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deep sequencing on genome-wide scale reveals the unique composition and expression patterns of micrornas in developing pollen of oryza sativa.pollen development in flowering plants requires strict control of the gene expression program and genetic information stability by mechanisms possibly including the mirna pathway. however, our understanding of the mirna pathway in pollen development remains limited, and the dynamic profile of mirnas in developing pollen is unknown.201121679406
determination of genetic relationships among elite thermosensitive genic male sterile lines (tgms) of rice (oryza sativa l.) employing morphological and simple sequence repeat (ssr) markers.a set of morphological traits and ssr markers were used to determine the genetic relationship among 12 elite thermosensitive genic male sterile (tgms) lines developed at three different research institutions of india. agro-morphological data recorded on 20 morphological traits revealed a wide base of genetic variation and a set of four morphological traits could distinguish most of the tgms lines. analysis with 30 ssr markers (20 est-ssrs and 10 genomic ssrs) revealed 27 markers to be polymorphi ...201121677384
regulatory interplay of the sub1a and cipk15 pathways in the regulation of α-amylase production in flooded rice plants.rice (oryza sativa l.) can successfully germinate and grow even when flooded. rice varieties possessing the submergence 1a (sub1a) gene display a distinct flooding-tolerant phenotype, associated with lower carbohydrate consumption and restriction of the fast-elongation phenotype typical of flooding-intolerant rice varieties. calcineurin b-like interacting protein kinase 15 (cipk15) was recently indicated as a key regulator of α-amylases under oxygen deprivation, linked to both rice germination a ...201121668602
heritable alteration in dna methylation induced by nitrogen-deficiency stress accompanies enhanced tolerance by progenies to the stress in rice (oryza sativa l.).cytosine methylation is responsive to various biotic- and abiotic-stresses, which may produce heritable epialleles. nitrogen (n)-deficiency is an abiotic stress being repeatedly experienced by plants. to address possible epigenetic consequences of n-deficiency-stress, we investigated the stability of cytosine methylation in rice (oryza sativa l.) subsequent to a chronic (a whole-generation) n-deficiency at two levels, moderate (20mg/l) and severe (10mg/l), under hydroponic culture. msap analysis ...201121665325
knockdown of midgut genes by dsrna-transgenic plant-mediated rna interference in the hemipteran insect nilaparvata lugens.rna interference (rnai) is a powerful technique for functional genomics research in insects. transgenic plants producing double-stranded rna (dsrna) directed against insect genes have been reported for lepidopteran and coleopteran insects, showing potential for field-level control of insect pests, but this has not been reported for other insect orders.201121655219
artificial selection for a green revolution gene during japonica rice domestication.the semidwarf phenotype has been extensively selected during modern crop breeding as an agronomically important trait. introduction of the semidwarf gene, semi-dwarf1 (sd1), which encodes a gibberellin biosynthesis enzyme, made significant contributions to the "green revolution" in rice (oryza sativa l.). here we report that sd1 was involved not only in modern breeding including the green revolution, but also in early steps of rice domestication. we identified two snps in o. sativa subspecies (s ...201121646530
isolation of thylakoid membrane complexes from rice by a new double-strips bn/sds-page and bioinformatics prediction of stromal ridge subunits interaction.thylakoid membrane complexes of rice (oryza sativa l.) play crucial roles in growth and crop production. understanding of protein interactions within the complex would provide new insights into photosynthesis. here, a new "double-strips bn/sds-page" method was employed to separate thylakoid membrane complexes in order to increase the protein abundance on 2d-gels and to facilitate the identification of hydrophobic transmembrane proteins. a total of 58 protein spots could be observed and subunit c ...201121637806
phosphate solubilizers enhance npk fertilizer use efficiency in rice and legume cultivation.it has been reported that phosphate solubilizing bacteria (psb) are the most promising bacteria among the plant growth promoting rhizobacteria (pgpr); which may be used as biofertilizers for plant growth and nutrient use efficiency. moreover, these soil micro-organisms play a significant role in regulating the dynamics of organic matter decomposition and the availability of plant nutrients such as nitrogen (n), phosphorus (p), potassium (k) and other nutrients. through this study, the management ...201122558541
genotypic variation and relationships between quality traits and trace elements in traditional and improved rice (oryza sativa l.) genotypes.in this study, we assessed the extent of genotypic differences among rice genotypes for grain size, milling quality, cooking properties, protein, and the mineral contents of fe, zn, mn, and cu in unpolished rice varieties. further, relationship among grain quality traits and mineral contents was determined. the results showed that the visible difference could be found in the mineral contents among rice genotypes studied. the contents of fe and zn in traditional genotypes were significantly highe ...201122417360
mapping and analysis of the line and sine type of repetitive elements in rice.non-ltr retrotransposons comprise significant portion of the plants genome. their complete characterization is thus necessary if the sequenced genome is to be annotated correctly. the long and short interspersed nucleotide repetitive elements (line and sine) may be responsible for alteration in the expression mechanism of neighboring genes, the complete identification of these elements in the rice genome is essential in order studying their putative functional interactions with the plant genes a ...201122355220
optimizing tillage schedule for maintaining activity of the arbuscular mycorrhizal fungal population in a rainfed upland rice (oryza sativa l.) agro-ecosystem.rainfed uplands in india are predominantly mono-cropped with rice (oryza sativa l.) in the wet season (june/july to september/october) and grown under aerobic soil conditions. the remaining fallow period (winter followed by summer) of about 8-9 months leads to natural crash in the population of native arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (amf) in the soil. attempts have been made to minimize this population crash by reducing soil disturbance-induced deleterious effects on native amf activity of improper ...201120544229
silicon alleviates drought stress of rice plants by improving plant water status, photosynthesis and mineral nutrient absorption.drought is a major constraint for rice production in the rainfed lowlands in china. silicon (si) has been verified to play an important role in enhancing plant resistance to environmental stress. two near-isogenic lines of rice (oryza sativa l.), w-14 (drought susceptible) and w-20 (drought resistant), were selected to study the effects of exogenous si application on the physiological traits and nutritional status of rice under drought stress. in wet conditions, si supply had no effects on growt ...201120532668
