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comparison of antimicrobial activity in the epidermal mucus extracts of fish.the mucus layer on the surface of fish consists of several antimicrobial agents that provide a first line of defense against invading pathogens. to date, little is known about the antimicrobial properties of the mucus of arctic char (salvelinus alpinus), brook trout (s. fontinalis), koi carp (cyprinus carpio sub sp. koi), striped bass (morone saxatilis), haddock (melanogrammus aeglefinus) and hagfish (myxine glutinosa). the epidermal mucus samples from these fish were extracted with acidic, orga ...200818342561
a 15mb duplication of 6q24.1-q25.3 associated with typical but milder features of the duplication 6q syndrome.we report on a female patient carrying a de novo 15mb duplication of 6q24.1-q25.3 detected by conventional karyotyping and fine-mapped by molecular karyotyping with a 250k snp array. pure interstitial duplications of 6q are rarely reported in the literature and none of them exactly mapped by array technique so far. our patient shows typical aspects of the "duplication 6q" syndrome such as hypertelorism, downslanting palpebral fissures, carp shaped mouth and joint contractures, but milder mental ...200818342594
identification of envelope protein porf81 of koi herpesvirus.koi herpesvirus (khv), an emerging pathogen causing mass mortality in koi and common carp, possesses the largest known herpesvirus genome of 295 kbp predicted to encode 156 different proteins. however, none of them has been identified or functionally characterized up to now. in this study, a rabbit antiserum was prepared against a bacterial fusion protein that permitted detection of the predicted type iii membrane protein encoded by orf81 of khv. in western blot analyses, the abundant orf81 gene ...200818343829
detection of spring viraemia of carp virus (svcv) by loop-mediated isothermal amplification (lamp) in koi carp, cyprinus carpio l.spring viraemia of carp virus (svcv) is a rhabdovirus associated with systemic illness and mortality in cyprinids. several diagnostic tests are available for detection of svcv. however, most of these tests are time consuming and are not well adapted for field-based diagnostics. in this study, a diagnostic tool for svcv detection based on reverse transcription loop-mediated isothermal amplification (rt-lamp) has been developed. based on the nucleotide sequence of the glycoprotein (g) gene of svcv ...200818353016
chemotaxis towards, adhesion to, and growth in carp gut mucus of two aeromonas hydrophila strains with different pathogenicity for common carp, cyprinus carpio l.characteristics that promote bacterial colonization of the intestinal mucosal surface were examined in two strains of the common fish pathogen aeromonas hydrophila, with different pathogenicity. the characteristics examined were chemotactic activity towards mucus, bacterial adherence to mucus and growth in mucus. intestinal gut mucus of healthy common carp was used. the results indicate that chemotaxis is not necessary for a bacterium to become pathogenic, but it may be a necessary parameter for ...200818355183
isolation and characterization of immunoglobulin of the indian major carp, rohu [labeo rohita (ham.)].information on the structure and character of immunoglobulin of fishes is essential in health management. a study was carried out to characterize the serum immunoglobulin (igm) of the indian major carp, rohu labeo rohita (ham.). rohu (500g) were immunised with bovine serum albumin (bsa) and the anti-bsa antibody was purified employing bsa-cl agarose affinity column chromatography. sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (sds-page) of the purified ig in a 3% gel under non-reduce ...200818375144
development and characterization of monoclonal antibodies to spring viraemia of carp virus.five monoclonal antibodies (mabs) against spring viraemia of carp (svcv0504, isolated from common carp in china) were produced from mice immunized with purified virus preparations. the virion of svcv contains five structural proteins, representing the nucleoprotein (n), phosphoprotein (p), matrix protein (m), glycoprotein (g) and rna-dependent rna polymerase (l). western blotting analysis revealed that three mabs (1h5, 1e10, and 1h7) recognized specifically to a single protein of 47kda (n), the ...200818378003
bioaccumulation of hexachlorocyclohexane, dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane, and estradiol-17beta in catfish and carp during the pre-monsoon season in india.this investigation was performed to monitor hexachlorocyclohexane isomers (hchs), dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (ddt, and its metabolites, refered to as ddts), plasma levels of estradiol-17beta (e2), and the gonadosomatic index (gsi) between sampling sites of unpolluted ponds of gujartal, jaunpur (control site) and the polluted rivers gomti (jaunpur) and ganga (varanasi), which affect the reproductive physiology of some edible catfish and carp during the pre-monsoon season. hchs and ddts were ...200818649020
mechanism of cd2+ on dna cleavage and ca2+ on dna repair in liver of silver crucian carp.the subject of acute injury, apoptosis and canceration of animals induced by heavy metal ions has been one of the hotspots studied worldwide. however, the exact molecular mechanism of cd-induced carcinogenicity remains largely unclear, and how to relieve the toxicity in vivo has rarely been reported. for this paper, we have investigated the mechanism of cd2+ on dna cleavage and ca2+ on dna repair in the liver of silver crucian carp (carassius auratus gibelio) by agarose gel electrophoresis metho ...200818649022
[effectiveness and characteristics of treating algae-laden raw water by stocking silver carp].to reduce the negative effect of algae on conventional water treatment, a full-scale research of removing algae from algae-laden raw water by stocking filter-feeding silver carp was processed. after the pretreatment in a presedimentation tank with silver carp, the concentration of phytoplankton, the biomass of cyanobacteria and microsystis flos-aquae in algae-laden raw water with microsystis flos-aquae its dominant species decreased 61.8%, 76.1% and 78.2% respectively. this effective decrease of ...200818649519
expression of cardiac ankyrin repeat protein, carp, in malignant tumors: diagnostic use of carp protein immunostaining in rhabdomyosarcoma.cardiac ankyrin repeat protein (carp) is highly expressed in cardiac muscles and detectable in normal skeletal muscles. arpp, a close homolog of carp, has been demonstrated to be useful for distinguishing rhabdomyosarcoma from other malignant tumors. however, the carp distributions among malignant tumors have been poorly investigated. here, we analyzed the comprehensive expression of carp in malignant tumors and evaluated its potential use for rhabdomyosarcoma diagnosis. a total of 159 malignant ...200818656235
differential expression of two interferon-gamma genes in common carp (cyprinus carpio l.).two interferon gamma (ifn-gamma) genes are expressed in immune cells of teleost fish and are potentially implicated in b- and t-lymphocyte responses. ifn-gamma-2 shows structural and functional characteristics to other vertebrate ifn-gamma genes and is associated with t-lymphocyte function. expression profiling shows ifn-gamma-2 upregulation in t-lymphocytes after phytohemagglutinin (pha) stimulation in vitro. unexpectedly, we found ifn-gamma-1, which is structurally different from ifn-gamma-2, ...200818657572
