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acute otitis media otopathogens during 2008 to 2010 in rochester, new york.the otopathogen distribution colonizing the nasopharynx (np) and causing acute otitis media (aom) is in flux following the introduction of pneumococcal conjugate vaccine 7 (pcv7) and will continue to change.201323860479
effectiveness of 7.5 percent povidone iodine in comparison to 1 percent clotrimazole with lignocaine in the treatment of otomycosis.objectives. otomycosis is a common ent disease frequenting the tropics. its recurrent nature poses a great challenge to the treating physician. in spite of a number of antifungals in the market, the frequent nature of this disease warrants repeated use of these drugs, contributing to drug resistance and financial burden on the rural population. our primary aims were to evaluate the effectiveness of povidone iodine in the treatment of otomycosis and to identify the most common fungal isolate in o ...201323984100
association between ocular bacterial carriage and follicular trachoma following mass azithromycin distribution in the gambia.trachoma, caused by ocular chlamydia trachomatis infection, is the leading infectious cause of blindness, but its prevalence is now falling in many countries. as the prevalence falls, an increasing proportion of individuals with clinical signs of follicular trachoma (tf) is not infected with c. trachomatis. a recent study in tanzania suggested that other bacteria may play a role in the persistence of these clinical signs.201323936573
inflammation and immune response in copd: where do we stand?increasing evidence indicates that chronic inflammatory and immune responses play key roles in the development and progression of copd. recent data provide evidence for a role in the nlrp3 inflammasome in the airway inflammation observed in copd. cigarette smoke activates innate immune cells by triggering pattern recognition receptors (prrs) to release "danger signal". these signals act as ligands to toll-like receptors (tlrs), triggering the production of cytokines and inducing innate inflammat ...201323956502
the first engagement of partners in the euprymna scolopes-vibrio fischeri symbiosis is a two-step process initiated by a few environmental symbiont cells.we studied the euprymna scolopes-vibrio fischeri symbiosis to characterize, in vivo and in real time, the transition between the bacterial partner's free-living and symbiotic life styles. previous studies using high inocula demonstrated that environmental v. fischeri cells aggregate during a 3 h period in host-shed mucus along the light organ's superficial ciliated epithelia. under lower inoculum conditions, similar to the levels of symbiont cells in the environment, this interaction induces hae ...201323819708
incidence survey of acute otitis media in children in sado island, japan--sado otitis media study (sadoms).acute otitis media (aom) is one of the most common forms of bacterial infection and cause for clinic visits in children. the incidence of aom was 0.9-1.2 episodes per person-year during the first 2 years of life in previous reports conducted before 2000. the aim of this study was to 1) evaluate the latest aom incidence in pediatric outpatients and 2) identify the bacterial pathogens from these patients and ascertain their serotypes and resistance.201323844235
use of the chinchilla model to evaluate the vaccinogenic potential of the moraxella catarrhalis filamentous hemagglutinin-like proteins mhab1 and mhab2.moraxella catarrhalis causes significant health problems, including 15-20% of otitis media cases in children and ~10% of respiratory infections in adults with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. the lack of an efficacious vaccine, the rapid emergence of antibiotic resistance in clinical isolates, and high carriage rates reported in children are cause for concern. in addition, the effectiveness of conjugate vaccines at reducing the incidence of otitis media caused by streptococcus pneumoniae a ...201323844117
guidelines for diagnosis and management of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: joint ics/nccp (i) recommendations.chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (copd) is a major public health problem in india. although several international guidelines for diagnosis and management of copd are available, yet there are lot of gaps in recognition and management of copd in india due to vast differences in availability and affordability of healthcare facilities across the country. the indian chest society (ics) and the national college of chest physicians (nccp) of india have joined hands to come out with these evidence- ...201324049265
the incidence and aetiology of hospitalised community-acquired pneumonia among vietnamese adults: a prospective surveillance in central vietnam.lower respiratory tract infection (lrti) including community-acquired pneumonia (cap) is a common infectious disease that is associated with significant morbidity and mortality. the patterns of aetiological pathogens differ by region and country. special attention must be paid to cap in southeast asia (sea), a region facing rapid demographic transition. estimates burden and aetiological patterns of cap are essential for the clinical and public health management. the purposes of the study are to ...201323815298
comparison of restriction enzymes for pulsed-field gel electrophoresis typing of moraxella catarrhalis.noti, the most prevalent restriction enzyme used for typing moraxella catarrhalis, failed to digest genomic dna from respiratory samples. an improved pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (pfge) methodology determined spei as the best choice for typing this bacterial species, with a good restriction of clinical samples and a good clustering correlation with noti.201323678064
detection of methicillin-resistant staphylococcus aureus by a duplex droplet digital pcr assay.health care-associated infections with methicillin-resistant staphylococcus aureus (mrsa) contribute to significant hospitalization costs. we report here a droplet digital pcr (ddpcr) assay, which is a next-generation emulsion-based endpoint pcr assay for high-precision mrsa analysis. reference cultures of mrsa, methicillin-susceptible s. aureus (mssa), and confounders were included as controls. copan swabs were used to sample cultures and collect specimens for analysis from patients at a large ...201323596244
innate recognition by neutrophil granulocytes differs between neisseria gonorrhoeae strains causing local or disseminating infections.members of the carcinoembryonic antigen-related cell adhesion molecule (ceacam) family serve as cellular receptors for neisseria gonorrhoeae. more specifically, neisserial colony opacity (opacea)) proteins bind to epithelial ceacams (ceacam1, cea, ceacam6) to promote bacterial colonization of the mucosa. in contrast, recognition by ceacam3, expressed by human granulocytes, results in uptake and destruction of opa(cea)-expressing bacteria. therefore, ceacam3-mediated uptake might limit the spread ...201323630956
