Publications

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biophysical model of bacterial cell interactions with nanopatterned cicada wing surfaces.the nanopattern on the surface of clanger cicada (psaltoda claripennis) wings represents the first example of a new class of biomaterials that can kill bacteria on contact based solely on their physical surface structure. the wings provide a model for the development of novel functional surfaces that possess an increased resistance to bacterial contamination and infection. we propose a biophysical model of the interactions between bacterial cells and cicada wing surface structures, and show that ...201323442962
[antibacterial activity for clinical isolates from pediatric patients of clavulanic acid/amoxicillin (1: 14) -outcomes of special drug use investigation on antibacterial activity (annual changes)].as a special drug use investigation, we monitored and assessed trends in antibacterial activity of clavulanic acid/amoxicillin (1:14) (hereafter, "cva/ampc (1:14)") and other antimicrobial agents for clinical isolates from pediatric patients with otitis media or respiratory, skin, and urinary tract infections. against streptococcus pneumoniae, haemophilus influenzae, moraxella catarrhalis isolated and identified from otorrhea, epipharynx and rhinorrhea of pediatric patients with otitis media, th ...201324167843
spectrum and potency of ceftaroline against leading pathogens causing community-acquired respiratory tract and skin and soft tissue infections in latin america, 2010.ceftaroline, the active metabolite of the prodrug ceftaroline fosamil, is a cephalosporin with in vitro bactericidal activity against gram-positive organisms, including methicillin-susceptible and -resistant staphylococcus aureus, β-haemolytic and viridans group streptococci, and streptococcus pneumoniae, as well as common gram-negative organisms. in this study a total of 986 isolates collected in 2010 from patients in 15 medical centers in five latin american countries from the assessing worldw ...201323916453
antimicrobial activity of prulifloxacin in comparison with other fluoroquinolones against community-acquired urinary and respiratory pathogens isolated in greece.prulifloxacin, the prodrug of ulifloxacin, is a broad-spectrum fluoroquinolone rather recently introduced in certain european countries. we compared the antimicrobial potency of ulifloxacin with that of other fluoroquinolones against common urinary and respiratory bacterial pathogens. the microbial isolates were prospectively collected between january 2007 and may 2008 from patients with community-acquired infections in greece. minimum inhibitory concentrations (mics) were determined for ciprofl ...201323686506
antimicrobial activity of ceftaroline and comparator agents tested against bacterial isolates causing skin and soft tissue infections and community-acquired respiratory tract infections isolated from the asia-pacific region and south africa (2010).ceftaroline, the active metabolite of the prodrug ceftaroline fosamil, is a cephalosporin with in vitro bactericidal activity against resistant gram-positive organisms including methicillin-resistant staphylococcus aureus (mrsa) and multidrug-resistant strains of streptococcus pneumoniae, and common gram-negative organisms, including wild-type enterobacteriaceae. we evaluated the in vitro activity of ceftaroline and selected comparator agents against bacterial isolates collected from patients wi ...201323535208
spectrum and antimicrobial resistance of common pathogenic bacteria isolated from patients with acute exacerbation of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease in mainland of china.bacteria-induced respiratory infection has been long considered to be the major cause of acute exacerbation of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (aecopd). therefore, a clear picture about the distribution and drug-resistance of pathogenic bacteria in the lower airways should be helpful for treatment of the disease. so far, data on this topic among chinese are lacking.201323786927
selective bactericidal activity of nanopatterned superhydrophobic cicada psaltoda claripennis wing surfaces.the nanopattern on the surface of clanger cicada (psaltoda claripennis) wings represents the first example of a new class of biomaterials that can kill bacteria on contact based solely on its physical surface structure. as such, they provide a model for the development of novel functional surfaces that possess an increased resistance to bacterial contamination and infection. their effectiveness against a wide spectrum of bacteria, however, is yet to be established. here, the bactericidal propert ...201323250225
respiratory infections in eñepa amerindians are related to malnutrition and streptococcus pneumoniae carriage.high acute respiratory tract infection (arti) rates are observed in indigenous populations. we assessed the role of viral infections and nasopharyngeal bacterial carriage in artis in eñepa amerindians from venezuela.201323796866
microbiological diagnosis and antibiotic therapy in patients with community-acquired pneumonia and acute copd exacerbation in daily clinical practice: comparison to current guidelines.the aim of this secondary analysis was to evaluate current microbiological approaches, microbiology, and antibiotic therapy in patients with community-acquired pneumonia (cap) and acute exacerbation of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (aecopd) in clinical practice and to compare them with current international guidelines.201323564195
[spectrum of pathogens for community-acquired pneumonia in children].to investigate the spectrum of pathogens for community-acquired pneumonia (cap) in children, and to provide a basis for the diagnosis and treatment of cap.201323336167
ceftaroline fosamil: a review of its use in the treatment of complicated skin and soft tissue infections and community-acquired pneumonia.ceftaroline, the active metabolite of the prodrug ceftaroline fosamil (zinforo, teflaro), is an advanced-generation, parenteral cephalosporin with broad-spectrum antibacterial activity in vitro against gram-positive bacteria, including methicillin-resistant staphylococcus aureus (mrsa) and multidrug resistant streptococcus pneumoniae and gram-negative bacteria, including haemophilus influenzae and moraxella catarrhalis, but not pseudomonas aeruginosa. ceftaroline has demonstrated a low potential ...201323801418