neurosecretory neurons of the nucleus preopticus (npo) express salmon gnrh mrna and show reproduction phase-related variation in the female indian major carp, cirrhinus cirrhosus.we studied the expression of sgnrh mrna in the neurons of the nucleus preopticus (npo) of the indian major carp, cirrhinus cirrhosus, and their correlation with the reproductive status of the fish. non-radioisotopic in situ hybridization histochemistry protocol employing biotinylated-oligonucleotide probes complementary to salmon gnrh, cichlid gnrh i, catfish gnrh, chicken gnrh ii (from cichlid and catfish), and mammalian gnrh, were applied to the sections through the poa of the female indian ma ...200818664387
use of vitamin c as an immunostimulant. effect on growth, nutritional quality, and immune response of labeo rohita (ham.).teleost fish lack the enzyme for endogenous synthesis of ascorbic acid (aa), an essential micronutrient for fish. the aim of this study was to examine the effect of higher levels of dietary vitamin c on growth, nutritional quality, and immunomodulation in the indian major carp, rohu (labeo rohita). four groups of l. rohita were fed experimental diets containing either no vitamin c (control) or supplemented with vitamin c at 500 mg kg(-1) (exp-1), 1000 mg kg(-1) (exp-2), or 1500 mg kg(-1) (exp-3) ...200818665463
histopathological and ultrastructural features of koi herpesvirus (khv)-infected carp cyprinus carpio, and the morphology and morphogenesis of khv.epizootics of koi herpesvirus (khv) cause mass mortalities in koi carp and common carp worldwide. we used a newly developed 'per-gill infection' procedure with live khv, and then conducted detailed histopathological and ultrastructural studies of khv-infected cells including an examination of the morphology and morphogenesis of khv. the primary target of khv was respiratory epithelial cells of the gill lamellae, and release of virions from infected epithelial cells resulted in a systemic infecti ...200818714678
annual reproductive phase-related profile of sex steroids and their carrier, shbg, in the indian major carp, labeo rohita.this study reports annual cyclic changes in the plasma levels of sex hormone binding globulin (shbg), sex steroids (e(2), estradiol; t, testosterone; p, progesterone) and protein (prt) in correlation with reproductive phases in both sexes of an indian major carp, labeo rohita. plasma shbg, e(2), t and prt levels in females and shbg and t levels in males showed steady increases (p<0.005) in parallel with the gonadosomatic index (gsi) escalation in the preparatory and prespawning phases attaining ...200818782576
meprins, membrane-bound and secreted astacin metalloproteinases.the astacins are a subfamily of the metzincin superfamily of metalloproteinases. the first to be characterized was the crayfish enzyme astacin. to date more than 200 members of this family have been identified in species ranging from bacteria to humans. astacins are involved in developmental morphogenesis, matrix assembly, tissue differentiation and digestion. family members include the procollagen c-proteinase (bmp1, bone morphogenetic protein 1), tolloid and mammalian tolloid-like, hmp (hydra ...200818783725
detecting positively selected codons in the glycoprotein of spring viraemia of carp virus (svcv) isolates from the usa and china. 200818801064
evolution of the inflammatory response in vertebrates: fish tnf-alpha is a powerful activator of endothelial cells but hardly activates phagocytes.tnf-alpha is conserved in all vertebrate classes and has been identified in all taxonomic groups of teleost fish. however, its biological activities and its role in infection are largely unknown. using two complementary fish models, gilthead seabream and zebrafish, we report here that the main proinflammatory effects of fish tnf-alpha are mediated through the activation of endothelial cells. thus, tnf-alpha promotes the expression of e-selectin and different cc and cxc chemokines in endothelial ...200818802111
dna vaccine protects ornamental koi (cyprinus carpio koi) against north american spring viremia of carp virus.the emergence of spring viremia of carp virus (svcv) in the united states constitutes a potentially serious alien pathogen threat to susceptible fish stocks in north america. a dna vaccine with an svcv glycoprotein (g) gene from a north american isolate was constructed. in order to test the vaccine a challenge model utilizing a specific pathogen-free domestic koi stock and a cold water stress treatment was also developed. we have conducted four trial studies demonstrating that the psgnc dna vacc ...200818812203
a survey on the faunal diversity of savar upazila, dhaka, bangladesh.a survey was conducted during january to december 2006 to assess the status of faunal diversity of savar upazila, dhaka, bangladesh. a total of 30 species of birds, 24 species of winter birds, 7 species of reptiles, 3 species of amphibians, 15 species of mammalians and 32 species of fishes were recorded. relative abundance of those species were determined. of the birds, house sparrow (passer domesticus) was abundant while blyth's kingfisher (alcedo hercules), rock eagle owl (bubo bengalensis), h ...200818817158
effect of cycloart-24-en-3beta-ol from euphorbia royleana latex on neuroenzyme ache and oxidative metabolism of freshwater fish, channa punctatus.cycloart-24-en-3beta-ol isolated from euphorbia royleana latex possesses potent piscicidal activity against freshwater predatory fish channa punctatus. their short as well as long-term exposure causes significant (p<0.05) time and dose-dependent reversible alteration in the oxidative metabolism of the fish channa punctatus cycloart-24-en-3beta-ol also shifts fish respiratory pathway, inhibits energy production and ache activity reversibly may be advantageous for their use as environmentally safe ...200820161954
dendritic morphology of retinal dopamine cells in carp of different sizes.the dendritic morphology of dopamine (da) cells in the inner plexiform layer of the retina of different-sized carp (8.6-33.6 cm in body length) was investigated by identifying their fluorescent cell bodies in isolated, aldehyde-fixed flatmounts and injecting them iontophoretically with lucifer yellow (ly) under microscopic control. da cells for ly injection were chosen in an intermediate region between the optic disc and the retinal margin, and their spatial parameters (cell density, nearest nei ...20082743560
decoupling of horizontal cells in carp and turtle retinae by intracellular injection of cyclic amp.1. horizontal cells are electrically coupled through gap junctions. this is a disadvantage in elucidating the membrane properties of the cells. in order to block gap junctions, adenosine 3',5'-cyclic monophosphate (cyclic amp) or its analogues, dibutyryl cyclic amp and 8-bromo cyclic amp, were ionophoretically injected into horizontal cells of the carp or turtle retina. 2. before injection of the chemicals the input resistance of the cell was so low as to be unmeasurable, because the applied cur ...20082559975
electrical properties of on-off transient amacrine cells in the carp retina. 20082417175
neural pathway for aggressive display in betta splendens: midbrain and hindbrain control of gill-cover erection behavior.horseradish peroxidase (hrp) was used to identify parts of the presumptive neural pathway for gill cover erection, a behavioral display pattern performed by siamese fighting fish (betta splendens) during aggressive interactions. motor, motor integration and sensory areas were identified in the medulla and mesencephalon. motor neurons of the dilator operculi muscle, the effector muscle for gill cover erection, are located in the lateral and medial parts of the caudal trigeminal motor nucleus. ion ...20082279236
