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twice-weekly dapsone for primary prophylaxis against pneumocystis carinii pneumonia in hiv-1 infection: efficacy, safety and pharmacokinetic data.objectives: in this study we evaluated the pharmacokinetics, efficacy and safety of dapsone given 100 mg twice weekly as primary prophylaxis against pneumocystis carinii pneumonia (pcp) in patients with hiv-1 infection. methods: this was a prospective open trial, evaluating a total of 55 hiv-1-infected patients with cd4 cell counts below 200/mm3 and without previous episodes of pcp. plasma concentrations of dapsone were determined with high-performance liquid chromatography (hplc). after a mean ...199611866808
[cytological observations on the protozoan pneumocystis carinii]. 19969558970
a phase i trial to assess the value of recombinant human granulocyte colony stimulating factor (r-methug-csf, filgrastim) in accelerating the dose rate of chemotherapy for intermediate and high-grade non-hodgkin's lymphoma (nhl). the central lymphoma group.in a multi-centre phase i study we investigated the possibility of reducing the interval between courses of standard chop (cyclophosphamide 750 mg/m2, doxorubicin 50 mg/m2, vincristine 2 mgs day 1, and prednisolone 40 mg/m2 days 1-8) from 21 days to 15 days and then 10 days using granulocyte colony stimulating factor (r-methug-csf (amgen)-filgrastim) to accelerate neutrophil recovery. patients received chop followed by g-csf 5 micrograms/kg s.c. from day 2 to the day before the next course (e.g. ...19969267465
prevention of community-acquired and nosocomial pneumonia.pneumonia is an important cause of morbidity and mortality in the united states. the provision of effective prophylaxis for pneumonia has become a major goal for both public health officials and individual physicians. prophylaxis for community-acquired pneumonia is pathogen-specific and is directed toward the most common microorganisms that cause it. the 23-valent pneumococcal polysaccharide vaccine; the trivalent influenza vaccine; the haemophilus b conjugate vaccine; and either trimethoprim-su ...19969363144
respiratory infections in patients with hiv infection.changes in epidemiology have influenced the spectrum of pulmonary diseases in hiv-infected populations. the increasing proportion of patients with aids who are intravenous drug users and members of racial or ethnic minorities correlate with increasing cases of bacterial pneumonia and tuberculosis. both of these infections also occur more frequently with advanced immunosuppression. antipneumocystis prophylaxis is also reducing the incidence and mortality rate from this infection, but when respira ...19969363146
respiratory infections in hiv-negative immunocompromised patients.the number of immunosuppressed patients is increasing, with many being managed by community physicians. encouraging success in vaccinating some patients with hodgkin's disease against encapsulated organisms has been reported. the significance of and management of tuberculosis in solid organ transplants is being defined. fungal infection remains a problem, but pathogenesis and treatment are being clarified. the overall incidence of pneumocystis carinii pneumonia is low, but it is being seen in pa ...19969363147
dapsone penetrates cerebrospinal fluid during pneumocystis carinii pneumonia prophylaxis.dapsone has been proposed as a prophylactic agent for both pneumocystis carinii pneumonia (pcp) and reactivation cerebral toxoplasmosis. to determine whether dapsone penetrates the central nervous system, cerebrospinal fluid (csf) and serum samples were drawn from patients taking dapsone for pcp prophylaxis. these samples were quantitatively assayed using high-performance liquid chromatography. five aids patients and one cardiac transplant patient had csf assayed for dapsone. only one had eviden ...19969147912
functional impairment of bronchoalveolar lavage phospholipids in early pneumocystis carinii pneumonia in rats.surfactant abnormalities may contribute to the impairment of gas exchange observed in pneumocystis carinii pneumonia. analysis of rat bronchoalveolar lavage (bal) lipid extracts from normal controls, steroid controls, trimethaprim-sulfamethoxazole (tmp-smx) controls, tmp-smx/p. carinii pneumonia controls, and p. carinii pneumonia animals reveal similar total phospholipid and total protein levels. however, there was a marked reduction in phosphatidylglycerol (pg) from the bal of p. carinii pneumo ...19969273359
experience with flexible fibreoptic bronchoscopy.to evaluate the usefulness of fibreoptic bronchoscopy as an investigation in respiratory medicine in sri lanka.19969141755
pneumocystis carinii pneumonia versus wasting syndrome among aids cases in puerto rico: a survival analysis.to compare mortality of wasting syndrome (ws) versus pneumocystis carinii pneumonia (pcp) in aids patients reported in puerto rico after controlling for gender, age, and cd4 levels.19969097342
population pharmacokinetics of dapsone administered biweekly to human immunodeficiency virus-infected patients.the population pharmacokinetics of dapsone were examined in human immunodeficiency virus-infected patients receiving dapsone at a dosage of 100 mg twice weekly for the prevention of pneumocystis carinii pneumonia. nonlinear mixed-effect modeling was used to determine the best pharmacostatistical model for the data. a one-compartment open model with first-order absorption and elimination was used as the structural pharmacokinetic model. several covariates were tested for their influence on pharma ...19969124833
[comparison of 2 dyes in the detection of pneumocystis carinii].to evaluate two staining procedures used in the detection of p. carinii.19969132888
[acute respiratory failure secondary to pneumocystis carinii pneumonia in children].the objective of this study was to ascertain the clinical and epidemiological characteristics of pneumocystis carinii pneumonia (pcp) cases admitted to the pediatric intensive care unit (picu).19969133219