[in vitro activity of sitafloxacin against clinical isolates in 2012].in vitro activity of sitafloxacin (stfx) and various oral antimicrobial agents against bacterial isolates recovered from clinical specimens between january and december 2012, at different healthcare facilities in japan was evaluated. a total of 1,620 isolates including aerobic and anaerobic organisms were available for the susceptibility testing using the microbroth dilution methods recommended by clinical and laboratory standards institute. the minimum inhibitory concentration of stfx at which ...201324649797
dose optimisation of antibiotics in children: application of pharmacokinetics/pharmacodynamics in paediatrics.the judicious use of antibiotics to combat infections in children relies upon appropriate selection of an agent, dose and duration to maximise efficacy and to minimise toxicity. critical to dose optimisation is an understanding of the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of available drugs. optimal dosing strategies may take advantage of pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic (pk/pd) principles so that antibiotic dosing can be individualised to assure effective bacterial killing in patients who have a ...201324389079
dose optimisation of antibiotics in children: application of pharmacokinetics/pharmacodynamics in paediatrics.the judicious use of antibiotics to combat infections in children relies upon appropriate selection of an agent, dose and duration to maximise efficacy and to minimise toxicity. critical to dose optimisation is an understanding of the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of available drugs. optimal dosing strategies may take advantage of pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic (pk/pd) principles so that antibiotic dosing can be individualised to assure effective bacterial killing in patients who have a ...201324389079
in vitro activity of ceftaroline-avibactam against gram-negative and gram-positive pathogens isolated from patients in canadian hospitals from 2010 to 2012: results from the canward surveillance study.the in vitro activities of ceftaroline-avibactam, ceftaroline, and comparative agents were determined for a collection of bacterial pathogens frequently isolated from patients seeking care at 15 canadian hospitals from january 2010 to december 2012. in total, 9,758 isolates were tested by using the clinical and laboratory standards institute (clsi) broth microdilution method (document m07-a9, 2012), with mics interpreted by using clsi breakpoints (document m100-s23, 2013). ceftaroline-avibactam ...201323979759
on the essentiality of lipopolysaccharide to gram-negative bacteria.lipopolysaccharide is a highly acylated saccharolipid located on the outer leaflet of the outer membrane of gram-negative bacteria. lipopolysaccharide is critical to maintaining the barrier function preventing the passive diffusion of hydrophobic solutes such as antibiotics and detergents into the cell. lipopolysaccharide has been considered an essential component for outer membrane biogenesis and cell viability based on pioneering studies in the model gram-negative organisms escherichia coli an ...201324148302
structure-based gene targeting discovery of sphaerimicin, a bacterial translocase i inhibitor.rise and shine: using a gene-targeting approach aimed at identifying potential l-threonine:uridine-5'-transaldolases that catalyze the formation of (5's,6's)-c-glycyluridine, a new bacterial translocase i inhibitor was discovered from an actinomycete following fermentation optimization.201324014169
efficacy of levofloxacin versus cefuroxime in treating acute exacerbations of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.antibiotic treatment is one of the major pharmacologic treatments for acute exacerbation of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (aecopd). however, the choice of antibiotic depends on the local resistance pattern. a multicenter, randomized, controlled trial was done in patients with aecopd to compare the efficacy of levofloxacin with that of cefuroxime axetil.201323874094
rna-seq-based analysis of the physiologic cold shock-induced changes in moraxella catarrhalis gene expression.moraxella catarrhalis, a major nasopharyngeal pathogen of the human respiratory tract, is exposed to rapid downshifts of environmental temperature when humans breathe cold air. the prevalence of pharyngeal colonization and respiratory tract infections caused by m. catarrhalis is greatest in winter. we investigated how m. catarrhalis uses the physiologic exposure to cold air to regulate pivotal survival systems that may contribute to m. catarrhalis virulence.201323844181
antianaerobic antimicrobials: spectrum and susceptibility testing.susceptibility testing of anaerobic bacteria recovered from selected cases can influence the choice of antimicrobial therapy. the clinical and laboratory standards institute (clsi) has standardized many laboratory procedures, including anaerobic susceptibility testing (ast), and has published documents for ast. the standardization of testing methods by the clsi allows comparisons of resistance trends among various laboratories. susceptibility testing should be performed on organisms recovered fr ...201323824372
bronchoscopy-derived correlates of lung injury following inhalational injuries: a prospective observational study.acute lung injury (ali) is a major factor determining morbidity following burns and inhalational injury. in experimental models, factors potentially contributing to ali risk include inhalation of toxins directly causing cell damage; inflammation; and infection. however, few studies have been done in humans.201323691180
sensitization of staphylococcus aureus to methicillin and other antibiotics in vitro and in vivo in the presence of hamlet.hamlet (human alpha-lactalbumin made lethal to tumor cells) is a protein-lipid complex from human milk with both tumoricidal and bactericidal activities. hamlet exerts a rather specific bactericidal activity against some respiratory pathogens, with highest activity against streptococcus pneumoniae, but lacks activity against most other bacterial pathogens, including staphylococci. still, ion transport associated with death in s. pneumoniae is also detected to a lower degree in insensitive organi ...201323650551
rapid discrimination of haemophilus influenzae, h. parainfluenzae, and h. haemolyticus by fluorescence in situ hybridization (fish) and two matrix-assisted laser-desorption-ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry (maldi-tof-ms) platforms.due to considerable differences in pathogenicity, haemophilus influenzae, h. parainfluenzae and h. haemolyticus have to be reliably discriminated in routine diagnostics. retrospective analyses suggest frequent misidentifications of commensal h. haemolyticus as h. influenzae. in a multi-center approach, we assessed the suitability of fluorescence in situ hybridization (fish) and matrix-assisted laser-desorption-ionization time-of-flight mass-spectrometry (maldi-tof-ms) for the identification of h ...201323646201