an immunological study of the secretory activity of neurons producing melanin-concentrating hormone in a teleost.the melanin-concentrating hormone is a general vertebrate neurosecretory peptide which, in bony fish, serves as a neurohypophysial hormone influencing pigmentary changes in response to background colour. young carp were reared for six months in white- or black-coloured tanks to determine how this would influence the development of the neurons producing the peptide. cytological criteria and radioimmunoassay of tissue extracts showed that the background markedly influenced the synthetic activity o ...20082761693
carp growth hormone: molecular cloning and sequencing of cdna.cdna clones of the fish cyprinus carpio growth hormone (gh) mrna have been isolated from a cdna library prepared from carp pituitary gland poly(a)+rna. the nucleotide sequence of one of the carp gh cdna clones containing an insert of 1164 nucleotides (nt) was determined. the cdna sequence was found to encode a polypeptide of 210 amino acids (aa) including a signal peptide of 22 aa and to contain 5' and 3' untranslated regions of the mrna of 36 and 498 nt, respectively. the carp gh presents a 63% ...20082753359
host-parasite interface of paratenuisentis ambiguus (eoacanthocephala) in naturally infected eel and in laboratory-infected sticklebacks and juvenile carp and rainbow trout.paratenuisentis ambiguus is described from natural infections in adult eels and from laboratory infections in sticklebacks and juvenile carp and rainbow trout. in captured eels, female worms kept reproducing in the laboratory for at least 1 mo. in the 3 small laboratory hosts female worms did not release eggs and longevity did not exceed 3-30 days. it is concluded that the small fishes were unsuitable final hosts. worm penetration into the intestinal wall of all hosts was shallow. thus, the smal ...20082614601
cell proliferation in the olfactory bulb of adult freshwater teleosts.the olfactory bulb of adult specimens of carassius auratus was subjected to an autoradiographic study using [3h]thymidine. adult specimens of carassius auratus, barbus meridionalis, cyprinus carpio and salmo gairdneri were also studied using light and electron microscopy. cells were found undergoing mitotic division with two characteristic locations: a group can be seen near to the ventricle or ventricular recess; these cells can be identified as granule cells or precursors of granule cells. oth ...20082606770
single unit responses to skin odorants from conspecifics and heterospecifics in the olfactory bulb of crucian carp carassius carassius.injured fish skin leaks alarm substances that induce the fright reaction upon olfactory detection. the skin also contains a multitude of other odorants traditionally related to other behaviors, but to what extent they are detected upon injury is unknown. we have performed single unit recordings in the olfactory bulb (ob) of crucian carp while exposing the olfactory epithelium to skin extracts from conspecifics and three other species of the carp family, common carp, tench and bream. the aims wer ...200818978216
infection of the heart of the common bream, abramis brama (l.), with myxobolus s.l. dogieli (myxozoa, myxobolidae).myxobolus dogieli bykhovskaya-pavlovskaya & bykhovski, 1940 is regarded as a site specific myxosporean, infecting the heart of cyprinid fish. during a survey of the myxosporean fauna of lake balaton fish, heart myxobolosis was found in the common bream, abramis brama, with heavy infection of the ventricle and the bulbus arteriosus in some infected bream. developing and mature plasmodia were mostly in the connective tissue of the subepicardium and subendocardium. plasmodia developing in the suben ...200818700938
differential host utilisation by different life history stages of the fish ectoparasite argulus foliaceus (crustacea: branchiura).in this study we examine differences in the occurrence of life history stages of the destructive fish ectoparasite argulus foliaceus (l., 1758) on eight fish species (stickleback, rudd, roach, gudgeon, bream, tench, crucian carp and common carp) sampled from a mixed-species recreational fishing lake on nine occasions during late spring and summer. total numbers ofa. foliaceus, as well as the number of larval, juvenile and adult parasite stages, from each fish were recorded along with the fish sp ...200818666418
expression of warm temperature acclimation-related protein 65-kda (wap65) mrna, and physiological changes with increasing water temperature in black porgy, acanthopagrus schlegeli.we isolated the warm temperature acclimation-related protein 65-kda (wap65) cdna from the liver of black porgy and investigated the expression by increasing water temperature in black porgy, acanthopagrus schlegeli. black porgy wap65 full-length cdna consists of 1,338 nucleotides, including an open reading frame, predicted to encode a protein of 425 amino acids and showed high homology to pufferfish (79%), medaka (73%), carp (70%), and goldfish (68%) wap65. increase in water temperature (20 degr ...200818273879
membrane transformations in degenerating rodlet cells in fishes of two teleostean families (salmonidae, cyprinidae).rodlet cells (rcs) of teleosts are identified by their fibrillar capsule and peculiar inclusions, the rodlets, consisting of a club-like sac and a central dense core. former ultrastructural studies showing signs of hypertrophy of endoplasmic reticulum (er) were followed up in salmonids (oncorhynchus mykiss, salmo trutta l.) and compared with cyprinids (cyprinus carpio l., carassius auratus l., alburnus alburnus). focusing on membrane transformations, unusual undulations of the membranes of rodle ...200818951513
the optimization of the protocol for immunofluorescence on fish spermatozoa.in comparison with mammals, the fertilization of fish occurs predominantly outside the organism in a water environment, where fish spermatozoa require specific conditions to interact with oocytes. it is evident that optimal conditions for fish and mammalian spermatozoa are quite different. this paper describes a special approach to handling fish (common carp and siberian sturgeon) spermatozoa in comparison with the samples originating from mammals (boar). this approach concerns not only the diff ...200818584860
acute toxicity of synthetic pyrethroid cypermethrin to some freshwater organisms.ninety-six hours static bioassays were made in the laboratory to determine acute toxicity of cypermethrin to five non-target freshwater organisms belonging to different taxa and niche. susceptibility of the organisms to cypermethrin was in the order: the crustacean diaptomus forbesi > the aquatic insect ranatra filiformis > the freshwater carp cyprinus carpio > the tadpole larva of the toad bufo melanostictus > the oligochaet worm branchiura sowerbyi. ninety-six hours lc50 values of aqueous cype ...200818058051
metabolic rate and reactive oxygen species production in different genotypes of gh-transgenic zebrafish.growth hormone overexpression increases growth and consequently increases the metabolic rate in fishes. therefore, the objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of growth hormone overexpression in zebrafish danio rerio in terms of growth, oxygen consumption, reactive oxygen species production, lipid hydroperoxide content, antioxidant enzyme activity and glutamate-cysteine ligase catalytic subunit gene expression. the employed models were wild type and transgenic (hemizygous and homozyg ...200817931920