a core collection and mini core collection of oryza sativa l. in china.the extent of and accessibility to genetic variation in a large germplasm collection are of interest to biologists and breeders. construction of core collections (cc) is a favored approach to efficient exploration and conservation of novel variation in genetic resources. using 4,310 chinese accessions of oryza sativa l. and 36 ssr markers, we investigated the genetic variation in different sized sub-populations, the factors that affect cc size and different sampling strategies in establishing cc ...201120717799
genetic analysis of starch paste viscosity parameters in glutinous rice (oryza sativa l.).starch paste viscosity plays an important role in estimating the cooking, eating, and processing quality of rice. the inheritance of starch paste viscosity in glutinous rice remains undefined. in the present study, 118 glutinous rice accessions were collected, and the genotypes of 17 starch synthesis-related genes (ssrg) were analyzed by using 43 gene-specific molecular markers. association analysis indicated that 10 of 17 ssrgs were involved in controlling the rapid visco analyzer (rva) profile ...201120737264
molecular evolution of the endosperm starch synthesis pathway genes in rice (oryza sativa l.) and its wild ancestor, o. rufipogon l.the evolution of metabolic pathways is a fundamental but poorly understood aspect of evolutionary change. one approach for understanding the complexity of pathway evolution is to examine the molecular evolution of genes that together comprise an integrated metabolic pathway. the rice endosperm starch biosynthetic pathway is one of the most thoroughly characterized metabolic pathways in plants, and starch is a trait that has evolved in response to strong selection during rice domestication. in th ...201120829346
spatial distribution of arsenic and temporal variation of its concentration in rice.• in order to gain insights into the transport and distribution of arsenic (as) in intact rice (oryza sativa) plants and its unloading into the rice grain, we investigated the spatial distribution of as and the temporal variation of as concentration in whole rice plants at different growth stages. to the best of our knowledge, this is the first time that such a study has been performed. • inductively coupled plasma mass spectroscopy (icp-ms) and high-performance liquid chromatography (hplc)-icp- ...201120840510
arsenite treatment induces oxidative stress, upregulates antioxidant system, and causes phytochelatin synthesis in rice seedlings.the effects of arsenite treatment on generation of reactive oxygen species, induction of oxidative stress, response of antioxidative system, and synthesis of phytochelatins were investigated in two indica rice (oryza sativa l.) cvs. malviya-36 and pant-12 grown in sand cultures for a period of 5-20 days. arsenite (as(2)o(3); 25 and 50 μm) treatment resulted in increased formation of superoxide anion (o (2) (.-) ), elevated levels of h(2)o(2) and thiobarbituric acid reactive substances, showing e ...201120857150
mapping qtl main and interaction influences on milling quality in elite us rice germplasm.rice (oryza sativa l.) head-rice yield (hr) is a key export and domestic quality trait whose genetic control is poorly understood. with the goal of identifying genomic regions influencing hr, quantitative-trait-locus (qtl) mapping was carried out for quality-related traits in recombinant inbred lines (rils) derived from crosses of common parent cypress, a high-hr us japonica cultivar, with rt0034, a low-hr indica line (129 rils) and lagrue, a low-hr japonica cultivar (298 rils), grown in two us ...201120857082
spatial and seasonal distribution of nitrate-n in groundwater beneath the rice-wheat cropping system of india: a geospatial analysis.increased use of nitrogenous fertilizers in the intensively cultivated rice (oryza sativa)-wheat (triticum aestivum) cropping system (covers a 13.5-ha m area in south asia) has led to the concentration of nitrates (no(3)-n) in the groundwater (gw) in haryana state of india. six districts from the freshwater zone were selected to identify factors affecting no(3)-n enrichment in gw. water and soil samples were collected from 1,580 locations and analyzed for their chemical properties. about 3% (26, ...201120865320
high-affinity nitrate uptake by rice (oryza sativa) coleoptiles.nitrate uptake by rice coleoptiles was evaluated using ¹⁵n-nitrate in relation to the expression of high-affinity nitrate uptake-related genes, osnrt2s (osnrt2.1-2.4) and osnar2s (osnar2.1 and 2.2). apparent nitrate uptake by coleoptiles was about one-sixth of that by hydroponically cultured seedling roots. real-time rt-pcr analysis revealed that osnrt2.1, a root-specific key gene of inducible high-affinity transport system for nitrate, was most strongly induced in coleoptiles following nitrate ...201120862512
reversible and irreversible drought-induced changes in the anther proteome of rice (oryza sativa l.) genotypes ir64 and moroberekan.crop yield is most sensitive to water deficit during the reproductive stage. for rice, the most sensitive yield component is spikelet fertility and the most sensitive stage is immediately before heading. here, we examined the effect of drought on the anther proteome of two rice genotypes: moroberekan and ir64. water was withheld for 3 d before heading (3dbh) in well watered controls for 5 d until the flag leaf relative water content (rwc) had declined to 45-50%. plants were then re-watered and h ...201120643753
complete loss of photoperiodic response in the rice mutant line x61 is caused by deficiency of phytochrome chromophore biosynthesis gene.in rice (oryza sativa), a short-day plant, photoperiod is the most favorable external signal for floral induction because of the constant seasonal change throughout the years. compared with arabidopsis, however, a large part of the regulation mechanism of the photoperiodic response in rice still remains unclear due mainly to the lack of induced mutant genes. an induced mutant line x61 flowers 35 days earlier than its original variety gimbozu under a natural photoperiod in kyoto (35°01'n). we att ...201120700573
modulation of transcription factor and metabolic pathway genes in response to water-deficit stress in rice.water-deficit stress is detrimental for rice growth, development, and yield. transcriptome analysis of 1-week-old rice (oryza sativa l. var. ir64) seedling under water-deficit stress condition using affymetrix 57 k genechip® has revealed 1,563 and 1,746 genes to be up- and downregulated, respectively. in an effort to amalgamate data across laboratories, we identified 5,611 differentially expressing genes under varying extrinsic water-deficit stress conditions in six vegetative and one reproducti ...201120821243
a mutation of osotp 51 leads to impairment of photosystem i complex assembly and serious photo-damage in rice.gene expression in chloroplasts is regulated by many nuclear-encoded proteins. in this study, we isolated a rice (oryza sativa subsp. japonica) mutant osotp51 with significant reduction in photosystem i (psi). the osotp51 is extremely sensitive to light and accumulates a higher level of reactive oxygen species. its leaves are almost albino when grown at 40 μmol photons/m(2) per s. however, grown at 4 μmol photons/m(2) per s, osotp51 has a similar phenotype to the wild-type. 77k chlorophyll fluor ...201222353560
a high-efficiency agrobacterium-mediated transformation system of rice (oryza sativa l.).agrobacterium-mediated transformation of rice has been routinely performed according to the protocol reported by hiei et al. (plant j. 6:271-282, 1994). however, several elite japonica and many indica varieties cannot be efficiently transformed by agrobacterium system. also a large number of transformants are required to generate t-dna insertion and fox libraries as well as gene-targeting studies. to overcome these challenges, we established a high-efficiency transformation system in rice by coc ...201222350998
