathogens in the lower respiratory tract of calves in all-in all-out calf-rearing units. according to clinical status, non-medicated calves with and without respiratory disease signs were selected of the 40 herds investigated to analyse the micro-organisms present in healthy and diseased calves. tracheobronchial lavage (tbl) and paired serum samples were analysed for bacteria, mycoplasmas, respiratory syncyti ... | 2007 | 17084565 |
genetic studies of the beta-hairpin loop of rous sarcoma virus capsid protein. | the first few residues of the rous sarcoma virus (rsv) ca protein comprise a structurally dynamic region that forms part of a gag-gag interface in immature virus particles. dissociation of this interaction during maturation allows refolding and formation of a beta-hairpin structure important for assembly of ca monomers into the mature capsid shell. a consensus binding site for the cellular ubc9 protein was previously identified within this region, suggesting that binding of ubc9 and subsequent s ... | 2007 | 17093186 |
synergistically upregulated interleukin-10 production in cocultures of monocytes and t cells after stimulation with respiratory syncytial virus. | respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) is known as a causal factor of severe bronchiolitis in young children. it has also been detected in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (copd), a disease that is associated with an increased number of t cells in the bronchial mucosa. here, we investigated the potential direct interaction between rsv and t cells and its impact on cytokine response. | 2007 | 17057409 |
bronchiolitis to asthma: a review and call for studies of gene-virus interactions in asthma causation. | viral infections are important causes of asthma exacerbations in children, and lower respiratory tract infections (lrtis), caused by viruses such as respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) and rhinovirus (rv), are a leading cause of bronchiolitis in infants. infants hospitalized with bronchiolitis are at significantly increased risk for both recurrent wheezing and childhood asthma. to date, studies addressing the incidence of asthma after bronchiolitis severe enough to warrant hospitalization have foc ... | 2007 | 17053206 |
characterization of human metapneumovirus infection of myeloid dendritic cells. | recent in vivo studies suggest that hmpv is a poor inducer of inflammatory cytokines and that clinical symptoms may not be related to immune-mediated pathogenesis as it has been proposed for respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) and human parainfluenza 3 (hpf3). dendritic cells (dcs) are specialized antigen presenting cells, and very effective at inducing specific ctls after encountering invading viruses. interactions of hmpv with dcs have not been characterized. we hypothesized that the relatively ... | 2007 | 16959282 |
evaluation of respiratory syncytial virus detection by rapid antigen tests in childhood. | rapid and reliable diagnosis is crucial for clinical management of respiratory syncytial virus infection in childhood. we assessed the performance characteristics of respiratory syncytial virus antigen immunoassays in children hospitalized for respiratory infection. | 2007 | 16865653 |
immunopathology of rsv infection: prospects for developing vaccines without this complication. | respiratory syncytial virus is the most important cause of lower respiratory tract infection in infants and young children. rsv clinical disease varies from rhinitis and otitis media to bronchiolitis and pneumonia. an increased incidence of asthma later in life has been associated with the more severe lower respiratory tract infections. despite its importance as a pathogen, there is no licensed vaccine against rsv. this is due to a number of factors complicating the development of an effective a ... | 2007 | 17004293 |
acute otitis media and respiratory viruses. | the present study was performed to elucidate the clinical outcome, and etiology of acute otitis media (aom) in children based on virologic and bacteriologic tests. the study group consisted of 120 children aged 6 to 144 months with aom. middle ear fluid (mef) was tested for viral pathogens by reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (rt-pcr) and for bacteria by gram-staining and culture. clinical response was assessed on day 2 to 4, 11 to 13, 26 to 28. respiratory viruses were isolated in ... | 2007 | 16967296 |
the severity of respiratory syncytial virus bronchiolitis in young infants in the united arab emirates. | respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) respiratory infections are very common during infancy and account for the majority of hospitalizations during the fall and winter seasons. patients vary in the severity of their illnesses, with most hospitalized patients needing oxygen and intravenous fluids. the objective of this study was to assess in hospitalized patients the severity of the disease in relation to age. we compared children who were <90 days old with children who were >90 days old for the dura ... | 2007 | 17008442 |
diagnosis of human respiratory syncytial virus infection using reverse transcription loop-mediated isothermal amplification. | human respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) is a major causative agent of lower respiratory tract infections in children and the elderly. a reverse transcription-loop-mediated isothermal amplification (rt-lamp) was developed assay to amplify the genome of rsv subgroups a and b, in order to improve current diagnostic methods for rsv infection. the primer sets for rt-lamp were designed using highly conserved nucleotide sequences in the matrix protein region of subgroups a and b, and were specific for ... | 2007 | 17052763 |
respiratory syncytial virus inhibits interferon-alpha-inducible signaling in macrophage-like u937 cells. | monocytes become susceptible to respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) infection when pretreated with phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate (pma). the molecular mechanism underlying this observation is poorly understood, but may be related to inhibition of type i interferon (ifn) signaling by rsv in epithelial cells. herein, we have investigated the putative role of suppressor of cytokine signaling (socs) in the ifn-inducible antiviral response in u937 cells. upon rsv infection of macrophage-like u937 cell ... | 2007 | 16978698 |
