Publications
| Title | Abstract | Year(sorted ascending) Filter | PMID Filter |
|---|
| increase in clostridium difficile-related hospitalizations among infants in the united states, 2000-2005. | virulence and mortality of clostridium difficile-associated disease (cdad) are increasing in the united states. infant cdad hospitalization incidence nearly doubled from 2.8 to 5.1 cases per 10,000 hospitalizations between 2000 and 2005. because incidence of hospitalizations with other infectious enteritides has remained essentially stable, this growth in cdad cannot be explained by a gastroenteritis reporting bias. | 2008 | 19068517 |
| epidemiological features of clostridium difficile-associated disease among inpatients at children's hospitals in the united states, 2001-2006. | clostridium difficile is the main cause of nosocomial and antibiotic-associated diarrhea in adults. recently, the incidence and severity of c difficile-associated disease in adults have been increasing. whether similar phenomena are occurring among children remains unknown. our study describes the epidemiological features of c difficile-associated disease in hospitalized children. | 2008 | 19047244 |
| clostridium difficile colitis: a silent epidemic in the united states. | 2008 | 19047985 | |
| [unexpected cause of acute renal failure in an 85-year-old woman]. | acute postinfectious glomerulonephritis (apign) is usually diagnosed in young people, while in elderly people rapidly progressive forms appear to be the most important glomerular disease causing acute renal failure. we report on a 85-year-old woman with acute renal failure due to apign. an 85-year-old woman with a history of hypertension and cerebrovascular disease was hospitalized because of diarrhea and syncope associated with atrial fibrillation. she was found to have left lower lobe pneumoni ... | 2008 | 19048577 |
| new multiplex pcr method for the detection of clostridium difficile toxin a (tcda) and toxin b (tcdb) and the binary toxin (cdta/cdtb) genes applied to a danish strain collection. | isolates of clostridium difficile from 159 hospitalized danish patients (2005) were analysed by a new 5-plex pcr method targeting the toxin genes tcda, tcdb, cdta and cdtb, and 16s rdna as an internal positive control. additionally, the toxin-regulating gene tcdc was partially sequenced by a new sequencing-based method that revealed genetic changes that may render the gene product inactive. finally tcda was analysed using a previously published method for the detection of internal deletions. the ... | 2008 | 19040478 |
| measuring the severity of clostridium difficile infection: implications for management and drug development. | the appropriate management of clostridium difficile infection (cdi) has become a growing clinical and economic issue, as a new epidemic strain with enhanced virulence is causing increased morbidity and mortality. presently, only two antibiotics (metronidazole and vancomycin) are routinely used to treat cdi. both increasing disease severity and recurrent infections have been an impetus not only to develop new agents, but also to better recognize which patients are at highest risk for treatment fa ... | 2008 | 19053902 |
| increased number of clostridium difficile infections and prevalence of clostridium difficile pcr ribotype 001 in southern germany. | in recent years, clostridium difficile infection (cdi) has emerged as an increasing problem, both in in- and outpatients. in a rural region of southern germany, the annual number of c. difficile toxin (tcd)-positive patients has increased from 95 to 796 in the period from 2000 to 2007. simultaneously, the proportion of positive tests among all tcd examinations has risen from 7.0% to 12.8%, indicating that the higher number of affected patients was not solely due to an increase in the number of a ... | 2008 | 19081002 |
| a prospective study of risk factors and historical trends in metronidazole failure for clostridium difficile infection. | recent studies of clostridium difficile infection (cdi) have indicated a dramatic increase in metronidazole failure. the aims of this study were to compare current and historical rates of metronidazole failure and to identify risk factors for metronidazole failure. | 2008 | 19081526 |
| a randomized, double-blind study comparing clostridium difficile immune whey and metronidazole for recurrent clostridium difficile-associated diarrhoea: efficacy and safety data of a prematurely interrupted trial. | a prospective, randomized, double-blind study was designed to compare clostridium difficile immune whey (cdiw) with metronidazole for treatment of laboratory-confirmed, recurrent, mild to moderate episodes of clostridium difficile-associated diarrhoea (cdad). cdiw was manufactured by immunization of cows in their gestation period with inactivated c. difficile vaccine. the resulting colostrum was processed, immunoglubulins were concentrated and the end-product containing high titres of c. diffici ... | 2008 | 19086244 |
| clostridium difficile-associated diarrhea with hematochezia is associated with ulcer formation. | clostridium difficile-associated diarrhea (cdad) is a well-known iatrogenic infection with typical endoscopic features including pseudomembranes and intervening normal mucosa. clinically, diarrhea frequently occurs, but occurrence of hematochezia is rare. the objective of this study was to investigate the background and endoscopic features of cdad patients with hematochezia. | 2008 | 19086279 |