characterization and functional analysis of aatb, a novel autotransporter adhesin and virulence factor of avian pathogenic escherichia coli.autotransporter (at) proteins constitute a large family of extracellular proteins that contribute to bacterial virulence. a novel at adhesin gene, aatb, was identified in avian pathogenic escherichia coli (apec) de205b via genomic analyses. the open reading frame of aatb was 1,017 bp, encoding a putative 36.3-kda protein which contained structural motifs characteristic for at proteins: a signal peptide, a passenger domain, and a translocator domain. the predicted three-dimensional structure of a ...201323630958
stress-induced outer membrane vesicle production by pseudomonas aeruginosa.as an opportunistic gram-negative pathogen, pseudomonas aeruginosa must be able to adapt and survive changes and stressors in its environment during the course of infection. to aid survival in the hostile host environment, p. aeruginosa has evolved defense mechanisms, including the production of an exopolysaccharide capsule and the secretion of a myriad of degradative proteases and lipases. the production of outer membrane-derived vesicles (omvs) serves as a secretion mechanism for virulence fac ...201323625841
design and formulation technique of a novel drug delivery system for azithromycin and its anti-bacterial activity against staphylococcus aureus.azithromycin, an important member of the azalide subclass is effective against both gram-positive and gram-negative organisms. certain physicochemical properties of the drug like poor water solubility and relatively low bioavailability of 37% due to incomplete absorption after ingestion, aroused the need for the development of a novel drug delivery system to enhance the solubilization potential and antibacterial activity against staphylococcus aureus at a very low concentration. cinnamon oil (ci ...201323800858
phenotypic, genomic, and transcriptional characterization of streptococcus pneumoniae interacting with human pharyngeal cells.streptococcus pneumoniae is a leading cause of childhood morbidity and mortality worldwide, despite the availability of effective pneumococcal vaccines. understanding the molecular interactions between the bacterium and the host will contribute to the control and prevention of pneumococcal disease.201323758733
dental caries and periodontal disease status in patients with oral squamous cell carcinoma: a screening study in urban and semiurban population of karnataka.to test the validity of numerous anecdotal claims of poor oral hygiene status being a contributory or etiology for oral squamous cell carcinoma (oscc) and to isolate the microorganisms associated with oral cancer, to elucidate their role if any, in oral cancer.201326225008
dental caries and periodontal disease status in patients with oral squamous cell carcinoma: a screening study in urban and semiurban population of karnataka.to test the validity of numerous anecdotal claims of poor oral hygiene status being a contributory or etiology for oral squamous cell carcinoma (oscc) and to isolate the microorganisms associated with oral cancer, to elucidate their role if any, in oral cancer.201326225008
transcriptional adaptation of pneumococci and human pharyngeal cells in the presence of a virus infection.viral upper respiratory tract infections are associated with increased colonization by streptococcus pneumoniae but the mechanisms underlying this relationship are unclear. the objective of this study is to describe a comprehensive picture of the cellular interaction between the adhering bacteria and host cells in the presence or absence of a viral co-infection.201323742656
neisseria gonorrhoeae-derived heptose elicits an innate immune response and drives hiv-1 expression.clinical and epidemiological synergy exists between the globally important sexually transmitted infections, gonorrhea and hiv. neisseria gonorrhoeae, which causes gonorrhea, is particularly adept at driving hiv-1 expression, but the molecular determinants of this relationship remain undefined. n. gonorrhoeae liberates a soluble factor that potently induces expression from the hiv-1 ltr in coinfected cluster of differentiation 4-positive (cd4(+)) t lymphocytes, but this factor is not a previously ...201323733950
analytical evaluation of genexpert ct/ng, the first genetic point-of-care assay for simultaneous detection of neisseria gonorrhoeae and chlamydia trachomatis.genexpert ct/ng was evaluated with 372 characterized bacterial strains. sensitivity of 10 genome copies/reaction was obtained for both agents. four neisseria mucosa and two neisseria subflava isolates were positive for one of two gonococcal targets; however, the assay flagged all as negative. the assay was analytically highly sensitive and specific.201323554203
late acyltransferase genes lpxx and lpxl jointly contribute to the biological activities of moraxella catarrhalis.lipo-oligosaccharide (los) is a major surface component and virulence factor of the human respiratory pathogen moraxella catarrhalis. two late acyltransferase genes, lpxx and lpxl, have been identified involved in the incorporation of acyloxyacyl-linked secondary acyl chains into lipid a during m. catarrhalis los biosynthesis. in this study, a double mutant with a deletion of both the lpxx and lpxl genes in m. catarrhalis strain o35e was constructed and named o35elpxxl. structural analysis of li ...201323475908
the beta lactam antibiotics as an empirical therapy in a developing country: an update on their current status and recommendations to counter the resistance against them.in a developing country like india, where the patients have to bear the cost of their healthcare, the microbiological culture and the sensitivity testing of each and every infection is not feasible. moreover, there are lacunae in the data storage, management and the sharing of knowledge with respect to the microorganisms which are prevalent in the local geographical area and with respect to the antibiotics which are effective against them. thus, an empirical therapy for treating infections is im ...201323905143
azithromycin use in paediatrics: a practical overview.azithromycin is an antibiotic that is commonly prescribed for upper and lower respiratory tract infections in children. while it has proven benefits, some concerns regarding azithromycin use have arisen in recent years. this practice point considers azithromycin therapy for acute respiratory infections in otherwise healthy children. pharmacokinetics, spectrum of activity, the problem of resistant bacteria and clinical aspects are considered, along with recommendations for use and contraindicatio ...201324421702