depletion of high energy phosphates implicates post-exercise mortality in carp and trout; an in vivo 31p-nmr study.as in vivo 31p-nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy is currently the state of the art method to measure continuously intracellular ph (ph(i)) and energy status of muscle tissue, we used this method to study the recovery from exhaustive exercise. the biochemical changes during recovery are not well understood and it was suggested that post-exercise mortality could be caused by low ph(i); other studies however indicate that energy depletion might be more important. to analyse the mechanism of p ...200818055239
characterization of teleost phagocyte nadph oxidase: molecular cloning and expression analysis of carp (cyprinus carpio) phagocyte nadph oxidase.we previously demonstrated that some fish have unique response in the form of reactive oxygen species (ros) production. in the present study, we cloned and sequenced the full-length cdnas for carp (cyprinus carpio) phagocyte nadph oxidase components: gp91phox, p22phox, p47phox, p67phox and p40phox. these amino acid sequences were compared with other teleost and mammalian homologues, to elucidate the features of ros production of fish neutrophils. the phylogeny analysis clearly demonstrates that ...200817997160
in vivo kinetics of cytokine expression during peritonitis in carp: evidence for innate and alternative macrophage polarization.despite the discovery of many cytokine genes in fish, knowledge on their functional homology is limited. to enlighten the biological function of inflammation-related mediators, we studied their kinetics of gene expression during peritonitis in carp. zymosan-induced intraperitoneal influx of phagocytes reached a maximum at 24h. in peritoneal leukocytes (ptl) up-regulation of il-1beta, tnf-alpha, cxca, and chemokine receptor cxcr1 preceded this peak. delayed up-regulation of these genes in the hea ...200817988736
chemical contaminants, health indicators, and reproductive biomarker responses in fish from rivers in the southeastern united states.largemouth bass (micropterus salmoides) and common carp (cyprinus carpio) were collected from 13 sites located in the mobile (mrb), apalachicola-flint-chattahoochee (arb), savannah (srb), and pee dee (prb) river basins to document spatial trends in accumulative chemical contaminants, health indicators, and reproductive biomarkers. organochlorine residues, 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin-like activity (tcdd-eq), and elemental contaminants were measured in composite samples of whole fish, grou ...200818036634
a novel immunoglobulin-like transcript from rainbow trout with two ig-like domains and two isoforms.within the innate immune response in primates the nonrearranging killer immunoglobulin-like receptors (kir) enable natural killer cells to discern target cells exposing "missing self" signals. recently the novel immune-type receptor (nitr) and the novel immunoglobulin-like transcript (nilt) gene families have been discovered in fish encoding nonrearranging receptors with a similar molecular structure to that of kirs. besides the structural similarity the high degree of haplotypic and allelic var ...200818035417
impact of orthotopic liver transplant for primary sclerosing cholangitis on chronic antibiotic refractory pouchitis.the effect of orthotopic liver transplantation (olt) for primary sclerosing cholangitis (psc) and post-olt immunosuppression on the disease course of pouchitis is not clear. the aims of this study were to compare the frequency of chronic antibiotic-refractory pouchitis (carp) in psc patients with or without olt and to assess potential risk factors for carp in these patients.200818065274
the effect of starving and feeding on copper toxicity and uptake in cu acclimated and non-acclimated carp.common carp (cyprinus carpio) were fed two different food rations: 0.5% body weight (low ration, lr) and 5% body weight (high ration, hr) and were either acclimated to sublethal copper (1 microm) for 28 days in softened antwerp city tap water or not acclimated. fish were exposed for 10 days to high cu levels using four different concentrations (3.5, 6, 10, and 15 microm) before and after the cu acclimation. fish tolerance against cu exposure was evaluated, and gill, liver, and carcass cu and sod ...200818063142
accumulation and effects of metals in caged carp and resident roach along a metal pollution gradient.metal accumulation and effects on plasma ca(2+), alanine transaminase (alt) and fish condition factor were examined in caged carp (cyprinus carpio) and resident roach (rutilus rutilus) at four locations along the grote nete river system (belgium). cadmium and zinc accumulation were found in carp and roach, with highest concentrations at the most contaminated site (dissolved cd: 1.82 microg/l, zn: 967 microg/l). on the tissue level, highest cadmium concentrations were measured in kidneys of carp ...200818061244
regulation of amp-deaminase activity from white muscle of common carp cyprinus carpio.amp-deaminase was purified to electrophoretic homogeneity from white skeletal muscle of a teleost fish, the common carp, cyprinus carpio. the purified enzyme was highly stable and showed non-michaelis-menten kinetics with a s(0.5) value for amp of 2.52+/-0.16 mm (sem) and a hill coefficient of 1.19+/-0.11. specific activity of the purified enzyme was 1000-1200 u/mg protein. the ph optimum was 6.3 and the enzyme was activated by adp and atp, but inhibited by phosphate and fluoride. low concentrat ...200818060819
binding kinetics and sequencing of hepatic alpha1-adrenergic receptors in two marine teleosts, mackerel (scomber scombrus) and anchovy (engraulis encrasicolus).liver alpha(1)-adrenoceptors (ars) are demonstrated, or at least hypothesized, in freshwater and brackish-water teleosts, whereas no data are available for marine teleosts. this study evaluates the presence of alpha(1)-ars in the liver of two marine teleosts, the anchovy engraulis encrasicolus and the mackerel scomber scombrus, and examines on a broad scale the possibility that habitats posing different challenges also influence phenotypic trait selection. binding assays were performed also on l ...200818273865
molecular cloning and characterization of common carp (cyprinus carpio l.) tcrgamma and cd3gamma/delta chains.partial cdna sequences of tcrgamma and cd3gamma/delta were isolated from the thymus of common carp (cyprinus carpio l.) by the method of suppression subtractive hybridization (ssh). subsequently the full length cdnas of carp tcrgamma and cd3gamma/delta were obtained by means of 3' race and 5' race, respectively. the full length of carp tcrgamma chain is 1368bp and encodes 326 amino acids including a signal peptide region of 19 amino acids and a transmembrane region of 23 amino acids at the c-ter ...200818272397
temporal and geographic trends in mercury concentrations in muscle tissue in five species of hudson river, usa, fish.we analyzed a new york (usa) state database of mercury concentrations in muscle tissue for five species of fish (striped bass, yellow perch, largemouth bass, smallmouth bass, and carp) over a range of locations in the hudson river (usa) between 1970 and 2004. we used regression models to discern temporal and geographic change in the fish while controlling for a positive correlation between mercury concentration and body mass. mercury concentrations significantly increased in fish from new york h ...200818266478
[peculiarities of distribution of plasma proteins between the internal medium specialized compartments in the carp cyprinus carpio]. 200818265563
