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raccoon dog rabies surveillance and post-vaccination monitoring in lithuania 2006 to 2010.abstract:201122085767
generation of a recombinant rabies flury lep virus carrying an additional g gene creates an improved seed virus for inactivated vaccine production.the rabies flury low egg passage virus (lep) has been widely used as a seed virus to generate inactive vaccine. here, we established a reverse genetic system for lep and generated a recombinant lep virus (rlep-g) that carries two identical g genes. this recombinant virus showed similar properties to those of lep with respect to in vitro growth, neurotropism index, and virulence in mice. rlep-g produced 4.3-fold more g protein than did lep in bhk-21 cells. the inactivated vaccine generated from r ...201121943337
gene expression analysis of host innate immune responses in the central nervous system following lethal cvs-11 infection in mice.the central nervous system (cns) tissue of mice infected with the cvs-11 strain of rabies virus (rabv) was subjected to gene expression analysis using microarray and canonical pathway analyses. genes associated with innate immunity as well as inflammatory responses were significantly up-regulated, corroborating with the previous findings obtained using attenuated viruses that did not induce a fatal outcome in infected mice. histopathological examination showed that neurons in the cerebellum ...201122116324
cerebellar vermis is a target of projections from the motor areas in the cerebral cortex.the cerebellum has a medial, cortico-nuclear zone consisting of the cerebellar vermis and the fastigial nucleus. functionally, this zone is concerned with whole-body posture and locomotion. the vermis classically is thought to be included within the "spinocerebellum" and to receive somatic sensory input from ascending spinal pathways. in contrast, the lateral zone of the cerebellum is included in the "cerebro-cerebellum" because it is densely interconnected with the cerebral cortex. here we repo ...201121911381
immunogenicity of simulated pcecv postexposure booster doses 1, 3, and 5 years after 2-dose and 3-dose primary rabies vaccination in schoolchildren.objectives. to assess the immunogenicity of intradermal (id) booster doses of purified chick embryo cell rabies vaccine (pcecv, rabipur) administered to thai schoolchildren one, three and five years after a primary id pre-exposure (prep) vaccination series. methods. in this follow-up study of a randomized, open-label, phase ii clinical trial, two simulated post-exposure booster doses of pcecv were administered on days 0 and 3 intradermally to 703 healthy schoolchildren, one, three or five years ...201121991438
molecular characterization of china rabies virus vaccine strain.abstract:201122093774
animal bites, active and reserve components, u.s. armed forces, 2001-2010.from 2001 to 2010, there were 20,522 diagnoses of animal bites among u.s. military members. of these, 643 (3.1%) were documented during medical encounters in combat theater. the majority of bites were "dog bites" and occurred more in males, soldiers, and those in infantry and law enforcement occupations. a small proportion of animal bites received documentation of exposure to or post-exposure prophylaxis for rabies virus. animal bite avoidance and rabies education should be reinforced before mem ...201121988341
recent emergence of the arctic rabies virus lineage.the rabies viruses that circulate in arctic countries and in much of northern and central asia are phylogenetically closely related and collectively referred to as the arctic/arctic-like (al) lineage. the emergence and spread of this lineage is of significant interest given that rabies remains a serious zoonotic disease in many parts of asia, especially in india where the prevalence of dog rabies leads to frequent human exposures and deaths. previous molecular epidemiological studies of rabies v ...201122100340
novel sylvatic rabies virus variant in endangered golden palm civet, sri lanka.information is scarce about sylvatic rabies virus in asia and about rabies in palm civets. we report a novel sylvatic rabies virus variant detected in a golden palm civet in sri lanka. evolutionary analysis suggests the virus diverged from canine rabies viruses in sri lanka in ≈1933 (range 1886-1963).201122172202
lentiviral gene transfer into the dorsal root ganglion of adult rats.lentivector-mediated gene delivery into the dorsal root ganglion (drg) is a promising method for exploring pain pathophysiology and for genetic treatment of chronic neuropathic pain. in this study, a series of modified lentivector particles with different cellular promoters, envelope glycoproteins, and viral accessory proteins were generated to evaluate the requirements for efficient transduction into neuronal cells in vitro and adult rat drg in vivo.201121861915
differentiation of the seven major lyssavirus species by oligonucleotide microarray.an oligonucleotide microarray, lyssachip, has been developed and verified as a highly specific diagnostic tool for differentiation of the 7 major lyssavirus species. as with conventional typing microarray methods, the lyssachip relies on sequence differences in the 371-nucleotide region coding of the nucleoprotein. this region was amplified using nested rt-pcr primers binding to the 7 major lyssaviruses. the lyssachip includes 57 pairs of species-typing and corresponding control oligonucleotide ...201122189108
diagnosis and molecular characterization of rabies virus from a buffalo in china: a case report.rabies virus (rabv) can infect many different species of warm-blooded animals. glycoprotein g plays a key role in viral pathogenicity and neurotropism, and includes antigenic domains that are responsible for membrane fusion and host cell receptor recognition.201121375773
cell type-specific alterations in the nucleus accumbens by repeated exposures to cocaine.the nucleus accumbens (nac) is a brain region critically involved in psychostimulant-induced neuroadaptations. a major proportion of nac neurons consists of medium spiny neurons (msns), commonly divided into two major subsets on the basis of their expression of d1 dopamine receptors (d1r-msns) or d2 dopamine receptors (d2r-msns). although nac msns are known to undergo extensive alterations in their characteristics upon exposure to drugs of abuse, the functional and structural changes specific to ...201121377654
lyssavirus detection and typing using pyrosequencing.rabies is a fatal zoonosis caused by a nonsegmented negative-strand rna virus, namely, rabies virus (rabv). apart from rabv, at least 10 additional species are known as rabies-related lyssaviruses (rrvs), and some of them are responsible for occasional spillovers into humans. more lyssaviruses have also been detected recently in different bat ecosystems, thanks to the application of molecular diagnostic methods. due to the variety of the members of the genus lyssavirus, there is the necessity to ...201121389152