aids pathology: infections and neoplasms in 55 fatal aids cases. a postmortem study.the study evaluated the incidence of infections and neoplasms in 55 out of 104 patients with aids who died in poland from january 1986 to april 1994 (the estimated autopsy rate-52.8%). histopathological examination revealed 103 infections and 11 neoplasms. in 40 persons (73%) either multiple infections or a neoplasm and an infection were diagnosed. cytomegalovirus infection was most common. (65.5% of cases) followed by pneumocystis carinii (24% of cases). these infections were the leading cause ...19969097707
aids-related extrapulmonary pneumocystis carinii infection presenting as a solitary rectal ulcer.extrapulmonary infection with pneumocystis carinii, although uncommon, is increasingly recognized. use of aerosolized pentamidine versus a systemic medication is thought to be a contributing factor due to the low concentrations of drug that are incapable of suppressing systemic infection. infection with p carinii has been reported in every organ system including the gastrointestinal system. a 28-year-old acquired immunodeficiency syndrome patient receiving prophylaxis with aerosolized pentamidin ...19969193777
[pneumocystis carinii pneumonia in an hiv patient with negative exercise oxygen desaturation test]. 19968983575
[pneumocystis carinii and aspergillus pneumonia in immunosuppression in rapidly progressing glomerulonephritis of the anti-glomerular basement membrane type]. 19968984320
[the host-opportunistic protozoa system. the effect of ionizing radiation on the prevalence of cryptosporidiosis and pneumocystosis].the aim of this study was to determine an influence of ionized radiation on the prevalence of cryptosporidium and pneumocystis carinii (p. c.) infections in children inhabitants of settlements affected by radionuclides after chernobyl accident. survey of children from day-care centers for prevalence of cryptosporidium was carried out in bryansk region, russia, and gomel and mogilev regions, belarus; children from cities mogilev and gomel as well as small town pochep, bryansk region, serve as con ...19968984437
predictors of staphylococcus aureus pneumonia associated with human immunodeficiency virus infection.this study is based on a retrospective logistic regression analysis of all human immunodeficiency virus (hiv)-infected patients with staphylococcus aureus pneumonia (sap) admitted to the department of infectious diseases, catholic university, rome, italy between january 1986 and december 1994. nineteen patients with 24 episodes of sap were enrolled in the study. a control group of 38 hiv-infected patients without pneumonia was included. the attack rate of sap was 8.31/1000 hiv-related hospital a ...19968984527
pulmonary interstitial fibrosis and haemosiderin-laden macrophages: late following heart transplantation.impairment of pulmonary diffusion is recognized following heart transplantation. this study was undertaken to determine the histopathological basis for the defect in pulmonary physiology. heart transplant recipients (htr) entered into a prospective study of post-transplant pulmonary physiology were asked to undergo bronchoscopy, bronchoalveolar lavage (bal) and transbronchial biopsy (n = 18) in the presence of impaired gas transfer. transbronchial biopsies were examined under light microscopy an ...19968984529
pneumocystis carinii and cytomegalovirus infections in severely ill, hiv-infected african infants.unlike in the industrialized world, in which pneumocystis carinii and cytomegalovirus (cmv) are major respiratory opportunistic organisms, the causes of severe pneumonia, which accounts for much of the mortality in hiv-infected infants in developing countries, are not known, although tuberculosis has been associated with hiv in adults. we report on post-mortem lung and liver biopsies obtained soon after death from 36 hiv-infected infants and 36 hiv-uninfected matched controls who had been admitt ...19968985536
the influence of pcp prophylaxis on bacteriuria incidence and resistance development to trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole in hiv-infected patients.earlier studies have shown that men infected with hiv-1 and a cd4+ cell count below 200 mm3 are at increased risk for bacteriuria. we studied the effect of 3 pneumocystis carinii (pcp) prophylaxis regimens (low-dose tmp/smz, high-dose tmp/smz and pentamidine aerosol) on the incidence of bacteriuria and resistance development to tmp/smz.19968990860
(1-->3) beta-d-glucan as a quantitative serological marker for pneumocystis carinii pneumonia.we detected (1 --> 3) beta-d-glucan (beta-glucan), which is one of the major components of the cyst wall of pneumocystis carinii, in sera obtained from patients with p. carinii pneumonia (pcp). we confirmed that beta-glucan was detectable by a beta-glucan detection kit (g test; seikagaku corporation) in bronchoalveolar lavage fluids (balfs). the mean concentration of beta-glucan in balfs obtained from specific-pathogen-free nude mice infected with p. carinii (n = 7; mean, 2,631 [range, 1,031 to ...19968991635
in vitro efficacy of a compound derived from garlic against pneumocystis carinii. 19968999132
clinical features of tuberculosis associated with hiv infection in taiwan.to understand the clinical characteristics and outcome of tuberculosis (tb) in patients with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (aids) in taiwan, we reviewed the medical records of 118 adult aids patients who were hospitalized at national taiwan university hospital between january 1988 and september 1995. among them, 29 (24.6%) had tb. the mean age of the aids patients with tb was 37 years (range, 25-66 yr). most patients were in the advanced stages of aids when human immunodeficiency virus (hiv ...19969000809
detection of pneumocystis carinii in rats by polymerase chain reaction: comparison of lung tissue and bronchoalveolar lavage specimens.the purpose of this study was to determine and compare the efficiency of detection of pneumocystis carinii in rats by polymerase chain reaction (pcr) of dna extracted from two sampling locations: lung tissue and bronchoalveolar lavage. the study involved naturally infected f344 rats that were allotted to groups to intercollate the investigation of several variables, including nonimmunosuppressed rats, rats subjected to a timed induction sequence of 1 to 4 weeks of immunosuppression, and two immu ...19969001175