predictors and outcomes of a perioperative myocardial infarction following elective vascular surgery in patients with documented coronary artery disease: results of the carp trial.the predictors and outcomes of patients with a peri-operative elevation in cardiac troponin i above the 99th percentile of normal following an elective vascular operation have not been studied in a homogeneous cohort with documented coronary artery disease.200818245121
effect of long-term exposure to simazine on brain and muscle acetylcholinesterase activity of common carp (cyprinus carpio).several water-contamination incidents with simazine have occurred in the province of badajoz (spain), due to its excessive use for controlling weeds in olive trees and vineyards. simazine residues were also detected in drinking water, increasing public health concern. however, little is known on the effects that low levels of simazine pose to environment organisms. we investigated if residues of simazine in the natural waters would affect brain and muscle acetylcholinesterase activity in common ...200818214903
effects of sodium dodecylbenzenesulfonate on uptake of pyrene by fish gills.laboratory experiments were carried out to study the effects of anionic surfactant sodium dodecylbenzenesulfonate (sdbs) on the uptake of pyrene by fish gills. the uptake (including adsorption) of pyrene by gills of the color carp (c. carpio var. color) exposed to 20-100 microg/l pyrene in the presence or absence of 0.2-6.0 mg/l sdbs were determined. the sorption of pyrene by mucus was preliminary studied using a four-step sequential extraction procedure. fish gills were extracted with h(2)o, 0. ...200818205055
relationship among follicular apoptosis, integrin beta1 and collagen type iv during early ovarian regression in the teleost prochilodus argenteus after induced spawning.early ovarian regression was analyzed in the neotropical freshwater teleost, curimatã-pacu (prochilodus argenteus), in order to evaluate follicular apoptosis, basement membrane morphology, and integrin beta1 and collagen type iv immunostainning in postovulatory follicles. mature females were induced to spawn by using carp pituitary extract for study of ovarian regression up to 5 days post-spawning. morphometric analyses showed that the postovulatory follicle area decreased progressively after sp ...200818193286
isolation and characterization of nine polymorphic microsatellite loci in the rock carp, procypris rabaudi (tchang).nine highly polymorphic microsatellite loci were isolated from ac- and gata-repeat microsatellite enrichment dna libraries in the rock carp, procypris rabaudi (tchang). the number of alleles for these loci ranged from eight to 18 in tested individuals. polymorphism information content ranged from 0.712 to 0.908 with an average of 0.837. average observed and expected heterozygosities were 0.719 and 0.870, respectively. these molecular markers will be useful for the assessment of genetic diversity ...200821585733
characterization of nitric oxidergic neurons in the alimentary tract of the snail helix pomatia l.: histochemical and physiological study.by using nadph-diaphorase (nadph-d) histochemistry, nitric oxide synthase (nos) immunohistochemistry, western blotting, and no pharmacology, we investigated the distribution and possible function of nos-containing neurons in different units of the alimentary tract of the snail, helix pomatia. discrete populations of neurons in the buccal ganglia displayed nadph-d reactivity. nadph-d-reactive and nos-immunoreactive (nos-ir) neurons were present in the caecum, and labeled fibers were found to inne ...200818076086
effects of astragalus polysaccharides (aps) on the expression of immune response genes in head kidney, gill and spleen of the common carp, cyprinus carpio l.for fish immune defences, cytokines and anti-microbial peptides (lysozyme) in circulating system play important roles. in the present study, the effects of astragalus polysaccharides (aps) injection on gene expression of interleukin 1beta (il-1beta), tumor necrosis factoralpha (tnf-alpha) and lysozyme-c in the head kidney, gill and spleen of common carp were determined using semi-quantitative reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (rt-pcr). after injection of aps, il-1beta mrna level in ...200818068100
expression of the polymeric immunoglobulin receptor (pigr) in mucosal tissues of common carp (cyprinus carpio l.).the mucosal immune system seems to be an important defence mechanism for fish but the binding of igm in mucosal organs is poorly described in fish. in this study the gene encoding the polymeric immunoglobulin receptor (pigr) in carp has been isolated and sequenced from a liver cdna-library and aligned with other species. the pigr of carp consists of 2 ig domains, a transmembrane and an intracellular region, together 327 amino acids. in situ hybridisations with sense and anti-sense dig-labelled p ...200818356080
structure, organization and expression of common carp (cyprinus carpio l.) slp-76 gene.slp-76 is an important member of the slp-76 family of adapters, and it plays a key role in tcr signaling and t cell function. partial cdna sequence of slp-76 of common carp (cyprinus carpio l.) was isolated from thymus cdna library by the method of suppression subtractive hybridization (ssh). subsequently, the full length cdna of carp slp-76 was obtained by means of 3' race and 5' race, respectively. the full length cdna of carp slp-76 was 2007 bp, consisting of a 5'-terminal untranslated region ...200818353678
the effect of hypoxia on gill morphology and ionoregulatory status in the lake qinghai scaleless carp, gymnocypris przewalskii.goldfish and crucian carp at low temperature exhibit plasticity in gill morphology during exposure to hypoxia to enhance gas exchange. hypoxia-induced changes in gill morphology and cellular ultrastructure of the high altitude scaleless carp from lake qinghai, china, were investigated to determine whether this is a general characteristic of cold water carp species. fish were exposed to acute hypoxia (0.3 mg o2 l(-1)) for 24 h followed by 12 h recovery in normoxic water (6 mg o2 l(-1) at 3200 m a ...200818344480
identification of differentially expressed genes in carp rods and cones.rods and cones differ in their photoresponse characteristics, morphology, and susceptibilities to certain diseases. to contribute to the studies at the molecular level of these differences, we tried to identify genes expressed preferentially in rods or cones.200818334952
[analysis of genetic structure of mirror carp population and correlation of microsatellite markers and economic traits].the genetic structure of one breeding population of mirror carp(cyprinus carpio l.) was analysed using thirty-five polymorphic microsatellite markers. the effective number of alleles (ae), observed heterozygosity (ho), expected heterozygosity (he) and polymorphism information content(pic) were all determined. the hardy-weinberg equilibrium was checked by chi-square test. for each locus, 2-7 alleles were detected, with a total of 118 alleles for 35 loci . the value of ae, ho, he and pic showed th ...200818332007
comparison of taurine biosynthesis ability between juveniles of japanese flounder and common carp.this study was conducted to investigate taurine deficiency and the ability of taurine biosynthesis in both juvenile japanese flounder (jf) and juvenile common carp (cc) in vivo using low taurine level diets. three different taurine level diets were prepared by the supplementation of taurine to the basal composition (jf--0, 0.5 and 1.5% in jf; cc--0, 1, 3% in cc). the final average body weight and feed efficiency of jf fed the jf - 1.5% was significantly higher than those of fish fed on the jf--0 ...200818327631