the importance of being short: the role of rabies virus phosphoprotein isoforms assessed by differential ires translation initiation.the rabies virus (rv) phosphoprotein p is a multifunctional protein involved in viral rna synthesis and in counteracting host innate immune responses. we have previously shown that rv p gene expression levels can be regulated by using picornavirus internal ribosome entry site (ires) elements. here we exploited a particular feature of the foot-and-mouth disease virus (fmdv) ires, namely, preferential initiation at a downstream initiation codon, to address the role of n-terminally truncated rv pho ...201121397980
significantly improved rescue of rabies virus from cdna plasmids.the rescue of recombinant rabies virus (rv) from cloned cdna is an inefficient process because it relies on the de novo formation within cells of functional ribonucleoprotein (rnp) complexes from plasmid-expressed viral-like antigenome rnas and three helper proteins. in the standard rv reverse genetics systems, bacteriophage t7 rna polymerase drives the transcription of virus antigenome-like rnas containing three nonviral g residues at the 5'-end and a correct 3'-end generated by the autocatalyt ...201121397981
porcine teschovirus polioencephalomyelitis in western canada.beginning in 2002, a small number of pig farms in western canada began reporting 4-7-week-old pigs with bilateral hind-end paresis or paralysis. low numbers of pigs were affected, some died, most had to be euthanized, and those that survived had reduced weight gains and neurological deficits. necropsies revealed no gross lesions, but microscopic lesions consisted of a nonsuppurative polioencephalomyelitis, most severe in the brain stem and spinal cord. the lesions were most consistent with a vir ...201121398466
characterization of rabies virus isolated from a colony of eptesicus furinalis bats in brazil.some bat species have adapted to the expanding human population by acquiring the ability to roost in urban buildings, increasing the exposure risk for people and domestic animals, and consequently, the likelihood of transmitting rabies. three dead bats were found in the yard of a house in an urban area of jundiaí city in the state of são paulo in southeast brazil. two of the three bats tested positive for rabies, using fluorescent antibody and mouse inoculation techniques. a large colony of epte ...201121412617
antemortem diagnosis of human rabies in a veterinarian infected when handling a herbivore in minas gerais, brazil.the ministry of health's national human rabies control program advocates pre-exposure prophylaxis (pep) for professionals involved with animals that are at risk of contracting rabies. we report an antemortem and postmortem diagnosis of rabies in a veterinarian who became infected when handling herbivores with rabies. the antemortem diagnosis was carried out with a saliva sample and a biopsy of hair follicles using molecular biology techniques, while the postmortem diagnosis used a brain sample a ...201121412618
new method to produce equine antirabies immunoglobulin f(ab')2 fragments from crude plasma in high quality and yield.rabies is still a major cause of human deaths in several developing countries. according to the world health organization, administration of antirabies serum or antirabies immunoglobulin is recommended for patients who have experienced a category-iii exposure to rabies. improvement of antirabies immunoglobulin production is required to enhance safety and efficacy of the products. in this paper, a new method to produce equine antirabies immunoglobulin f(ab')(2) fragments from crude plasma is prop ...201121414404
delivery of sirna to the mouse brain by systemic injection of targeted exosomes.to realize the therapeutic potential of rna drugs, efficient, tissue-specific and nonimmunogenic delivery technologies must be developed. here we show that exosomes-endogenous nano-vesicles that transport rnas and proteins-can deliver short interfering (si)rna to the brain in mice. to reduce immunogenicity, we used self-derived dendritic cells for exosome production. targeting was achieved by engineering the dendritic cells to express lamp2b, an exosomal membrane protein, fused to the neuron-spe ...201121423189
recovery from and clearance of rabies virus in a domestic ferret.here we document the case of a domestic ferret (mustela putorius) that survived experimental inoculation with rabies virus of skunk origin. the ferret showed initial clinical signs of rabies (hindlimb paralysis) on day 81 after inoculation. the animal survived with paraplegia but otherwise was in an adequate nutritional state until the end of the observation period (pi day 181). at necropsy, no gross lesions were observed. microscopic lesions were found in sections of cerebrum and spinal cord. i ...201121439220
high-density baiting with onrab® rabies vaccine baits to control arctic-variant rabies in striped skunks in ontario, canada.the arctic variant of rabies virus has been maintained in striped skunks in small foci in southwestern ontario, canada, despite the control of the disease in red foxes. to control the disease in skunks, high-density baiting with onrab(®) oral rabies vaccine baits was conducted by air and by hand distribution of baits in the vicinity of skunk cases. during 2009, antibody prevalences in skunks were higher in areas baited at a density of 300 baits/km(2) and flight-line spacing of 0.25 km than at 0. ...201121441200
molecular characterization of indian rabies virus isolates by partial sequencing of nucleoprotein (n) and phosphoprotein (p) genes.rabies is endemic and an important zoonosis in india. there are very few reports available on molecular epidemiology of rabies virus of indian origin. in this study to know the dynamics of rabies virus, a total of 41 rabies positive brain samples from dogs, cats, domestic animals, wildlife, and humans from 11 states were subjected to rt-pcr amplification of n gene between nucleotide n521-n1262 (742 bp) and p gene between nucleotide p239-p750 (512 bp). the n gene could be amplified from 30, while ...201121452061
immunoperoxidase inhibition assay for rabies antibody detection.an immunoperoxidase inhibition assay (iia) for detection of rabies antibodies in human sera is described. diluted test sera are added to microplates with paraformaldehyde-fixed, cer cells infected with rabies virus. antibodies in test sera compete with a rabies polyclonal rabbit antiserum which was added subsequently. next, an anti-rabbit igg-peroxidase conjugate is added and the reaction developed by the addition of the substrate 3-amino-9-ethylcarbazole (aec). the performance of the assay was ...201121458492
antibody persistence, 32 years after post-exposure prophylaxis with human diploid cell rabies vaccine (hdcv).in 1975-1976 forty-five persons severely bitten by rabid wolves and dogs in iran were treated successfully against rabies with hdcv. in this study contact was made with 26 of 45 above persons, 32 years after their initial treatment and all had rabies neutralizing antibody ranging from 0.3 to 2.69 iu/ml of serum. of the 26 persons, 17 had received a booster dose of hdcv, 28 years ago and the remaining 9 persons, who had not received any booster since the initial treatment, were given one booster ...201121458608