dynamic analysis of qtls on tiller number in rice (oryza sativa l.) with single segment substitution lines.twelve single segment substitution lines (sssls) in rice, which contain quantitative trait loci (qtls) for tiller number detected previously, were used to study dynamic expression of the qtls in this study. these sssls and their recipient, hua-jing-xian 74 (hjx74), were used to produce 78 crossing combinations first, and then these combinations and their parents were grown in two planting seasons with three cropping densities. tiller number was measured at seven developmental stages. qtl effects ...201222350178
the statistical power of inclusive composite interval mapping in detecting digenic epistasis showing common f2 segregation ratios.epistasis is a commonly observed genetic phenomenon and an important source of variation of complex traits, which could maintain additive variance and therefore assure the long-term genetic gain in breeding. inclusive composite interval mapping (icim) is able to identify epistatic quantitative trait loci (qtls) no matter whether the two interacting qtls have any additive effects. in this article, we conducted a simulation study to evaluate detection power and false discovery rate (fdr) of icim e ...201222348947
transcriptomic analysis of rice (oryza sativa) developing embryos using the rna-seq technique.rice (oryza sativa) is an excellent model monocot with a known genome sequence for studying embryogenesis. here we report the transcriptome profiling analysis of rice developing embryos using rna-seq as an attempt to gain insight into the molecular and cellular events associated with rice embryogenesis. rna-seq analysis generated 17,755,890 sequence reads aligned with 27,190 genes, which provided abundant data for the analysis of rice embryogenesis. a total of 23,971, 23,732, and 23,592 genes we ...201222347394
do radial oxygen loss and external aeration affect iron plaque formation and arsenic accumulation and speciation in rice?hydroponic experiments were conducted to investigate the effect of radial oxygen loss (rol) and external aeration on iron (fe) plaque formation, and arsenic (as) accumulation and speciation in rice (oryza sativa l.). the data showed that there were significant correlations between rol and fe concentrations in fe plaque produced on different genotypes of rice. there were also significant differences in the amounts of fe plaque formed between different genotypes in different positions of roots and ...201222345639
rolling-leaf14 is a 2og-fe (ii) oxygenase family protein that modulates rice leaf rolling by affecting secondary cell wall formation in leaves.as an important agronomic trait, leaf rolling in rice (oryza sativa l.) has attracted much attention from plant biologists and breeders. moderate leaf rolling increases the amount of photosynthesis in cultivars and hence raises grain yield. here, we describe the map-based cloning of the gene rl14, which was found to encode a 2og-fe (ii) oxygenase of unknown function. rl14 mutant plants had incurved leaves because of the shrinkage of bulliform cells on the adaxial side. in addition, rl14 mutant p ...201222329407
sequence composition and gene content of the short arm of rye (secale cereale) chromosome 1.the purpose of the study is to elucidate the sequence composition of the short arm of rye chromosome 1 (secale cereale) with special focus on its gene content, because this portion of the rye genome is an integrated part of several hundreds of bread wheat varieties worldwide.201222328922
proteomic and phosphoproteomic determination of aba's effects on grain-filling of oryza sativa l. inferior spikelets.cultivars of rice (oryza sativa l.), especially the large-spikelet-type, often fail to achieve the high yield potential due to poor grain-filling of their inferior (late-flowering) spikelets. the superior (early-flowering) spikelets normally contain more abscisic acid (aba) than the inferior spikelets. it was speculated that aba might play a pivotal role in the grain-filling of inferior spikelets. to understand the molecular regulation involved in this process, we employed the 2-d gel-based comp ...201222325889
rubisco activity is associated with photosynthetic thermotolerance in a wild rice (oryza meridionalis).oryza meridionalis is a wild species of rice, endemic to tropical australia. it shares a significant genome homology with the common domesticated rice oryza sativa. exploiting the fact that the two species are highly related but o. meridionalis has superior heat tolerance, experiments were undertaken to identify the impact of temperature on key events in photosynthesis. at an ambient co(2) partial pressure of 38 pa and irradiance of 1500 µmol quanta m(-2) s(-1), the temperature optimum of photos ...201222324885
potential health risk of total arsenic from consumption of farm rice (oryza sativa) from the southern caspian sea littoral and from imported rice in iran.in this study, arsenic (as) was measured in several varieties of imported and local cultivated rice. soil samples collected from rice farms situated in south caspian sea (iran) were also studied. the mean concentration of as in imported rice, local farmed rice and soil, were determined as 0.28, 0.39 and 3.80 μg g(-1) dry weight, respectively. estimated daily intake of as through human consumption of imported and local produced rice was 0.77 and 1.074 μg day(-1) kg(-1) b.w., respectively. these v ...201222323045
rice lgd1 containing rna binding activity affects growth and development through alternative promoters.tiller initiation and panicle development are important agronomical traits for grain production in oryza sativa l. (rice), but their regulatory mechanisms are not yet fully understood. in this study, t-dna mutant and rnai transgenic approaches were used to functionally characterize a unique rice gene, lagging growth and development 1 (lgd1). the lgd1 mutant showed slow growth, reduced tiller number and plant height, altered panicle architecture and reduced grain yield. the fewer unelongated inte ...201222409537
the mads29 transcription factor regulates the degradation of the nucellus and the nucellar projection during rice seed development.the mads box transcription factors are critical regulators of rice (oryza sativa) reproductive development. here, we here report the functional characterization of a rice mads box family member, mads29, which is preferentially expressed in the nucellus and the nucellar projection. suppressed expression of mads29 resulted in abnormal seed development; the seeds were shrunken, displayed a low grain-filling rate and suppressed starch biosynthesis, and contained abnormal starch granules. detailed an ...201222408076
genetic control of seed shattering in rice by the apetala2 transcription factor shattering abortion1.seed shattering is an important agricultural trait in crop domestication. sh4 (for grain shattering quantitative trait locus on chromosome 4) and qsh1 (for quantitative trait locus of seed shattering on chromosome 1) genes have been identified as required for reduced seed shattering during rice (oryza sativa) domestication. however, the regulatory pathways of seed shattering in rice remain unknown. here, we identified a seed shattering abortion1 (shat1) mutant in a wild rice introgression line. ...201222408071
the effects of cerium on the growth and some antioxidant metabolisms in rice seedlings.the aims of the present study are to investigate the effects of ce(3+) on the growth and some antioxidant metabolisms in rice seedlings (oryza sativa l. cv shengdao 16).201222407417