monitoring of pesticide chlorpyrifos residue in farmed fish: investigation of possible sources.chlorpyrifos, a widely used organophosphorus insecticide having many urban and agricultural pest control uses, is one of the major pesticides detected in taiwan fishery products. whereas previous studies examined, this study explored possible sources of chlorpyrifos residue, particularly in farmed fish. eight hundred fourteen samples of marketable fish were analyzed for chlorpyrifos residues. one hundred thirty-seven samples contained detectable residues, and farmed fish showed higher detection ...200818313724
phenotypic plasticity in gut length in the planktivorous filter-feeding silver carp (hypophthalmichthys molitrix).phenotypic plasticity widely exists in the external morphology of animals as well as the internal traits of organs. in the present study, we studied the gut length plasticity of planktivorous filter-feeding silver carp under different food resources in large-net cage experiments in meiliang bay of lake taihu in 2004 and 2005. there was a significant difference in stocking density between these 2 years. under a low stocking density and abundant food resources, silver carp increased their energy i ...200818301818
a quantitative study of testicular germ cell populations in masculinized neomale common carp (cyprinus carpio l.).the main objective of the present study was to investigate the effects of 17 alpha-methyltestosterone treatment upon the testicular germ cells of gynogenetic masculinized neomale common carp (cyprinus carpio l.) in comparison with diploid carp. gynogenetic common carp progeny (mean body weight, bw, 2.6+/-0.3g; mean total length, 10.4+/-0.5 cm) were treated for a period of 40 days with 17 alpha-methyltestosterone (mt) at a dose of 100mg kg(-1). the oral administration of mt resulted in 61.5-100% ...200818299213
cloning and expression of carp cathepsin z: possible involvement in yolk metabolism.a cdna encoding cathepsin z (ctpz) was cloned from a carp ovarian cdna library. it is homologous to mammalian ctpz. the amino acid residues important for protein folding and enzymatic activity of mammalian ctpz are conserved in carp ctpz. it is widely expressed in a variety of carp tissues as revealed by western blot and reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction. the ctpz mrna was transiently accumulated during oocyte maturation. in oocytes, ctpz is localized in cortical granules and in th ...200818294892
purification and characterization of gelatinase-like proteinases from the dark muscle of common carp (cyprinus carpio).gelatinolytic proteinases from common carp dark muscle were purified by 30-60% ammonium sulfate fractionation and a combination of chromatographic steps including ion exchange on deae-sephacel, gel filtration on sephacryl s-200, ion exchange on high-q, and affinity on gelatin-sepharose. the molecular masses of these proteinases as estimated by sds-page were 75, 67, and 64 kda under nonreducing conditions. the enzymes revealed high activity at a slightly alkaline ph range, and their activities we ...200818293920
localization of zinc in the outer retina of carp: a light- and electron-microscopic study.many lines of evidence suggest that zinc may play an important neuromodulatory role in the central nervous system, including the retina. in this work, localization of zinc in the outer retina of carp was studied, using the silver amplification method, by light and electron microscopy. reaction products (silver grains) were widely distributed throughout the retina, including photoreceptors, the outer and inner nuclear layers (onl and inl), the ganglion cell layer (gcl), as well as in both outer a ...200818288649
formation and biological characterization of three new types of improved crucian carp.the improved tetraploids (g(1)xat) were obtained by distant crossing and gynogenesis and the high-body individuals accounted for 2% among g(1)xat. after mating with each other, the high-body individuals produced three kinds of bisexual fertile diploid fishes: high-body red crucian carp, high-body fork-like-tails goldfish and gray common carp. the high-body red crucian carp mating with each other formed three types of improved crucian carp (icc) including improved red crucian carp (ircc), improve ...200818488175
[correlation analysis of microsatellite dna markers with body weight, length and height of common carp (cyprinus carpio l.)].forty-seven microsatellite markers were selected to analyze the genomic dna of 92 progenies derived from the recombinant inbred lines (ril) of common carp, which came from the cross between barbless carp and hebao-cold tolerance red carp. the results showed that a total of 162 different alleles were found, and the number of alleles in each locus was 2 to 6. the dna fragment length was 100 bp to 444 bp, and the number of mean valid alleles was 1.3069 to 4.2288. the value of heterozygosity was 0.2 ...200818487152
determination of the seasonal changes on total fatty acid composition and ω3/ω6 ratios of carp (cyprinus carpio l.) muscle lipids in beysehir lake (turkey).the muscle lipid and fatty acid composition of carp, cyprinus carpio in beysehir lake the largest freshwater lake in turkey, was determined. polyunsaturated fatty acids (pufa) of carp, the most abundant fish species in beysehir lake, were found to be higher than those of saturated fatty acids (sfa) in spring, summer and autumn and also the monounsaturated fatty acids (mufa) in spring and summer. palmitic acid was the major sfa (14.6-16.6%) in all seasons. oleic acid was identified as the major m ...200826059149
dietary phosphatidylcholine affects postprandial plasma levels and digestibility of lipid in common carp (cyprinus carpio).this study examined the effect of purified soyabean phosphatidylcholine (spc) on circulating plasma lipids and nutrient digestibility in juvenile common carp. the fish (100 (sd 15) g, 25 degrees c) were fed, for 4 weeks, a casein-based diet containing either 12 % soyabean oil (diet sbo) or 8 % sbo plus 4 % spc (diet spc). the lipid, protein and energy contents of the faeces were analysed for the determination of apparent digestibility. at the end of the trial, the fish were fasted for 48 h and f ...200818466656
strongly ph-buffered ringer's solution expands the receptive field size of horizontal cells in the carp retina.by intracellular recordings, we studied the effects of ph buffering on the size of the receptive field and the extent of dye coupling of horizontal cells (hcs) in the light-adapted carp retina. these parameters were compared between data obtained in fortified ringer's solution and those obtained in control bicarbonate ringer's of the same ph (7.60). in ringer's fortified with 10 mm hepes or 15 mm tris, the dye-coupling ratio of hcs increased by 71% and 70%, respectively. these fortified ringer's ...200818459824
effects of concentrated drinking water injection on glutathione and glutathione-dependent enzymes in liver of cyprinus carpio l.two drinking water production plants located in north italy, collecting water from the river po (plants 1 and 2) were chosen for this study. water samples were collected before and after the disinfection process and at two points along the piping system. water samples were concentrated by the solid-phase extraction system and injected intraperitoneally into specimens of cyprinus carpio. the concentration of water samples was 3 l/equiv. in order to assess the effects of the water samples on carp ...200818457861