case 2: forehead mass in a teenager. 201324421699
characterization of a trifunctional glucosyltransferase essential for moraxella catarrhalis lipooligosaccharide assembly.the human respiratory tract pathogen moraxella catarrhalis expresses lipooligosaccharides (los), glycolipid surface moieties that are associated with enhanced colonization and virulence. recent studies have delineated the major steps required for the biosynthesis and assembly of the m. catarrhalis los molecule. we previously demonstrated that the glucosyltransferase enzyme lgt3 is responsible for the addition of at least one glucose (glc) molecule, at the β-(1-4) position, to the inner core of t ...201323720461
rapid single cell detection of staphylococcus aureus by aptamer-conjugated gold nanoparticles.staphylococcus aureus is one of the most important human pathogens, causing more than 500,000 infections in the united states each year. traditional methods for bacterial culture and identification take several days, wasting precious time for patients who are suffering severe bacterial infections. numerous nucleic acid-based detection methods have been introduced to address this deficiency; however, the costs and requirement for expensive equipment may limit the widespread use of such technologi ...201323689505
grand challenges in pediatric otolaryngology. 201324400256
dexmedetomidine infusion associated with transient adrenal insufficiency in a pediatric patient: a case report.dexmedetomidine is a highly selective α 2-adrenoceptor agonist used for sedation due to its anxiolytic and analgesic properties without respiratory compromise. due to its structural similarity to etomidate, there has been concern that dexmedetomidine may cause adrenal insufficiency. this concern was initially supported by animal studies, but subsequent human studies demonstrated mixed results. we describe the case of transient adrenal insufficiency in a 1-year-old male who presented with 24% tot ...201323762715
carriage of mycoplasma pneumoniae in the upper respiratory tract of symptomatic and asymptomatic children: an observational study.mycoplasma pneumoniae is thought to be a common cause of respiratory tract infections (rtis) in children. the diagnosis of m. pneumoniae rtis currently relies on serological methods and/or the detection of bacterial dna in the upper respiratory tract (urt). it is conceivable, however, that these diagnostic methods also yield positive results if m. pneumoniae is carried asymptomatically in the urt. positive results from these tests may therefore not always be indicative of a symptomatic infection ...201323690754
bacteremia and resistant gram-negative pathogens among under-fives in tanzania.antibiotic resistance is one of the most serious public health concerns worldwide and is increasing at an alarming rate, making daily treatment decisions more challenging. this study is aimed at identifying local bacterial isolates and their antimicrobial susceptibility patterns to avoid irrational antibiotic use, especially in settings where unguided management occurs and febrile illnesses are predominant.201323657136
the microbiome of chronic rhinosinusitis: culture, molecular diagnostics and biofilm detection.bacteria and fungi are believed to influence mucosal inflammation in chronic rhinosinusitis (crs). however their presence and relationship to disease is debated. this study used multiple detection methods to compare microbial diversity and microbial abundance in healthy and diseased sinonasal mucosa. the utility of contemporary detection methods is also examined.201323656607
asthma and the host-microbe interaction. 201323622122
polymicrobial acute respiratory infections in a hospital-based pediatric population.the clinical impact of polymicrobial respiratory infections remains uncertain. previous reports are contradictory regarding an association with severe disease.201323348811
reducing the frequency of acute otitis media by individualized care.we sought to determine if use of more stringent diagnostic criteria for acute otitis media (aom) than currently advocated by the american academy of pediatrics, tympanocentesis and pathogen-specific antibiotic treatment (individualized care) would result in reducing the incidence of recurrent aom and consequent tympanostomy tube surgery.201323340550
comparative analysis of the antibacterial activity of a novel peptide deformylase inhibitor, gsk1322322.gsk1322322 is a novel peptide deformylase (pdf) inhibitor being developed for the intravenous and oral treatment of acute bacterial skin and skin structure infections and hospitalized patients with community-acquired pneumonia. the activity of gsk1322322 was tested against a global collection of clinical isolates of haemophilus influenzae (n = 2,370), moraxella catarrhalis (n = 115), streptococcus pneumoniae (n = 947), streptococcus pyogenes (n = 617), and staphylococcus aureus (n = 940), includ ...201323478958
differential virulence gene expression of group a streptococcus serotype m3 in response to co-culture with moraxella catarrhalis.streptococcus pyogenes (group a streptococcus, gas) and moraxella catarrhalis are important colonizers and (opportunistic) pathogens of the human respiratory tract. however, current knowledge regarding colonization and pathogenic potential of these two pathogens is based on work involving single bacterial species, even though the interplay between respiratory bacterial species is increasingly important in niche occupation and the development of disease. therefore, to further define and understan ...201323626831
inhalation of a dry powder ciprofloxacin formulation in healthy subjects: a phase i study.oral and intravenous formulations of ciprofloxacin have established efficacy and safety profiles in respiratory infections. a dry powder for inhalation (dpi) that uses novartis' pulmosphere™ technology has been developed to deliver high concentrations of ciprofloxacin to the lung with low systemic exposure using a portable and convenient passive dry powder inhaler (novartis' t-326 inhaler).201323605507
the choline-binding protein pspc of streptococcus pneumoniae interacts with the c-terminal heparin-binding domain of vitronectin.adherence of streptococcus pneumoniae is directly mediated by interactions of adhesins with eukaryotic cellular receptors or indirectly by exploiting matrix and serum proteins as molecular bridges. pneumococci engage vitronectin, the human adhesive glycoprotein and complement inhibitor, to facilitate attachment to epithelial cells of the mucosal cavity, thereby modulating host cell signaling. in this study, we identified pspc as a vitronectin-binding protein interacting with the c-terminal hepar ...201323603906