| an unusual case of acute abdomen -? is it c. difficile infection. | 2008 | 19086365 | |
| alpha-defensins and clostridium difficile recent growing concerns in inflammatory bowel disease. | 2008 | 19086982 | |
| mucin dynamics in intestinal bacterial infection. | bacterial gastroenteritis causes morbidity and mortality in humans worldwide. murine citrobacter rodentium infection is a model for gastroenteritis caused by the human pathogens enteropathogenic escherichia coli and enterohaemorrhagic e. coli. mucin glycoproteins are the main component of the first barrier that bacteria encounter in the intestinal tract. | 2008 | 19088856 |
| clostridium difficile. | 2008 | 19093359 | |
| management of clostridium difficile infection--medical or surgical? | 2008 | 19110818 | |
| recent advances in clostridium difficile-associated disease. | the main purpose of this article is to review recent developments in the management of acute and recurrent clostridium difficile-associated disease, with consideration of existing and new antibiotic and non-antibiotic agents for treatment. details of the current developmental stage of new agents are provided and the role of surgery in the management of severe disease is discussed. infection control measures considered comprise prudent use of antimicrobials, prevention of cross-infection and surv ... | 2008 | 18252748 |
| probiotics for treatment of clostridium difficile-associated colitis in adults. | probiotics are live microorganisms consisting of non-pathogenic yeast and bacteria that are believed to restore the microbial balance of the gastrointestinal tract altered by infection with clostridium difficile (c. difficile). | 2008 | 18254055 |
| is a two-step glutamate dehyrogenase antigen-cytotoxicity neutralization assay algorithm superior to the premier toxin a and b enzyme immunoassay for laboratory detection of clostridium difficile? | a two-step algorithm for the detection of clostridium difficile by the use of c. diff quik chek (techlab, blacksburg, va) and a tissue culture cytotoxicity neutralization assay was found to be more sensitive than the widely used solid-phase enzyme immunoassay (eia), the premier toxin a and b eia (meridian bioscience, cincinnati, oh), and a newly developed, rapid single-test eia for c. difficile toxins a and b (tox a/b quik chek; techlab). | 2008 | 18256226 |
| physical characterization of clostridium difficile toxins and toxoids: effect of the formaldehyde crosslinking on thermal stability. | nosocomial diarrhea and pseudomembranous colitis causing toxins a and b from clostridium difficile were studied at ph 5-8 and over the temperature range of 10-85 degrees c. the proteins were crosslinked with formaldehyde to inactivate them to toxoid forms and permit their use as vaccines. structural changes and aggregation behavior were monitored with circular dichroism, intrinsic and extrinsic (ans) fluorescence spectroscopy, turbidity measurements, high-resolution uv absorbance spectroscopy an ... | 2008 | 18257030 |
| simultaneous control of norovirus and clostridium difficile outbreaks due to enhanced infection prevention and control measures. | 2008 | 18192079 | |
| prognosis in clostridium difficile infection complicating inflammatory bowel disease. | 2008 | 18192450 | |
| clostridium difficile cell-surface polysaccharides composed of pentaglycosyl and hexaglycosyl phosphate repeating units. | clostridium difficile is a gram-positive bacterium that is known to be a cause of enteric diseases in humans. it is the leading cause of antibiotic-associated diarrhea and pseudomembranous colitis. recently, large outbreaks of c. difficile-associated diarrhea have been reported internationally, and there have been reports of increases in severe disease, mortality and relapse rates. at the moment, there is no vaccine against c. difficile, and the medical prevention of c. difficile infection is mo ... | 2008 | 18237724 |
| clostridium difficile-associated disease: diagnosis, prevention, treatment, and nursing care. | 2008 | 18238935 | |
| evaluation of clostridium difficile-associated diarrhea with a drug formulary change in preferred fluoroquinolones. | recent publications report that gatifloxacin might be associated with a greater incidence of clostridium difficile-associated diarrhea (c. difficile, cdad) than are other fluoroquinolones. we performed a drug use evaluation to examine this issue after adding gatifloxacin to the formulary and changing from levofloxacin to gatifloxacin as the preferred oral fluoroquinolone in 10 department of veterans affairs (va) medical centers in the northeastern united states. | 2008 | 18240880 |
| assessment of clostridium difficile-associated disease surveillance definitions, north carolina, 2005. | to determine the timing of community-onset clostridium difficile-associated disease (cdad) relative to the patient's last healthcare facility discharge, the association of postdischarge cases with healthcare facility-onset cases, and the influence of postdischarge cases on overall rates and interhospital comparison of rates of cdad. | 2008 | 18241032 |