clarithromycin in the treatment of rsv bronchiolitis: a double-blind, randomised, placebo-controlled trial. | respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) bronchiolitis is the most common lower respiratory tract infection in infancy. to date, there is no effective therapy for rsv bronchiolitis. in order to investigate the efficacy of clarithromycin in the treatment of rsv bronchiolitis, the present authors conducted a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial comparing clarithromycin with placebo in 21 infants with a diagnosis of rsv bronchiolitis. the infants were randomised to receive clarithromycin or ... | 2007 | 17050564 |
identification of linear heparin-binding peptides derived from human respiratory syncytial virus fusion glycoprotein that inhibit infectivity. | it has been shown previously that the fusion glycoprotein of human respiratory syncytial virus (rsv-f) interacts with cellular heparan sulfate. synthetic overlapping peptides derived from the f-protein sequence of rsv subtype a (strain a2) were tested for their ability to bind heparin using heparin-agarose affinity chromatography (haac). this evaluation identified 15 peptides representing eight linear heparin-binding domains (hbds) located within f1 and f2 and spanning the protease cleavage acti ... | 2007 | 17050595 |
viral infection of the lungs through the eye. | respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) is the foremost respiratory pathogen in newborns and claims millions of lives annually. however, there has been no methodical study of the pathway(s) of entry of rsv or its interaction with nonrespiratory tissues. we and others have recently established a significant association between allergic conjunctivitis and the presence of rsv in the eye. here we adopt a balb/c mouse model and demonstrate that when instilled in the live murine eye, rsv not only replicated ... | 2007 | 17050596 |
immunotherapy of hsv infections – antibody delivery | passive immunization involves utilizing polyclonal or monoclonal antibodies as a form of immunotherapy. antibodies can mediate their effects through several mechanisms, including opsonization and c-mediated lysis, but in particular antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytolysis (adcc) and neutralization. antibody immunotherapy has been demonstrated to be efficacious for the treatment and prevention of infection or disease caused by viruses other than herpes simplex virus (hsv ... | 2007 | 21348081 |
effects of decabrominated diphenyl ether (dbde) on developmental immunotoxicity in offspring mice. | decabrominated diphenyl ether (dbde), a representative brominated flame retardant ubiquitous in the environment, is suspected of being hazardous to humans. we evaluated the developmental immunotoxicity of dbde by an assay system using respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) infection in offspring mice. pregnant mice were continuously exposed to dbde (10, 100, 1000, or 10,000ppm) in the diet from gestation day 10 to weaning on postnatal day 21. offspring mice born to these dams were intranasally infect ... | 2008 | 21791381 |
management of upper respiratory tract infections in children. | upper respiratory tract infection (urti) occurs commonly in both children and adults and is a major cause of mild morbidity. it has a high cost to society, being responsible for absenteeism from school and work and unnecessary medical care, and is occasionally associated with serious sequelae. urtis are usually caused by several families of virus; these are the rhinovirus, coronavirus, parainfluenza, respiratory syncytial virus (rsv), adenovirus, human metapneumovirus, influenza, enterovirus and ... | 2008 | 21603094 |
a new assay system for evaluation of developmental immunotoxicity of chemical compounds using respiratory syncytial virus infection to offspring mice. | we evaluated the effect of 6-propyl-2-thiouracil (ptu), an anti-thyroid agent, on developmental immunity using respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) infection to offspring mice as a new risk assessment for brominated flame retardants (bfrs), because some bfrs are suspected of affecting the thyroid system. pregnant mice were exposed to ptu in drinking water from gestation day 10 to weaning on postnatal day 21. their offspring mice were infected intranasally with rsv. exposure of 100ppm ptu significan ... | 2008 | 21783838 |
influenza a and respiratory syncytial virus hospital burden in young children in east london. | epidemiological studies have demonstrated high hospitalization rates attributable to influenza and rsv in children aged 6 months and those aged <12 months, respectively (43 and 92.5/10 000 person-months, respectively). in conclusion, these high paediatric rsv and influenza incidence rates can be used to inform uk policy on childhood influenza immunization and subsequent rsv immunization in the future. | 2008 | 17903316 |
nosocomial infection: a risk factor for a complicated course in children with respiratory syncytial virus infection--results from a prospective multicenter german surveillance study. | nosocomially acquired respiratory syncytial virus infections (rsv-ni) may cause serious problems in hospitalized paediatric patients. hitherto, prospectively collected representative data on rsv-ni from multicenter studies in germany are limited. | 2008 | 17869579 |
identification and characterization of a novel neural cell adhesion molecule (ncam)-associated protein from quail myoblasts: relationship to myotube formation and induction of neurite-like protrusions. | we identified a novel neural cell adhesion molecule (ncam)-associated protein, myogenesis-related and ncam-associated protein (myonap), the expression of which increases during the formation of myotubes in quail myoblasts transformed with a temperature-sensitive mutant of rous sarcoma virus (qm-rsv cells). myonap shares homology with pl48 in human cytotrophoblasts and kiaa0386 in human brain. excess expression of myonap in presumptive qm-rsv myoblasts induced long protrusions like neurites in co ... | 2008 | 17825087 |