establishment of a stable cho cell line with high level expression of recombinant porcine ifn-ß.a cho cell clone (cho-poifn-ß) with stable porcine ifn-ß expression under control of cmv promoter was selected under g418 pressure. in a 25cm(2) cell culture flask (5 ml culture medium), the cumulative protein yield of recombinant poifn-ß reached 2.3×10(6) iu/ml. this cells clone maintained stable expression for at least 20 generations even in the absence of g418 selection pressure. the expressed recombinant poifn-ß could induce the expression of porcine mx protein in pk15 cells, and activate th ...201121459017
[construction and detection the bioactivity of human anti-rabies virus scdsfv].the purpose of this study is to produce new antibody molecules to neutralize the rabies virus specifically by the way of constructing and expressing the human anti-rabies virus scdsfv (disulfide stabilized single chain antibody) gene, and characterizing its bioactivity.201121465795
molecular epidemiology of rabies virus circulating in south korea, 1998-2010.we analyzed the nucleotide sequences of the g-l (glycoprotein-large protein) intergenic non-coding region of 33 strains of the rabies virus (rabv) isolated in south korea in 1998-2010 and compared the sequences with those of previously reported non-korean strains. the similarities of the nucleotide sequences of the g-l region among all korean rabv isolates ranged from 97.1 to 100%. based on the phylogenetic analysis of the g-l region, the korean rabv isolates were classified into three distinct ...201121467756
rabies diagnosis and serology in bats from the state of são paulo, brazil.bats are one of the most important reservoirs and vectors of the rabies virus in the world.201121468481
one-step protocol for amplification of near full-length cdna of the rabies virus genome.full-length genome sequencing of the rabies virus is not a routine laboratory procedure. to understand fully the epidemiology, genetic variation and evolution of the rabies virus, full-length viral genomes need to be obtained. for rabies virus studies, cdna synthesis is usually performed using nonspecific oligonucleotides followed by cloning. when specific primers are used, the cdna obtained is only partial and is limited to the coding regions. therefore, the development of methods for synthesiz ...201121473884
evolutionary history of rabies in ghana.rabies virus (rabv) is enzootic throughout africa, with the domestic dog (canis familiaris) being the principal vector. dog rabies is estimated to cause 24,000 human deaths per year in africa, however, this estimate is still considered to be conservative. two sub-saharan african rabv lineages have been detected in west africa. lineage 2 is present throughout west africa, whereas africa 1a dominates in northern and eastern africa, but has been detected in nigeria and gabon, and africa 1b was prev ...201121483707
llama-derived single domain antibodies to build multivalent, superpotent and broadened neutralizing anti-viral molecules.for efficient prevention of viral infections and cross protection, simultaneous targeting of multiple viral epitopes is a powerful strategy. llama heavy chain antibody fragments (vhh) against the trimeric envelope proteins of respiratory syncytial virus (fusion protein), rabies virus (glycoprotein) and h5n1 influenza (hemagglutinin 5) were selected from llama derived immune libraries by phage display. neutralizing vhh recognizing different epitopes in the receptor binding sites on the spikes wit ...201121483777
human rabies encephalitis prevention and treatment: progress since pasteur's discovery.rabies remains one of the most ancient and deadly of human infectious diseases. this viral zoonosis is transmitted principally by the saliva of infected dogs, inducing a form of encephalomyelitis that is almost invariably fatal. since the first implementation, by louis pasteur in 1885, of an efficient preventive post-exposure treatment, more effective protocols and safer products have been developed, providing almost 100% protection if administered early enough. however, this disease still repre ...201121488832
a brain-targeted rabies virus glycoprotein-disulfide linked pei nanocarrier for delivery of neurogenic microrna.recent advances in efficient microrna (mirna) delivery techniques using brain-targeted nanoparticles offer critical information for understanding the functional role of mirnas in vivo, and for supporting targeted gene therapy in terms of treating mirna-associated neurological diseases. here, we report the rabies virus glycoprotein (rvg)-labeled non-toxic sspei nanomaterials capable of neuron-specific mir-124a delivery to neuron in vivo. the rvg-labeled bpei-ss (rvg-sspei) nanocarrier showed less ...201121489620
human rabies--michigan, 2009.on november 9, 2009, a michigan hospital informed cdc of suspected rabies in a man aged 55 years. the patient reportedly had awakened with a bat on his arm 9 months earlier but had not sought medical evaluation. he went to a local emergency department (ed) on october 30 and soon after was hospitalized; he died 12 days later. on november 14, cdc confirmed infection with a rabies virus variant that commonly infects the silver-haired bat (lasionycteris noctivagans). this report summarizes the patie ...201121490561
first report of rabies infection in bats, molossus molossus, molossops neglectus and myotis riparius in the city of são paulo, state of são paulo, southeastern brazil.this paper presents the first report of rabies in three bat species, molossus molossus, molossops neglectus and myotis riparius in the city of são paulo, brazil.201121503551
re-assessment of direct fluorescent antibody negative brain tissues with a real-time pcr assay to detect the presence of raccoon rabies virus rna.the first report of the raccoon variant of rabies virus was in ontario, canada in 1999. as part of the control of this outbreak a point infection control (pic) strategy of trapping and euthanizing vector species was implemented. to evaluate whether this strategy was indeed removing diseased animals, rabies diagnosis was performed on these specimens. during a pic program conducted in 2003, 721 animals (raccoons, striped skunks and red foxes) were collected and euthanized and brain material from e ...201121514325
live attenuated rabies virus co-infected with street rabies virus protects animals against rabies.while current rabies post-exposure prophylaxis (pep) is highly effective, it is costly and the vaccination regimen is complicated, requiring both inactivated vaccines and immunoglobulins. a one-dose rabies vaccine for human pep remains a long-term goal. here, we describe development of a highly attenuated rabies virus erag3m, with a mutation in the glycoprotein (g) gene and a switch of the g gene with the matrix protein gene in the viral genome. after a one-dose intramuscular vaccination, the er ...201121514343
differential architecture of multisynaptic geniculo-cortical pathways to v4 and mt.parallel visual pathways in the primate brain known as the dorsal and ventral streams receive retinal inputs mainly through the magnocellular (m) and parvocellular (p) layers of the lateral geniculate nucleus. inputs from these layers terminate within distinct parts of layer 4c of v1 (visual area 1). due to the complexity of m- and p-derived neural connectivity in v1 and higher visual areas, the contributions of m and p inputs to the dorsal and ventral streams remain unclear. employing retrograd ...201121515714