[pneumonia caused by pneumocystis carinii in a drug addict without evidence of hiv infection]. 19969011212
[infectious complications of lung and heart-lung transplantation].thanks to a simplification of surgical techniques, single or double lung transplants have expanded significantly in latter years. infection remains an important cause for morbidity and mortality, more so in early rather than late stages. bacterial infections cause approximately fifty per cent of all infections. they can be prevented in part by prophylaxis. infections to cmv have become less frequent thanks to adequate prophylaxis with ganciclovir. herpetic infections are prevented by acyclovir o ...19969011910
[sex differences in disease course: analysis of the swiss hiv cohort study].the swiss hiv cohort study (shcs) is a prospective multicentre study of hiv-infected adults. participants have been followed up at six-monthly intervals since 1988. the purpose of the present study was to examine sex differences in developing aids-defining events and in survival among participants of the shcs (1042 women, 1507 men). a statistically significant higher risk of pneumocystis carinii pneumonia (pcp) was evident among women. this difference was particularly pronounced in 1989 (hazard ...19969011933
major histocompatibility complex class ii deficiency: a clinical review.major histocompatibility complex class ii deficiency or bare lymphocyte syndrome is a rare combined immunodeficiency that accounts for 5% of all cases of severe combined immunodeficiency. the syndrome is characterized by a lack of human leucocyte antigen class ii gene expression, absence of cellular and humoral t-cell immune response to foreign antigens, and impaired antibody productions, resulting in extreme susceptibility to viral, bacterial and fungal infections. in some patients, there is a ...19969012922
ophthalmic complications of hiv/aids.as a result of improved treatment and patient survival, ophthalmic complications are now being seen with increasing frequency in aids, occurring in up to 75% of patients during the course of the disease. the eye may be involved by an aids-related microvasculopathy, which gives rise to cotton wool spots, and by opportunistic infections caused by a wide range of organisms, including cytomegalovirus, herpes simplex virus, varicella zoster, toxoplasma gondii, mycobacterium avium-intracellulare, trep ...19969015465
pneumocystis carinii.improved understanding of pneumocystis carinii, in particular the widespread use of chemoprophylaxis, has resulted in a declining incidence of infection in patients infected with hiv since the late 1980s. despite these advances, p. carinii pneumonia continues to represent an important cause of pulmonary disease in hiv-seropositive individuals who do not receive chemoprophylaxis or when breakthrough episodes occur. this article reviews the history, biology, clinical manifestations, prognostic mar ...19969016371
inhibition of self-splicing group i intron rna: high-throughput screening assays.high-throughput screening assays have been developed to rapidly identify small molecule inhibitors targeting catalytic group i introns. biochemical reactions catalyzed by a self-splicing group i intron derived from pneumocystis carinii or from bacteriophage t4 have been investigated. in vitro biochemical assays amenable to high-throughput screening have been established. small molecules that inhibit the functions of group i introns have been identified. these inhibitors should be useful in bette ...19969016680
pneumocystis carinii pneumonia in human immunodeficiency virus infected patients in bombay: diagnosed by bronchoalveolar lavage cytology and transbronchial lung biopsy.we report pneumocystis carinii pneumonia (pcp) diagnosed by bronchoalveolar lavage cytology and transbronchial lung biopsy in three out of five human immunodeficiency virus (hiv) positive adult patients presenting with interstitial pneumonitis. one of these patients was serologically positive for hiv at the time of presentation and the remaining two patients were detected to be hiv positive on follow up after the diagnosis had been established. all the three patients were treated with co-trimoxa ...19969018976
pneumocystis carinii pneumonia simulating as pulmonary tuberculosis in aids.the case of a 25-year-old male agricultural laborer with hiv infection and pneumocystis carinii pneumonia (pcp) is described, whose radiological lesions simulated pulmonary tuberculosis. he presented with loss of weight and appetite of 6 months' duration, cough with expectoration and minimal hemoptysis for 2 months, chest pain, diarrhea with fever, and odonophasia for 1 month. he had received antitubercular treatment (rifampicin 450 mg and isoniazid 300 mg) 2 months prior to admission. he had ...19969018980
paclitaxel and simultaneous radiation in the treatment of stage iiia/b non-small cell lung cancer.in a clinical phase ii trial, escalating doses of paclitaxel (taxol; bristol-myers squibb company, princeton, nj) were given with concurrent radiation to patients with stage iiia/b non-small cell lung cancer. radiotherapy was given in daily doses of 2 gy, 5 days a week, in weeks 1 through 3 and 6 through 8. paclitaxel was given on day 1 of weeks 1 through 3 and 6 through 8, at a starting dose level of 50 mg/m2. subsequent paclitaxel dose levels were 60, 72, 86, and 103 mg/m2. three to six patien ...19969007135
[pneumocystis carinii pneumonia associated with high levels of serum kl-6].in may 1995, a 52-year-old man complaining of fever and dyspnea was admitted to a hospital. based on clinical and radiographic findings, hypersensitivity pneumonitis was suspected. steroid pulse therapy was unsuccessful, and he was then transferred to our hospital. a chest x-ray film showed bilateral ground-glass shadows and a high-resolution ct scan showed cystic air spaces. the number of cd4-positive lymphocytes in peripheral blood was very low. a test for anti-human immunodeficiency virus ant ...19969022332