diagnostic performance of a rapid antigen test for rsv in comparison with a 19-valent multiplex rt-pcr elisa in children with acute respiratory tract infections. | a rapid and reliable diagnosis of respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) infection in childhood is very important for clinical management. in this study we compared a rapid antigen test (enzyme immunoassay, eia) for the detection of rsv with a reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (rt-pcr) [19-valent multiplex rt-pcr enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (elisa)] to assess the diagnostic performance. furthermore the diagnostic value of the eia in terms of age and season relation was analyzed. a ... | 2008 | 17764017 |
winter air pollution and infant bronchiolitis in paris. | respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) is one of the most common respiratory pathogens in infants and young children. it is not known why some previously healthy infants, when in contact with rsv, develop bronchiolitis whereas others have only mild symptoms. our study aimed to evaluate the possible association between emergency hospital visits for bronchiolitis and air pollution in the paris region during four winter seasons. we included children under the age of 3 years who attended emergency room s ... | 2008 | 17585899 |
human and bovine respiratory syncytial virus vaccine research and development. | human (hrsv) and bovine (brsv) respiratory syncytial viruses (rsv) are two closely related viruses, which are the most important causative agents of respiratory tract infections of young children and calves, respectively. brsv vaccines have been available for nearly 2 decades. they probably have reduced the prevalence of rsv infection but their efficacy needs improvement. in contrast, despite decades of research, there is no currently licensed vaccine for the prevention of hrsv disease. developm ... | 2008 | 17720245 |
respiratory syncytial virus infection in infants admitted to paediatric intensive care units in london, and in their families. | we carried out a study in five london paediatric intensive care units (picus), with the objectives of describing a cohort of infants with respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) infection, comparing hospital diagnosis with pcr results and investigating the spread of rsv in families. eligible infants were under 5 months old and admitted betweem november 1998 and october 1999 with respiratory failure, apnoea and/or bradycardia or acute life threatening episodes (alte). we diagnosed rsv by pcr analysis o ... | 2008 | 17541638 |
the burden of respiratory viral disease in hospitalized children in paris. | a virus was identified in 464 out of 1,212 patients, 8 days to 16 years of age, who were admitted to the hospital in paris during a 3 year period. respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) was found in 428 patients, 74% were younger than 6 months with bronchiolitis, and 6% were older than 2 years. rsv was the first virus isolated in all patients and in those with pneumonia or asthma. the low number of admissions due to parainfluenzae viruses is characteristic of this area compared to other countries. | 2008 | 17562076 |
rous sarcoma virus (rsv) integration in vivo: a ca dinucleotide is not required in u3, and rsv linear dna does not autointegrate. | the sequences required for integration of retroviral dna have been analyzed in vitro. however, the in vitro experiments do not agree on which sequences are required for integration: for example, whether or not the conserved ca dinucleotide in the 3' end of the viral dna is required for normal integration. at least a portion of the problem is due to differences in the experimental conditions used in the in vitro assays. to avoid the issue of what experimental conditions to use, we took an in vivo ... | 2008 | 17959663 |
palivizumab use in subjects with congenital heart disease: results from the 2000-2004 palivizumab outcomes registry. | the palivizumab outcomes registry prospectively collected data on 19,548 subjects who received respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) prophylaxis with palivizumab during the 2000-2004 rsv seasons. we evaluated the characteristics of enrolled registry subjects with congenital heart disease (chd) over the four rsv seasons and examined additional information on these subjects collected in the 2002-2004 seasons. the percentage of registry subjects with chd increased from 4.8% (102/2116) in the first seas ... | 2008 | 17926087 |
serum mannose-binding lectin levels are linked with respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) disease. | the innate immune response facilitates the quality of the adaptive immune response and is critical to an individual's susceptibility to infection and disease. mannose-binding lectin (mbl) is a plasma protein with anti-microbial properties that binds a wide range of pathogens to flag them for immune destruction independent of antibodies. in this study, serum mbl levels were measured in 81 children <5 years old experiencing acute respiratory syncytial virus infection and in 40 control children to ... | 2008 | 17952574 |
purification and characterization of recombinant human respiratory syncytial virus nonstructural protein ns1. | we report here the first biochemical and structural characterization of the respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) ns1 protein. we have used a pet-ubiquitin expression system to produce respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) ns1 protein in e. coli that contains a hexahistidine-tag on either the amino- or carboxyl-terminus (his(6)-ns1 and ns1-his(6), respectively). we have been able to isolate milligram quantities of highly purified his(6)-ns1 and ns1-his(6) by nickel affinity chromatography. generation of ... | 2008 | 17997327 |