| simulated-use testing of bedpan and urinal washer disinfectors: evaluation of clostridium difficile spore survival and cleaning efficacy. | reusable bedpans and urinals are frequently cleaned and decontaminated using washer-disinfectors (wds) that may be located in the central processing department (cpd) or on the ward. the objective of this study was to determine how efficiently the wds provided cleaning and to evaluate the ability of such wds to kill clostridium difficile spores. | 2008 | 18241730 |
| primary prophylaxis of sbp. | 2008 | 18242238 | |
| regulation of dopamine-induced na+ current response by small g-protein rhob or c and phospholipase d in aplysia neurons. | a family of gtp-binding proteins, rho, plays critical roles in cell migration, morphological change, cytokinesis, and smooth muscle contraction. furthermore, evidence has recently been accumulating for an involvement in regulation of receptor-operated ionic channels. we previously reported that stimulation of d1-like receptor by dopamine (da) induces a slow na+ current response in the identified neurons of aplysia under voltage-clamp. to further study a regulatory mechanism of the da-induced res ... | 2008 | 18242417 |
| thiosemicarbazones active against clostridium difficile. | a set of closely related furylidene thiosemicarbazones was prepared and screened against various clinically important gram-positive bacteria. one compound containing an ethylene spacer and a 5-nitrofuryl group was found to have promising activity against clostridium difficile. | 2008 | 18243694 |
| bile salts and glycine as cogerminants for clostridium difficile spores. | spore formation by clostridium difficile is a significant obstacle to overcoming hospital-acquired c. difficile-associated disease. spores are resistant to heat, radiation, chemicals, and antibiotics, making a contaminated environment difficult to clean. to cause disease, however, spores must germinate and grow out as vegetative cells. the germination of c. difficile spores has not been examined in detail. in an effort to understand the germination of c. difficile spores, we characterized the re ... | 2008 | 18245298 |
| essential role of toxin a in c. difficile 027 and reference strain supernatant-mediated disruption of caco-2 intestinal epithelial barrier function. | clostridium difficile induces mucosal inflammation via secreted toxins a and b and initial interactions between the toxins and intestinal epithelial cells (which lead to loss of barrier function) are believed to be important in disease pathogenesis. secreted toxin-specific antibodies may inhibit such interactions. using the caco-2 epithelial cell line, we have investigated the use of an anti-toxin a monoclonal antibody (ataa) in providing protection against toxin a-mediated disruption of epithel ... | 2008 | 18505424 |
| comparative genomic analysis of the gut bacterium bifidobacterium longum reveals loci susceptible to deletion during pure culture growth. | bifidobacteria are frequently proposed to be associated with good intestinal health primarily because of their overriding dominance in the feces of breast fed infants. however, clinical feeding studies with exogenous bifidobacteria show they don't remain in the intestine, suggesting they may lose competitive fitness when grown outside the gut. | 2008 | 18505588 |
| inhibition of the glucosyltransferase activity of clostridial rho/ras-glucosylating toxins by castanospermine. | castanospermine was identified as an inhibitor of the rho/ras-glucosylating clostridium sordellii lethal toxin and clostridium difficile toxin b. microinjection of castanospermine into embryonic bovine lung cells prevented the cytotoxic effects of toxins. the crystal structure of the glucosyltransferase domain of c. sordellii lethal toxin in complex with castanospermine, udp and a calcium ion was solved at a resolution of 2.3a. the inhibitor binds in a conformation that brings its four hydroxyl ... | 2008 | 18505687 |
| absence of gastrointestinal infections in a cohort of patients with zollinger-ellison syndrome and other acid hypersecretors receiving long-term acid suppression with lansoprazole. | the relationship between proton pump inhibitor therapy and other acid suppressing medications and the risk of gastrointestinal infections remains controversial. | 2008 | 18507843 |
| increase in adult clostridium difficile-related hospitalizations and case-fatality rate, united states, 2000-2005. | virulence of and deaths from clostridium difficile-associated disease (cdad) are on the rise in the united states. the incidence of adult cdad hospitalizations doubled from 5.5 cases per 10,000 population in 2000 to 11.2 in 2005, and the cdad-related age-adjusted case-fatality rate rose from 1.2% in 2000 to 2.2% in 2004. | 2008 | 18507904 |
| functional properties of the carboxy-terminal host cell-binding domains of the two toxins, tcda and tcdb, expressed by clostridium difficile. | the biological and ligand-binding properties of recombinant c-terminal cell-binding domains (cbds) and subdomains of the two large exotoxins, toxin a (tcda) and toxin b (tcdb) expressed by clostridium difficile were examined in the hemagglutination and verocytotoxicity neutralization assays and by qualitative affinity chromatography using sepharose-linked alpha gal(1,3)betagal(1,4)beta glc as well as the direct electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (es-ms) assay. these studies revealed that, ... | 2008 | 18509107 |
| clinical microbiology and infectious diseases (eccmid)--18th european congress. new antimicrobial agents: selected poster presentations. | 2008 | 18509778 | |