applications of pharmacometrics in the clinical development and pharmacotherapy of anti-infectives.with the increased emergence of anti-infective resistance in recent years, much focus has recently been drawn to the development of new anti-infectives and the optimization of treatment regimens and combination therapies for established antimicrobials. in this context, the field of pharmacometrics using quantitative numerical modeling and simulation techniques has in recent years emerged as an invaluable tool in the pharmaceutical industry, academia and regulatory agencies to facilitate the inte ...201323473593
rapid identification of bacteria and yeasts from positive-blood-culture bottles by using a lysis-filtration method and matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization-time of flight mass spectrum analysis with the saramis database.rapid identification of microorganisms causing bloodstream infections directly from a positive blood culture would decrease the time to directed antimicrobial therapy and greatly improve patient care. matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization-time of flight (maldi-tof) mass spectrometry (ms) is a fast and reliable method for identifying microorganisms from positive culture. this study evaluates the performance of a novel filtration-based method for processing positive-blood-culture broth for i ...201323254131
lipopolysaccharide-deficient acinetobacter baumannii shows altered signaling through host toll-like receptors and increased susceptibility to the host antimicrobial peptide ll-37.infections caused by multidrug-resistant acinetobacter baumannii have emerged as a serious global health problem. we have shown previously that a. baumannii can become resistant to the last-line antibiotic colistin via the loss of lipopolysaccharide (lps), including the lipid a anchor, from the outer membrane (j. h. moffatt, m. harper, p. harrison, j. d. hale, e. vinogradov, t. seemann, r. henry, b. crane, f. st. michael, a. d. cox, b. adler, r. l. nation, j. li, and j. d. boyce, antimicrob. age ...201323250952
influenza a(h1n1)pdm09-associated pneumonia deaths in thailand.the first human infections with influenza a(h1n1)pdm09 virus were confirmed in april 2009. we describe the clinical and epidemiological characteristics of influenza a(h1n1)pdm09-associated pneumonia deaths in thailand from may 2009-january 2010.201323390508
lower respiratory tract infections (ltris): an insight into the prevalence and the antibiogram of the gram negative, respiratory, bacterial agents.community acquired respiratory tract infections are one of the commonest health issues globally, which demand frequent visits to the family practitioners. the emergence of antibiotic resistance in the frequently isolated pathogens has complicated the use of the empiric therapy with traditional agents.201323543819
role of transition metal exporters in virulence: the example of neisseria meningitidis.transition metals such as iron, manganese, and zinc are essential micronutrients for bacteria. however, at high concentration, they can generate non-functional proteins or toxic compounds. metal metabolism is therefore regulated to prevent shortage or overload, both of which can impair cell survival. in addition, equilibrium among these metals has to be tightly controlled to avoid molecular replacement in the active site of enzymes. bacteria must actively maintain intracellular metal concentrati ...201324392357
the microbiome of the middle meatus in healthy adults.rhinitis and rhinosinusitis are multifactorial disease processes in which bacteria may play a role either in infection or stimulation of the inflammatory process. rhinosinusitis has been historically studied with culture-based techniques, which have implicated several common pathogens in disease states. more recently, the nih human microbiome project has examined the microbiome at a number of accessible body sites, and demonstrated differences among healthy and diseased patients. recent dna-base ...201324386477
moraxella catarrhalis uses a twin-arginine translocation system to secrete the β-lactamase bro-2.moraxella catarrhalis is a human-specific gram-negative bacterium readily isolated from the respiratory tract of healthy individuals. the organism also causes significant health problems, including 15-20% of otitis media cases in children and ~10% of respiratory infections in adults with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. the lack of an efficacious vaccine, the rapid emergence of antibiotic resistance in clinical isolates, and high carriage rates reported in children are cause for concern. v ...201323782650
pneumonia as the most common lower respiratory tract infection.pneumonia is the most serious inflammatory disease of the respiratory system and also the most common infectious disease. even now, in the 21(st) century, pneumonia occupies a prominent place in clinical medicine and public health. we are confronted daily with the increased number of patients, as well as the constant increase in annual mortality due to this infectious disease.201325568518
nasopharyngeal proteobacteria are associated with viral etiology and acute wheezing in children with severe bronchiolitis. 201324365140
nasopharyngeal proteobacteria are associated with viral etiology and acute wheezing in children with severe bronchiolitis. 201324365140
predicting response to antimicrobial therapy in children with acute sinusitis.to determine prognostic factors that independently predict response to antimicrobial therapy in children with acute sinusitis.201324367985
predicting response to antimicrobial therapy in children with acute sinusitis.to determine prognostic factors that independently predict response to antimicrobial therapy in children with acute sinusitis.201324367985
co-colonization by haemophilus influenzae with streptococcus pneumoniae enhances pneumococcal-specific antibody response in young children.streptococcus pneumoniae (spn), haemophilus influenzae (hi) and moraxella catarrhalis (mcat) are common bacterial pathogens of respiratory infections and common commensal microbes in the human nasopharynx (np). the effect of interactions among theses bacteria during co-colonization of the np on the host immune response has not been evaluated. the objective of this study was to assess the impact of co-colonization by hi or mcat on the systemic antibody response to vaccine protein candidate antige ...201324355091