natural variation in hd17, a homolog of arabidopsis elf3 that is involved in rice photoperiodic flowering.flowering time of rice depends strongly on photoperiodic responses. we previously identified a quantitative trait locus, heading date 17 (hd17), that is associated with a difference in flowering time between japanese rice (oryza sativa l.) cultivars. here, we show that the difference may result from a single nucleotide polymorphism within a putative gene that encodes a homolog of the arabidopsis early flowering 3 protein, which plays important roles in maintaining circadian rhythms. our results ...201222399582
phytotoxicity of arsenate and salinity on early seedling growth of rice (oryza sativa l.): a threat to sustainable rice cultivation in south and south-east asia.arsenic (as) contamination is an important environmental consequence in some parts of salinity-affected south (s) and south-east (se) asia. in this study, we investigated the individual and combined phytotoxicity of arsenic (as) [arsenate; as(v)] and salinity (nacl) on early seedling growth (esg) of saline-tolerant and non-tolerant rice varieties. germination percentage (gp), germination speed (gs) and vigor index (vi) of both saline-tolerant and non-tolerant rice varieties decreased significant ...201222395199
two novel positive cis-regulatory elements involved in green tissue-specific promoter activity in rice (oryza sativa l ssp.).in plant genetic engineering, using tissue-specific promoters to control the expression of target gene is an effective way to avoid potential negative effects of using constitutive promoter, such as metabolic burden and so on. however, until now, there are few tissue-specific promoters with strong and reliable expression that could be used in crop biotechnology application. in this study, based on microarray and rt-pcr data, we identified a rice green tissue-specific expression gene dx1 (loc_os1 ...201222388917
[characteristics and molecular mapping of a novel chlorophyll-deficient yellow-leaf mutant in rice].a yellow-leaf mutant (yl11) with chlorophyll-deficient in rice (oryza sativa l.) was selected from the progeny of a japonica rice variety "jiahua 1" treated with 60co γ-radiation. in comparison with the wild-type parent, "jiahua 1", the mutant had yellow-leaves at whole growth stages and displayed significantly decreased in chlorophyll content and net photosynthetic rate. underdeveloped chloroplast and alterations of the major agronomic traits, such as plant-heights, were also observed in the mu ...201222382064
overcoming the difficulties in collecting apoplastic fluid from rice leaves by the infiltration-centrifugation method.physiological and biochemical studies on the leaf apoplast have been facilitated by the use of the infiltration-centrifugation technique to collect intercellular washing fluid (iwf). however, this technique has been difficult to implement in rice (oryza sativa l.) for various reasons. we compared the collection efficiency of leaf iwf between two types of rice varieties (indica and japonica), as well as between rice and other species (spinach, snap bean and wheat). although the extraction of iwf ...201222813544
cytokinin activity of cis-zeatin and phenotypic alterations induced by overexpression of putative cis-zeatin-o-glucosyltransferase in rice.cis-zeatin (cz) is generally regarded as a cytokinin with little or no activity, compared with the highly active trans-zeatin (tz). although recent studies suggested possible roles for cz, its physiological significance remains unclear. in our studies with rice (oryza sativa), cz inhibited seminal root elongation and up-regulated cytokinin-inducible genes, and its activities were comparable to those of tz. tracer experiments showed that exogenously supplied cz-riboside was mainly converted into ...201222811434
availability of rubisco small subunit up-regulates the transcript levels of large subunit for stoichiometric assembly of its holoenzyme in rice.rubisco is composed of eight small subunits coded for by the nuclear rbcs multigene family and eight large subunits coded for by the rbcl gene in the plastome. for synthesis of the rubisco holoenzyme, both genes need to be expressed coordinately. to investigate this molecular mechanism, the protein synthesis of two subunits of rubisco was characterized in transgenic rice (oryza sativa) plants with overexpression or antisense suppression of the rbcs gene. total rbcs and rbcl messenger rna (mrna) ...201222811433
a two-staged model of na+ exclusion in rice explained by 3d modeling of hkt transporters and alternative splicing.the hkt family of na(+) and na(+)/k(+) transporters is implicated in plant salinity tolerance. amongst these transporters, the cereal hkt1;4 and hkt1;5 are responsible for na(+) exclusion from photosynthetic tissues, a key mechanism for plant salinity tolerance. it has been suggested that na(+) is retrieved from the xylem transpiration stream either in the root or the leaf sheath, protecting the leaf blades from excessive na(+) accumulation. however, direct evidence for this scenario is scarce. ...201222808069
ap2/erf transcription factor in rice: genome-wide canvas and syntenic relationships between monocots and eudicots.the transcription factor family intimately regulates gene expression in response to hormones, biotic and abiotic factors, symbiotic interactions, cell differentiation, and stress signalling pathways in plants. in this study, 170 ap2/erf family genes are identified by phylogenetic analysis of the rice genome (oryza sativa l. japonica) and they are divided into a total of 11 groups, including four major groups (ap2, erf, dreb, and rav), 10 subgroups, and two soloists. gene structure analysis revea ...201222807623
overexpression of ospap10a, a root-associated acid phosphatase, increased extracellular organic phosphorus utilization in rice.phosphorus (p) deficiency is a major limitation for plant growth and development. among the wide set of responses to cope with low soil p, plants increase their level of intracellular and secreted acid phosphatases (apases), which helps to catalyze inorganic phosphate (pi) hydrolysis from organo-phosphates. in this study we characterized the rice (oryza sativa) purple acid phosphatase 10a (ospap10a). ospap10a belongs to group ia of purple acid phosphatases (paps), and clusters with the principal ...201222805094
a transgenic system for generation of transposon ac/ds-induced chromosome rearrangements in rice.the maize activator (ac)/dissociation (ds) transposable element system has been used in a variety of plants for insertional mutagenesis. ac/ds elements can also generate genome rearrangements via alternative transposition reactions which involve the termini of closely linked transposons. here, we introduced a transgene containing reverse-oriented ac/ds termini together with an ac transposase gene into rice (oryza sativa ssp. japonica cv. nipponbare). among the transgenic progeny, we identified a ...201222798058
root attributes affecting water uptake of rice (oryza sativa) under drought.lowland rice roots have a unique physiological response to drought because of their adaptation to flooded soil. rice root attributes that facilitate growth under flooded conditions may affect rice response to drought, but the relative roles of root structural and functional characteristics for water uptake under drought in rice are not known. morphological, anatomical, biochemical, and molecular attributes of soil-grown rice roots were measured to investigate the genotypic variability and genoty ...201222791828