| clinical microbiology and infectious diseases (eccmid)--18th european congress. drug resistance among gram-negative and gram-positive bacteria. | 2008 | 18509779 | |
| diagnostic value of five commercial tests for the rapid diagnosis of clostridium difficile-associated disease. | we compared five commercial immunoassays (biostar oia cdtox ab, immunocard toxins a&b - meridian, xpect c. difficile toxin a/b -remel, c. difficile toxin a test- oxoid, and tox a/b quik chek- techlab) which allow a rapid diagnosis of c. difficile associated disease. the tests were performed directly on patient's stool specimen submitted for routine investigation of c. difficile infection from two university hospitals in brussels. the cell cytotoxicity assay was considered as the gold standard. o ... | 2008 | 18510038 |
| clostridium difficile infection: a critical overview. | clostridium difficile is a gram-positive, spore-forming, toxin-producing anaerobic bacillus identified as the causal agent of a variety of manifestations typically isolated to the colon, but in its severe form, it can lead to sepsis and death. c. difficile infection due to a toxin gene variant strain (bi/nap1) has been identified at the center of outbreaks and has resulted in increased mortality. many questions remain as to how this strain appeared so quickly and has harmed or killed so many pat ... | 2008 | 18510876 |
| different ribotypes in community-acquired clostridium difficile. | 2008 | 18511151 | |
| molecular analysis of the digestive microbiota in a gnotobiotic mouse model during antibiotic treatment: influence of saccharomyces boulardii. | the probiotic saccharomyces boulardii is a non-pathogenic yeast that has been proven efficient in the prevention of antimicrobial-associated diarrhea and of clostridium difficile associated colitis. we evaluated the influence of the administration of s. boulardii on the composition of the fecal microbiota in a human microbiota-associated mouse model. this evaluation was run before, during and after a 7-day oral treatment with amoxicillin clavulanic acid. predominant groups of bacteria were quant ... | 2008 | 18511310 |
| report names hospitals with highest proportions of deaths related to mrsa and c difficile. | 2008 | 18511792 | |
| a national survey of the prevalence and impact of clostridium difficile infection among hospitalized inflammatory bowel disease patients. | we sought to determine nationwide, population-based trends in rates of clostridium difficile (c. difficile) infection among hospitalized inflammatory bowel disease (ibd) patients in the united states, and to determine its mortality and economic impact. | 2008 | 18513271 |
| effect of telephoned notification of positive clostridium difficile test results on the time to the ordering of antimicrobial therapy. | the time between electronic-medical-record reporting of a positive result of a test for clostridium difficile toxin in stool and the ordering of antimicrobial therapy was compared during consecutive periods when results were not telephoned (n = 274) and when results were telephoned (n = 90) to the clinical service. the mean times to the ordering of antimicrobial therapy were 11.9 and 3.6 hours, respectively (p < .001). | 2008 | 18518668 |
| outcome of colectomy for clostridium difficile colitis: a plea for early surgical management. | fulminant clostridium difficile colitis is a common nosocomial infection that occurs with increasing frequency. | 2008 | 18519126 |
| probiotics for children with diarrhea: an update. | this review focuses on the efficacy of probiotics for diarrhea in children in different settings: day-care centers, diarrhea acquired in the hospital, antibiotic-associated diarrhea, and treatment of acute infectious diarrhea. for prevention of diarrhea acquired in day-care centers, 5 randomized and placebo-controlled trials have been published. probiotics tested were lactobacillus gg, bifidobacterium lactis (alone or in combination with streptococcus thermophilus), and lactobacillus reuteri. th ... | 2008 | 18520336 |
| clostridium difficile enteritis following total colectomy. | 2008 | 18524025 | |
| clostridium difficile infection after total joint arthroplasty: who is at risk? | clostridium difficile-associated diarrhea is a recognized postoperative complication. however, the exact risk factors for this condition after total joint arthroplasty (tja) remain unknown. this case-controlled study intended to identify the predisposing factors for this condition. there were 16 cases of c difficile infections after 9880 tja (0.16% incidence) between january 2001 and may 2006 at our institution. the cases were matched with 32 controls for month/year of surgery and surgeon. this ... | 2008 | 18534454 |
| antimicrobial efficacy of copper surfaces against spores and vegetative cells of clostridium difficile: the germination theory. | persistent contamination of surfaces by spores of clostridium difficile is a major factor influencing the spread of c. difficile-associated diarrhoea (cdad) in the clinical setting. in recent years, the antimicrobial efficacy of metal surfaces has been investigated against microorganisms including methicillin-resistant staphylococcus aureus. this study compared the survival of c. difficile on stainless steel, a metal contact surface widely used in hospitals, and copper surfaces. | 2008 | 18544601 |