the immune response to respiratory syncytial virus infection: friend or foe? | the immune response to respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) infection has fascinated and frustrated investigators for decades. after adverse responses to early attempts at vaccination, it became popularly held that disease following infection was related to overly aggressive immune responses. however, recent data illustrate that severe forms of disease are related to inadequate, rather than hyperresponsive, adaptive immune reactions. thus, recovery from primary (and perhaps later) rsv infection is ... | 2008 | 17985249 |
immunoprophylaxis of rsv infection: advancing from rsv-igiv to palivizumab and motavizumab. | antibodies mediate humoral immune responses and play key roles in the defense of viral infection by the recognition, neutralization, and elimination of viruses from the circulation. for the prevention of respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) infection, the natural immune response to rsv from pooled human plasma has been harvested and successfully developed as a prophylactic polyclonal rsv hyperimmune globulin, respigam (rsv-igiv; medimmune, gaithersburg, md). the success of rsv-igiv validated the im ... | 2008 | 17990791 |
ifn-gamma production during initial infection determines the outcome of reinfection with respiratory syncytial virus. | severe respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) bronchiolitis has been associated with deficient ifn-gamma production in humans, but the role of this cytokine in determining the outcome of reinfection is unknown. | 2008 | 17962634 |
intermolecular interactions between retroviral gag proteins in the nucleus. | the retroviral gag polyprotein directs virus particle assembly, resulting in the release of virions from the plasma membranes of infected cells. the earliest steps in assembly, those immediately following gag synthesis, are very poorly understood. for rous sarcoma virus (rsv), gag proteins are synthesized in the cytoplasm and then undergo transient nuclear trafficking before returning to the cytoplasm for transport to the plasma membrane. thus, rsv provides a useful model to study the initial st ... | 2008 | 17977961 |
roles of the pvm m2-1, m2-2 and p gene orf 2 (p-2) proteins in viral replication. | a plasmid-based reverse genetics system for pneumonia virus of mice (pvm) using a synthetic minigenome is described. the system was used to investigate the functions of several viral proteins. the m2-1 protein of pvm was shown to enhance reporter gene expression when present at low levels, similar to the situation for the equivalent respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) m2-1 protein, but at high levels was shown to reduce gene expression from the minigenome activity, which differs significantly form ... | 2008 | 17881076 |
molecular epidemiology and genetic variability of respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) in stockholm, 2002-2003. | the epidemiology and genetic variability of circulating respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) strains in stockholm during the season 2002-2003 were studied in consecutive rsv isolates derived from respiratory samples and diagnosed in the laboratory. two hundred thirty-four viruses were sequenced. the samples were mainly from children under 1 year old (79%). the phylogeny of the n-terminal part of the g gene was studied after amplification and sequencing. one hundred fifty-two viruses belonged to sub ... | 2008 | 18041002 |
the rsv f and g glycoproteins interact to form a complex on the surface of infected cells. | in this study, the interaction between the respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) fusion (f) protein, attachment (g) protein, and small hydrophobic (sh) proteins was examined. immunoprecipitation analysis suggested that the f and g proteins exist as a protein complex on the surface of rsv-infected cells, and this conclusion was supported by ultracentrifugation analysis that demonstrated co-migration of surface-expressed f and g proteins. although our analysis provided evidence for an interaction betw ... | 2008 | 18036342 |
foundations in cancer research. the turns of life and science. | this chapter provides a personal insight into the scientific and social atmosphere in former czechoslovakia. it covers the period of the rise of hasek's immunologic school and application of immunologic tolerance to rous sarcoma virus (rsv) heterotransmission. these approaches permitted establishment of a new model of mammalian cells transformed by rsv (virogenic xc cells), where the noninfectious viral genome was kept indefinitely as new genetic information (provirus). rsv was rescued from nonp ... | 2008 | 18037405 |
pertussis and respiratory syncytial virus infections. | during the winter 2005-2006, all infants <4 months of age admitted for bronchiolitis or acute respiratory tract infection in a tertiary care pediatric hospital in paris were tested for respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) and pertussis with real-time polymerase-chain reaction (rt-pcr). a positive pertussis-pcr was found in 14/90 (16%) infants infected with rsv and in 5/30 negative for rsv. similar clinical symptoms were found in all rsv-positive infants with or without pertussis co-infection. most ... | 2008 | 18034357 |
correlation of viral load as determined by real-time rt-pcr and clinical characteristics of respiratory syncytial virus lower respiratory tract infections in early infancy. | in infants hospitalized for a lower respiratory tract infection (rti) caused by respiratory syncytial virus (rsv), the correlation between viral load (vl) and patient clinical characteristics remains to be defined. | 2008 | 18082444 |
azithromycin does not improve disease course in hospitalized infants with respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) lower respiratory tract disease: a randomized equivalence trial. | nearly half of all hospitalized infants with respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) lower respiratory tract disease (lrtd) are treated with (parenteral) antibiotics. the present study was designed to test our hypothesis that the use of antibiotics would not lead to a reduced duration of hospitalization in mild to moderate rsv lrtd. | 2008 | 18085694 |