the role of irrigation techniques in arsenic bioaccumulation in rice (oryza sativa l.).the bioaccumulation of arsenic compounds in rice is of great concern worldwide because rice is the staple food for billions of people and arsenic is one of the most toxic and carcinogenic elements at even trace amounts. the uptake of arsenic compounds in rice comes mainly from its interaction with system soil/water in the reducing conditions typical of paddy fields and is influenced by the irrigation used. we demonstrate that the use of sprinkler irrigation produces rice kernels with a concentra ...201222765219
simultaneous determination of phenolic acids and flavonoids in rice using solid-phase extraction and rp-hplc with photodiode array detection.an analytical method based on an optimized solid-phase extraction procedure and followed by high-performance liquid chromatography (hplc) separation with diode array detection was developed and validated for the simultaneous determination of phenolic acids (gallic, protocatechuic, 4-hydroxy-benzoic, vanillic, caffeic, syringic, p-coumaric, ferulic, sinapic, and cinnamic acids), flavanols (catechin and epicatechin), flavonols (myricetin, quercetin, kaempferol, quercetin-3-o-glucoside, hyperoside, ...201222761138
suppression of α-amylase genes improves quality of rice grain ripened under high temperature.high temperature impairs rice (oryza sativa) grain filling by inhibiting the deposition of storage materials such as starch, resulting in mature grains with a chalky appearance, currently a major problem for rice farming in asian countries. such deterioration of grain quality is accompanied by the altered expression of starch metabolism-related genes. here we report the involvement of a starch-hydrolyzing enzyme, α-amylase, in high temperature-triggered grain chalkiness. in developing seeds, hig ...201222967050
increased polyamine biosynthesis enhances stress tolerance by preventing the accumulation of reactive oxygen species: t-dna mutational analysis of oryza sativa lysine decarboxylase-like protein 1.a highly oxidative stress-tolerant japonica rice line was isolated by t-dna insertion mutation followed by screening in the presence of 50 mm h(2)o(2). the t-dna insertion was mapped to locus os09g0547500, the gene product of which was annotated as lysine decarboxylase-like protein (genbank accession no. ak062595). we termed this gene osldc-like 1, for oryza sativa lysine decarboxylase-like 1. the insertion site was in the second exon and resulted in a 27 amino acid n-terminal deletion. despite ...201222965749
the rice rad51c gene is required for the meiosis of both female and male gametocytes and the dna repair of somatic cells.the reca/rad51 family of rice (oryza sativa) consists of at least 13 members. however, the functions of most of these members are unknown. here the functional characterization of one member of this family, rad51c, is reported. knockout (ko) of rad51c resulted in both female and male sterility in rice. transferring rad51c to the rad51c-ko line restored fertility. cytological analyses showed that the sterility of rad51c-ko plants was associated with abnormal early meiotic processes in both megaspo ...201222859673
genome-wide identification, evolutionary and expression analyses of putative fe-s biogenesis genes in rice (oryza sativa).iron-sulfur (fe-s) proteins are ubiquitous in nature and carry fe-s clusters (iscs) as prosthetic groups that are essential in maintaining basic biological processes such as photosynthesis, respiration, nitrogen fixation, and dna repair. in the present investigation, a comprehensive genome-wide analysis was carried out to find all the genes involved in the formation of iscs in rice ( oryza sativa l.) through a systematic est and genomic dna sequence data mining. this analysis profiled 44 rice is ...201222856514
rice heterotrimeric g-protein gamma subunits (rgg1 and rgg2) are differentially regulated under abiotic stress.heterotrimeric g-proteins (α, β and γ subunits) are primarily involved in diverse signaling processes by transducing signals from an activated transmembrane g-protein coupled receptor (gpcr) to appropriate downstream effectors within cells. the role of α and β g-protein subunits in salinity and heat stress has been reported but the regulation of γ subunit of plant g-proteins in response to abiotic stress has not heretofore been described. in the present study we report the isolation of full-leng ...201222751322
a shrunken-2 transgene increases maize yield by acting in maternal tissues to increase the frequency of seed development.the maize (zea mays) shrunken-2 (sh2) gene encodes the large subunit of the rate-limiting starch biosynthetic enzyme, adp-glucose pyrophosphorylase. expression of a transgenic form of the enzyme with enhanced heat stability and reduced phosphate inhibition increased maize yield up to 64%. the extent of the yield increase is dependent on temperatures during the first 4 d post pollination, and yield is increased if average daily high temperatures exceed 33 °c. as found in wheat (triticum aestivum) ...201222751213
screening for phosphate solubilizing bacteria inhabiting the rhizoplane of rice grown in acidic soil in bangladesh.the objectives of the research were to isolate phosphate solubilizing bacteria (psb) from the rhizoplane of rice (oryza sativa l.) cv. brridhan 29 cultivated in acidic soils of tangail in bangladesh and evaluate their performances in phosphate solubilization in both in vitro and in vivo conditions. a total of 10 bacterial strains were isolated and purified by repeated streak culture on nutrient agar medium. upon screening, five isolates (os01, os03, os07, os08 and os10) showed varying levels of ...201222750780
can heterotrimeric g proteins help to feed the world?recently, two important yield quantitative trait loci (qtls), gs3 and dep1, have been cloned in rice (oryza sativa). although their relationship has not been established in the 'rice literature', a recent report identified them as heterotrimeric g protein γ subunits. this identification has profound consequences for our current understanding of both qtls and the plant g protein signaling network and this opinion article discusses how manipulation of g protein signaling may lead to yield improvem ...201222748359
chemical composition, nutritional and toxicological evaluation of rice (oryza sativa) grown in fly ash amended soils.the purpose of the present study was to evaluate nutritional and toxicological aspects of rice grown in fly ash amended soils. rice was grown on soils with fly ash (200 t ha(-1) ) and without fly ash at two different geographical locations of india.201222549902
characterization of an abc1 kinase family gene osabc1-2 conferring enhanced tolerance to dark-induced stress in rice.leaf senescence is a complex and highly organized process resulting in numerous changes of gene expression and metabolic procedures. however, the exact mechanisms underlying these changes are not well understood. in this study, we reported a rice (oryza sativa) t-dna insertion mutant impaired in an abc1 kinase family gene with a dwarf and pale-green phenotype. the mutant showed reduced pigment content and photosynthetic efficiency and increased superoxide dismutase activity in leaves. the mutate ...201222548231
molecular evaluation of genetic diversity and association studies in rice (oryza sativa l.).in the present study, we tested rice genotypes that included un(der)exploited landraces of tamil nadu along with indica and japonica test cultivars to ascertain their genetic diversity structure. highly polymorphic microsatellite markers were used for generating marker segregation data. a novel measure, allele discrimination index, was used to determine subpopulation differentiation power of each marker. phenotypic data were collected for yield and component traits. pattern of molecular differen ...201222546822