| role of probiotics in antibiotic-associated diarrhea, clostridium difficile-associated diarrhea, and recurrent clostridium difficile-associated diarrhea. | the role of probiotics in the prevention and treatment of antibiotic-associated diarrhea, clostridium difficile diarrhea, and recurrent c. difficile diarrhea is reviewed. various probiotics have variable efficacy. more studies are needed to define further their efficacies, roles, and indications. | 2008 | 18545161 |
| hospital infection society prevalence survey of healthcare associated infection 2006: comparison of results between northern ireland and the republic of ireland. | as part of the third healthcare associated infection (hcai) prevalence survey of the united kingdom and ireland, hcai point prevalence surveys were carried out in northern ireland (ni) and the republic of ireland (roi). here we explore the potential benefits of comparing results from two countries with different healthcare systems, which employed similar methodologies and identical hcai definitions. forty-four acute adult hospitals in the roi and 15 in ni participated with a total of 11 185 pati ... | 2008 | 18547678 |
| intra-abdominal vagal blocking (vbloc therapy): clinical results with a new implantable medical device. | a new medical device uses high-frequency electrical algorithms to create intermittent vagal blocking (vbloc therapy). the aim is to assess the effects of vagal blocking on excess weight loss (ewl), safety, dietary intake, and vagal function. | 2008 | 18549888 |
| four country healthcare associated infection prevalence survey 2006: overview of the results. | a survey of adult patients was conducted in february 2006 to may 2006 in acute hospitals across england, wales, northern ireland and the republic of ireland to estimate the prevalence of healthcare-associated infections (hcais). a total of 75 694 patients were surveyed; 5743 of these had hcais, giving a prevalence of 7.59% (95% confidence interval: 7.40-7.78). hcai prevalence in england was 8.19%, in wales 6.35%, in northern ireland 5.43% and in the republic of ireland 4.89%. the most common hca ... | 2008 | 18550218 |
| toxigenic and non-toxigenic clostridium difficile: determinants of intestinal colonisation and role in childhood atopic manifestations. | 2008 | 18559395 | |
| rifampin and rifaximin resistance in clinical isolates of clostridium difficile. | rifaximin, a poorly absorbed rifamycin derivative, is a promising alternative for the treatment of clostridium difficile infections. resistance to this agent has been reported, but no commercial test for rifaximin resistance exists and the molecular basis of this resistance has not been previously studied in c. difficile. to evaluate whether the rifampin etest would be a suitable substitute for rifaximin susceptibility testing in the clinical setting, we analyzed the in vitro rifaximin susceptib ... | 2008 | 18559647 |
| ontario's hospitals surpass those of quebec in c. difficile rates. | 2008 | 18559796 | |
| epidemiology of clostridium difficile-associated disease at university hospital basel including molecular characterisation of the isolates 2006-2007. | a prospective study was conducted during a one-year period between 2006 and 2007 to describe the epidemiology of clostridium difficile-associated disease (cdad) at university hospital basel, switzerland (uhbs) and to determine phenotypic and genotypic features of c. difficile strains isolated at the microbiology laboratory uhbs including strains from regional non-university hospitals. we prospectively identified 78 cdad cases at uhbs with an incidence of 2.65/1,000 hospitalised patients or 2.3/1 ... | 2008 | 18560909 |
| clostridium difficile infection: emerging concepts and treatments. | clostridium difficile infection has become one of the most common causes of diarrhea in patients frequenting hospitals, skilled nursing facilities, and physicians' offices. although the pathogenesis and clinical description were well elucidated three decades ago, cure during the initial episode now occurs in fewer than two thirds of patients exhibiting clinical illness. the past decade has brought a new strain with more toxin. frequent relapses in elderly patients are now the norm rather than a ... | 2008 | 18627654 |
| clostridium difficile infection and inflammatory bowel disease: a marker for disease extent? | 2008 | 18628389 | |
| collateral damage. the rise of resistant c. difficile. | 2008 | 18635789 | |
| riboswitches in eubacteria sense the second messenger cyclic di-gmp. | cyclic di-guanosine monophosphate (di-gmp) is a circular rna dinucleotide that functions as a second messenger in diverse species of bacteria to trigger wide-ranging physiological changes, including cell differentiation, conversion between motile and biofilm lifestyles, and virulence gene expression. however, the mechanisms by which cyclic di-gmp regulates gene expression have remained a mystery. we found that cyclic di-gmp in many bacterial species is sensed by a riboswitch class in messenger r ... | 2008 | 18635805 |
| impact of hydrogen peroxide vapor room decontamination on clostridium difficile environmental contamination and transmission in a healthcare setting. | to determine whether hydrogen peroxide vapor (hpv) decontamination can reduce environmental contamination with and nosocomial transmission of clostridium difficile. | 2008 | 18636950 |