prophylaxis against respiratory syncytial virus in young children with cystic fibrosis. | in cystic fibrosis (cf) patients, respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) infection is associated with significant morbidity. although passive prophylaxis with palivizumab lowers hospitalization rate for rsv infection in populations at risk of severe infection, its use is not recommended in infants with cf disease. | 2008 | 18085710 |
intranasal immunization of mice with a formalin-inactivated bovine respiratory syncytial virus vaccine co-formulated with cpg oligodeoxynucleotides and polyphosphazenes results in enhanced protection. | as respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) targets the mucosal surfaces of the respiratory tract, induction of both systemic and mucosal immunity will be critical for optimal protection. in this study, the ability of an intranasally delivered, formalin-inactivated bovine rsv (fi-brsv) vaccine co-formulated with cpg oligodeoxynucleotides (odn) and polyphosphazenes (pp) to induce systemic and mucosal immunity, as well as protection from brsv challenge, was evaluated. intranasal immunization of mice with ... | 2008 | 18089749 |
induction of type i interferons and interferon-inducible mx genes during respiratory syncytial virus infection and reinfection in cotton rats. | respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) is the primary cause of bronchiolitis in young children. in general, rsv is considered to be a poor inducer of type i (alpha/beta) interferons (ifns). measurement of active type i ifn production during infection in vivo is demanding, as multiple ifn subtypes with overlapping activities are produced. in contrast, mx gene expression, which is tightly regulated by type i ifn expression, is easily determined. this study therefore measured mx expression as a reliable ... | 2008 | 18089750 |
transgene expression facilitated by the v-src splice acceptor can impair replication kinetics and lead to genomic instability of rous sarcoma virus-based vectors. | rous sarcoma virus (rsv) can be used for the simple generation of high-titer replication-competent retroviral (rcr) vectors. retroviruses undergo frequent genomic recombination, however, and vectors with reduced replication kinetics are rapidly overgrown by mutant forms. vector design is hence critical to vector efficacy. in this study, two different designs of rsv-based rcr vectors were evaluated. vectors in which transgene expression was facilitated by the v-src splice acceptor were revealed t ... | 2008 | 18057258 |
increased pathogenesis and inflammation of airways from respiratory syncytial virus infection in t cell deficient nude mice. | respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) infection is ubiquitous and leads to various outcomes between immunocompetent and immunocompromised individuals. this study aimed to compare rsv infection and inflammatory responses between immunocompetent balb/c mice and immunodeficient nude mice. rsv titers in both infected balb/c mice and nude mice peaked on the third day post-inoculation, but the nude mice had longer lasting and higher levels of viral replication. rsv infection induced a more severe grade of ... | 2008 | 18058127 |
paxillin phosphorylation controls invadopodia/podosomes spatiotemporal organization. | in rous sarcoma virus (rsv)-transformed baby hamster kidney (bhk) cells, invadopodia can self-organize into rings and belts, similarly to podosome distribution during osteoclast differentiation. the composition of individual invadopodia is spatiotemporally regulated and depends on invadopodia localization along the ring section: the actin core assembly precedes the recruitment of surrounding integrins and integrin-linked proteins, whereas the loss of the actin core was a prerequisite to invadopo ... | 2008 | 18045996 |
wheezy babies--wheezy adults? review on long-term outcome until adulthood after early childhood wheezing. | population-based birth cohort studies have documented that about 30% of children suffer from wheezing during respiratory infection before their third birthday. recurrent wheezing is common in early childhood, but most patients outgrow their symptoms by school age. however, recent long-term postbronchiolitis follow-up studies from sweden and finland have revealed that asthma is present in about 40% of young adults and over half of the cases are relapses after many symptom-free years. in populatio ... | 2008 | 18052998 |
pulmonary peptidergic innervation remodeling and development of airway hyperresponsiveness induced by rsv persistent infection. | respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) infection causes bronchiolitis in infants and children, which is an important risk factor for the development of chronic asthma. to probe the underlying mechanisms that rsv infection increases the susceptibility of asthma, this present study was designed to establish a rsv persistent infection animal model by cyclophosphamide (cyp) pretreatment that more closely mimic human rsv infection. cyp is an immunosuppressant, which induced deficiency in cellular and humo ... | 2008 | 18055066 |
multiplex real-time pcr for detection of respiratory tract infections. | broad diagnostics of respiratory infection by molecular assays has not yet won acceptance due to technical difficulties and high costs. | 2008 | 18093871 |
single intranasal immunization with recombinant adenovirus-based vaccine induces protective immunity against respiratory syncytial virus infection. | respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) is a major cause of severe lower respiratory tract disease in infancy and early childhood. despite its importance as a pathogen, there is no licensed vaccine against rsv. the g glycoprotein of rsv, a major attachment protein, is a potentially important target for protective antiviral immune responses. here, a recombinant replication-deficient adenovirus-based vaccine, rad/3xg, expressing the soluble core domain of g glycoprotein (amino acids 130 to 230) engineer ... | 2008 | 18094185 |