co-colonization by haemophilus influenzae with streptococcus pneumoniae enhances pneumococcal-specific antibody response in young children.streptococcus pneumoniae (spn), haemophilus influenzae (hi) and moraxella catarrhalis (mcat) are common bacterial pathogens of respiratory infections and common commensal microbes in the human nasopharynx (np). the effect of interactions among theses bacteria during co-colonization of the np on the host immune response has not been evaluated. the objective of this study was to assess the impact of co-colonization by hi or mcat on the systemic antibody response to vaccine protein candidate antige ...201324355091
management of patients with risk factors.this review addresses concomitant diseases and risk factors in patients treated for diseases of the ears, nose and throat in outpatient and hospital services. besides heart disease, lung disease, liver disease and kidney disease, this article also covers disorders of coagulation (including therapy with new oral anticoagulants) and electrolyte imbalance. special attention is paid to the prophylaxis, diagnosis and treatment of perioperative delirium. it is also intended to help optimise the prepar ...201324403970
mechanical ventilation drives inflammation in severe viral bronchiolitis.respiratory insufficiency due to severe respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) infection is the most frequent cause of paediatric intensive care unit admission in infants during the winter season. previous studies have shown increased levels of inflammatory mediators in airways of mechanically ventilated children compared to spontaneous breathing children with viral bronchiolitis. in this prospective observational multi-center study we aimed to investigate whether this increase was related to disease ...201324349427
high nasopharyngeal carriage of non-vaccine serotypes in western australian aboriginal people following 10 years of pneumococcal conjugate vaccination.invasive pneumococcal disease (ipd) continues to occur at high rates among australian aboriginal people. the seven-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine (7vpcv) was given in a 2-4-6-month schedule from 2001, with a 23-valent pneumococcal polysaccharide vaccine (23vppv) booster at 18 months, and replaced with 13vpcv in july 2011. since carriage surveillance can supplement ipd surveillance, we have monitored pneumococcal carriage in western australia (wa) since 2008 to assess the impact of the 10- ...201324349245
aetiology of pulmonary symptoms in hiv-infected smear negative recurrent ptb suspects in kampala, uganda: a cross-sectional study.previously treated tb patients with pulmonary symptoms are often considered recurrent tb suspects in the resource-limited settings, where investigations are limited to microscopy and chest x-ray. category ii anti-tb drugs may be inappropriate and may expose patients to pill burden, drug toxicities and drug-drug interactions.201324312650
septic arthritis due to moraxella osloensis in a rhesus macaque (macaca mulatta).a 5.5-y-old chinese-origin female rhesus macaque (macaca mulatta) presented for bilateral hindlimb lameness. the primate had been group-reared in an spf breeding colony and was seronegative for macacine herpesvirus 1, siv, simian retrovirus type d, and simian t-lymphotropic virus. the macaque's previous medical history included multiple occasions of swelling in the left tarsus, and trauma to the right arm and bilateral hands. in addition, the macaque had experienced osteomyelitis of the left dis ...201324326229
canadian guidelines for chronic rhinosinusitis: clinical summary.to provide a clinical summary of the canadian clinical practice guidelines for chronic rhinosinusitis (crs) that includes recommendations relevant for family physicians.201324336538
decreased expression of tlr-9 and cytokines in the presence of bacteria in patients with otitis media with effusion.toll-like receptor (tlr)-9 recognizes unmethylated cytidine-phosphate-guanosine (cpg) motifs in bacteria. therefore, the expression of tlr-9 may differ according to the results of bacterial culture, and thus a change in proinflammatory cytokine induction can also be expected. the authors aimed to assess the differences and relationships between the expression of tlr-9, cytokines, and nitric oxide synthase (nos) in otitis media with effusion (ome) based on bacterial culture results.201324353857
herbal medicines for the treatment of acute otitis media: protocol for a systematic review.the aim of this systematic review is to analyse the trial data on the efficacy of herbal medicines for acute otitis media.201324293205
a comparison of microbiology and demographics among patients with healthcare-associated, hospital-acquired, and ventilator-associated pneumonia: a retrospective analysis of 1184 patients from a large, international study.acceptance of healthcare-associated pneumonia (hcap) as an entity and the associated risk of infection by potentially multidrug-resistant (mdr) organisms such as methicillin-resistant staphylococcus aureus (mrsa), pseudomonas and acinetobacter have been debated. we therefore compared patients with hcap, hospital-acquired pneumonia (hap), and ventilator-associated pneumonia (vap) enrolled in a trial comparing linezolid with vancomycin for treatment of pneumonia.201324279701
nontypeable haemophilus influenzae inhibits autolysis and fratricide of streptococcus pneumoniae in vitro.streptococcus pneumoniae (sp) and nontypeable haemophilus influenzae (nthi) are common commensals of the human airway and major bacterial pathogens of otitis media (om) and other upper airway infections. the interaction between them may play an important role in the pathogenesis of polymicrobial infections. although previous studies suggested nthi could promote pneumococcal survival and biofilm formation, how nthi affects pneumococcal activities has not been defined. our data in the present stud ...201324269704
nontypeable haemophilus influenzae inhibits autolysis and fratricide of streptococcus pneumoniae in vitro.streptococcus pneumoniae (sp) and nontypeable haemophilus influenzae (nthi) are common commensals of the human airway and major bacterial pathogens of otitis media (om) and other upper airway infections. the interaction between them may play an important role in the pathogenesis of polymicrobial infections. although previous studies suggested nthi could promote pneumococcal survival and biofilm formation, how nthi affects pneumococcal activities has not been defined. our data in the present stud ...201324269704
infections and their role in childhood asthma inception.the association of early-onset wheezing with common viral and bacterial infections has raised significant interest in the role of infections in childhood asthma inception. this article serves to review these relationships among infections, host factors, and asthma inception in childhood.201324236893