| peripartum clostridium difficile infection: case series and review of the literature. | clostridium difficile infection (cdi) in nonhospitalized patients has been reported with increased frequency. an association between cdi and pregnancy has not been stressed. this review will report 4 cases of peripartum cdi with characterization of the infecting strain and a literature review. a pubmed search identified 24 recorded cases of peripartum cdi; information was available for 14 cases. most patients (91%) received prophylactic antibiotics during delivery or for treatment of bacterial i ... | 2008 | 18639213 |
| continuous aspiration of subglottic secretions in the prevention of ventilator-associated pneumonia in the postoperative period of major heart surgery. | aspiration of endotracheal secretions is a major step in the prevention of ventilator-associated pneumonia (vap). we compared conventional and continuous aspiration of subglottic secretions (cass) procedures in ventilated patients after major heart surgery (mhs). | 2008 | 18641114 |
| use of a rifaximin "chaser" in the treatment of recurrent clostridium difficile-associated diarrhea. | 2008 | 18641597 | |
| rising economic impact of clostridium difficile-associated disease in adult hospitalized patient population. | clostridium difficile-associated disease (cdad) is responsible for increased morbidity and a substantial economic burden. incidences of cdad, including those with a severe course of illness, have been increasing rapidly. | 2008 | 18643746 |
| commentary: preventing clostridium difficile-associated disease: is it time to pay the piper? | 2008 | 18643747 | |
| metronidazole resistance in clostridium difficile is heterogeneous. | at our institution, the prevalence of clinical isolates of clostridium difficile with resistance to metronidazole is 6.3%. we observed that initial metronidazole mics of 16 to 64 mg/liter against toxigenic, primary fresh c. difficile isolates, as determined by agar dilution, decreased to 0.125 mg/liter after the isolates were thawed. in this study, we examined the possibility of heterogeneous or inducible resistance. totals of 14 metronidazole-resistant and 10 metronidazole-susceptible clinical ... | 2008 | 18650353 |
| characterization of clostridium difficile strains isolated from patients in ontario, canada, from 2004 to 2006. | clostridium difficile is the bacterium most commonly surmised to cause antimicrobial- and hospital-associated diarrhea in developed countries worldwide, and such infections are thought to be increasing in frequency and severity. a laboratory-based study was carried out to characterize c. difficile strains isolated from persons in ontario, canada, during 2004 to 2006 according to toxin type (enterotoxin a, cytotoxin b, and binary toxin [cdt]), tcdc gene characterization, ribotyping, pulsed-field ... | 2008 | 18650360 |
| estimation of faecal carriage of clostridium difficile in patients with ulcerative colitis using real time polymerase chain reaction. | ulcerative colitis (uc) is a disease of unknown aetiology in which exacerbations are sometimes linked to intestinal colonization by toxin-producing clostridium difficile. we undertook this study to detect and quantitatively assess c. difficile in the stool of patients with uc using real time polymerase chain reaction (rt-pcr), and to compare it with healthy individuals. | 2008 | 18653911 |
| proceedings from the 2nd international clostridium difficile symposium, maribor, slovenia, june 2007. | 2008 | 18655255 | |
| can the superbugs ever be beaten? | "cluttered, dirty and overcrowded" wards, "sloppy hygiene" practices among nurses and clinicians, including use of commodes and bedpans that had already been "condemned", and board and management-level failure to respond to repeated requests for more nursing staff, were among the major contributors to the 90 elderly patient clostridium difficile deaths at three large west kent nhs hospitals between april 2004 and september 2006, a recent bbc 1 panorama programme suggested. health estate journal ... | 2008 | 18655658 |
| cdc42 protein acts upstream of iqgap1 and regulates cytokinesis in mouse oocytes and embryos. | cdc42 and rac1 rho family gtpases, and their interacting protein iqgap1 are the key regulators of cell polarity. we examined the role of cdc42 and iqgap1 in establishing the polarity of mouse oocyte and regulation of meiotic and mitotic divisions. we showed that cdc42 was localized on the microtubules of meiotic and mitotic spindle and in the cortex of mouse oocytes and cleaving embryos. iqgap1 was present in the cytoplasm and cortex of growing and fully-grown oocytes. during maturation it disap ... | 2008 | 18662680 |
| tolevamer, an orally administered, toxin-binding polymer for clostridium difficile-associated diarrhea. | genzyme corp is developing tolevamer, an anionic toxin-binding polymer that binds and neutralizes the clostridium difficile a and b toxins, for the potential treatment of c difficile-associated diarrhea (cdad). two phase iii clinical trials of tolevamer in patients with cdad have been completed and results from the second trial are expected to be released imminently. | 2008 | 18666039 |
| univariate and multivariate analysis of risk factors for severe clostridium difficile-associated diarrhoea: importance of co-morbidity and serum c-reactive protein. | to investigate risk factors for severe clostridium difficile associated diarrhoea (cdad) in hospitalised patients. | 2008 | 18666322 |