differential regulation of aquaporins, small gtpases and v-atpases proteins in rice leaves subjected to drought stress and recovery.mechanisms of drought tolerance are complex, interacting, and polygenic. this paper describes patterns of gene expression at precise physiological stages of drought in 35-day-old seedlings of oryza sativa cv. nipponbare. drought was imposed gradually for up to 15 days, causing abscisic acid levels to rise and growth to cease, and plants were then re-watered. proteins were identified from leaf samples after moderate drought, extreme drought, and 3 and 6 days of re-watering. label-free quantitativ ...201222539437
comparative transcriptome analysis of transporters, phytohormone and lipid metabolism pathways in response to arsenic stress in rice (oryza sativa).• arsenic (as) contamination of rice (oryza sativa) is a worldwide concern and elucidating the molecular mechanisms of as accumulation in rice may provide promising solutions to the problem. previous studies using microarray techniques to investigate transcriptional regulation of plant responses to as stress have identified numerous differentially expressed genes. however, little is known about the metabolic and regulatory network remodelings, or their interactions with microrna (mirna) in plant ...201222537016
dissecting substrate specificity of two rice badh isoforms: enzyme kinetics, docking and molecular dynamics simulation studies.fragrance rice (oryza sativa) contains two isoforms of badh, named osbadh1 and osbadh2. osbadh1 is implicated in acetaldehyde oxidation in rice plant peroxisomes, while the non-functional osbadh2 is believed to be involved in the accumulation of 2-acetyl-1-pyrroline, the major compound of aroma in fragrance rice. in the present study, site-directed mutagenesis, molecular docking and molecular dynamics simulation studies were used to investigate the substrate specificity towards bet-ald and gab-a ...201222534193
reactive oxygen species production and activation mechanism of the rice nadph oxidase osrbohb.reactive oxygen species (ros) produced by plant nadph oxidases (noxes) are important in plant innate immunity. the oryza sativa respiratory burst oxidase homologue b (osrbohb) gene encodes a nox the regulatory mechanisms of which are largely unknown. here, we used a heterologous expression system to demonstrate that osrbohb shows ros-producing activity. treatment with ionomycin, a ca(2+) ionophore, and calyculin a, a protein phosphatase inhibitor, activated ros-producing activity; it was thus os ...201222528669
effect of silicon deficiency on secondary cell wall synthesis in rice leaf.rice (oryza sativa l.) is a typical si-accumulating plant and is able to accumulate si up to >10 % of shoot dry weight. the cell wall has been reported to become thicker under si-deficient condition. to clarify the relationship between si accumulation and cell wall components, the physical properties of, and macromolecular components and si content in, the pectic, hemicellulosic, and cellulosic fractions prepared from rice seedlings grown in hydroponics with or without 1.5 mm silicic acid were a ...201222527842
interaction between temperature and photoperiod in regulation of flowering time in rice.photoperiod and temperature are two pivotal regulatory factors of plant flowering. the floral transition of plants depends on accurate measurement of changes in photoperiod and temperature. the flowering time of rice (oryza sativa) as a facultative short-day (sd) plant is delayed under long-day (ld) and/or low temperature conditions. to elucidate the regulatory functions of photoperiod and temperature on flowering time in rice, we systematically analyzed the expression and regulation of several ...201222527521
root metabolic response of rice (oryza sativa l.) genotypes with contrasting tolerance to zinc deficiency and bicarbonate excess.plants are routinely subjected to multiple environmental stresses that constrain growth. zinc (zn) deficiency and high bicarbonate are two examples that co-occur in many soils used for rice production. here, the utility of metabolomics in diagnosing the effect of each stress alone and in combination on rice root function is demonstrated, with potential stress tolerance indicators identified through the use of contrasting genotypes. responses to the dual stress of combined zn deficiency and bicar ...201222526504
comprehensive gene expression analysis of the nac gene family under normal growth conditions, hormone treatment, and drought stress conditions in rice using near-isogenic lines (nils) generated from crossing aday selection (drought tolerant) and ir64.the nac (nam, ataf1/2 and cuc2) genes are plant-specific transcriptional factors known to play diverse roles in various plant developmental processes. we describe the rice (oryza sativa) osnac genes expression profiles (geps) under normal and water-deficit treatments (wdts). the geps of the osnac genes were analyzed in 25 tissues covering the entire life cycle of minghui 63. high expression levels of 17 genes were demonstrated in certain tissues under normal conditions suggesting that these gene ...201222526427
rice mapk phosphatase ibr5 negatively regulates drought stress tolerance in transgenic nicotiana tabacum.the mitogen-activated protein kinase (mapk) phosphatases (mkps) are important negative regulators in the mapk signaling pathways, which play crucial roles in plant growth, regulation of development and response to environment stresses. several mapks have been reported to be involved in the drought stress response, however, there is no evidence for the specific function of mkps in drought stress. here, a putative mkp in rice (oryza sativa), osibr5, was characterized. expression of osibr5 was indu ...201222525239
environment and genotype controls on mercury accumulation in rice (oryza sativa l.) cultivated along a contamination gradient in guizhou, china.accumulation of total hg (thg) and methylmercury (mehg) was investigated among 50 indica rice varieties cultivated in 3 sites in guizhou, china, classified as highly-contaminated, moderately-contaminated, and background sites. concentrations of soil and pore water (depth: 0-2 cm) thg and mehg were poor predictors of thg and mehg concentrations in polished white rice and bran, with significantly higher accumulation in the moderately-contaminated site compared to the other 2 sites (anova, p<0.0001 ...201222513403
combined transcriptomic and physiological approaches reveal strong differences between short- and long-term response of rice (oryza sativa) to iron toxicity.ferrous iron toxicity is a mineral disorder frequently occurring under waterlogged soils where rice is cultivated. to decipher the main metabolic pathways involved in rice response to iron excess, seedlings have been exposed to 125 mg l(-1) feso(4) for 3 weeks. a combined transcriptomic, biochemical and physiological study has been performed after short-term (3 d) or long-term (3 weeks) exposure to iron in order to elucidate the strategy of stress adaptation with time. our results showed that sh ...201222506799
molecular dissection of atrazine-responsive transcriptome and gene networks in rice by high-throughput sequencing.the residue of atrazine (a herbicide) has become hazards in environments due to its intensive use. however, its molecular toxicity to on plants and human beings is not fully understood. in this study, we performed high-throughput sequencing of atrazine-exposed rice (oryza sativa) to analyze global expression and complexity of genes in the crop. four libraries were constructed from shoots and roots with or without atrazine exposure. we sequenced 5,751,861, 5,790,013, 5,375,999 and 6,039,618 clean ...201222503142