tetrahydropyrazolo[1,5-a]pyrimidine-3-carboxamide and n-benzyl-6',7'-dihydrospiro[piperidine-4,4'-thieno[3,2-c]pyran] analogues with bactericidal efficacy against mycobacterium tuberculosis targeting mmpl3.mycobacterium tuberculosis is a major human pathogen and the causative agent for the pulmonary disease, tuberculosis (tb). current treatment programs to combat tb are under threat due to the emergence of multi-drug and extensively-drug resistant tb. as part of our efforts towards the discovery of new anti-tubercular leads, a number of potent tetrahydropyrazolo[1,5-a]pyrimidine-3-carboxamide (thpp) and n-benzyl-6',7'-dihydrospiro[piperidine-4,4'-thieno[3,2-c]pyran] (spiro) analogues were recently ...201323613759
development of animal models of otitis media.otitis media is defined as inflammation of the middle ear, including the auditory ossicles and the eustachian tube. otitis media is a major health problem in many societies. the causes of otitis media includes infection and anatomic/physiologic, host, and environmental factors. in general, otitis media is a childhood disease, and anatomic and physiologic changes have great effects on its development. thus, in vitro or human experimental studies of otitis media are difficult. several experimental ...201324653896
nationwide survey of the development of drug-resistant pathogens in the pediatric field in 2007 and 2010: drug sensitivity of streptococcus pneumoniae in japan (second report).we previously conducted nationwide surveillance of streptococcus pneumoniae in 2000-2001 (period 1) and 2004 (period 2) and reported the findings. subsequent surveillance surveys conducted in 2007 (period 3) and 2010 (period 4) are now reported. bacterial strains were clinically isolated from children with meningitis, sepsis, and respiratory tract infections at 27 hospitals participating in the drug-resistant pathogen surveillance group in pediatric infectious disease. twenty-one drugs were inve ...201323564331
potential role of tedizolid phosphate in the treatment of acute bacterial skin infections.tedizolid phosphate (tr-701), a prodrug of tedizolid (tr-700), is a next-generation oxazolidinone that has shown favorable results in the treatment of acute bacterial skin and skin-structure infections in its first phase iii clinical trial. tedizolid has high bioavailability, penetration, and tissue distribution when administered orally or intravenously. the activity of tedizolid was greater than linezolid against strains of staphylococcus spp., streptococcus spp., and enterococcus spp. in vitro ...201323589680
panel 6: vaccines.to update progress on the effectiveness of vaccine for prevention of acute otitis media (aom) and identification of promising candidate antigens against streptococcus pneumoniae, nontypeable haemophilus influenzae, and moraxella catarrhalis.201323536534
panel 5: microbiology and immunology panel.the objective is to perform a comprehensive review of the literature from january 2007 through june 2011 on the virology, bacteriology, and immunology related to otitis media.201323536533
panel 4: recent advances in otitis media in molecular biology, biochemistry, genetics, and animal models.otitis media (om) is the most common childhood bacterial infection and also the leading cause of conductive hearing loss in children. currently, there is an urgent need for developing novel therapeutic agents for treating om based on full understanding of molecular pathogenesis in the areas of molecular biology, biochemistry, genetics, and animal model studies in om.201323536532
b-lymphocyte lineage cells and the respiratory system.adaptive humoral immune responses in the airways are mediated by b cells and plasma cells that express highly evolved and specific receptors and produce immunoglobulins of most isotypes. in some cases, such as autoimmune diseases or inflammatory diseases caused by excessive exposure to foreign antigens, these same immune cells can cause disease by virtue of overly vigorous responses. this review discusses the generation, differentiation, signaling, activation, and recruitment pathways of b cells ...201323540615
ultrastructural analysis of the rugose cell envelope of a member of the pasteurellaceae family.bacterial membranes serve as selective environmental barriers and contain determinants required for bacterial colonization and survival. cell envelopes of gram-negative bacteria consist of an outer and an inner membrane separated by a periplasmic space. most gram-negative bacteria display a smooth outer surface (e.g., enterobacteriaceae), whereas members of the pasteurellaceae and moraxellaceae families show convoluted surfaces. aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans, an oral pathogen representat ...201323378507
antimicrobial activity of ceftaroline-avibactam tested against clinical isolates collected from u.s. medical centers in 2010-2011.ceftaroline-avibactam and comparator agents were tested by the broth microdilution method against 20,089 isolates consecutively collected in 2010 and 2011 from 75 u.s. medical centers. ceftaroline-avibactam was active against enterobacteriaceae (4,908 strains; mic90, 0.25 μg/ml; highest mic, 4 μg/ml), including meropenem-nonsusceptible klebsiella spp. and ceftazidime-nonsusceptible enterobacter cloacae strains (mic90, 1 μg/ml for both). ceftaroline-avibactam was also active against ceftriaxone-n ...201323380730
nonantibiotic macrolides prevent human neutrophil elastase-induced mucus stasis and airway surface liquid volume depletion.mucus clearance is an important component of the lung's innate defense system. a failure of this system brought on by mucus dehydration is common to both cystic fibrosis (cf) and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (copd). mucus clearance rates are regulated by the volume of airway surface liquid (asl) and by ciliary beat frequency (cbf). chronic treatment with macrolide antibiotics is known to be beneficial to both cf and copd patients. however, chronic macrolide usage may induce bacterial re ...201323542952
diagnosis of upper and lower respiratory tract bacterial infections with the use of multiplex pcr assays.the investigation of respiratory infections by molecular techniques provides important information about the epidemiology of respiratory disease, especially during the post-vaccination era. the objective of the present study was the detection of bacterial pathogens directly in clinical samples from patients with upper and lower respiratory tract infections using multiplex polymerase chain reaction (pcr) assays developed in our laboratory. clinical samples taken over a three-year period (2007-200 ...201326835676
population pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of sitafloxacin in patients with community-acquired respiratory tract infections.an optimal dosage regimen of sitafloxacin was considered based on a pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics (pk-pd) analysis in patients with community-acquired respiratory tract infections (rti). a population pharmacokinetic analysis of sitafloxacin was conducted using clinical data of five clinical pharmacology studies and one clinical pk-pd study in patients with rtis. the pharmacokinetic parameters in individual patients were estimated by the bayesian method to examine any correlation between ...201323529500
μhall chip for sensitive detection of bacteria.sensitive, rapid and phenotype-specific enumeration of pathogens is essential for the diagnosis of infectious disease, monitoring of food chains, and for defense against bioterrorism. microbiological culture and genotyping, techniques that sensitively and selectively detect bacteria in laboratory settings, have limited application in clinical environments due to high cost, slow response times, and the need for specially trained staff and laboratory infrastructure. to address these challenges, we ...201323495188
innate stat3-mediated induction of the antimicrobial protein reg3γ is required for host defense against mrsa pneumonia.pulmonary staphylococcus aureus (sa) infections are a public health concern and a major complication of hyper-ige syndrome, caused by mutations in stat3. in contrast to previous findings of skin infection, we observed that clearance of sa from the lung did not require t, b, or nk cells but did require stat3 activation. immunohistochemistry showed robust stat3 phosphorylation in the lung epithelium. we identified that a critical stat3 target gene in lung epithelium is reg3g (regenerating islet-de ...201323401489
diagnostic value of symptoms and laboratory data for pertussis in adolescent and adult patients.several symptoms are classically thought to be suggestive of pertussis in children, but the diagnostic value of these symptoms in adolescent and adult patients is unclear. we evaluated the accuracy of the clinical findings for the early presumptive diagnosis of pertussis in adolescent and adult patients. furthermore, we measured fractional exhaled nitric oxide (feno) with regard to whether we could distinguish eosinophilic inflammation of the airway and pertussis. feno is not expected to be asso ...201323496900
some pneumococcal serotypes are more frequently associated with relapses of acute exacerbations in copd patients.to analyze the role of the capsular type in pneumococci causing relapse and reinfection episodes of acute exacerbation in copd patients.201323536850
il-1β promotes corneal epithelial cell migration by increasing mmp-9 expression through nf-κb- and ap-1-dependent pathways.interleukin-1β (il-1β) plays a critical mediator in the pathogenesis of eye diseases. the implication of il-1β in inflammatory responses has been shown to be mediated through up-regulation of inflammatory genes, including matrix metalloproteinase-9 (mmp-9). however, the detailed mechanisms of il-1β-induced mmp-9 expression in statens seruminstitut rabbit corneal cells (sircs) are largely unclear. here, we demonstrated that in sircs, il-1β induced mmp-9 promoter activity and mrna expression assoc ...201323505448
transmigration of polymorphnuclear neutrophils and monocytes through the human blood-cerebrospinal fluid barrier after bacterial infection in vitro.bacterial invasion through the blood-cerebrospinal fluid barrier (bcsfb) during bacterial meningitis causes secretion of proinflammatory cytokines/chemokines followed by the recruitment of leukocytes into the cns. in this study, we analyzed the cellular and molecular mechanisms of polymorphonuclear neutrophil (pmn) and monocyte transepithelial transmigration (tm) across the bcsfb after bacterial infection.201323448224
endophthalmitis.endophthalmitis means bacterial or fungal infection inside the eye involving the vitreous and/or aqueous humors. most cases are exogenous and occur after eye surgery, after penetrating ocular trauma, or as an extension of corneal infection. an increasing number of cases are occurring after intravitreal injections of anti-vascular endothelial growth factor (vegf) medications. endophthalmitis may also be endogenous, arising from bacteraemic or fungaemic seeding of the eye. the infected eye never s ...201323438028
rhinovirus-induced exacerbations of asthma and copd.over the past two decades, increasing evidence has shown that, in patients with chronic airways disease, viral infection is the most common cause of exacerbation. this review will examine the evidence for viral-induced exacerbations of asthma and chronic obstructive lung disease and the potential mechanisms by which viruses cause exacerbations. attention will be focused on rhinovirus, the most common cause of respiratory exacerbations. exacerbations due to rhinovirus, which infects relatively fe ...201324278777
discovery of wall teichoic acid inhibitors as potential anti-mrsa β-lactam combination agents.innovative strategies are needed to combat drug resistance associated with methicillin-resistant staphylococcus aureus (mrsa). here, we investigate the potential of wall teichoic acid (wta) biosynthesis inhibitors as combination agents to restore β-lactam efficacy against mrsa. performing a whole-cell pathway-based screen, we identified a series of wta inhibitors (wtais) targeting the wta transporter protein, targ. whole-genome sequencing of wtai-resistant isolates across two methicillin-resista ...201323438756
bronchiectasis exacerbation study on azithromycin and amoxycillin-clavulanate for respiratory exacerbations in children (best-2): study protocol for a randomized controlled trial.bronchiectasis unrelated to cystic fibrosis (cf) is being increasingly recognized in children and adults globally, both in resource-poor and in affluent countries. however, high-quality evidence to inform management is scarce. oral amoxycillin-clavulanate is often the first antibiotic chosen for non-severe respiratory exacerbations, because of the antibiotic-susceptibility patterns detected in the respiratory pathogens commonly associated with bronchiectasis. azithromycin has a prolonged half-li ...201323421781
efficacy of a marine bacterial nuclease against biofilm forming microorganisms isolated from chronic rhinosinusitis.the persistent colonization of paranasal sinus mucosa by microbial biofilms is a major factor in the pathogenesis of chronic rhinosinusitis (crs). control of microorganisms within biofilms is hampered by the presence of viscous extracellular polymers of host or microbial origin, including nucleic acids. the aim of this study was to investigate the role of extracellular dna in biofilm formation by bacteria associated with crs.201323441151