| germination of spores of clostridium difficile strains, including isolates from a hospital outbreak of clostridium difficile-associated disease (cdad). | clostridium difficile is an emerging nosocomial pathogen and one of the major causes of antibiotic-associated diarrhoea. cases of clostridium difficile-associated disease (cdad) are likely initiated by the ingestion of dormant c. difficile spores, which then germinate, outgrow and rapidly proliferate to cause gastrointestinal (gi) infections. to understand the initial stages of cdad pathogenesis, we have characterized the germination of spores from a collection of c. difficile strains, including ... | 2008 | 18667557 |
| application of isothermal helicase-dependent amplification with a disposable detection device in a simple sensitive stool test for toxigenic clostridium difficile. | enzyme immunoassays (eias) are commonly used for the diagnosis of cases of clostridium difficile-associated diarrhea (cdad). however, these eias have high false-negative rates, even in patients with severe clinical disease. we have developed an isoamp cdad test using a simple and user-friendly procedure to identify toxigenic c. difficile in feces. after dna extraction from fecal samples, both the conserved sequence of the 5'-end fragment of the c. difficile tcda toxin gene and competitive amplif ... | 2008 | 18669881 |
| epidemiology of clostridium species bacteremia in calgary, canada, 2000-2006. | to define the incidence, risk factors for acquisition, and outcomes associated with clostridial bacteremia in a large canadian health region. | 2008 | 18672296 |
| how to cut clostridium difficile infection. | this article provides an update on clostridium difficile and highlights the appropriate infection-control measures that need to be in place to reduce the infection. | 2008 | 18672843 |
| high levels of resistance to fluoroquinolones among clostridium difficile isolates in a spanish hospital. | 2008 | 18680418 | |
| assessment of reporting bias for clostridium difficile hospitalizations, united states. | 2008 | 18680680 | |
| rates of clostridium difficile infection in patients discharged from spanish hospitals, 1997-2005. | we analyzed the spanish hospital discharges registered from 1997 to 2005 with patient diagnoses of "intestinal infection due to clostridium difficile." the mean annual incidence rate was 41.2 diagnoses per 100,000 discharges. a significant increase was found from 1997 to 2005 (slope of the regression line [b], 5.12; p < .001). overall rates were 2.5 times as high in the group of patients aged at least 65 years as in the group aged 45-64 years. | 2008 | 18681812 |
| [results of the application of a prevention protocol for clostridium difficile infection in an acute geriatric unit]. | 2008 | 18682125 | |
| smart approaches for reducing nosocomial infections in the icu. | nosocomial infections are problematic in the icu because of their frequency, morbidity, and mortality. the most common icu infections are pneumonia, bloodstream infection, and urinary tract infection, most of which are device related. surgical site infection is common in surgical icus, and clostridium difficile-associated diarrhea is occurring with increasing frequency. prospective observational studies confirm that use of evidence-based guidelines can reduce the rate of these icu infections, es ... | 2008 | 18682466 |
| european centre warns of need for better surveillance of c difficile. | 2008 | 18682480 | |
| aurintricarboxylic acid upregulates the thrombomodulin expression of endothelial cells and peripheral blood monocytes. | thrombomodulin has a central role in the regulation of coagulation through its ability to promote generation of the potent anticoagulant, activated protein c. aurintricarboxylic acid (ata) has been reported to inhibit platelet function by blocking von willebrand factor binding to platelet glycoprotein ib and to impede thrombosis development in vivo. in the present study, we demonstrated a novel antithrombotic effect of ata. the surface thrombomodulin expression of endothelial cells and periphera ... | 2008 | 18685431 |
| clostridium difficile infection in critically injured trauma patients. | clostridium difficile infection (cdi) is an increasing problem worldwide. to our knowledge, there are no studies evaluating specifically the incidence of cdi in the critically injured trauma population. | 2008 | 18687049 |
| emphysematous cholecystitis: a case report. | abstract: a 65-year-old greek man with a history of diabetes mellitus and hypertension was admitted because of right upper quadrant pain, nausea and palpable right quadrant mass. on admission the patient was febrile (38.8 degrees c) with a total bilirubin level of 1.99 mg/dl (direct 0.59 mg/dl); sgot 1.26 mg/dl; na 135 mmol/l and k 2.9 mmol/l. the white blood count was 15200/mul with 92.2% neutrophiles. axial sections of single slice ct imaging (section thickness 10 mm), revealed emphysematous c ... | 2008 | 18687128 |
| [acute infectious diarrhea in adults]. | acute infectious diarrhoea are common and usually self-limited but their management is often inadequate due to over-prescriptions of stool cultures and antibiotics. from a clinical point of view, the most important point is to promptly identify presentations at risk of complications (severe dehydration, septic shock, surgical complications) such as elderly patients, co-morbidity, diabetes, renal or heart deficiency, immune deficiency...). when the epidemiological context is suggestive, physician ... | 2008 | 18689113 |