infections and their role in childhood asthma inception.the association of early-onset wheezing with common viral and bacterial infections has raised significant interest in the role of infections in childhood asthma inception. this article serves to review these relationships among infections, host factors, and asthma inception in childhood.201324236893
mailed versus frozen transport of nasal swabs for surveillance of respiratory bacteria in remote indigenous communities in australia.surveillance programs and research for acute respiratory infections in remote australian communities are complicated by difficulties in the storage and transport of frozen samples to urban laboratories for testing. this study assessed the sensitivity of a simple method for transporting nasal swabs from a remote setting for bacterial polymerase chain reaction (pcr) testing.201324228701
azithromycin and cough-specific health status in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and chronic cough: a randomised controlled trial.macrolides reduce exacerbations in patients with copd. their effects on health status has not been assessed as primary outcome and is less clear. this study assessed the effects of prophylactic azithromycin on cough-specific health status in copd-patients with chronic productive cough.201324229360
bronchoalveolar lavage fluid cytokine profiles in neuroendocrine cell hyperplasia of infancy and follicular bronchiolitis.neuroendocrine cell hyperplasia of infancy (nehi) and follicular bronchiolitis (fb) are rare pediatric diffuse lung diseases with poorly understood pathogenesis and similar clinical presentations. we sought to determine if cellular and cytokine profiles in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (balf) from subjects with nehi and fb would differ from pediatric disease controls.201324216293
clinico-bacteriological study of chronic dacryocystitis cases in northern karnataka, india.the aim of this study was to identify the organisms responsible and to determine the antibiotic susceptibility pattern of the bacterial isolates from conjunctiva and nasal mucosa in cases of chronic dacryocystitis and comparing with lacrimal sac specimen.201324392383
detection of viral and bacterial pathogens in acute respiratory infections.the role of bacteria in acute respiratory illnesses (ari) of adults and interactions with viral infections is incompletely understood. this study tested the hypothesis that bacterial co-infection during ari adds to airway inflammation and illness severity.201324211414
detection of viral and bacterial pathogens in acute respiratory infections.the role of bacteria in acute respiratory illnesses (ari) of adults and interactions with viral infections is incompletely understood. this study tested the hypothesis that bacterial co-infection during ari adds to airway inflammation and illness severity.201324211414
draft genome sequence of psychrobacter aquaticus strain cms 56t, isolated from a cyanobacterial mat sample collected from water bodies in the mcmurdo dry valley region of antarctica.we report the 3.2-mb draft genome sequence of psychrobacter aquaticus strain cms 56(t), isolated from a cyanobacterial mat sample collected from a water body in the mcmurdo dry valley region of antarctica.201324201199
acanthamoeba, fungal, and bacterial keratitis: a comparison of risk factors and clinical features.to determine risk factors and clinical signs that may differentiate between bacterial, fungal, and acanthamoeba keratitis among patients presenting with presumed infectious keratitis.201324200232
acanthamoeba, fungal, and bacterial keratitis: a comparison of risk factors and clinical features.to determine risk factors and clinical signs that may differentiate between bacterial, fungal, and acanthamoeba keratitis among patients presenting with presumed infectious keratitis.201324200232
application of matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization-time of flight mass spectrometry for identification of the fastidious pediatric pathogens aggregatibacter, eikenella, haemophilus, and kingella.the accuracy of matrix-assisted laser desorption-ionization time of flight mass spectrometry (maldi-tof ms) in the identification of haemophilus, aggregatibacter, cardiobacterium, eikenella, and kingella (hacek) species was compared to that of phenotypic methods (remel rapid and vitek 2). overall, vitek ms correctly identified more isolates, incorrectly identified fewer isolates, and failed to identify fewer isolates than both phenotypic methods.201323966506
cardiovascular risk, myocardial injury, and exacerbations of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (copd) have elevated cardiovascular risk, and myocardial injury is common during severe exacerbations. little is known about the prevalence, magnitude, and underlying mechanisms of cardiovascular risk in community-treated exacerbations.201324033321
fosfomycin and tobramycin in combination downregulate nitrate reductase genes narg and narh, resulting in increased activity against pseudomonas aeruginosa under anaerobic conditions.the activity of aminoglycosides, which are used to treat pseudomonas aeruginosa respiratory infection in cystic fibrosis (cf) patients, is reduced under the anaerobic conditions that reflect the cf lung in vivo. in contrast, a 4:1 (wt/wt) combination of fosfomycin and tobramycin (f:t), which is under investigation for use in the treatment of cf lung infection, has increased activity against p. aeruginosa under anaerobic conditions. the aim of this study was to elucidate the mechanisms underlying ...201323959314
conjunctivitis: a systematic review of diagnosis and treatment.conjunctivitis is a common problem.201324150468
impact of a clinical decision support system on pharmacy clinical interventions, documentation efforts, and costs.health care organizations are turning to electronic clinical decision support systems (cdsss) to increase quality of patient care and promote a safer environment. a cdss is a promising approach to the aggregation and use of patient data to identify patients who would most benefit from interventions by pharmacy clinicians. however, there are limited published reports describing the impact of cdss on clinical pharmacy measures. in february 2011, good shepherd medical center, a 425-bed acute care c ...201324421548
bacterial flora of conjunctiva after death.to evaluate the frequency of bacterial flora of conjunctiva after death (cadaver eyes) which will give information about the bacterial contamination of donor eyes, and the in-vitro sensitivity of isolated bacteria to the commonly used antibiotics in ophthalmic practice.201324195038