simple detection of the 5s ribosomal rna of pneumocystis carinii using in situ hybridisation.to investigate the effectiveness of digoxigenin incorporated double stranded dna probes produced by the polymerase chain reaction (pcr), for the detection of pneumocystis carinii, using in situ hybridisation (ish).19969038753
expression of the alpha 5 beta 1 fibronectin receptor on t lymphocytes of patients with hiv-1 infection.to evaluate the expression of the alpha 5 beta 1 integrin fibronectin receptor (fnr), which mediates several processes, including phagocytosis, cell motility and the immune response, on t lymphocytes of patients with hiv-1 infection.19969038757
pneumocystis carinii pneumonia in dogs--a diagnostic challenge. 19969026071
[pneumocystis infection in a non-immunocompromised patient].pneumocystis is typically described in the immunodepressed. we report a case of pneumocystis occurring in a patient without known depression of the immune system. the patient, aged 50, was hospitalised for a diffused infiltration pneumonia which developed sub-acutely, and presented with increasing dyspnoea of effort, thoracic pain and a disturbances of general health. the initial assessment did not reveal any risk factors for hiv infection nor any past history of note. the diagnosis of pneumocys ...19969036508
[cavitated pulmonary nodule due to infection by pneumocystis carinii]. 19969053017
a rapid and simple nested pcr assay for the detection of pneumocystis carinii in sputum samples.detection of pneumocystis carinii by the polymerase chain reaction (pcr), based on the thymidylate synthase (ts) gene of rat p. carinii, is a specific and sensitive method for the detection of the parasite in respiratory samples. however, the use of the method is limited by a laborious phenol-chloroform dna extraction method and an expensive and time-consuming hybridization procedure. for routine clinical samples, dna preparation can be simplified and hybridization substituted by a nested pcr te ...19969060063
[pneumocystis carinii pneumonia in viral hepatitis c treated with interferon alpha 2 et corticoids]. 19969082388
susceptibility to pneumocystis carinii infection: host responses of neonatal mice from immune or naive mothers and of immune or naive adults.mice from either naive or immunized dams were given intranasal inoculations of pneumocystis carinii as neonates (24 to 48 h old). lung p. carinii burdens increased through day 13 postinoculation in all pups and declined to nearly undetectable numbers by day 23 in pups from immune mothers. however, p. carinii numbers in pups from naive mothers did not begin to decline significantly until after day 33, and p. carinii organisms were still detectable in low numbers through day 45. in contrast, the l ...19968926059
characterizations of neutral lipid fatty acids and cis-9,10-epoxy octadecanoic acid in pneumocystis carinii carinii.pneumocystis carinii causes pneumonitis in immunodeficient individuals and is a prevalent opportunistic infection of patients with aids. this pathogen resides extracellularly in the hypophase lining the alveolar epithelium, which is highly enriched in lung surfactant lipids. procedures yielding highly pure organism preparations that enable reliable biochemical analyses of organisms isolated from the lungs of infected laboratory animals have been developed. the results of the present study reveal ...19968926076
[improved prognosis of first episode hiv associated pneumocystis carinii pneumonia without preventive treatment: etiology and sequelae].the prognosis of first episodes of hiv-associated pcp has markedly improved. the knowledge about the reasons for this progress could bear important implications for the management of hiv-infected patients.19968927603
[coincidence of pneumocystis carinii pneumonia and lung carcinoma in aids].in a formerly drug-dependent patient of 35 years of age suffering from an advanced hiv infection there was a development within a period of a few months of rapid weight loss amounting to 12 kg, persistent subfebrile temperatures and progressive dyspnoea on exercise. the histological pattern obtained via bronchoscopy revealed not only pneumocystis carinii pneumonia, which had already been suspected clinically, but also a not very differentiated adenocarcinoma of the lung with lymphangiosis carcin ...19968927609
use of observational data, including surveillance studies, for evaluating aids therapies.this article discusses some of the limitations of observational data for assessing therapeutic effects and categorizes observational studies according to the strength of evidence. ecologic studies based on aids surveillance registries have demonstrated improvements over time in median survival following the onset of aids, especially for patients with an initial diagnosis of pneumocystis carinii pneumonia. some of this improvement may be the result of secular changes in the stage of disease at di ...19968931201
data analysis issues for protocols with overlapping enrollment.many persons with hiv require and take several medications. the efficacy and safety of many of these medications are uncertain. usually limited data on drug interactions are available. thus simultaneous and sequential enrolment of patients into multiple studies is desired for reasons of science and efficiency. this paper discusses the analysis of data arising from coenrolment in multiple studies sponsored by the community programs for clinical research on aids (cpcra). factorial designs and thos ...19968931212
the metabolic response to opportunistic infections in aids.the metabolic response to aids-defining opportunistic infections was examined to provide a logical basis for the management of associated weight loss.19968931788
spectrum of disease in africans with aids in london.to compare the spectrum of disease, severity of immune deficiency and chemoprophylaxis prescribed in hiv-infected african and non-african patients in london.19968931793