differential role of gamma interferon in inhibiting pulmonary eosinophilia and exacerbating systemic disease in fusion protein-immunized mice undergoing challenge infection with respiratory syncytial virus. | secondary exposure to respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) can lead to immunopathology and enhanced disease in vaccinated individuals. vaccination with individual rsv proteins influences the type of secondary rsv-specific immune response that develops upon challenge rsv infection, as well as the extent of immunopathology. rsv-specific memory cd4 t cells can directly contribute to immunopathology through their cytokine production. immunization of balb/c mice with a recombinant vaccinia virus (vv) ex ... | 2008 | 18094193 |
lower respiratory tract disease in children: constant pathogens - constant management?! | this study analyses the pathogens of acute lower respiratory tract infections (lri) in children in a german community hospital over six years. against this background the adoption of new diagnostic and therapeutic guidelines for the lri management and of rsv-cases in particular is studied. | 2008 | 18095251 |
rantes promoter gene polymorphisms and susceptibility to severe respiratory syncytial virus-induced bronchiolitis. | severe respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) infection is characterized by enhanced chemokine activity. several studies have linked increased regulated on activation, normal t cell expressed and secreted (rantes) expression with severe rsv disease. three single nucleotide polymorphisms, -28c/g, -403g/a, and in1.1t/c in the rantes gene, have been correlated with the gene's transcriptional activity. in the present study, we explored the possible correlation of the genetic variability of the rantes gen ... | 2008 | 18162936 |
respiratory syncytial virus infection and disease in infants and young children observed from birth in kilifi district, kenya. | in developing countries, there are few data that characterize the disease burden attributable to respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) and clearly define which age group to target for vaccine intervention. | 2008 | 18171213 |
a community study of clinical traits and risk factors for human metapneumovirus and respiratory syncytial virus infection during the first year of life. | human metapneumovirus (hmpv) and respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) are important respiratory pathogens with similar symptomatology. the aim of this prospective birth cohort study was to identify risk factors for an hmpv or rsv infection during the first year of life in unselected healthy children. we followed 217 children from birth to 1 year of age. nasal swabs and symptom diaries were collected monthly. anti-hmpv and anti-rsv igg antibodies by age 1 year were detected by elisa, and nasal swabs ... | 2008 | 18172683 |
viral etiology of acute respiratory infections with cough in infancy: a community-based birth cohort study. | acute respiratory infections (ari) are a major cause of morbidity in infancy worldwide, with cough and wheeze being alarming symptoms to parents. we aimed to analyze in detail the viral aetiology of ari with such symptoms in otherwise healthy infants, including rhinoviruses and recently discovered viruses such as human metapneumovirus (hmpv), coronavirus nl63 and hku1, and human bocavirus (hbov). | 2008 | 18174876 |
climatic, temporal, and geographic characteristics of respiratory syncytial virus disease in a tropical island population. | respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) is an important cause of morbidity in children worldwide, although data from equatorial regions are limited. we analysed climatic, spatial, and temporal data for children presenting to hospitals in lombok island, indonesia with clinical pneumonia. during the study period, 2878 children presented and 741 rsv cases were identified. in multivariate analysis with an 8-day lag, occurrence of rain was associated with 64% higher incidence of rsv disease [incidence rate ... | 2008 | 18177515 |
effect of climatological factors on respiratory syncytial virus epidemics. | respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) presents as yearly epidemics in temperate climates. we analysed the association of atmospheric conditions to rsv epidemics in san luis potosí, s.l.p., mexico. the weekly number of rsv detections from october 2002 and may 2006 were correlated to ambient temperature, barometric pressure, relative humidity, vapour tension, dew point, precipitation, and hours of light using time-series and regression analyses. of the variation in rsv cases, 49.8% was explained by th ... | 2008 | 18177520 |
risk factors for respiratory syncytial virus bronchiolitis hospital admission in new zealand. | this study assessed risk factors for respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) hospitalization and disease severity in wellington, new zealand. during the southern hemisphere winter months of 2003--2005, 230 infants aged < 24 months hospitalized with bronchiolitis were recruited. rsv was indentified in 141 (61%) infants. comparison with data from all live hospital births from the same region (2003--2005) revealed three independent risk factors for rsv hospitalization: birth between february and july [ad ... | 2008 | 18177522 |
the biennial cycle of respiratory syncytial virus outbreaks in croatia. | the paper analyses the epidemic pattern of respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) outbreaks in children in croatia. over a period of 11 consecutive winter seasons (1994-2005) 3,435 inpatients from zagreb county aged from infancy to 10 years who were hospitalised with acute respiratory tract infections were tested for rsv-infection. rsv was identified in nasopharyngeal secretions of patients by virus isolation in cell culture and by detection of viral antigen with monoclonal antibodies. in the zagreb ... | 2008 | 18226194 |