interrelationship of streptococcus pneumoniae, haemophilus influenzae and staphylococcus aureus colonization within and between pneumococcal-vaccine naïve mother-child dyads.a high prevalence of bacterial nasopharyngeal co-infections has been reported in children, however, such data is limited in adults. we examined the interaction of haemophilus influenzae, staphylococcus aureus and streptococcus pneumoniae pharyngeal colonization in mother-child dyads.201324134472
croup in children. 201323939212
dominance of haemophilus influenzae in ear discharge from indigenous australian children with acute otitis media with tympanic membrane perforation.indigenous australian children living in remote communities experience high rates of acute otitis media with tympanic membrane perforation (aomwip). otitis media in this population is associated with dense nasopharyngeal colonization of three primary otopathogens; haemophilus influenzae, streptococcus pneumoniae and moraxella catarrhalis. little is known about the relative abundance of these pathogens during infection. the objective of this study was to estimate the abundance and concordance of ...201324099576
improving patient care via development of a protein-based diagnostic test for microbe-specific detection of chronic rhinosinusitis.the hypothesis is that signature bacterial proteins can be identified in sinus secretions via high-throughput, proteomic based techniques. nontypeable haemophilus influenzae (nthi) is the most common bacterial pathogen associated with sinusitis and serves as proof of principle pathogen for identifying biomarkers.201323904321
improving patient care via development of a protein-based diagnostic test for microbe-specific detection of chronic rhinosinusitis.the hypothesis is that signature bacterial proteins can be identified in sinus secretions via high-throughput, proteomic based techniques. nontypeable haemophilus influenzae (nthi) is the most common bacterial pathogen associated with sinusitis and serves as proof of principle pathogen for identifying biomarkers.201323904321
multiple streptococcus pneumoniae serotypes in aural discharge samples from children with acute otitis media with spontaneous otorrhea.among 55 children with cultures positive for acute otitis media with spontaneous otorrhea, 28 (51%) had cultures positive for aural streptococcus pneumoniae, and in 10 of these, two distinct strains were detected, in which 5 had pairs of strains that were both capsule-bearing serotypes. such cases were more likely to have cultures positive for other otopathogens than those with only one pneumococcus present.201323885003
improvement of the pharmacokinetics and in vivo antibacterial efficacy of a novel type iia topoisomerase inhibitor by formulation in liposomes.several useful properties of liposome-based formulations of various existing antibacterial drugs have been reported. these properties include lower mics, improved pharmacokinetics, lower toxicity, selective distribution to infected tissues, and enhanced in vivo efficacy. here we report in vivo studies of a liposomal formulation of a member of a novel class of antibacterial type ii topoisomerase inhibitors, others of which have progressed to early phases of clinical trials. the free (i.e., nonlip ...201323877679
combination of pantothenamides with vanin inhibitors as a novel antibiotic strategy against gram-positive bacteria.the emergence of resistance against current antibiotics calls for the development of new compounds to treat infectious diseases. synthetic pantothenamides are pantothenate analogs that possess broad-spectrum antibacterial activity in vitro in minimal media. pantothenamides were shown to be substrates of the bacterial coenzyme a (coa) biosynthetic pathway, causing cellular coa depletion and interference with fatty acid synthesis. in spite of their potential use and selectivity for bacterial metab ...201323877685
signs and symptoms that differentiate acute sinusitis from viral upper respiratory tract infection.differentiating acute bacterial sinusitis from viral upper respiratory tract infection (uri) is challenging; 20% to 40% of children diagnosed with acute sinusitis based on clinical criteria likely have an uncomplicated uri. the objective of this study was to determine which signs and symptoms could be used to identify the subgroup of children who meet current clinical criteria for sinusitis but who nevertheless have a viral uri.201323694838
virus-induced exacerbations in asthma and copd.chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (copd) is characterized by chronic airway inflammation and/or airflow limitation due to pulmonary emphysema. chronic bronchitis, pulmonary emphysema, and bronchial asthma may all be associated with airflow limitation; therefore, exacerbation of asthma may be associated with the pathophysiology of copd. furthermore, recent studies have suggested that the exacerbation of asthma, namely virus-induced asthma, may be associated with a wide variety of respiratory ...201324098299
asthma microbiome studies and the potential for new therapeutic strategies.recent applications of culture-independent tools for microbiome profiling have revealed significant relationships between asthma and microbiota associated with the environment, gut, or airways. studies of the airway microbiome in particular represent a new frontier in pulmonary research. although these studies are relatively new, current evidence suggests the possibility of new therapeutic strategies for the treatment or prevention of asthma. in this article, recent literature on microbiota and ...201323709178
midkine is expressed and differentially processed during chronic obstructive pulmonary disease exacerbations and ventilator-associated pneumonia associated with staphylococcus aureus infection.staphylococcus aureus is sometimes isolated from the airways during acute exacerbations of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (copd) but more commonly recognized as a cause of ventilator-associated pneumonia (vap). antimicrobial proteins, among them midkine (mk), are an important part of innate immunity in the airways. in this study, the levels and possible processing of mk in relation to s. aureus infection of the airways were investigated, comparing copd and vap, thus comparing a state of d ...201324043271
postarthroscopic infection in the knee following medical or dental procedures.knee infection is a relatively rare complication after arthroscopic knee surgery (babcok et al., 2002), with reported incidences ranging from 0.1% to 3.4% (babcok et al., 2002 and bert et al., 2007). although postoperative dental and surgical procedures were formerly considered a risk factor for infection in arthroplasty patients, the american dental association (ada) and academy of orthopaedic surgery (aaos) no longer recommend prophylactic antibiotics for patients with prosthetic joints and do ...201324191214
