Publications
| Title | Abstract | Year(sorted ascending) Filter | PMID Filter |
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| immunization of mice with the non-toxic hc50 domain of botulinum neurotoxin presented by rabies virus particles induces a strong immune response affording protection against high-dose botulinum neurotoxin challenge. | we previously showed that rabies virus (rabv) virions are excellent vehicles for antigen presentation. here, a reverse genetic approach was applied to generate recombinant rabv that express a chimeric protein composed of the heavy chain carboxyterminal half (hc50) of botulinum neurotoxin type a (bont/a) and rabv glycoprotein (g). to promote surface expression and incorporation of hc50/a into rabv virions, the rabv glycoprotein (g) er translocation sequence, various fragments of rabv ectodomain ( ... | 2011 | 21549784 |
| antiviral effect of edaphic cyanophytes on rabies and herpes-1 viruses. | five cyanophyte species (amorphonostoc punctiforme, gloeocapsa turgidus, sphaeronostoc coeruleum, stratonostoc linckia f. spongiaeforme and synechococcus cedrorum) were isolated and identified from sandy egyptian soils. polysaccharides extracted from these species showed a pronounced antiviral activity against rabies and herpes-1 viruses represented by the absence of the characteristic cytopathic effects of these viruses. it was found that 100 μg polysaccharide/ml induced 100% inhibition of the ... | 2011 | 21555271 |
| [the bats and rabies in the western region of the state of são paulo, brazil.] | introduction: the polo da alta sorocabana laboratory in presidente prudente, sp, in partnership with other research institutions, conducted studies related to bats from the western region of the state of sao paulo, brazil. thus, certain situations were investigated, including: a) isolation of the rabies virus from 2006 to 2008; b) identification of respective antigenic variants; and c) characterization of daytime shelters of desmodus rotundus vampire bats. methods: samples for examination origin ... | 2011 | 21556491 |
| inhibition of rabies virus propagation in mouse neuroblastoma cells by an intrabody against the viral phosphoprotein. | rabies virus (rabv) is highly neurotropic and causes acute infection of the central nervous system. death can be averted by prompt post-exposure prophylaxis; however, after clinical symptoms appear, the mortality rate is almost 100% and no reliable treatment is available. in this study, we investigated whether intracellular immunization using single-chain variable fragments (scfvs) against rabv phosphoprotein (rabv-p) could inhibit rabv propagation in neuronal cells. of four scfv clones derived ... | 2011 | 21569799 |
| active surveillance of bat rabies in france: a 5-year study (2004-2009). | active surveillance of bats in france started in 2004 with an analysis of 18 of the 45 bat species reported in europe. rabies antibodies were detected in six indigenous species, mainly in eptesicus serotinus and myotis myotis, suggesting previous contact with the eblv-1 rabies virus. nineteen of the 177 tested bats were shown serologically positive in seven sites, particularly in central and south-western france. neither infectious viral particles nor viral genomes were detected in 173 and 308 t ... | 2011 | 21570221 |
| molecular epidemiology of the rabies virus in slovenia 1994-2010. | a molecular epidemiology study was performed on a selection of 30 rabies-positive brain samples collected between 1994 and 2010 in slovenia and originating from the red fox (n=19), badger (n=3), cattle (n=3), dog (n=2), cat (n=1), marten (n=1) and horse (n=1). based on the comparison of 1092 and 672 nucleotide sequences of nucleoprotein (n) and partial glycoprotein (g) gene regions, a low genetic diversity of the circulating strains was detected, but both phylogenetic trees were consistent with ... | 2011 | 21571453 |
| characterization of a human antibody fragment fab and its calcium phosphate nanoparticles that inhibit rabies virus infection with vaccine. | recombinant antibody phage display technology has been used to mimic many aspects of the processes that govern the generation and selection of high-affinity natural human antibodies in the human immune system, especially for infectious disease prophylaxis. an anti-rabies virus immunized phage-display fab library was constructed from peripheral blood lymphocytes from vaccinated volunteers. the immunized antibody library, with a diversity of 6.7×10(8), was used to select and produce antibodies tha ... | 2011 | 21573024 |