| [antibiotic-associated diarrhea]. | most of the cases of antibiotic-associated diarrhea are benign, self-limited and presumably related to functional consequences of the alteration of gut microflora. in few cases, changes in the gut flora ecosystem allow pathogens to proliferate. clostridium difficile is responsible for approximately 10% of the cases of antibiotic-associated diarrhea in the community, most of the cases of antibiotic-associated colitis, and almost all the cases of pseudomembranous colitis. according to anatomoclini ... | 2008 | 18689117 |
| clostridium difficile in adult patients with nosocomial diarrhea in a costa rican hospital. | stool samples from 104 adult patients with nosocomial antibiotic-associated diarrhea were analyzed for clostridium difficile by cultivation, toxin a inmunoenzymatic detection, and toxin b cytotoxic detection. the isolates were additionally screened for the toxin genes by polymerase chain reaction. c. difficile was isolated from 26 samples, and the toxins were directly detected in another 5 samples. toxin a and b genes were detected in all toxigenic bacterial isolates. the detection rate of 30% i ... | 2008 | 18689617 |
| amebic colitis in an antigenically and serologically negative patient: usefulness of a small-subunit ribosomal rna gene-based polymerase chain reaction in diagnosis. | specific identification of entamoeba histolytica in clinical specimens is an essential confirmatory diagnostic step in the management of amebiasis. here, we report an unusual case of amebic colitis in a 20-year-old female immigrant from south china. the patient had experienced diarrhea, crampy abdominal pain, and fever for approximately 3 weeks prior to admission to hospital and had treated herself at home with metronidazole. on admission, stool microscopy and serology for e. histolytica were ne ... | 2008 | 18691843 |
| [rectal prolapse in a 3-year-8-month-old child]. | starting from a recent clinical case, we present the different causes of rectal prolapse and their specific treatments. in this case, the relation to infectious colitis was questionable. | 2008 | 18693092 |
| emergence of reduced susceptibility to metronidazole in clostridium difficile. | antimicrobial treatment for clostridium difficile infection (cdi) has typically been metronidazole, although reports have questioned the efficacy of this option. we screened recently isolated c. difficile (2005-06) for susceptibility to metronidazole and compared results for historic isolates (1995-2001). | 2008 | 18693234 |
| orally administered beta-lactamase enzymes represent a novel strategy to prevent colonization by clostridium difficile. | antibiotics that are excreted into the intestinal tract and that disrupt the indigenous microbiota may promote infection by clostridium difficile. we previously demonstrated that oral administration of a proteolysis-resistant, recombinant class a beta-lactamase inactivates ampicillin or piperacillin excreted into the small intestine during parenteral treatment. we hypothesized that oral administration of this beta-lactamase in conjunction with parenteral ampicillin or piperacillin would preserve ... | 2008 | 18693236 |
| inappropriate use of loperamide worsens clostridium difficile-associated diarrhoea. | 2008 | 18694612 | |
| activity of a dry mist hydrogen peroxide system against environmental clostridium difficile contamination in elderly care wards. | clostridium difficile causes serious healthcare-associated infections. infection control is difficult, due in part to environmental contamination with c. difficile spores. these spores are relatively resistant to cleaning and disinfection. the activity of a dry mist hydrogen peroxide decontamination system (sterinis) against environmental c. difficile contamination was assessed in three elderly care wards. initial sampling for c. difficile was performed in 16 rooms across a variety of wards and ... | 2008 | 18694613 |
| gastric acid suppression by proton pump inhibitors as a risk factor for clostridium difficile-associated diarrhea in hospitalized patients. | evidence for the association between clostridium difficile (c. difficile) and the use of proton pump inhibitor (ppi) is unclear. this study investigated the relationship between clostridium difficile-associated diarrhea (cdad) and exposure to acid suppressive therapy in hospitalized adult patients while controlling for the most common predisposing risk factors. | 2008 | 18702653 |
| combination therapy with direct hemoperfusion using polymyxin b-immobilized fiber and oral vancomycin improves fulminant pseudomembranous colitis by reducing the elevated endogenous cannabinoids and inflammatory cytokines: report of a case. | this paper reports a case of fulminant pseudo-membranous colitis which did not lead to septic shock. the case was improved by combination therapy with direct hemoperfusion using polymyxin b-immobilized fiber and oral vancomycin. direct hemoperfusion using polymyxin b-immobilized fiber has been demonstrated to have excellent therapeutic effects for the treatment of septic shock by removing circulating lipopolysaccharide. in the present case, the combination therapy dramatically improved clinical ... | 2008 | 18705306 |