secondary pneumocystis carinii pneumonia prophylaxis with trimethoprim-sulphamethoxazole does not prevent bacterial pneumonia in hiv-infected persons. 19968931803
fiberoptic bronchoscopy and bronchoalveolar lavage for the evaluation of pulmonary infiltrates after bmt in children.thirty-one fiberoptic bronchoscopies and bal performed within 4 days after the appearance of pulmonary infiltrates in 28 children who received bmt were reviewed. a causative agent was identified in 67% of patients with diffuse infiltrates (cytomegalovirus in 8 cases, pneumocystis carinii in 4) and in 31% of those with localized infiltrates (aspergillus in 2, bacteria in 2). no relevant side effect was reported. the results obtained from cytological and microbiological testing provided relevant i ...19968932812
successful oral desensitization to trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole in acquired immune deficiency syndrome.to study the outcome of a modified oral desensitization protocol for trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole in human immunodeficiency virus infected patients with pneumocystis carinii pneumonia and acquired immune deficiency syndrome.19968933778
early bronchoscopic diagnosis of concomitant tuberculosis and pneumocystis carinii pneumonia in patients with human immunodeficiency virus infection.pulmonary infections, including mixed infections, are common in patients with human immunodeficiency virus (hiv), and a specific diagnosis is desirable to direct therapy. in a retrospective study of patients suspected of having pneumocystis carinii pneumonia, we examined the usefulness of fiberoptic bronchoscopy in the immediate diagnosis of tuberculosis. in 267 patients, pneumocystis pneumonia was diagnosed in 115 (43%), of whom 5 (4%) also had concomitant tuberculosis. bronchoalveolar lavage g ...19968936936
indirect muscarinic receptor activation by pentamidine on airway smooth muscle.1. pentamidine is routinely used to reduce the incidence of pneumocystis carinii pneumonia in patients infected with human immunodeficiency virus, but it has been described as inducing pulmonary adverse effects, such as cough and bronchospasm. 2. in this paper we have investigated the effects of pentamidine on guinea-pig isolated main bronchi and human isolated bronchi. pentamidine induced a concentration-dependent contraction in both preparations with pd2 values of 9.64 +/- 0.07 (n = 8) and 9.7 ...19968937715
development of type-specific pcr for typing pneumocystis carinii f. sp. hominis based on nucleotide sequence variations of internal transcribed spacer region of rrna genes.the nucleotide sequence variations in the internal transcribed spacer region 1 (its1) and region 2 (its2) of rrna genes were found to be useful for typing pneumocystis carinii isolates that infect humans. two types of its1 (a and b) and three types of its2 (a, b, and c) sequences have been found, and p. carinii isolates are classified based on sequence types of its1 and its2 as ax or bx (where x may be a, b, or c). type determination has been achieved by sequencing the its regions or by reacting ...19968940486
a single expression site with a conserved leader sequence regulates variation of expression of the pneumocystis carinii family of major surface glycoprotein genes.the major surface glycoprotein (msg) of pneumocystis carinii is encoded by a family of related but distinct genes distributed throughout the p. carinii genome. previous reports of the genomic and mrna msg structure suggested that there was a highly conserved 5'-untranslated region and a highly variable translated region. in the current study, we demonstrate that there is a single expression site for msg expression and that different msg genes are located downstream of this expression site. isola ...19968945640
aids-related pneumocystis carinii pneumonia in older patients.main results: compared with younger patients, patients aged 50 years or older were less likely to have acquired hiv via intravenous drug use or homosexual contact (p = .0001). older patients were more likely to have comorbid diseases (12% vs 4%; p = .0001), had more frequent neurologic findings on admission (19% vs 9%; p = .0001), and scored higher on a pcp-specific severity-of-illness scale indicating more severe disease (p = .0001). older patients had more intensive care unit admissions and in ...19968945690
thoracic disease in children with aids.knowledge of common and uncommon thoracic pathologic conditions in children with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (aids) can expedite disease management. chest radiography, computed tomography (ct), and magnetic resonance (mr) imaging are useful in cases involving possible complications of thoracic aids. lymphocytic interstitial pneumonitis (lip) is generally seen on plain radiographs and ct scans as a diffuse, symmetric, reticulonodular or nodular pattern, occasionally associated with mediast ...19968946540
adherence to guidelines for the prevention of hiv-related respiratory diseases.in this study we characterized the pattern of use of preventive therapies for specific respiratory diseases within a cohort of homosexual men and assessed the impact of targeted feedback on the level of compliance with guidelines for these diseases. all human immunodeficiency virus seronegative (hiv-) (n=169) and acquired immune deficiency syndrome (aids)-free human immunodeficiency virus seropositive (hiv+) (n=154) participants in our cohort, who completed four annual visits between october 198 ...19968947078
comparison of trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole, dapsone, and pentamidine in the prophylaxis of pneumocystis carinii pneumonia.to compare the incidence of pneumocystis carinii pneumonia (pcp) in patients infected with the human immunodeficiency virus (hiv) receiving one of three prophylactic agents.19968947975
oral osteomyelitis: pre-aids manifestation or strange coincidence?a bizarre and unexplained localized osteomyelitis was discovered in the mandible of an otherwise apparently healthy 36-year-old man. this strange oral manifestation was followed 2 years later by a diagnosis of pneumocystis carinii pneumonia, which indicated full-blown aids. could osteomyelitis of the mandible be an alarming oral manifestation of aids before the disease is manifested in other ways?19968948219