a single dose of azithromycin does not improve clinical outcomes of children hospitalised with bronchiolitis: a randomised, placebo-controlled trial.bronchiolitis, one of the most common reasons for hospitalisation in young children, is particularly problematic in indigenous children. macrolides may be beneficial in settings where children have high rates of nasopharyngeal bacterial carriage and frequent prolonged illness. the aim of our double-blind placebo-controlled randomised trial was to determine if a large single dose of azithromycin (compared to placebo) reduced length of stay (los), duration of oxygen (o2) and respiratory readmissio ...201324086334
binding of complement inhibitor c4b-binding protein to a highly virulent streptococcus pyogenes m1 strain is mediated by protein h and enhances adhesion to and invasion of endothelial cells.streptococcus pyogenes ap1, a strain of the highly virulent m1 serotype, uses exclusively protein h to bind the complement inhibitor c4b-binding protein (c4bp). we found a strong correlation between the ability of ap1 and its isogenic mutants lacking protein h to inhibit opsonization with complement c3b and binding of c4bp. c4bp bound to immobilized protein h or ap1 bacteria retained its cofactor activity for degradation of (125)i-c4b. furthermore, c4b deposited from serum onto ap1 bacterial sur ...201324064215
microbiological profile of adenoid hypertrophy correlates to clinical diagnosis in children.adenoid hypertrophy is a common condition in childhood, which may be associated with recurring acute otitis media (raom), otitis media with effusion (ome), and obstructive sleep apnea syndrome (osas). these different clinical characteristics have some clinical overlap; however, they might be explained by distinct immunologic and infectious profiles and result in various histopathologic findings of adenoid specimens.201324175295
comparison of the prevalence of common bacterial pathogens in the oropharynx and nasopharynx of gambian infants.crm- based pneumococcal conjugate vaccines generally have little impact on the overall prevalence of pneumococcal carriage because of serotype replacement. in contrast, protein vaccines could substantially reduce the overall prevalence of pneumococcal carriage with potential microbiological and clinical consequences. therefore, trials of pneumococcal protein vaccines need to evaluate their impact on carriage of other potentially pathogenic bacteria in addition to the pneumococcus.201324086570
potent oxazolidinone antibacterials with heteroaromatic c-ring substructure.novel oxazolidinone analogues bearing a condensed heteroaromatic ring as the c-ring substructure were synthesized as candidate antibacterial agents. analogues 16 and 21 bearing imidazo[1,2-a]pyridine and 18 and 23 bearing [1,2,4]triazolo[1,5-a]pyridine as the c-ring had excellent in vitro antibacterial activities against methicillin-resistant staphylococcus aureus (mrsa), vancomycin-resistant enterococcus faecalis (vre), and penicillin-resistant streptococcus pneumoniae (prsp). they also showed ...201324900607
metabolic markers and microecological characteristics of tongue coating in patients with chronic gastritis.in traditional chinese medicine (tcm), tongue diagnosis has been an important diagnostic method for the last 3000 years. tongue diagnosis is a non-invasive, simple and valuable diagnostic tool. tcm treats the tongue coating on a very sensitive scale that reflects physiological and pathological changes in the organs, especially the spleen and stomach. tongue coating can diagnose disease severity and determine the tcm syndrome ("zheng" in chinese). the biological bases of different tongue coating ...201324041039
design, characterization, and aerosolization of organic solution advanced spray-dried moxifloxacin and ofloxacin dipalmitoylphosphatidylcholine (dppc) microparticulate/nanoparticulate powders for pulmonary inhalation aerosol delivery.the aim of this study was to design and develop respirable antibiotics moxifloxacin (moxi) hydrochloride and ofloxacin (oflx) microparticles and nanoparticles, and multifunctional antibiotics particles with or without lung surfactant 1,2-dipalmitoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine (dppc) for targeted dry powder inhalation delivery as a pulmonary nanomedicine. particles were rationally designed and produced by advanced spray-drying particle engineering from an organic solution in closed mode (no wate ...201324092972
hypoxic hepatitis and acute liver failure in a patient with newly onset atrial fibrillation and diltiazem infusion.hypoxic hepatitis (hh) most commonly results from haemodynamic instability and disruption of hepatic flow. the vast majority of cases are caused by cardiac failure, respiratory failure and septic shock. we report a case of hh, acute liver failure, acute kidney failure and progressive thrombocytopenia that developed following a hypotensive episode in a patient treated with intravenous diltiazem for a newly developed atrial fibrillation (a-fib). the pre-existing liver diseases, including chronic a ...201324042208
evaluation of truncated nhha protein as a candidate meningococcal vaccine antigen.nhha (neisseria hia homologue) is an outer membrane protein from neisseria meningitidis, the causative agent of meningococcal disease. the protein is surface exposed and its expression in a wide range of meningococcal strains suggests it is a promising vaccine candidate. in addition, immunization of mice with outer membrane vesicles of strains that overexpress nhha in conjunction with one of tbpa, omp85 or nspa results in synergistic bactericidal responses. we previously showed that the nhha seq ...201324039731
does a 10-valent pneumococcal-haemophilus influenzae protein d conjugate vaccine prevent respiratory exacerbations in children with recurrent protracted bacterial bronchitis, chronic suppurative lung disease and bronchiectasis: protocol for a randomised controlled trial.recurrent protracted bacterial bronchitis (pbb), chronic suppurative lung disease (csld) and bronchiectasis are characterised by a chronic wet cough and are important causes of childhood respiratory morbidity globally. haemophilus influenzae and streptococcus pneumoniae are the most commonly associated pathogens. as respiratory exacerbations impair quality of life and may be associated with disease progression, we will determine if the novel 10-valent pneumococcal-haemophilus influenzae protein ...201324010917