ambivalent role of the innate immune response in rabies virus pathogenesis.the neurotropic rabies virus (rabv) has developed several evasive strategies including immunoevasion to successfully infect the nervous system (ns) and trigger a fatal encephalomyelitis. here, we show that lgp2 expression, a protein known either as a positive or negative regulator of the rig-i mediated-innate immune response, is restricted in the ns. we use a new transgenic mouse model (lgp2 tg) over-expressing lgp2 to impair rabv innate immune response and thus reveals the role of the rig-i-med ...201121525357
genetic tracking of the raccoon variant of rabies virus in eastern north america.to gain insight into the incursion of the raccoon variant of rabies into the raccoon population in three canadian provinces, a collection of 192 isolates of the raccoon rabies virus (rrv) strain was acquired from across its north american range and was genetically characterized. a 516-nucleotide segment of the non-coding region between the g and l protein open reading frames, corresponding to the most variable region of the rabies virus genome, was sequenced. this analysis identified 119 differe ...201121624778
[risks of transmitting rabies virus from captive domiciliary common marmoset (callithrix jacchus) to human beings, in the metropolitan region of fortaleza, state of ceará, brazil.] 201121625806
evaluation of water-in-oil-in-water multiple emulsion and microemulsion as potential adjuvants for immunization with rabies antigen.water-in-oil-in-water (w/o/w) multiple emulsions and microemulsions have been studied as potential candidates to be formulated as adjuvants. in this work their application as adjuvants for rabies virus immunization was studied. the humoral response, the effective dose 50 and histology for the developed formulations were evaluated in mice and compared with those from traditional adjuvants. the microemulsion and w/o/w multiple emulsion adjuvants developed were able to induce humoral response in mi ...201121627989
molecular diversity and evolutionary history of rabies virus strains circulating in the balkans.molecular studies of european classical rabies viruses (rabv) have revealed a number of geographically clustered lineages. to study the diversity of balkan rabv, partial nucleoprotein (n) gene sequences were analysed from a unique panel of isolates (n=210), collected from various hosts between 1972-2006. all of the balkan isolates grouped within the european / middle east lineage, with the majority most closely related to east european (ee) strains. a number of rabv from bosnia & herzegovina (bi ...201121632560
newcastle disease virus-vectored rabies vaccine is safe, highly immunogenic, and provides long-lasting protection in dogs and cats.effective, safe, and affordable rabies vaccines are still being sought. newcastle disease virus (ndv), an avian paramyxovirus, has shown promise as a vectored vaccine for mammals. here, we generated the recombinant avirulent ndv lasota strain expressing the rabies virus glycoprotein(rvg)and evaluated its potential to serve as a vaccine against rabies. the recombinant virus, rl-rvg, retained its high-growth property in chicken eggs, with titers of up to 10(9.8) eid(50)/ml of allantoic fluid. rvg ...201121632762
a unique transcription mode of rabies virus high egg passage-flury strain detected in the infected baby hamster kidney-21 cells.the transcription mode of rabies virus high egg passage-flury (hep) strain was examined and compared with that of evelyn rokitniki abelseth (era) strain by northern blot analysis using rabies virus gene-specific probes. the era strain was shown exclusively to produce monocistronic mrnas in transcription. while all combinations of multicisronic transcripts including five monocistronic mrnas were detected in the viral rna transcripts of hep strain. it was concluded that the unique transcription mo ...201121645051
development of recombinant rabies viruses vectors with gaussia luciferase reporter based on chinese vaccine strain ctn181.the recombinant rabies virus (rv) vectors encoding the secreted gene marker gaussia luciferase (gluc) were generated based on chinese vaccine strain ctn181. vectors included replication competent ctn-gluc, ctn/g(q333r)-gluc, in which the amino acid in position 333 of glycoprotein was mutated from glutamine (q) to arginine (r), and replication constrained ctnδg-gluc, in which the glycoprotein encoding gene (g) was deleted. the growth of recombinant rvs in transfected cells was confirmed through b ...201121645562
host and viral ecology determine bat rabies seasonality and maintenance.rabies is an acute viral infection that is typically fatal. most rabies modeling has focused on disease dynamics and control within terrestrial mammals (e.g., raccoons and foxes). as such, rabies in bats has been largely neglected until recently. because bats have been implicated as natural reservoirs for several emerging zoonotic viruses, including sars-like corona viruses, henipaviruses, and lyssaviruses, understanding how pathogens are maintained within a population becomes vital. unfortunate ...201121646516
possible origin of csf antibodies induced by intrathecal immunization and prophylactic effects against intracerebral rabies virus infection.intrathecal (it) immunization involves injecting antigens directly into the intraventricular or subarachnoid spaces, or brain, to induce antigen-specific antibodies (ab) in the cerebrospinal fluid (csf). in the present study, rabbits were immunized it with inactivated rabies virus to investigate the origins of csf ab. the time course of ab induction and tumor necrosis factor-alpha expression suggested the possibility that the csf ab originated in the serum. in addition, ab-producing cells infilt ...201121646749
amino acid substitution at position 95 in rabies virus matrix protein affects viral pathogenicity.we previously reported that rabies virus strain ce(nim), but not the parental ni-ce strain, killed mice after intracerebral inoculation. ce(nim) and ni-ce are genetically identical except for two amino acids at positions 29 and 95 in the m protein. in this study, to identify which residue determines the pathogenicity, we examined pathogenicities of two ni-ce mutants, ce(nim29) and ce(nim95), which were established by replacement of an amino acid residue at position 29 or 95 in the ni-ce m protei ...201121646750
efficient influenza b virus propagation due to deficient interferon-induced antiviral activity in mdck cells.influenza b virus infections are mainly restricted to humans, which is partially caused by the inability of influenza b virus ns1 protein to counteract the innate immune response of other species. however, for cell culture-based influenza vaccine production non-human cells, such as madin-darby canine kidney (mdck) cells, are commonly used. therefore, the impact of cellular pathogen defence mechanisms on influenza b virus propagation in mdck cells was analysed in this study. activation of the cel ...201121651940