understanding the mechanisms of viral induced asthma: new therapeutic directions. | asthma is a common and debilitating disease that has substantially increased in prevalence in western societies in the last 2 decades. respiratory tract infections by respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) and rhinovirus (rv) are widely implicated as common causes of the induction and exacerbation of asthma. these infections in early life are associated with the induction of wheeze that may progress to the development of asthma. infections may also promote airway inflammation and enhance t helper typ ... | 2008 | 18234348 |
do viruses cause inner ear disturbances? | the association of viral infection to inner ear disease is controversial. experiments on animals show that several viruses are capable of causing hearing loss, if applied into the perilymph. some of these have specific affinity to the cellular type of the inner ear, as sensory epithelia and cochlear nerve. some viruses as adenoviruses and coxsackie virus b have specific car receptors that are identified in different cell types, whereas other act by attaching onto nonspecific cellular surface rec ... | 2008 | 18235204 |
identification and classification of respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) strains by surface-enhanced raman spectroscopy and multivariate statistical techniques. | there is a critical need for a rapid and sensitive means of detecting viruses. recent reports from our laboratory have shown that surface-enhanced raman spectroscopy (sers) can meet these needs. in this study, sers was used to obtain the raman spectra of respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) strains a/long, b1, and a2. sers-active substrates composed of silver nanorods were fabricated using an oblique angle vapor deposition method. the sers spectra obtained for each virus were shown to possess a hig ... | 2008 | 18236030 |
comparison of nasopharyngeal flocked swabs and aspirates for rapid diagnosis of respiratory viruses in children. | the quality of clinical specimens is a crucial determinant for virological diagnosis. | 2008 | 18242124 |
evaluation of the safety, tolerability and pharmacokinetics of aln-rsv01, a novel rnai antiviral therapeutic directed against respiratory syncytial virus (rsv). | small interfering rnas (sirnas) work through rna interference (rnai), the natural rna inhibitory pathway, to down-regulate protein production by inhibiting targeted mrna in a sequence-specific manner. aln-rsv01 is an sirna directed against the mrna encoding the n-protein of respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) that exhibits specific in vitro and in vivo anti-rsv activity. the results of two safety and tolerability studies with aln-rsv01 involving 101 healthy adults (65 active, 36 placebo, single- a ... | 2008 | 18242722 |
il-13 is required for eosinophil entry into the lung during respiratory syncytial virus vaccine-enhanced disease. | respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) is the leading cause of lower respiratory tract disease in children. children previously vaccinated with a formalin-inactivated rsv vaccine experienced enhanced morbidity and mortality upon natural rsv infection. histological analysis revealed the presence of eosinophils in the pulmonary infiltrate of the vaccinated children. eosinophils are characteristic of th2 responses, and th2 cells are known to be necessary to induce pulmonary eosinophilia in rsv-infected ... | 2008 | 18250447 |
withdrawn: glucocorticoids for acute viral bronchiolitis in infants and young children. | systemic glucocorticoids have been widely prescribed for use in infants and young children with acute viral bronchiolitis but the actual benefit of this intervention requires clarification. | 2008 | 18254063 |
selection of a respiratory syncytial virus fusion inhibitor clinical candidate. 2. discovery of a morpholinopropylaminobenzimidazole derivative (tmc353121). | a preceding paper (bonfanti et al. j. med chem. 2007, 50, 4572-4584) reported the optimization of the pharmacokinetic profile of substituted benzimidazoles by reducing their tissue retention. however, the modifications that were necessary to achieve this goal also led to a significant drop in anti-rsv activity. this paper describes a molecular modeling study followed by a lead optimization program that led to the recovery of the initial potent antiviral activity and the selection of tmc353121 as ... | 2008 | 18254606 |
respifinder: a new multiparameter test to differentially identify fifteen respiratory viruses. | broad-spectrum analysis for pathogens in patients with respiratory tract infections is becoming more relevant as the number of potential infectious agents is still increasing. here we describe the new multiparameter respifinder assay, which is based on the multiplex ligation-dependent probe amplification (mlpa) technology. this assay detects 15 respiratory viruses in one reaction. the mlpa reaction is preceded by a preamplification step which ensures the detection of both rna and dna viruses wit ... | 2008 | 18256230 |
[unusual course of a guillain-barré syndrome in connection with an rs-virus infection in a 10 months old infant]. | guillain barré syndrome (gbs; synonyma: polyneuritis, polyradikulitis) is an acute, inflammatory, demyelinating disease of the peripheral nerve system. clinical hallmarks are symmetric muscle paralysis, areflexia and pronounced autonomic disturbances. respiratory failure and cardiovascular instability are the main reasons for intensive care support in patients with gbs. we present the process of illness of an 10 month old baby with gbs. the report discusses rsv as possible triggers. for children ... | 2008 | 18256980 |
expression of chemokine receptor cx3cr1 in infants with respiratory syncytial virus bronchiolitis. | respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) glycoprotein g mimics fractalkine, a cx(3)c chemokine, which mediates chemotaxis of leukocytes expressing its receptor, cx(3)cr1. the aim of this study was to examine the relationship between rsv infection and expression of perforin and ifn-gamma in cx(3)cr1-expressing peripheral blood cd8(+) t cells. samples were collected from infants with rsv bronchiolitis, both in the acute and convalescence phase (n = 12), and from their age- and sex-matched healthy control ... | 2008 | 18257903 |