grain accumulation of selenium species in rice (oryza sativa l.).efficient se biofortification programs require a thorough understanding of the accumulation and distribution of se species within the rice grain. therefore, the translocation of se species to the filling grain and their spatial unloading were investigated. se species were supplied via cut flag leaves of intact plants and excised panicle stems subjected to a ± stem-girdling treatment during grain fill. total se concentrations in the flag leaves and grain were quantified by inductively coupled pla ...201222502742
demonstration of osmotically dependent promotion of aerenchyma formation at different levels in the primary roots of rice using a 'sandwich' method and x-ray computed tomography.the effect of environmental factors on the regulation of aerenchyma formation in rice roots has been discussed for a long time, because aerenchyma is constitutively formed under aerated conditions. to elucidate this problem, a unique method has been developed that enables sensitive detection of differences in the development of aerenchyma under two different environmental conditions. the method is tested to determine whether aerenchyma development in rice roots is affected by osmotic stress.201222499856
modulation of chlorophyll biosynthesis by water stress in rice seedlings during chloroplast biogenesis.to understand the impact of water stress on the greening process, water stress was applied to 6-day-old etiolated seedlings of a drought-sensitive cultivar of rice (oryza sativa), pusa basmati-1 by immersing their roots in 40 mm polyethylene glycol (peg) 6000 (-0.69 mpa) or 50 mm peg 6000 (-1.03 mpa) dissolved in half-strength murashige and skoog (ms)-nutrient-solution, 16 h prior to transfer to cool-white-fluorescent + incandescent light. chlorophyll (chl) accumulation substantially declined in ...201222494411
transfollicular enhancement of gel containing cationic niosomes loaded with unsaturated fatty acids in rice (oryza sativa) bran semi-purified fraction.the 20mm cationic niosomes composed of tween61/cholesterol/ctab at 1:1:0.5m ratio which gave the best physical appearance, particle size, zeta potential and in vitro cytotoxicity were selected from six cationic niosomes prepared from various cationic lipids. the selected cationic niosomes were loaded with the semi-purified fraction 3 of oryza sativa (osf3) which gave the highest in vitro 5α-reductase inhibition activity. the physicochemical characteristics as well as transfollicular penetration ...201222490981
changes in dna methylation and transgenerational mobilization of a transposable element (mping) by the topoisomerase ii inhibitor, etoposide, in rice.etoposide (epipodophyllotoxin) is a chemical commonly used as an anti-cancer drug which inhibits dna synthesis by blocking topoisomerase ii activity. previous studies in animal cells have demonstrated that etoposide constitutes a genotoxic stress which may induce genomic instability including mobilization of normally quiescent transposable elements (tes). however, it remained unknown whether similar genetically mutagenic effects could be imposed by etoposide in plant cells. also, no information ...201222482475
osga20ox1, a candidate gene for a major qtl controlling seedling vigor in rice.seedling vigor is among the major determinants of stable stand establishment in direct-seeded rice (oryza sativa l.) in temperate regions. quantitative trait loci (qtl) for seedling vigor were identified using 250 recombinant inbred lines (rils) derived from a cross between two japonica rice cultivars kakehashi and dunghan shali. seedling heights measured at 14 days after sowing were 20.3 and 29.4 cm for kakehashi and dunghan shali, respectively. for the rils, the height ranged from 14.1 to 31.7 ...201222481119
a structurally novel hemopexin fold protein of rice plays role in chlorophyll degradation.proteins containing hemopexin fold domain are suggested to have diverse functions in various living organisms. in order to investigate the structure and function of this type of protein in rice plant (oryza sativa), the gene encoding a hemopexin fold protein (oshfp) was cloned, analyzed in silico and characterized. molecular modeling revealed that the oshfp is closely related to other hemopexin fold proteins, but is unique with a cylindrical central tunnel as well as extended n- and c-terminal d ...201222465006
comparative biochemical and rapd analysis in two varieties of rice (oryza sativa) under arsenic stress by using various biomarkers.multiple biomarker systems have been frequently used to measure the genotoxic effects of environmental pollutants (including heavy metals) on living organisms. in this study, we used leaves of hydroponically grown 14 days old seedlings of rice (oryza sativa) varieties (pb1 and ir64) treated with 50, 150 and 300 μm arsenite (as(iii)) for 24 and 96 h duration. reduction in seed germination, root-shoot length, chlorophyll and protein were observed with increasing as(iii) concentration and duration ...201222459980
black rice (oryza sativa l.) extract attenuates hepatic steatosis in c57bl/6 j mice fed a high-fat diet via fatty acid oxidation.two major risk factors for the onset of fatty liver disease are excessive alcohol intake and obesity, the latter being associated with non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (nafld). the aim of this study was to examine the effects of black rice extract (bre) on hepatic steatosis and insulin resistance in high-fat diet-fed mice, providing a model of nafld.201222458550
identification of quantitative trait loci associated with small brown planthopper (laodelphax striatellus fallén) resistance in rice (oryza sativa l.).f(2) and bc(1) populations derived from the cross between 02428 / rathu heenati were used to investigate small brown planthopper (sbph) resistance. using the f(2) population, three qtls for antixenosis against sbph were located on chromosomes 2, 5 and 6, and accounted for 30.75% of the phenotypic variance; three qtls for antibiosis against sbph were detected on chromosomes 8, 9 and 12. qsbph5-c explaining 7.21% of phenotypic variance for antibiosis was identified on chromosome 5 using the bc(1) ...201222458437
expression of osspy and 14-3-3 genes involved in plant height variations of ion-beam-induced kdml 105 rice mutants.the culm length of two semidwarf rice mutants (pkos1, hykos1) obtained from low-energy n-ion beam bombardments of dehusked thai jasmine rice (oryza sativa l. cv. kdml 105) seeds showed 25.7% and 21.5% height reductions and one spindly rice mutant (tkos4) showed 21.4% increase in comparison with that of the kdml 105 control. a cdna-rapd analysis identified differential gene expression in internode tissues of the rice mutants. two genes identified from the cdna-rapd were osspy and 14-3-3, possibly ...201222445891
differential degradation of photosystem i subunits under iron deficiency in rice.rice (oryza sativa) is one of the staple foods of the world. iron (fe) deficiency is a major abiotic stress factor that contributes world-wide to losses in crop yield and decline in nutritional quality. as cofactor for many enzymes and proteins, iron is an essential element. it plays a pivotal role in chlorophyll (chl) biosynthesis, and iron deficiency may result in decreased chl production and, thus, reduced photosynthetic capacity. photosystem i (psi) is a prime target of iron deficiency becau ...201222445751
rice rna-dependent rna polymerase 6 acts in small rna biogenesis and spikelet development.higher plants have evolved multiple rna-dependent rna polymerases (rdrs), which work with dicer-like (dcl) proteins to produce different classes of small rnas with specialized molecular functions. here we report that osrdr6, the rice (oryza sativa l.) homolog of arabidopsis rdr6, acts in the biogenesis of various types and sizes of small rnas. we isolated a rice osrdr6-1 mutant, which was temperature sensitive and showed spikelet defects. this mutant displays reduced accumulation of tasir-arfs, ...201222443269