[role of bronchoalveolar lavage and transbronchial biopsy in the diagnosis of pneumonia in patients with organ transplantation].pneumonia in patients with organ transplantation constitutes a very frequent cause of mortality, as a result precocious aetiologic diagnosis is indispensable. the bronchoscopic techniques, bronchoalveolar lavage (bal) and transbronchial biopsy (tbb), constitute fundamental procedures for these diagnoses. we begin this study with the aim of evaluating the profitability obtained with these procedures. 36 bronchoscopies were performed on 29 patients with organ transplantation, in all of them we rea ...19968948813
survey for pneumocystis carinii infection of wild-born and laboratory-bred monkeys by indirect immunofluorescence and cyst-staining methods.a serosurvey for pneumocystis carinii infection of laboratory-bred and wild-born monkeys was made by the indirect immunofluorescence method. the antibody titers of wild cynomolgus (macaca fascicularis) and japanese monkeys (macaca fuscata fuscata) to p. carinii (pc) were higher than those of laboratory-bred cynomolgus monkeys; 54.9% of the wild cynomolgus and 40% of japanese monkeys had antibody titers higher than 1:40, although only 9.4% of the laboratory-bred cynomolgus monkeys did so. pc cyst ...19968950643
diagnosis of pulmonary infections in immunocompromised patients by fiber-optic bronchoscopy with bronchoalveolar lavage and serology.fiber-optic bronchoscopy (fob) and bronchoalveolar lavage (bal) were performed on 67 occasions in 57 immunocompromised patients with symptoms consistent with pulmonary infection. diagnosis was achieved more often in renal transplant patients than in patients with hematological malignancies (85% versus 28%). culture (bacteria, virus, fungi), staining and microscopy (bacteria, fungi, pneumocystis carinii (pc)) and antigen detection by indirect immunofluorescence (cytomegalovirus (cmv), respiratory ...19968953678
management of aids-related pneumothorax.pneumothorax (ptx) occurs in 5% of patients with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (aids) infected with pneumocystis carinii pneumonia, and up to 50% of those will die during hospitalization. the treatment strategies for managing aids-related ptxs are often complex and ineffective at treating the ptx, and they can prolong hospitalization.19968957359
effectiveness of daily low-dose cotrimoxazole prophylaxis for pneumocystis carinii pneumonia in liver transplantation--an open clinical trial.pneumocystis carinii pneumonia (pcp) is an important infection in the setting of liver transplantation. without prophylactic measures, the incidence of pcp reached 30% in our first 10 liver transplant patients. all patients but one, who had concomitant invasive aspergillosis, recovered with intravenous cotrimoxazole. we therefore prospectively studied, in an open clinical trial, the efficacy and safety of prophylaxis with daily low-dose cotrimoxazole (480 mg) in 60 patients. the incidence of pcp ...19968958285
pneumocystis carinii in the miniature dachshund: case report and literature review.this article reviews pneumocystis carinii and presents four cases in the miniature dachshund. the cases presented with hyperpnoea, tachypnoea and exercise intolerance. there were also clinical signs suggestive of immune incompetence in all the dogs. p carinii pneumonia was diagnosed in all four cases on transtracheal aspirate cytology. immunological studies showed low globulin levels on serum electrophoresis, decreased lymphoblast transformation response (in the two cases that were tested) and a ...19968965482
[pneumocistis carinii pneumonia in patients with aids at the saint thomas hospital].the authors examined material from the respiratory tract obtained from 55 patients, with silver methenamine and giemsa stains to detect pneumocystis carinii. twenty five patients were positive. all had fever and fatigue, 80% had dyspnea, 72% had productive cough, and significant weight loss occurred in 48%. none of the patients had signs of pulmonary consolidation. chest x-ray showed diffuse infiltrates in 55.2%. nodular lesions in both lung fields were present in 6.9%. a local infiltrate was se ...19968966237
[parasitic infections in aids].the list of infections, threatening patients with impaired immunological system, especially infected with hiv, prolongs systematically. the review of literature data concerning species known up to now as aids defining parasitic infections (pneumocystis carinii, toxoplasma gondii, cryptosporidium, isospora belli, microsporidium and cyclospora) is presented.19968967074
a profile of human immunodeficiency virus-infected adolescents receiving health care services at selected sites in the united states.to determine the demographic/clinical profile of human immunodeficiency virus (hiv)-infected adolescents in care at selected sites.19968969371
geographic variation in the management and outcome of patients with aids-related pneumocystis carinii pneumonia.pneumocystis carinii pneumonia (pcp) is one of the most common reasons for the hospitalization of aids patients; however, geographic differences in pcp management have not been evaluated previously. therefore, we abstracted data on socioeconomic characteristics, prior hiv care, severity of illness, timeliness and intensity of in-hospital care, duration of hospitalization, and survival from 1547 randomly selected medical records of patients hospitalized with aids-related pcp between 1987 and 1990 ...19968970466
u.s. hospital care for hiv-infected persons and the role of public, private, and veterans administration hospitals.hospitals are a major provider of medical care for human immunodeficiency virus (hiv)-infected persons. although utilization and patterns of care profiles in public and private hospitals have been evaluated for acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (aids)-related pneumocystis carinii pneumonia (pcp), one of the most costly and common severe complications of aids, information from veterans administration (va) hospitals has not been reported previously. this article reports on inpatient care for pcp ...19968970467