is the skin sensitivity test required for administering equine rabies immunoglobulin?rabies immunoglobulins are life-saving in patients with severe exposure to rabies. despite the high degree of purification of equine rabies immunoglobulin (erig), the product inserts still recommend a skin sensitivity test before administration of this heterologous serum. a recent who recommendation states that there are no scientific grounds for performing a skin test before administering erig because testing does not predict reactions and it should be given irrespective of the result of the te ...201121668049
morphology of superior colliculus- and middle temporal area-projecting neurons in primate primary visual cortex.layers 5 and 6 of primate primary visual cortex (v1) harbor morphologically diverse cell groups that have cortico-cortical and cortico-subcortical projections. layer 6 middle temporal area (mt)-projecting neurons are particularly interesting, as they are the only deep-layer cortical neurons that provide both cortico-cortical feedforward inputs (to area mt) and cortico-subcortical feedback projections (to superior colliculus [sc]) (fries et al., 1985). however, due to limitations in anatomical tr ...201121674487
survival of a rabies patient. 201121813936
expression and solubilization of insect cell based rabies virus glycoprotein and assessment of its immunogenicity and protective efficacy in mice.rabies is a fatal zoonotic disease of serious public health and economic significance worldwide. rabies virus glycoprotein (rvg) has been the major target for subunit vaccine development since it harbors domains responsible for induction of virus neutralizing antibodies, infectivity and neurovirulence. the glycoprotein (g) was cloned using baculo virus expression vector system (bevs) and expressed in sf-9 cells. in order to obtain a soluble form of g suitable for experimenting in mice, eighteen ...201121813661
neuron-specific gene transfer through retrograde transport of lentiviral vector pseudotyped with a novel type of fusion envelope glycoprotein.the lentiviral vector system is used extensively in gene therapy trials for various neurological and neurodegenerative disorders. the vector system permits efficient and sustained gene expression in many cell types through integration of the transgene into the host cell genome. however, there is a significant issue on the therapeutic use of lentiviral vectors that transgene insertion may lead to tumorigenesis by altering the expression of proto-oncogenes adjacent to the integration sites. one us ...201121806473
the type i interferon response bridles rabies virus infection and reduces pathogenicity.rabies virus (rabv) is a neurotropic virus transmitted by the bite of an infected animal that triggers a fatal encephalomyelitis. during its migration in the nervous system (ns), rabv triggers an innate immune response, including a type i ifn response well known to limit viral infections. we showed that although the neuroinvasive rabv strain cvs-niv dampens type i ifn signaling by inhibiting irf3 phosphorylation and stat2 translocation, an early and transient type i ifn response is still trigger ...201121805057
characterization of last-order premotor interneurons by transneuronal tracing with rabies virus in the neonatal mouse spinal cord.we characterized the interneurons involved in the control of ankle extensor (triceps surae [ts] muscles) motoneurons (mns) in the lumbar enlargement of mouse neonates by retrograde transneuronal tracing using rabies virus (rv). examination of the kinetics of retrograde transneuronal transfer at sequential intervals post inoculation enabled to determine the time window during which only the first-order interneurons, i.e. interneurons likely monosynaptically connected to mns (last-order interneuro ...201121800300
three dimensional morphology of rabies virus studied by cryo-electron tomography.the rabies virus (rabv) continues to be a worldwide health problem. rabv contains a single-stranded rna genome that associates with the nucleoprotein n. the resulting ribonucleoprotein complex is surrounded by matrix protein m, lipid bilayer and glycoprotein g. rabv was reported to organize in bullet-like virions, but the role of each viral component in adopting this morphology is unclear. we present here a cryo-electron tomography study of rabv showing additional morphologies consisting in bull ...201121784158
recombinant canine parvovirus-like particles express foreign epitopes in silkworm pupae.the capsid structural protein vp2 of canine parvovirus (cpv) can self-assemble into highly organized virus-like particles (vlps) and retain major immunoreactivity. in this study, different recombinant baculoviruses that expressed varying fusion proteins of the cpv vp2 protein with the t cell determinant and/or the linear virus-neutralizing epitope of rabies virus (rv) were generated. infection with these baculoviruses changed bmn cell morphology and inhibited their proliferation as well as damag ...201121782359
an outbreak of sheep rabies in shanxi province, china.summarythis study describes an outbreak of rabies in a flock of 110 sheep in yangqu county, shanxi province, china, in 2010. the flock, housed in a cave being used as a sheepfold, was attacked by a rabid dog, which resulted in 36 deaths over the following 2 days from the crushing and trampling caused by panic, and some 15 further deaths from rabies 2 weeks later. rabies in the sheep was confirmed by the fluorescent antibody test (fat) and rt-pcr. rabies virus was isolated from the index dog brai ...201121781367
a universal real-time assay for the detection of lyssaviruses.rabies virus (rabv) is enzootic throughout most of the world. it is now widely accepted that rabv had its origins in bats. ten of the 11 lyssavirus species recognised, including rabv, have been isolated from bats. there is, however, a lack of understanding regarding both the ecology and host reservoirs of lyssaviruses. a real-time pcr assay for the detection of all lyssaviruses using universal primers would be beneficial for lyssavirus surveillance. it was shown that using sybr(®) green, a unive ...201121777619
emerging theme: cellular pdz proteins as common targets of pathogenic viruses.more than a decade ago three viral oncoproteins - adenovirus type 9 e4-orf1, human t-lymphotropic virus type 1 tax, and high-risk human papillomavirus e6 - were found to encode a related carboxyl-terminal pdz domain-binding motif (pbm) that mediates interactions with a select group of cellular pdz proteins. recent studies have shown that many other viruses also encode pbm-containing proteins that bind to cellular pdz proteins. interestingly, these recently recognized viruses include not only som ...201121775458
[temporal and spatial population dynamics of rabies virus isolates in china].in order to study phylogeography, population dynamics and molecular evolution of rabies viruses (rabvs) isolates from china, especially spatio-temporal dynamics, the timescale of rabvs evolution and its pattern of migration, we performed an extensive comparative analysis of rabv n gene sequence data, representing 167 isolates sampled from 20 provinces in a 78-year period (from 1931 through 2009). the available chinese isolates could be divided into two distinct clades:phylogroup clades i compris ...201121774248