carp-2 is an endosome-associated ubiquitin ligase for rip and regulates tnf-induced nf-kappab activation.the proinflammatory cytokine tumor necrosis factor-alpha (tnf-alpha) elicits cellular responses by signaling through a receptor complex that includes the essential adaptor molecule rip. one important consequence of signaling is activation of the transcription factor nf-kappab, and failure to downregulate tnf-induced nf-kappab transcriptional activity results in chronic inflammation and death. internalization of the receptor complex plays an important regulatory role in tnf signaling.200818450452
differential metallothionein induction patterns in fed and starved carp (cyprinus carpio) during waterborne copper exposure.starved and fed carp (cyprinus carpio) were exposed to sublethal waterborne copper exposure (1 microm) for 28 d in softened antwerp, belgium, city tap water. copper accumulation in liver and gill tissues was determined, and changes in branchial na+/k+-adenosine 5'-triphosphatase (atpase) activity and metallothionein (mt) induction in gill and liver tissues were investigated following 28-d copper exposure. gill na+/k+-atpase activity in exposed fish, both starved and fed, was at its lowest values ...200818444695
novel candidate genes identified in the brain during nociception in common carp (cyprinus carpio) and rainbow trout (oncorhynchus mykiss).recent studies have demonstrated that teleost fish possess nociceptors that detect potentially painful stimuli and that the physiological properties of these fibres are markedly similar to those found in mammals. this finding led to suggestions of possible pain perception in fish, contrary to the view that the sensory response in these animals is limited to the spinal cord and hindbrain and as such is reflexive. therefore, the aim of this study was to determine if the brain is active at the mole ...200818440145
development of microsatellite markers and their utilization in genetic diversity analysis of cultivated and wild populations of the mud carp (cirrhina molitorella).microsatellite markers have been increasingly used in genetic studies on fishery species because of their high applicability in selective breeding programs. here we reported the development of microsatellite markers and their utilization in mud carp (cirrhina molitorella). an (ca)(15) enriched library has been constructed for mud carp, using the magnetic beads enrichment procedure. sequence analysis of 60 randomly picked positive colonies indicate that 56 (93.3%) of the colonies contain microsat ...200818439976
effects of cu(2+) and pb(2+) on different fish species: liver cytochrome p450-dependent monooxygenase activities and ftir spectra.the effects of cu(2+)-sulfate and pb(2+)-acetate on carp (cyprinus carpio l.), silver carp (hypopthalmichtys molitrix v.) and wels (silurus glanis l.) were studied. the liver microsomal cyt p450 content, the erod, ecod and apnd monooxygenase activities were measured. in vivo treatment with 1 mg l(-1) cu(2+) significantly elevated the activities of these enzymes and cyt p450 content in silver carp livers. the high-dose cu(2+) treatment (10 mg l(-1)) on silver carp caused two-fold higher induction ...200818439880
perfluorinated compounds in common carp (cyprinus carpio) fillets from the upper mississippi river.ten different perfluoroalkyl acids (pfaas), including perfluooctane sulfonate (pfos), were measured in 30 common carp (cyprinus carpio) fillets collected from three sites on the upper mississippi river in minnesota in an effort to evaluate the potential impact of pfaa emissions in this area. samples upstream of the city of st. cloud (reference site) had median pfos concentrations of 8.1 ng/g wet weight (ng/g wet wt), but median levels increased significantly downstream in the minneapolis-st. pau ...200818439677
intracellular cyclic-amp suppresses the permeability of gap junctions between retinal amacrine cells.gap junctions are intercellular channels composed of subunit protein connexin and subserve electrotonic transmission between connected neurons. retinal amacrine cells, as well as horizontal cells of the same class, are homologously connected by gap junctions. the gap junctions between these neurons extend their receptive fields, and may increase the inhibitory postsynaptic effects in the retina. in the present study, we investigated whether gap junctions between the neurons are modulated by inte ...200818431817
distinct cytochrome p450 aromatase isoforms in the common carp (cyprinus carpio): sexual dimorphism and onset of ontogenic expression.cytochrome p450 aromatase (cyp19) is a key enzyme in the steroidogenic pathway that catalyses the conversion of testosterone to estrogen, and therefore is thought to influence gonadal sex differentiation. in an effort to understand the role of this enzyme in ovarian differentiation, we isolated cdna encoding the two distinct isoforms, ovarian and brain (termed cyp19a and cyp19b, respectively) of adult common carp, cyprinus carpio. the cloned cdna for cyp19a had an open reading frame (orf) of 518 ...200818430424
[mutation rate and pattern of microsatellites in gynogenetic silver crucian carp (carassius autatus gibeblio)].the natural gynogenetic triploid silver crucian carp (carassius autatus gibeblio bloch) provides a good system for studying evolutional genetics of the unisexual and polyploidy vertebrate. microsatellites are abundant across genomes and show high levels of polymorphism and mutational rate, so they have been widely used for studying evolutional biology. in this study, the mutation rate and pattern at 33 microsatellite loci of silver crucian carp were investigated. as a result, it was found that t ...200818424420
distribution of toxins in various tissues of crucian carp intraperitoneally injected with hepatotoxic microcystins.an acute toxicity experiment was conducted to examine the distribution and depuration of microcystins (mcs) in crucian carp (carassius aurutus) tissues. fish were injected intraperitoneally with extracted mcs at a dose of 200 microg mc-lr (where l=leucine and r=arginine) equivalent/kg body weight. microcystin concentrations in various tissues and aquaria water were analyzed at 1, 3, 12, 24, and 48 h postinjection using liquid chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry. microcystins were detec ...200818419201
in vitro biotransformation of surfactants in fish. part i: linear alkylbenzene sulfonate (c12-las) and alcohol ethoxylate (c13eo8).developing regulatory activities (e.g., reach, [dgee. 2003. directorates general enterprise and environment. the new eu chemicals legislation reach. dg enterprise, brussels, belgium. (http://www.europa.eu.int/comm/enterprise/reach/index_en.htm)]) will require bioaccumulation to be assessed for thousands of chemicals. further, there is increasing pressure to reduce, refine or replace animal tests. given this scenario, there is an urgent need to evaluate the feasibility of in vitro systems to supp ...200818407314
genome evolution trend of common carp (cyprinus carpio l.) as revealed by the analysis of microsatellite loci in a gynogentic family.genome evolution arises from two main ways of duplication and reduction. fish specific genome duplication (fsgd) may have occurred before the radiation of the teleosts. common carp (cyprinus carpio l.) has been considered to be a tetraploid species, because of its chromosome numbers (2n=100) and its high dna content. using 69 microsatellite primer pairs, the variations were studied to better understand the genome evolution (genome duplication and diploidization) of common carp from a gynogenetic ...200818407057