community-acquired bacteremia in hiv-positive patients: protective benefit of co-trimoxazole.to evaluate the effect of the type of pneumocystis carinii pneumonia (pcp) prophylaxis on the development of community-acquired bacteremia.19968970683
pneumocystis carinii from pigs and humans are antigenically distinct.the antigens of pneumocystis carinii cysts isolated from pigs and humans were compared by the western immunoblotting technique. convalescent pig serum reacted with two antigens (approximately 78 kda and 32.5 kda) of porcine p. carinii cysts, whereas convalescent serum from humans did not react with porcine p. carinii cyst antigens. the results indicate that porcine and human p. carinii cysts are antigenically distinct.19968971634
pro-inflammatory cytokines in lung and blood during steroid-induced pneumocystis carinii pneumonia in rats.to gain more insight into the role of cytokines in pneumocystis carinii pneumonia (pcp) we followed pro-inflammatory cytokine profiles in rats with steroid-induced pcp at 2-week intervals. the cytokines measured were immunoreactive interleukin-1beta (il-1beta), bioactive interleukin-6 (il-6), and tumor necrosis factor alpha (tnf-alpha). in vivo cytokine concentrations were determined in three compartments, i.e., bronchoalveolar lavage (bal) fluid, lung homogenates, and plasma. lipopolysaccharide ...19968975872
uptake of medical interventions in women with hiv infection in britain and ireland. study group for the mrc collaborative study of hiv infection in women.to determine the uptake of medical interventions amongst women known to be hiv positive and in contact with service providers.19968976835
immunodetection of pneumocystis carinii in bronchoalveolar lavage specimens compared with methenamine silver stain.immunodetection of pneumocystis carinii, based on immunofluorescence and use of a monoclonal antibody specific for an antigen located within the cyst wall and detectable after trypsin digestion only, was compared with a methenamine silver stain in 553 bronchoalveolar lavage specimens from immunosuppressed patients. p. carinii was found by immunofluorescence in 72 (86%) and by silver stain in 68 (81%) of the total of 84 positive samples detected by either or both of these methods.19968904447
cytokine profiles in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid and blood in hiv-seronegative patients with pneumocystis carinii pneumonia.concentrations and ex vivo production of interleukin-1beta (il-1beta), tumour necrosis factor-alpha (tnf), interleukin-6 (il-6), interleukin-1 receptor antagonist (il-1ra) and tnf soluble receptors were followed in bronchoalveolar lavage (bal) fluid and blood from 10 hiv-seronegative patients with pneumocystis carinii pneumonia (pcp) and compared with values found in healthy volunteers. during the acute phase of pcp, tnf but not il-6 or il-1beta was detectable in bal fluid. at that time, plasma ...19968904526
clindamycin/primaquine as prophylaxis for pneumocystis carinii pneumonia.the records of 206 patients with advanced infection due to human immunodeficiency virus type 1 who were receiving prophylaxis with clindamycin/primaquine (c/p), trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole (tmp-smz), or dapsone to prevent pneumocystis carinii pneumonia (pcp) were retrospectively examined. two hundred sixty-two patient-years of prophylaxis were accrued (176.2 of tmp-smz, 63.4 of dapsone, and 22.8 of c/p). the rates of pcp in the tmp-smz, dapsone, and c/p groups were 3.4, 11.0, and 30.7 per 100 ...19968909833
detection of rrna from four respiratory pathogens using an automated q beta replicase assay.ribosomal rna targets from mycobacterium avium complex (23s), mycoplasma pneumoniae (16s), pneumocystis carinii (18s) and legionella pneumophila (16s) were detected in four separate assays on a model automated q-beta amplification instrument. sandwich hybridization, reversible target capture, detector probe amplification and fluorescent signal detection occurred in closed, disposable packs at 38 degrees c. packs were injected with 0.5 ml samples in 3.06 m guanidine thiocyanate. ten samples per r ...19968910891
infection prophylaxis and antiretroviral therapy in patients with hiv infection and malignancy.systemic non-hodgkin's lymphoma and kaposi's sarcoma occur in approximately 4% and 30% of patients with hiv infection, respectively. single-agent or combination chemotherapy is often indicated for such patients. combination chemotherapy produces a significant decrease in cd4 lymphocytes and significantly increases the risk of opportunistic infection. supportive care should include prophylaxis against pneumocystis carinii pneumonia and esophageal candidiasis. herpes labialis frequently occurs, ma ...19968914806
prognostic significance of pathological chest radiography in transplant patients affected by cytomegalovirus and/or pneumocystis carinii.in order to evaluate the prognostic significance of chest film findings in connection with cytomegalovirus (cmv) and/or pneumocystis carinii infection (pc), a retrospective review was made of the pulmonary charts of 274 recipients of kidney and/or pancreatic grafts transplanted between april 1987 and december 1990.19968915284
development of a prognosis-based clinical staging system for infants infected with human immunodeficiency virus.to develop a prognosis-based clinical staging system for infants infected with human immunodeficiency virus.19968917228
diagnostic yield of bronchoalveolar lavage and bronchoscopic lung biopsy for detection of pneumocystis carinii.to assess the need to perform a bronchoscopic lung biopsy (blb) in addition to bronchoalveolar lavage (bal) to obtain a definitive diagnosis of pneumocystis carinii pneumonia.19968917286
diagnosis of pneumocystis carinii pneumonia: does use of only bronchoalveolar lavage suffice? 19968917301