inhibition of rabies virus multiplication by sirna delivered through adenoviral vector in vitro in bhk-21 cells and in vivo in mice.to evaluate antiviral potential of adenoviral vector-delivered small interfering rna (sirna) against rabies, recombinant, replication-defective adenoviral vectors (radv) encoding sirnas targeting rabies virus (rv) polymerase (l) and nucleoprotein (n) genes were developed. the sirnas were delivered as small hairpin rnas (shrnas) through these vectors. treatment of bhk-21 cells with radv expressing sirna targeting l gene (radv-l) and n gene (radv-n) (100 moi) and their subsequent infection with rv ...201121767857
persistence of rabies antibody 5 years after post-exposure prophylaxis with vero cell antirabies vaccine and antibody response to a single booster dose.objective this study was to investigate the antibody response, persistence of antibody for 5 years and the effect of booster dose after this interval methods from august 2005 to february 2011, a total of 195 patients were enrolled into our study due to animal bite. the essen intramuscular (im) regimen, which is recommended by the who for modern vaccines used in post-exposure treatment, was adopted in this study. blood samples were obtained on d0, d7, d14, d45, y1, y2, y3, y4, y5 and y5+d14. immu ...201121752947
therapeutic immune clearance of rabies virus from the cns.the long-held concept that rabies infection is lethal in humans once the causative rabies virus has reached the cns has been called into question by the recent survival of a number of patients with clinical rabies. studies in animal models provide insight into why survival from a rabies virus infection that has spread to the cns is possible and the immune mechanisms involved. in the cns, both innate mechanisms capable of inhibiting virus replication and the activity of infiltrating rabies virus- ...201121686076
g glycoprotein amino acid residues required for human monoclonal antibody rab1 neutralization are conserved in rabies virus street isolates.replacement of polyclonal anti-rabies immunoglobulin (rig) used in rabies post-exposure prophylaxis (pep) with a monoclonal antibody will eliminate cost and availability constraints that currently exist using rig in the developing world. the human monoclonal antibody rab1 has been shown to neutralize all rabies street isolates tested; however for the laboratory-adapted fixed strain, cvs-11, mutation in the g glycoprotein of amino acid 336 from asparagine (n) to aspartic acid (d) resulted in resi ...201121693135
identification of binding epitope for anti-rabies virus glycoprotein single-chain fv fragment fv57.single-chain fv fragment (scfv) of anti-rabies glycoprotein (g protein) has been recommended as a new agent for detecting and neutralizing lethal rabies virus. in this study, we constructed scfv that corresponded to the fv fragment of cr57, a monoclonal antibody against rabies virus, and called it fv57. despite its virus neutralization activity, fv57 may or may not recognize the same epitope as that recognized by cr57. to resolve this issue, the binding epitope of rabies virus g protein recogniz ...201121675946
parallel feedback pathways in visual cortex of cats revealed through a modified rabies virus.the visual cortex of cats is highly evolved. analogously to the brains of primates, large numbers of visual areas are arranged hierarchically and can be parsed into separate dorsal and ventral streams for object recognition and visuospatial representation. within early primate visual areas, v1 and v2, and to a lesser extent v3, the two streams are relatively segregated and relayed in parallel to higher order cortex, although there is some evidence suggesting an alignment of v2 and v3 to one stre ...201121826663
an evaluation of dog rabies control in limpopo province (south africa).summaryrabies is a prevalent and re-emerging disease in south africa particularly in rural areas with high human densities. outbreaks are frequently reported in the north and eastern parts of this country, probably an indication of inadequacy in the control of the disease. following the 2005/2006 outbreak in limpopo, we undertook an analysis of case surveillance data and genetically characterized 18 rabies viruses, all recovered from domestic dogs. although rabies prevalence gradually declined a ...201121733270
[rabies transmission through organ transplantation.]classic rabies is a progressive and lethal infectious disease of animals, which may be transmitted to humans. inter-human infections are extremely rare. the present case describes transmittal of rabies virus by lung transplantation from an infected donor. histologically, a lymphocytic encephalomyelitis with neuronal cytoplasmic inclusion bodies was found. immunohistochemically, rabies virus antigen was detected in the central, autonomous and peripheral nervous system. by means of electron micros ...201121732080
[phylogenetic analysis of rabies viruses isolated from animals in tokyo in the 1950s].molecular epidemiological analysis of 96 rabies viruses isolated from animals in tokyo in the 1950s involves japanese fixed virus, komatsugawa, takamen, and nishigahara strains. strains isolated in tokyo were divided into tokyo 1 and tokyo 2, and grouped into a worldwide distribution cluster differing from takamen and nishigahara. tokyo 1 was grouped into the same cluster as viruses isolated from united states west coast dogs in the 1930s and 1940s. tokyo 2 was grouped into the same cluster as t ...201121706842
human rabies from exposure to a vampire bat in mexico --- louisiana, 2010.in august 2010, cdc confirmed a case of rabies in a migrant farm worker, aged 19 years, hospitalized in louisiana with encephalitis. the man developed acute neurologic symptoms at the end of july, shortly after arriving in the united states from michoac+ín, mexico. despite supportive care, his condition deteriorated, and he died on august 21. antemortem diagnostic testing confirmed the diagnosis of rabies, and samples collected at autopsy were positive for a vampire bat rabies virus variant. the ...201121832976
improvement of the specificity of a pan-viral microarray by using genus-specific oligonucleotides and reduction of interference by host genomes.rapid detection of viral pathogens is crucial for antiviral therapy. high-density 60-70-mer oligonucleotide microarrays have been explored for broad detection of many viruses. however, relatively low specificity and the complex analytical processes are the major limitations when pan-viral oligonucleotide microarrays are used to detect viral pathogens. in this study, genus-specific oligonucleotides were used as probes and modified sample preparations were carried out to improve the specificity an ...201121739454