spread of herbicide-resistant weedy rice (red rice, oryza sativa l.) after 5 years of clearfield rice cultivation in italy.the weedy relative of cultivated rice, red rice, can invade and severely infest rice fields, as reported by rice farmers throughout the world. because of its close genetic relationship to commercial rice, red rice has proven difficult to control. clearfield (cl) varieties, which are resistant to the inhibiting herbicides in the chemical group ahas (acetohydroxyacid synthase), provide a highly efficient opportunity to control red rice infestations. in order to reduce the risk of herbicide resista ...201222443148
cloning and characterization of a gene encoding novel zinc finger protein transcription factor induced under water deficit stress from rice (oryza sativa) cv. n-22.a gene oszni encoding cys3/his1-type zinc finger protein was isolated from the water stress-induced cdna library of rice (oryza sativa) cv. n-22, an early maturing, deep-rooted, drought-tolerant genotype adapted to upland conditions. the in-silico analysis revealed an insert of 800 bp with an orf of 663 nucleotides, encoding 221 amino acids. oszni had three distinct features--nuclear localization signal (nls) present in arg152-arg168, zn finger domain between 185-193 amino acids and 12 amino aci ...201222435142
rice apc/c(te) controls tillering by mediating the degradation of monoculm 1.rice monoculm 1 (moc1) and its orthologues ls/las (lateral suppressor in tomato and arabidopsis) are key promoting factors of shoot branching and tillering in higher plants. however, the molecular mechanisms regulating moc1/ls/las have remained elusive. here we show that the rice tiller enhancer (te) mutant displays a drastically increased tiller number. we demonstrate that te encodes a rice homologue of cdh1, and that te acts as an activator of the anaphase promoting complex/cyclosome (apc/c) c ...201222434195
chloroplast downsizing under nitrate nutrition restrained mesophyll conductance and photosynthesis in rice (oryza sativa l.) under drought conditions.the phenomenon whereby ammonium enhances the tolerance of rice seedlings (oryza sativa l., cv. 'shanyou 63' hybrid indica china) to water stress has been reported in previous studies. to study the intrinsic mechanism of biomass synthesis related to photosynthesis, hydroponic experiments supplying different nitrogen (n) forms were conducted; water stress was simulated by the addition of polyethylene glycol. water stress decreased leaf water potential (ψ(leaf)) under nitrate nutrition, while it ha ...201222433461
vinyl sulfone functionalization: a feasible approach for the study of the lectin-carbohydrate interactions.carbohydrate-mediated molecular recognition is involved in many biological aspects such as cellular adhesion, immune response, blood coagulation, inflammation, and infection. considering the crucial importance of such biological events in which proteins are normally involved, synthetic saccharide-based systems have emerged as powerful tools for the understanding of protein-carbohydrate interactions. as a new approach to create saccharide-based systems, a set of representative monosaccharides (d- ...201222432968
disruption of a rice pentatricopeptide repeat protein causes a seedling-specific albino phenotype and its utilization to enhance seed purity in hybrid rice production.the pentatricopeptide repeat (ppr) gene family represents one of the largest gene families in higher plants. accumulating data suggest that ppr proteins play a central and broad role in modulating the expression of organellar genes in plants. here we report a rice (oryza sativa) mutant named young seedling albino (ysa) derived from the rice thermo/photoperiod-sensitive genic male-sterile line pei'ai64s, which is a leading male-sterile line for commercial two-line hybrid rice production. the ysa ...201222430843
heat shock-induced biphasic ca(2+) signature and oscam1-1 nuclear localization mediate downstream signalling in acquisition of thermotolerance in rice (oryza sativa l.).we investigated heat shock (hs)-triggered ca(2+) signalling transduced by a ca(2+) sensor, calmodulin (cam), linked to early transcriptome changes of hs-responsive genes in rice. we observed a biphasic [ca(2+) ](cyt) signature in root cells that was distinct from that in epicotyl and leaf cells, which showed a monophasic response after hs. treatment with ca(2+) and a23187 generated an intense and sustained increase in [ca(2+) ](cyt) in response to hs. conversely, treatment with ca(2+) chelator, ...201222428987
comparative phytotoxicity of rac-metolachlor and s-metolachlor on rice seedlings.the toxicity of rac-metolachlor and s-metolachlor on rice (iiyou92, oryza sativa l.) seedlings was determined and compared in a hydroponics experiment. the elongation of shoot, main root, and the number of lateral roots were inhibited in both rac- and s-metolachlor treatments. the 96 h- ic50 of rac- and s-metolachlor were 12.32 and 9.44 μm for shoot, and 4.69 and 1.75 μm for root, respectively. the content of chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b and total chlorophyll of leaf treated by rac-metolachlor w ...201222424066
leaf ascorbic acid level--is it really important for ozone tolerance in rice?leaf ascorbic acid (asa) level is thought to be an important trait conferring stress tolerance in plants, but definite evidence regarding its effectiveness in the breeding of stress tolerant crops is lacking. therefore, the stress response of a rice tos17 insertion mutant (nd6172) for a gdp-d-mannose-3',5'-epimerase gene, which is involved in asa biosynthesis, was tested. two fumigation experiments were conducted, in which rice plants (oryza sativa l.) were exposed to (i) high ozone for ten days ...201222417733
phytoremediation of arsenic contaminated soil by pteris vittata l. ii. effect on arsenic uptake and rice yield.a greenhouse experiment evaluated the effect of phytoextraction of arsenic from a contaminated soil by chinese brake fern (pteris vittata l.) and its subsequent effects on growth and uptake of arsenic by rice (oryza sativa l.) crop. pteris vittata was grown for one or two growing cycles of four months each with two phosphate sources, using single super phosphate (ssp) and di-ammonium phosphate (dap). rice was grown on phytoextracted soils followed by measurements of biomass yield (grain, straw, ...201222908631
emerging roots alter epidermal cell fate through mechanical and reactive oxygen species signaling.a central question in biology is how spatial information is conveyed to locally establish a developmental program. rice (oryza sativa) can survive flash floods by the emergence of adventitious roots from the stem. epidermal cells that overlie adventitious root primordia undergo cell death to facilitate root emergence. root growth and epidermal cell death are both controlled by ethylene. this study aimed to identify the signal responsible for the spatial control of cell death. epidermal cell deat ...201222904148
micrornas as promising tools for improving stress tolerance in rice.rice (oryza sativa) represents one of the most important food crops in the world, since it feeds more than two billion people. the increased rice production can play significant roles in upgrading the economic status of countries like india and china. a great deal of research has been carried out in the recent past on the molecular biology, genomics and biotechnology of rice. by employing recombinant dna technology, remarkable progress had been made towards production of rice plants with increas ...201222902689
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