targeting the minor groove of dna: crystal structures of two complexes between furan derivatives of berenil and the dna dodecamer d(cgcgaattcgcg)2.crystal structures are reported of complexes of two novel furan derivatives of berenil with alkyl benzamidine groups bound to the dna sequence d(cgcgaattcgcg)2. they have both been determined to 2.2 a resolution and refined to r factors of 16.9% and 18.6%. in both structures the alkyl substituents, cyclopropyl and isopropyl, are found to be orientated away from the floor of the minor groove. the drugs are located in the minor groove by two strong amidinium hydrogen bonds, to the o2 of the thymin ...19968917643
2-amino-4-oxo-5-substituted-pyrrolo[2,3-d]pyrimidines as nonclassical antifolate inhibitors of thymidylate synthase.six novel 2-amino-4-oxo-5-[(substituted phenyl)sulfanyl]pyrrolo[2,3-d]pyrimidines 7-12 were synthesized as potential inhibitors of thymidylate synthase (ts) and as antitumor and/or antibacterial agents. the analogues contain a 5-thio substituent with a phenyl, 4'-chlorophenyl, 3',4'-dichlorophenyl, 4'-nitrophenyl, 3',4'-dimethoxyphenyl, and 2'-naphthyl on the sulfur, and were synthesized from the key intermediate 2-(pivaloylamino)-4-oxo-6-methylpyrrolo[2,3-d]-pyrimidine, 17. appropriately substi ...19968917644
severe hyperkalaemia induced by trimethoprim in combination with an angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor in a patient with transplanted lungs.a 40-year-old woman with transplanted lungs developed life threatening hyperkalaemia (6.8 mmol l-1) during high dose treatment with trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole for pneumocystis carinii pneumonia. trimethoprim has an amiloride-like effect on the distal nephron and may thus induce hyperkalaemia, particularly if other contributing factors coexist. the present patient was also treated with the angiotensin-converting enzyme (ace) inhibitor enalapril, and the combination of ace-inhibition and potass ...19968918517
respiratory cryptosporidiosis: case series and review of the literature.five case of intestinal cryptosporidiosis with pulmonary involvement in patients with aids are reported. the diagnosis was based on the recognition of acid-fast oocysts in sputum or aspirated bronchial material and stool specimens. coughing and excess secretions were present in all cases. four patients had other associated pulmonary pathogens: two mycobacterium tuberculosis, one mycobacterium fortuitum and one cytomegalovirus + pneumocystis carinii; all of them had a previous (three cases) or si ...19968923043
ethnic differences in women with hiv infection in britain and ireland. the study group for the mrc collaborative study of hiv infection in women.to examine ethnic differences in the socio-epidemiological and clinical characteristics of a cohort of women with hiv infection in britain and ireland.19968924257
physical and social correlates of perceived psychological support among hospitalized aids patients.persons living with hiv disease are faced with a broad array of physical and psychosocial problems across the trajectory of their illness. almost all will be hospitalized for nursing care during the course of their disease. the purpose of this study was to explore the physical health and social correlates of perceived psychological support among hospitalized aids patients. the sample consisted of 168 aids patients hospitalized with pneumocystis carinii pneumonia (pcp). each patient rated his or ...19968807393
[sulfamethoxazole-trimethoprim-induced pneumonitis in a patient with hemophilia b who was infected with the human immunodeficiency virus].severe cellular immunosuppression developed in a 25-year-old man with hemophilia b who was infected with the human immunodeficiency virus (hiv). four days after administration of sulfamethoxazole-trimethoprim (smx-tmp) for prophylaxis against pneumocystis carinii pneumonia (pcp), diffuse uptake of both lungs was confirmed on a 67ga scintigram. reticular shadows were also seen throughout both lung fields on a chest ct scan. these findings were compatible with pcp, according to the guidelines for ...19968810766
detection of pneumocystis carinii with direct fluorescence antibody and calcofluor white stain.direct fluorescence monoclonal antibody stain (dfa) was compared prospectively, with calcofluor white (cfw) stain for the diagnosis of pneumocystis carinii in 163 respiratory specimens from 97 patients. the patient population included persons with hiv infection (58%), bone marrow transplant recipients (10%), immunosuppressed patients owing to chemotherapy (21%) and others (11%). nineteen specimens including 12 sputa, six bronchoalveolar lavage fluids (bals) and one induced sputum were positive b ...19968811365
use of natural surfactant in an hiv-infected infant with pneumocystis carinii pneumonia. 19968814483
pleural pseudotumoral mass revealing an extrapulmonary pneumocystis carinii infection. 19968816165
pneumocystis carinii pneumonia in rheumatoid arthritis patients treated with methotrexate. a report of two cases.use of methotrexate to treat rheumatoid arthritis is associated with pulmonary adverse effects in 3% to 5% of cases. in addition to immunoallergic lung disease, bronchitis and pneumonia due to pyogenic organisms, opportunistic lower respiratory tract infections have been reported, including, to our knowledge, 18 cases of pneumocystis carinii pneumonia. we report two new cases of p. carinii pneumonia in methotrexate-treated rheumatoid arthritis patients. one case occurred in a 62-year-old woman w ...19968817757
pneumocystis carinii infection: current treatment and prevention.pneumocystis carinii is a common cause of pneumonia in individuals who are immunosuppressed by hiv infection. use of molecular biological techniques show that p. carinii is a fungus and that infection in man is not a zoonosis. invasive tests such as sputum induction or bronchoscopy are used to make the diagnosis of p. carinii pneumonia. life long primary prophylaxis is given to hiv positive individuals with cd4+ lymphocyte counts < 0.20 x 10(9)/l or a cd4: total lymphocyte ratio of < 1.5, consti ...19968818828
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