international interlaboratory trials on rabies diagnosis: an overview of results and variation in reference diagnosis techniques (fluorescent antibody test, rabies tissue culture infection test, mouse inoculation test) and molecular biology techniques.interlaboratory trials on rabies diagnosis were organised in 2009 and in 2010 by the european union reference laboratory (eurl) for rabies. in 2009, two panels of virus samples were sent to participating laboratories to compare results on reference diagnosis techniques and on rt-pcr. a single panel was sent in 2010 to test fat (fluorescent antibody test), rtcit (rabies tissue culture infection test) and rt-pcr techniques. the virus panels included the rabv, eblv-1, eblv-2 and ablv strains. resul ...201121703307
antibodies to cell surface proteins redirect intracellular trafficking pathways.antibody-mediated intracellular delivery of therapeutic agents has been considered for treatment of a variety of diseases. these approaches involve targeting cell-surface receptor proteins expressed by tumors or viral proteins expressed on infected cells. we examined the intracellular trafficking of a viral cell-surface-expressed protein, rabies g, with or without binding a specific antibody, arg1. we found that antibody binding shifts the native intracellular trafficking pathway of rabies g in ...201121819978
anterograde or retrograde transsynaptic labeling of cns neurons with vesicular stomatitis virus vectors.to understand how the nervous system processes information, a map of the connections among neurons would be of great benefit. here we describe the use of vesicular stomatitis virus (vsv) for tracing neuronal connections in vivo. we made vsv vectors that used glycoprotein (g) genes from several other viruses. the g protein from lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus endowed vsv with the ability to spread transsynaptically, specifically in an anterograde direction, whereas the rabies virus glycoprotei ...201121825165
Rabies-related knowledge and practices among persons at risk of bat exposures in Thailand.Rabies is a fatal encephalitis caused by lyssaviruses. Evidence of lyssavirus circulation has recently emerged in Southeast Asian bats. A cross-sectional study was conducted in Thailand to assess rabies-related knowledge and practices among persons regularly exposed to bats and bat habitats. The objectives were to identify deficiencies in rabies awareness, describe the occurrence of bat exposures, and explore factors associated with transdermal bat exposures.201121738801
generation and characterization of an scfv directed against site ii of rabies glycoprotein.recombinant antibody phage display technology is a vital tool that facilitates identification of specific binding molecules to a target enabling the rapid generation and selection of high affinity, fully human, or mouse antibody product candidates essentially directed towards disease target appropriate for antibody therapy. in this study, a recombinant single-chain fv antibody fragment (scfv) a11 was isolated from immune spleen cells obtained from mice immunized with inactivated rabies virus (pa ...201122007309
rabies virus in molossus molossus (chiroptera: molossidae) in the state of pernambuco, northeastern brazil.rabies virus was detected in bats (molossus molossus) from an urban area in the city of recife, state of pernambuco, brazil. four individuals were found during the day in visible, non-habitual places, lying on the ground, but still alive. no contact occurred with people or animals. of these, only two were identified; it was not possible to identify two specimens, since they were incinerated prior to identification. diagnosis was positive by direct immunofluorescence and intracerebral inoculation ...201121860906
role of apoptosis in rabies viral encephalitis: a comparative study in mice, canine, and human brain with a review of literature.to evaluate the role of apoptosis in rabies encephalitis in humans and canines infected with wild-type street virus, in comparison with rodent model infected with street and laboratory passaged cvs strain, we studied postmortem brain tissue from nine humans, six canines infected with street rabies virus, and swiss albino mice inoculated intramuscularly (im) and intracerebrally (ic) with street and cvs strains. encephalitis and high rabies antigen load were prominent in canine and human brains co ...201121876844
prevalence of antibody against rabies among confined, free-roaming and stray dogs in a transit city of nigeria.the prevalence of anti-glycoprotein antibodies against rabies virus is studied in the sera of confined, free-roaming and stray dogs in ilorin, the capital city of kwara state, nigeria. a quantitative indirect enzyme-linked immuno-sorbent assay (i-elisa) was used to detect rabies virus anti-glycoprotein antibodies in sera from 116 confined, 61 free-roaming, and 13 stray dogs. the sera were collected between june and december 2008 from apparently healthy dogs. of these 190 dogs, 81 (42.6%), consis ...201122194227
molecular epidemiology of rabies virus in vietnam (2006-2009).this study was aimed at determining the molecular epidemiology of rabies virus (rabv) circulating in vietnam. intra vitam samples (saliva and cerebrospinal fluid) were collected from 31 patients who were believed to have rabies and were admitted to hospitals in northern provinces of vietnam. brain samples were collected from 176 sick or furious rabid dogs from all over the country. the human and canine samples were subjected to reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction analysis. the findin ...201121937820
inactivated or live-attenuated bivalent vaccines that confer protection against rabies and ebola viruses.the search for a safe and efficacious vaccine for ebola virus continues, as no current vaccine candidate is nearing licensure. we have developed (i) replication-competent, (ii) replication-deficient, and (iii) chemically inactivated rabies virus (rabv) vaccines expressing zaire ebola virus (zebov) glycoprotein (gp) by a reverse genetics system based on the sad b19 rabv wildlife vaccine. zebov gp is efficiently expressed by these vaccine candidates and is incorporated into virions. the vaccine ca ...201121849459
reviewing host proteins of rhabdoviridae: possible leads for lesser studied viruses.rhabdoviridae, characterized by bullet-shaped viruses, is known for its diverse host range, which includes plants, arthropods, fishes and humans. understanding the viral-host interactions of this family can prove beneficial in developing effective therapeutic strategies. the host proteins interacting with animal rhabdoviruses have been reviewed in this report. several important host proteins commonly interacting with animal rhabdoviruses are being reported, some of which, interestingly, have mo ...201122116291
Human rabies--Wisconsin, 2010.In late December 2010, a male resident of Wisconsin, aged 70 years, sought treatment for progressive right shoulder pain, tremors, abnormal behavior, and dysphagia at an emergency department (ED). He was admitted for observation and treated with benzodiazepines and haloperidol, a neuroleptic, for presumed alcohol withdrawal syndrome. The next day, he had rhabdomyolysis, fever, and rigidity, and neuroleptic malignant syndrome was diagnosed. The neuroleptic was discontinued, but the patient's clin ...201121881547