increased permeability of the blood-brain barrier following administration of glyceryl trinitrate in common carp (cyprinus carpio l.).nitric oxide (no) has been implicated in the pathogenesis of migraine and treatment with its exogenous donor glyceryl trinitrate (gtn) represents widely accepted experimental "migraine model". in this study, glyceryl trinitrate was administered intraperitoneally to carps, serum nitrite and nitrate levels were determined, permeability of blood-brain barrier was investigated, and histological changes of brain tissue were analyzed. serum nitrite and nitrate levels displayed characteristic biphasic ...200818405066
biochemical alterations in juvenile carp (cyprinus carpio) exposed to zinc: glutathione reductase as a target.the aim of this study was to investigate biochemical changes in juvenile carp (cyprinus carpio) exposed to zinc chloride (10, 30 and 100 microm) for a period of 48 h. zinc exposure caused a concentration-dependent reduction in glutathione reductase (gr) activity in gills, liver and brain. gill glutathione s-transferase (gst) was reduced when animals were exposed to the highest concentration of 100 microm zinc. the phosphorylation of p38(mapk) increased in the brain of fish exposed to zinc 100 mi ...200818395787
intracellular calcium concentration changes initiated by n-methyl-d-aspartic acid receptors in retinal horizontal cells.intracellular calcium concentration changes initiated by n-methyl-d-aspartic acid receptors were studied in carp retinal horizontal cells. fura-2 fluorescent calcium imaging showed that h1 subtype horizontal cells responded to exogenously applied n-methyl-d-aspartic acid with a transient intracellular free ca(2+) ([ca2+]i) increase that decayed to a sustained, but elevated level of [ca(2+)]i. contributions of different ca(2+) flux pathways underlying the time course of this increase in [ca(2+)]i ...200818382285
visual, lateral line, and auditory ascending pathways to the dorsal telencephalic area through the rostrolateral region of the lateral preglomerular nucleus in cyprinids.fiber connections of the rostrolateral region of the lateral preglomerular nucleus (pglr) were studied by tract-tracing methods in carp and goldfish. the pglr receives fibers from the optic tectum, ventrolateral nucleus of semicircular torus, ventromedial thalamic nucleus, medial pretoral nucleus, anterior tuberal nucleus, subglomerular nucleus, and (unexpectedly) also from the retina. dendritic morphology of tecto-preglomerular neurons suggests that they receive retinal inputs. the pglr can be ...200818381599
analysis of sulfamerazine in pond water and several fishes by high-performance liquid chromatography using molecularly imprinted solid-phase extraction.the synthesis and evaluation of a molecularly imprinted polymer (mip) used as a selective solid-phase extraction sorbent and coupled to high-performance liquid chromatography (hplc) for the efficient determination of sulfamerazine (smr) in pond water and three fishes are reported. the polymer was prepared using smr as the template molecule, methacrylic acid as the functional monomer and ethylene glycol dimethacrylate as the crosslinking monomer in the presence of tetrahydrofuran as the solvent. ...200818496678
enhancement of ultrasonically induced cell damage by phthalocyanines in vitro.in this work, erythrocytes from carp were used as a nucleated cell model to test the hypothesis that the phthalocyanines (zinc--znpc and chloroaluminium -alclpc) enhance ultrasonically induced damage in vitro. in order to confirm and complete our earlier investigation, the influence of ultrasound (us) and phthalocyanines (pcs) on unresearched cellular components, was studied. red blood cells were exposed to 1 mhz continuous ultrasound wave (0.61 and/or 2.44 w/cm(2)) in the presence or absence of ...200818495194
rod and cone photoreceptors: molecular basis of the difference in their physiology.vertebrate retinal photoreceptors consist of two types of cells, the rods and cones. rods are highly light-sensitive but their flash response time course is slow, so that they can detect a single photon in the dark but are not good at detecting an object moving quickly. cones are less light-sensitive and their flash response time course is fast, so that cones mediate daylight vision and are more suitable to detect a moving object than rods. the phototransduction mechanism was virtually known by ...200818514002
hypoxia inhibits fish spawning via lh-dependent final oocyte maturation.to evaluate the effects of long term hypoxia exposure on fish spawning, mature common carp, cyprinus carpio carpio (linnaeus) were subjected to either normoxia (7.4+/-0.2 mgo(2)mg o(2) l(-1)) or hypoxia (1.0+/-0.2 mgo(2)o(2) l(-1)) for more than two months. gonadosomatic index (gsi), and concentrations of serum luteinizing hormone (lh), testosterone (t), and estroldiol (e2) were measured and gonad histology examined. hypoxia inhibits fish spawning even though the gonad and oocytes developed unde ...200818508413
corticosteroid receptors involved in stress regulation in common carp, cyprinus carpio.in higher vertebrates, mineralo- (aldosterone) and glucocorticoids (cortisol/corticosterone) exert their multiple actions via specific transcription factors, glucocorticoid (gr) and mineralocorticoid (mr) receptors. teleostean fishes lack aldosterone and mineral regulatory processes seem under dominant control by cortisol. despite the absence of the classical mineralocorticoid aldosterone, teleostean fishes do have an mr with cortisol and possibly 11-deoxycorticosterone (doc) (as alternative for ...200818505847
comparison of natural and recombinant forms of the major fish allergen parvalbumin from cod and carp.allergic reaction following fish consumption can trigger life-threatening reactions in predisposed individuals. parvalbumins from different species have been identified as the major fish allergens. there are two distinct phylogenetic lineages of parvalbumins, alpha and beta. most allergic reactions are caused by beta-parvalbumins. we cloned and expressed cdnas encoding cod (gadus morhua) and carp (cyprinus carpio) beta-parvalbumins and purified natural cod beta-parvalbumin. cd spectra of the pur ...200818504705
toxicity evaluation of perfluorooctane sulfonate (pfos) in the liver of common carp (cyprinus carpio).perfluorooctane sulfonate (pfos) has been manufactured for over 50 years in increasing quantities and has been used for several industrial and commercial aims. due to persistence and bioaccumulation of this pollutant, it can be found worldwide in wildlife and humans. biochemical effects of pfos exposure are mainly studied in mammalian model species and information about effects on fish species remain largely scarce. this lack of toxicity data points out that there is an urgent need for the mecha ...200818501439
characterisation of cdnas of key genes involved in apoptosis in common carp (cyprinus carpio l.).apoptosis is a morphologically and biochemically distinct form of eukaryotic cell death that occurs under a variety of physiological and pathological conditions. many of the cell deaths that occur during normal embryological development and during normal tissue turnover display the morphological hallmarks of apoptosis. in the last 20 or so years a better biochemical picture of how the process occurs has been produced, at least in higher vertebrates. it is now widely accepted that many of the pro ...200818707005
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