association of rnas with bacillus subtilis hfq.the prevalence and characteristics of small regulatory rnas (srnas) have not been well characterized for bacillus subtilis, an important model system for gram-positive bacteria. however, b. subtilis was recently found to synthesize many candidate srnas during stationary phase. in the current study, we performed deep sequencing on hfq-associated rnas and found that a small subset of srnas associates with hfq, an enigmatic rna-binding protein that stabilizes srnas in gram-negatives, but whose role ...201323457461
higher serum levels of interleukin 10 occur at onset of acute otitis media caused by streptococcus pneumoniae compared to haemophilus influenzae and moraxella catarrhalis.acute otitis media (aom) involves an inflammatory response to microbes in the middle ear that facilitates clearance of otopathogens. clinically, streptococcus pneumoniae (spn) infections of the respiratory tract are characterized by greater inflammatory responses than nontypeable haemophilus influenzae (nthi) and moraxella catarrhalis (mcat). interleukin 10 (il-10) plays an important role in down-regulating the inflammatory response. we compared serum il-10 levels in children before onset, at on ...201323404508
cefditoren versus levofloxacin in patients with exacerbations of chronic bronchitis: serum inflammatory biomarkers, clinical efficacy, and microbiological eradication.the aim of this open-label, randomized, parallel-group pilot study was to evaluate the efficacy of cefditoren pivoxil and levofloxacin in terms of speed of reduction in inflammatory parameters, clinical recovery, and microbiological eradication.201323430960
neutrophil extracellular traps and bacterial biofilms in middle ear effusion of children with recurrent acute otitis media--a potential treatment target.bacteria persist within biofilms on the middle ear mucosa of children with recurrent and chronic otitis media however the mechanisms by which these develop remain to be elucidated. biopsies can be difficult to obtain from children and their small size limits analysis.201323393551
chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.the global prevalence of physiologically defined chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (copd) in adults aged >40 yr is approximately 9-10 per cent. recently, the indian study on epidemiology of asthma, respiratory symptoms and chronic bronchitis in adults had shown that the overall prevalence of chronic bronchitis in adults >35 yr is 3.49 per cent. the development of copd is multifactorial and the risk factors of copd include genetic and environmental factors. pathological changes in copd are ob ...201323563369
bacteriology of symptomatic adenoids in children.children with adenoid hypertrophy have been shown to harbor pathogenic bacteria in the nasopharynx despite antibiotics. removal of the adenoid is associated with a reduction in the bacterial count.201323641372
protective mechanisms of respiratory tract streptococci against streptococcus pyogenes biofilm formation and epithelial cell infection.streptococcus pyogenes (group a streptococci [gas]) encounter many streptococcal species of the physiological microbial biome when entering the upper respiratory tract of humans, leading to the question how gas interact with these bacteria in order to establish themselves at this anatomic site and initiate infection. here we show that s. oralis and s. salivarius in direct contact assays inhibit growth of gas in a strain-specific manner and that s. salivarius, most likely via bacteriocin secretio ...201323241973
system specificity of the tpsb transporters of coexpressed two-partner secretion systems of neisseria meningitidis.the two-partner secretion (tps) systems of gram-negative bacteria consist of a large secreted exoprotein (tpsa) and a transporter protein (tpsb) located in the outer membrane. tpsa targets tpsb for transport across the membrane via its ∼30-kda tps domain located at its n terminus, and this domain is also the minimal secretory unit. neisseria meningitidis genomes encode up to five tpsas and two tpsbs. sequence alignments of tps domains suggested that these are organized into three systems, while ...201323222722
novel carbapenem antibiotics for parenteral and oral applications: in vitro and in vivo activities of 2-aryl carbapenems and their pharmacokinetics in laboratory animals.sm-295291 and sm-369926 are new parenteral 2-aryl carbapenems with strong activity against major causative pathogens of community-acquired infections such as methicillin-susceptible staphylococcus aureus, streptococcus pneumoniae (including penicillin-resistant strains), streptococcus pyogenes, enterococcus faecalis, klebsiella pneumoniae, moraxella catarrhalis, haemophilus influenzae (including β-lactamase-negative ampicillin-resistant strains), and neisseria gonorrhoeae (including ciprofloxaci ...201323147735
utility of blood culture in uncomplicated pneumonia in children.it is believed to be the standard of care to obtain a blood culture in a child who is hospitalized for pneumonia. in recent years, many studies have questioned the utility of this practice in the presence of age appropriate immunization. we conducted this study to determine the current prevalence of bacteremia in children with uncomplicated pneumonia and the utility of obtaining blood cultures in these children.201323641172
airway inflammatory markers in individuals with cystic fibrosis and non-cystic fibrosis bronchiectasis.bronchiectasis is an airway disease characterized by thickening of the bronchial wall, chronic inflammation , and destruction of affected bronchi. underlying etiologies include severe pulmonary infection and cystic fibrosis (cf); however, in a substantial number of patients with non-cf-related bronchiectasis (ncfb), no cause is found. the increasing armamentarium of therapies now available to combat disease in cf is in stark contrast to the limited tools employed in ncfb. our study aimed to eval ...201323426081
efficacy and safety of moxifloxacin in acute exacerbations of chronic bronchitis: a prospective, multicenter, observational study (avanti).acute exacerbations of chronic bronchitis (aecb), including chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (aecopd), represent a substantial patient burden. few data exist on outpatient antibiotic management for aecb/aecopd in eastern/south eastern europe, in particular on the use of moxifloxacin (avelox®), although moxifloxacin is widely approved in this region based on evidence from international clinical studies.201323343427
dynamics of streptococcus pneumoniae serotypes causing acute otitis media isolated from children with spontaneous middle-ear drainage over a 12-year period (1999-2010) in a region of northern spain.the aim of this study was to determine the serotype and clonal distribution of pneumococci causing acute otitis media (aom) and their relationship with recurrences and mixed infections with other microorganisms under the influence of the 7-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine (pcv7). to do this, all pneumococcal isolates collected from the spontaneous middle-ear drainage of children <5 years old diagnosed of aom by their pediatrician or their general practitioner from 1999 to 2010 were phenotyp ...201323349853