rare, unusual, and less common virus infections after organ transplantation.the present article reviews the epidemiology, clinical presentation, prevention, and management of rare, unusual, and less common viruses that infect transplant recipients.201122001713
innate immune response gene expression profiles in central nervous system of mice infected with rabies virus.the present study was focused on the modulation of innate immune response genes in cns of mouse in response to rabies virus (rabv) infection. the global gene expression changes in brains of rabv- or mock-infected mice were investigated using dna microarray analysis and quantitative real-time pcr. then functional enrichment of the differentially expressed mrnas was performed. microarray analysis showed that 390 genes in brain were significantly (p<0.01) regulated in response to rabv infection, wi ...201122005334
New rabies virus variants for monitoring and manipulating activity and gene expression in defined neural circuits.Glycoprotein-deleted (?G) rabies virus is a powerful tool for studies of neural circuit structure. Here, we describe the development and demonstrate the utility of new resources that allow experiments directly investigating relationships between the structure and function of neural circuits. New methods and reagents allowed efficient production of 12 novel ?G rabies variants from plasmid DNA. These new rabies viruses express useful neuroscience tools, including the Ca(2+) indicator GCaMP3 for mo ...201121867879
Enhanced Expression of Rabies Virus Surface G-Protein in Escherichia coli using SUMO Fusion.Fusion systems are known to increase the expression of difficult to express recombinant proteins in soluble form to facilitate their purification. Rabies glycoprotein was also tough to express at sufficient level in soluble form in both E. coli and plant. The present work was aimed to over-express and purify this membrane protein from soluble extract of E. coli. Fusion of Small Ubiqutin like Modifier (SUMO) with rabies glycoprotein increased ~1.5 fold higher expression and ~3.0 fold solubility i ...201222134654
changes in microrna expression induced by rabies virus infection in mouse brains.micrornas (mirnas) are small rna (≈ 22 nt) molecules expressed endogenously in cells. they are involved in the regulation of gene expression. recently, evidence has shown that cellular mirnas have key regulatory roles in virus-host interactions. the rabies virus (rabv) causes a fatal infection of the central nervous systems (cns) of warm-blooded animals, yet its pathogenesis remains poorly understood. to gain more insight into the pathogenesis of rabv, a mirna microarray was performed as part of ...201222015383
the who rabies bulletin europe: a key source of information on rabies and a pivotal tool for surveillance and epidemiology.rabies is one of the most, if not the most, prominent and feared zoonotic diseases in the world and the world health organization (who) estimates that 55,000 people die of the disease every year. most of these deaths occur in asia and africa and are usually the result of dog-mediated rabies. in europe, the red fox is considered the main reservoir species for wildlife rabies caused by the rabies virus. besides foxes, bats have also been identified as a reservoir for european bat lyssaviruses in m ...201223520734
rabies virus and canine distemper virus in wild and domestic carnivores in northern kenya: are domestic dogs the reservoir?rabies virus (rv) and canine distemper virus (cdv) can cause significant mortality in wild carnivore populations, and rv threatens human lives. we investigated serological patterns of exposure to cdv and rv in domestic dogs (canis familiaris), african wild dogs (lycaon pictus), black-backed jackals (canis mesomelas), spotted hyenas (crocuta crocuta), striped hyenas (hyaena hyaena) and african lions (panthera leo), over a 10-year period, in a kenyan rangeland to assess the role domestic dogs may ...201223459924
pathobiology of rabies virus and the european bat lyssaviruses in experimentally infected mice.a comparison of the clinicopathology of european bat lyssavirus (eblv) types-1 and -2 and of rabies virus was undertaken. following inoculation of mice at a peripheral site with these viruses, clinical signs of rabies and distribution of virus antigen in the mouse brain were examined. the appearance of clinical signs of disease varied both within and across the different virus species, with variation in incubation periods and weight loss throughout disease progression. the distribution of viral ...201223274107
multisynaptic inputs from the medial temporal lobe to v4 in macaques.retrograde transsynaptic transport of rabies virus was employed to undertake the top-down projections from the medial temporal lobe (mtl) to visual area v4 of the occipitotemporal visual pathway in japanese monkeys (macaca fuscata). on day 3 after rabies injections into v4, neuronal labeling was observed prominently in the temporal lobe areas that have direct connections with v4, including area tf of the parahippocampal cortex. furthermore, conspicuous neuron labeling appeared disynaptically in ...201223272220
design of different strategies of multivalent dna-based vaccination against rabies and canine distemper in mice and dogs.during the vaccination campaigns, puppies younger than 3 months old are not targeted and remain unvaccinated for at least the first year of their lives. almost half of the reported rabid dogs are 6 months or younger. hence, we should recommend the vaccination against rabies of young puppies. unfortunately, owing to the exposure of puppies to infections with either canine parvovirus (cpv) or distemper virus (cdv) after the intervention of the vaccinators, owners are reluctant to vaccinate puppies ...201223270301
a novel rabies vaccine based on a recombinant parainfluenza virus 5 expressing rabies virus glycoprotein.untreated rabies virus (rabv) infection leads to death. vaccine and postexposure treatment have been effective in preventing rabv infection. however, due to cost, rabies vaccination and treatment have not been widely used in developing countries. there are 55,000 human death caused by rabies annually. an efficacious and cost-effective rabies vaccine is needed. parainfluenza virus 5 (piv5) is thought to contribute to kennel cough, and kennel cough vaccines containing live piv5 have been used in d ...201223269806
rabies virus glycoprotein is an important determinant for the induction of innate immune responses and the pathogenic mechanisms.our previous studies have suggested that street and fixed rabies viruses (rabvs) induce diseases in the mouse model via different mechanisms. in the present study, attempts were made to determine if it is the glycoprotein (g) that is responsible for the observed differences in the pathogenic mechanisms. to this end, an infectious clone from fixed virus b2c was established and used as a backbone for exchange of the g from street viruses. the rate of viral replication, expression of viral proteins ...201223265241
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