ribavirin for respiratory syncytial virus bronchiolitis reduced the risk of asthma and allergen sensitization. | respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) bronchiolitis in early life is a risk factor for later development of asthma and atopy. ribavirin is the only effective drug currently available against acute rsv bronchiolitis. however, the long-term effects of ribavirin remain unclear. we investigated a cohort of children hospitalized with rsv bronchiolitis from when they were under 2 yr old until they reached a mean age of 6.2 yr. in total, we enrolled 175 children in this study. both the group treated with r ... | 2008 | 18257904 |
characterization of rous sarcoma virus polyadenylation site use in vitro. | polyadenylation of rous sarcoma virus (rsv) rna is inefficient, as approximately 15% of rsv rnas represent read-through transcripts that use a downstream cellular polyadenylation site (poly(a) site). read-through transcription has implications for the virus and the host since it is associated with oncogene capture and tumor induction. to explore the basis of inefficient rsv rna 3'-end formation, we characterized rsv polyadenylation in vitro using hela cell nuclear extracts and hek293 whole cell ... | 2008 | 18272196 |
the role of t cells in the enhancement of respiratory syncytial virus infection severity during adult reinfection of neonatally sensitized mice. | respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) is the major cause of infantile bronchiolitis and hospitalization. severe rsv disease is associated with the development of wheezing in later life. in a mouse model of the delayed effects of rsv, the age at primary infection determines responses to reinfection in adulthood. during primary rsv infection, neonatal balb/c mice developed only mild disease and recruited cd8 cells that were defective in gamma interferon production. secondary reinfection of neonatally ... | 2008 | 18272579 |
clinical evaluation of nuclisens magnetic extraction and nuclisens analyte-specific reagents for real-time detection of human metapneumovirus in pediatric respiratory specimens. | in this study, we evaluated the nuclisens minimag (mm) and easymag (em) nucleic acid extraction platforms (biomérieux, durham, nc) in combination with the nuclisens easyq basic kit and analyte-specific reagents (asrs) (biomérieux) for the detection of human metapneumovirus (hmpv) in respiratory samples. total nucleic acids from pediatric clinical samples (n = 653) and an hmpv-specific inhibition control (h-ic) were coextracted using the mm and/or the em. nucleic acid sequence-based amplification ... | 2008 | 18272716 |
recombinant simian varicella viruses expressing respiratory syncytial virus antigens are immunogenic. | recombinant simian varicella viruses (rsvvs) were engineered to express respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) antigens. the rsv surface glycoprotein g and second matrix protein m2 (22k) genes were cloned into the svv genome, and recombinant viruses were characterized in vitro and in vivo. rsvvs were also engineered to express the membrane-anchored or secreted forms of the rsv-g protein as well as an rsv g lacking its chemokine mimicry motif (cx3c), which may have different effects on priming the hos ... | 2008 | 18272766 |
prospective multicenter study of the viral etiology of bronchiolitis in the emergency department. | to determine the viral etiology of bronchiolitis and clinical characteristics of children age < 2 years presenting to the emergency department (ed) with bronchiolitis. | 2008 | 18275439 |
the role of neutralizing antibodies in protection of american indian infants against respiratory syncytial virus disease. | navajo and white mountain apache infants have respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) hospitalization rates 2-5 times that of the general u.s. infant population. to evaluate whether these high rates can be attributable to low concentrations of maternally derived rsv neutralizing antibodies, we conducted a case-control study. | 2008 | 18277934 |
asthma, lung function and sensitization in school children with a history of bronchiolitis. | the purpose of the present retrospective study was to investigate the association of school-age asthma with acute-bronchiolitis and examine the influence of potential risk factors. | 2008 | 18279205 |
serum interferon-gamma, interleukin-4, and interleukin-6 in infants with adenovirus and respiratory syncytial virus infection. | to characterize adenoviral (adv) infection, the clinical symptoms, laboratory findings and serum cytokine concentrations were evaluated in adv patients and compared with those in patients with respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) infections. | 2008 | 18279213 |
the cost of community-managed viral respiratory illnesses in a cohort of healthy preschool-aged children. | acute respiratory illnesses (aris) during childhood are often caused by respiratory viruses, result in significant morbidity, and have associated costs for families and society. despite their ubiquity, there is a lack of interdisciplinary epidemiologic and economic research that has collected primary impact data, particularly associated with indirect costs, from families during aris in children. | 2008 | 18215329 |
the fusion protein of respiratory syncytial virus triggers p53-dependent apoptosis. | infection with respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) frequently causes inflammation and obstruction of the small airways, leading to severe pulmonary disease in infants. we show here that the rsv fusion (f) protein, an integral membrane protein of the viral envelope, is a strong elicitor of apoptosis. inducible expression of f protein in polarized epithelial cells triggered caspase-dependent cell death, resulting in rigorous extrusion of apoptotic cells from the cell monolayer and transient loss of ... | 2008 | 18216092 |