innate immunity and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: a mini-review.chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (copd), a major smoking-associated lung disorder characterized by progressive irreversible airflow limitation, affects >200 million people worldwide. individuals with copd have increased susceptibility to respiratory infections, resulting in exacerbations of the disease. a growing body of evidence indicates that multiple host defense mechanisms, such as those provided by the airway epithelial barrier and innate immune cells, including alveolar macrophages, n ...201324008598
β -lactamase-producing multidrug-resistant bacterial pathogens from tracheal aspirates of intensive care unit patients at national institute of neurological and allied sciences, nepal.the widespread use of tracheal intubation and mechanical ventilation to support the critically ill patients increases the risk of development of tracheobronchitis and bronchopneumonia. this cross-sectional study was conducted with an aim to isolate and identify bacterial pathogens from tracheal aspirates producing extended-spectrum β -lactamase (esbl), ampc β -lactamase, and metallo- β -lactamase (mbl) from august 2011 to april 2012 at national institute of neurological and allied sciences (nina ...201324078895
role of the zinc uptake abc transporter of moraxella catarrhalis in persistence in the respiratory tract.moraxella catarrhalis is a human respiratory tract pathogen that causes otitis media in children and lower respiratory tract infections in adults with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. we have identified and characterized a zinc uptake abc transporter that is present in all strains of m. catarrhalis tested. a mutant in which the znu gene cluster is knocked out shows markedly impaired growth compared to the wild type in medium that contains trace zinc; growth is restored to wild-type levels ...201323817618
microbiological and genetic characterization of carbapenem-resistant klebsiella pneumoniae isolated from pediatric patients.this manuscript reports the clinical, microbiological, and genetic characteristics of carbapenem-resistant k. pnuemoniae isolates from pediatric patients at a tertiary-care children's hospital. although there is an extensive body of literature describing carbapenem-resistant klebsiella infections in adults, pediatric data are comparatively limited.201324567846
microbiological and genetic characterization of carbapenem-resistant klebsiella pneumoniae isolated from pediatric patients.this manuscript reports the clinical, microbiological, and genetic characteristics of carbapenem-resistant k. pnuemoniae isolates from pediatric patients at a tertiary-care children's hospital. although there is an extensive body of literature describing carbapenem-resistant klebsiella infections in adults, pediatric data are comparatively limited.201324567846
the target cohort study protocol: a prospective primary care cohort study to derive and validate a clinical prediction rule to improve the targeting of antibiotics in children with respiratory tract illnesses.children with respiratory tract infections are the single most frequent patient group to make use of primary care health care resources. the use of antibiotics remains highly prevalent in young children, but can lead to antimicrobial resistance as well as reinforcing the idea that parents should re-consult for similar symptoms. one of the main drivers of indiscriminate antimicrobial use is the lack of evidence for, and therefore uncertainty regarding, which children are at risk of poor outcome. ...201323958109
carcinoembryonic antigen (cea)-related cell adhesion molecules are co-expressed in the human lung and their expression can be modulated in bronchial epithelial cells by non-typable haemophilus influenzae, moraxella catarrhalis, tlr3, and type i and ii interferons.the carcinoembryonic antigen (cea)-related cell adhesion molecules ceacam1 (bgp, cd66a), ceacam5 (cea, cd66e) and ceacam6 (nca, cd66c) are expressed in human lung. they play a role in innate and adaptive immunity and are targets for various bacterial and viral adhesins. two pathogens that colonize the normally sterile lower respiratory tract in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (copd) are non-typable haemophilus influenzae (nthi) and moraxella catarrhalis. both pathogens bind t ...201323941132
mechanisms and impact of the frequent exacerbator phenotype in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.exacerbations of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (copd) are important events that carry significant consequences for patients. some patients experience frequent exacerbations, and are now recognized as a distinct clinical subgroup, the 'frequent exacerbator' phenotype. this is relatively stable over time, occurs across disease severity, and is associated with poorer health outcomes. these patients are therefore a priority for research and treatment. the pathophysiology underlying the frequ ...201323945277
ceftaroline fosamil: a brief clinical review.ceftaroline is a novel cephalosporin with a favorable tolerability profile and broad in vitro activity against many resistant gram-positive and common gram-negative organisms. ceftaroline fosamil is the first cephalosporin to be approved by the united states food and drug administration (fda) for the treatment of adults with acute bacterial skin and soft tissue infections, including those caused by methicillin-resistant staphylococcus aureus (mrsa). it is also approved by the fda for the treatme ...201325134474
longitudinal nasopharyngeal carriage and antibiotic resistance of respiratory bacteria in indigenous australian and alaska native children with bronchiectasis.indigenous children in australia and alaska have very high rates of chronic suppurative lung disease (csld)/bronchiectasis. antibiotics, including frequent or long-term azithromycin in australia and short-term beta-lactam therapy in both countries, are often prescribed to treat these patients. in the bronchiectasis observational study we examined over several years the nasopharyngeal carriage and antibiotic resistance of respiratory bacteria in these two pcv7-vaccinated populations.201323940582
phagocytic dysfunction of human alveolar macrophages and severity of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.alveolar macrophages in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (copd) have fundamental impairment of phagocytosis for nontypeable haemophilus influenzae (nthi). however, relative selectivity of dysfunctional phagocytosis among diverse respiratory pathogens: nthi, moraxella catarrhalis (mc), streptococcus pneumoniae (sp), and nonbacterial particles, as well as the contribution of impaired phagocytosis to severity of copd, has not been explored.201323908477
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