high prevalence of streptococcus pneumoniae in adenoids and nasopharynx in preschool children with recurrent upper respiratory tract infections in poland--distribution of serotypes and drug resistance patterns.streptococcus pneumoniae is one of the major bacterial pathogens colonizing nasopharynx, and often causes upper respiratory tract infections in children. we investigated the prevalence of s. pneumoniae in nasopharynx and adenoid core in 57 children aged 2-5 years who underwent adenoidectomy for recurrent pharyngotonsillitis, and we determined serotypes and antibiotic resistance patterns of the isolated pneumococci.201323328644
biogeography of the ecosystems of the healthy human body.characterizing the biogeography of the microbiome of healthy humans is essential for understanding microbial associated diseases. previous studies mainly focused on a single body habitat from a limited set of subjects. here, we analyzed one of the largest microbiome datasets to date and generated a biogeographical map that annotates the biodiversity, spatial relationships, and temporal stability of 22 habitats from 279 healthy humans.201323316946
fueling open-source drug discovery: 177 small-molecule leads against tuberculosis.with the aim of fuelling open-source, translational, early-stage drug discovery activities, the results of the recently completed antimycobacterial phenotypic screening campaign against mycobacterium bovis bcg with hit confirmation in m. tuberculosis h37rv were made publicly accessible. a set of 177 potent non-cytotoxic h37rv hits was identified and will be made available to maximize the potential impact of the compounds toward a chemical genetics/proteomics exercise, while at the same time prov ...201323307663
viral and bacterial interactions in the upper respiratory tract.respiratory infectious diseases are mainly caused by viruses or bacteria that often interact with one another. although their presence is a prerequisite for subsequent infections, viruses and bacteria may be present in the nasopharynx without causing any respiratory symptoms. the upper respiratory tract hosts a vast range of commensals and potential pathogenic bacteria, which form a complex microbial community. this community is assumed to be constantly subject to synergistic and competitive int ...201323326226
characterization of the humoral immune response during staphylococcus aureus bacteremia and global gene expression by staphylococcus aureus in human blood.attempts to develop an efficient anti-staphylococcal vaccine in humans have so far been unsuccessful. therefore, more knowledge of the antigens that are expressed by staphylococcus aureus in human blood and induce an immune response in patients is required. in this study we further characterize the serial levels of igg and iga antibodies against 56 staphylococcal antigens in multiple serum samples of 21 patients with a s. aureus bacteremia, compare peak igg levels between patients and 30 non-inf ...201323308212
macrolide use in the treatment of critically ill patients with pneumonia: incidence, correlates, timing and outcomes.macrolide antibiotics are commonly used to treat pneumonia despite increasing antimicrobial resistance. evidence suggests that macrolides may also decrease mortality in severe sepsis via immunomodulatory properties.201324489569
bacterial pathogens in the nasopharynx, nasal cavity, and osteomeatal complex during wellness and viral infection.viral sinusitis can precede acute bacterial sinusitis, but the influence of viral infection on bacterial colonization is unclear. the objective of this study was to evaluate the presence of streptococcus pneumoniae, haemophilus influenzae, and moraxella catarrhalis in the osteomeatal complex (omc), nasal cavity, and nasopharynx in adults during wellness and viral upper respiratory illness (uri).201323406599
community-acquired pneumonia: 2012 history, mythology, and science.pneumonia remains one of the major disease entities practicing physicians must manage. it is a leading cause of infection-related morbidity and mortality in all age groups, and a leading cause of death in those older than 65 years of age. despite its frequency and importance, clinical questions have remained in the therapy of community-acquired pneumonia including when to start antibiotics, when to stop them, who to treat, and what agents to use. answers to these questions have involved historic ...201323874036
innate immune function and mortality in critically ill children with influenza: a multicenter study.to prospectively evaluate relationships among serum cytokine levels, innate immune responsiveness, and mortality in a multicenter cohort of critically ill children with influenza infection.201323222256
impact of respiratory viral infections on α-hemolytic streptococci and otopathogens in the nasopharynx of young children.we studied nasopharyngeal (np) colonization in a cohort of children to determine the impact of viral upper respiratory infections (uris) on nonpneumococcal α-hemolytic streptococci (ahs) and otopathogen colonization in association with acute otitis media (aom).201323241988
human rhinoviruses.human rhinoviruses (hrvs), first discovered in the 1950s, are responsible for more than one-half of cold-like illnesses and cost billions of dollars annually in medical visits and missed days of work. advances in molecular methods have enhanced our understanding of the genomic structure of hrv and have led to the characterization of three genetically distinct hrv groups, designated groups a, b, and c, within the genus enterovirus and the family picornaviridae. hrvs are traditionally associated w ...201323297263
bacterial coinfections in travelers with malaria: rationale for antibiotic therapy.malaria predisposes children in areas where malaria is endemic to concurrent bacteremia, often with severe outcomes. the importance of bacterial coinfections in patients diagnosed with malaria in nonendemic settings has, however, not been reported. a retrospective analysis of microbiology data was performed in 755 travelers diagnosed with malaria in sweden. bacterial cultures from blood and other locations were correlated to clinical outcome and antibiotic treatment. blood cultures were drawn fr ...201323052321
diagnostic usefulness of ribosomal protein l7/l12 for pneumococcal pneumonia in a mouse model.the capsular antigen detection (cad) kit is widely used in clinics to detect streptococcus pneumoniae infection from urine, because it is rapid, convenient, and effective. however, there are several disadvantages, including false-positive results in children colonized with s. pneumoniae and prolonged positive readings even after the bacteria have been cleared. rp-l7/l12 is a component of the 50s ribosome that is abundant in all bacteria and is specific for each bacterial species. we investigated ...201323100338
the target of daptomycin is absent from escherichia coli and other gram-negative pathogens.antistaphylococcal agents commonly lack activity against gram-negative bacteria like escherichia coli owing to the permeability barrier presented by the outer membrane and/or the action of efflux transporters. when these intrinsic resistance mechanisms are artificially compromised, such agents almost invariably demonstrate antibacterial activity against gram negatives. here we show that this is not the case for the antibiotic daptomycin, whose target appears to be absent from e. coli and other g ...201323114759
competition for zinc binding in the host-pathogen interaction.due to its favorable chemical properties, zinc is used as a structural or catalytic cofactor in a very large number of proteins. despite the apparent abundance of this metal in all cell types, the intracellular pool of loosely bound zinc ions available for biological exchanges is in the picomolar range and nearly all zinc is tightly bound to proteins. in addition, to limit bacterial growth, some zinc-sequestering proteins are produced by eukaryotic hosts in response to infections. therefore, to ...201324400228
recognition of extracellular bacteria by nlrs and its role in the development of adaptive immunity.innate immune recognition of bacteria is the first requirement for mounting an effective immune response able to control infection. over the previous decade, the general paradigm was that extracellular bacteria were only sensed by cell surface-expressed toll-like receptors (tlrs), whereas cytoplasmic sensors, including members of the nod-like receptor (nlr) family, were specific to pathogens capable of breaching the host cell membrane. it has become apparent, however, that intracellular innate i ...201324155747
strategy for sensitive and specific detection of yersinia pestis in skeletons of the black death pandemic.yersinia pestis has been identified as the causative agent of the black death pandemic in the 14(th) century. however, retrospective diagnostics in human skeletons after more than 600 years are critical. we describe a strategy following a modern diagnostic algorithm and working under strict ancient dna regime for the identification of medieval human plague victims. an initial screening and dna quantification assay detected the y. pestis specific pla gene of the high copy number plasmid ppcp1. re ...201324069445
broad-spectrum biosensor capable of detecting and identifying diverse bacterial and candida species in blood.we describe an assay which uses broad-spectrum, conserved-site pcr paired with mass spectrometry analysis of amplicons (pcr/electrospray ionization-mass spectrometry [esi-ms]) to detect and identify diverse bacterial and candida species in uncultured specimens. the performance of the assay was characterized using whole-blood samples spiked with low titers of 64 bacterial species and 6 candida species representing the breadth of coverage of the assay. the assay had an average limit of detection o ...201323761152
causal inference regarding infectious aetiology of chronic conditions: a systematic review.the global burden of disease has shifted from communicable diseases in children to chronic diseases in adults. this epidemiologic shift varies greatly by region, but in europe, chronic conditions account for 86% of all deaths, 77% of the disease burden, and up to 80% of health care expenditures. a number of risk factors have been implicated in chronic diseases, such as exposure to infectious agents. a number of associations have been well established while others remain uncertain.201323935899
bacteria in the nose of young adults during wellness and rhinovirus colds: detection by culture and microarray methods in 100 nasal lavage specimens.patients  with  viral respiratory infections/viral rhinitis/common colds are often treated with antibiotic; however, there is little information on whether or how bacterial microbiota in the nose and nasopharynx might influence the course of viral illnesses.201323801660
comprehensive antigen screening identifies moraxella catarrhalis proteins that induce protection in a mouse pulmonary clearance model.moraxella catarrhalis is one of the three most common causative bacterial pathogens of otitis media, however no effective vaccine against m. catarrhalis has been developed so far. to identify m. catarrhalis vaccine candidate antigens, we used carefully selected sera from children with otitis media and healthy individuals to screen small-fragment genomic libraries that are expressed to display frame-selected peptides on a bacterial cell surface. this antigenome technology led to the identificatio ...201323671716
rapid pcr detection of mycoplasma hominis, ureaplasma urealyticum, and ureaplasma parvum.objective. we compared laboratory developed real-time pcr assays for detection of mycoplasma hominis and for detection and differentiation of ureaplasma urealyticum and parvum to culture using genitourinary specimens submitted for m. hominis and ureaplasma culture. methods. 283 genitourinary specimens received in the clinical bacteriology laboratory for m. hominis and ureaplasma species culture were evaluated. nucleic acids were extracted using the total nucleic acid kit on the magna pure 2.0. 5 ...201326904723
the k1 capsular polysaccharide from acinetobacter baumannii is a potential therapeutic target via passive immunization.the emergence of extremely resistant and panresistant gram-negative bacilli, such as acinetobacter baumannii, requires consideration of nonantimicrobial therapeutic approaches. the goal of this report was to evaluate the k1 capsular polysaccharide from a. baumannii as a passive immunization target. its structure was determined by a combination of mass spectrometric and nuclear magnetic resonance (nmr) techniques. molecular mimics that might raise the concern for autoimmune disease were not ident ...201323297385
characterization of a novel zinc transporter znua acquired by vibrio parahaemolyticus through horizontal gene transfer.vibrio parahaemolyticus is a clinically important foodborne pathogen that causes acute gastroenteritis worldwide. it has been shown that horizontal gene transfer (hgt) contributes significantly to virulence development of v. parahaemolyticus. in this study, we identified a novel znua homolog (vpa1307) that belongs to a novel subfamily of znua, a bacterial zinc transporter. the vpa1307 gene is located upstream of the v. parahaemolyticus pathogenicity island (vp-pais) in both tdh-positive and trh- ...201324133656
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