| clinical and epidemiological features of human rabies cases in the philippines: a review from 1987 to 2006. | background: rabies viral infection causes a fatal encephalomyelitis. in humans, classic features include hydrophobia, aerophobia, hypersalivation, agitation, and neurological symptoms. in the philippines, canine rabies contributes to a significant burden of human disease. methods: we retrospectively reviewed the medical records of 1839 patients admitted to san lazaro hospital, manila, philippines between 1987 and 2006, with a clinical diagnosis of rabies. we used the world health organization ca ... | 2011 | 21600825 |
| comparative detection of rabies rna by nasba, real-time pcr and conventional pcr. | five methods for the rna detection of rabies virus were directly compared in this study. these included conventional nucleic acid sequence-based amplification with electrochemiluminescence (nasba-ecl) assay, reverse transcription (rt)-heminested (hn) polymerase chain reaction (pcr) and taqman real-time rt-pcr using protocols as described previously. the first two methods have been routinely utilised for ante-mortem diagnosis of human rabies in thailand and other rabies-endemic asian and african ... | 2011 | 21600930 |
| preface. | 2011 | 21601038 | |
| rabies virus transcription and replication. | rabies virus (rabv) is a negative-stranded rna virus. its genome is tightly encapsidated by the viral nucleoprotein (n) and this rna-n complex is the template for transcription and replication by the viral rna-dependent rna polymerase (l) and its cofactor, the phosphoprotein (p). we present molecular, structural, and cellular aspects of rabv transcription and replication. we first summarize the characteristics and molecular biology of both rna synthesis processes. we then discuss biochemical and ... | 2011 | 21601039 |
| rabies virus assembly and budding. | rabies virus (rabv) and other negative-strand rna viruses are the causes of serious diseases in humans and animals worldwide. assembly and budding are important late events in the replication cycles of these negative-strand rna viruses that have received much attention in the past decade. indeed, important insights into the molecular mechanisms by which rhabdoviral proteins usurp and/or interact with host proteins to promote efficient virion assembly and egress has greatly enhanced our understan ... | 2011 | 21601040 |
| evasive strategies in rabies virus infection. | rabies virus (rabv) is a strictly neurotropic virus that slowly propagates in the nervous system (ns) of the infected host from the site of entry (usually due to a bite) up to the site of exit (salivary glands). successful achievement of the virus cycle relies on the preservation of the neuronal network. once rabv has entered the ns, its progression is not interrupted either by destruction of the infected neurons or by the immune response, which are major host mechanisms for combating viral infe ... | 2011 | 21601041 |
| rabies virus clearance from the central nervous system. | rabies, a neurological disease associated with replication in central nervous system (cns) tissues of any of a number of rabies viruses endemic in nature, is generally fatal. prophylactic medical intervention is immune mediated and directed at preventing the spread of the virus from a peripheral site of exposure to the cns. while individuals rarely develop immune responses capable of clearing the virus from cns tissues, a variety of laboratory-attenuated rabies viruses are readily cleared from t ... | 2011 | 21601042 |
| role of chemokines in rabies pathogenesis and protection. | chemokines are a family of structurally related proteins that are expressed by almost all types of nucleated cells and mediate leukocyte activation and/or chemotactic activities. the role of chemokines in rabies pathogenesis and protection has only recently been investigated. expression of chemokines is induced by infection with laboratory-adapted, but not street, rabies viruses (rabvs), and it has been hypothesized that expression of chemokines is one of the mechanisms by which rabv is attenuat ... | 2011 | 21601043 |
| interferon in rabies virus infection. | rabies is among the longest known and most dangerous and feared infectious diseases for humans and animals and still is responsible for tenth of thousands of human deaths per year. the rabies virus (rabv) is a rather atypical member of the rhabdoviridae family as it has completely adapted during evolution to warm-blooded hosts and is directly transmitted between them, whereas most other rhabdoviruses are transmitted by insect vectors. the virus is also unique with respect to its extremely broad ... | 2011 | 21601044 |
| the role of toll-like receptors in the induction of immune responses during rabies virus infection. | the host response to infection generally begins with interactions between pathogen-associated molecular patterns common to a variety of infectious agents and reciprocal pattern-recognition receptors (prrs) expressed by cells of the innate immune system. the innate responses triggered by these interactions contribute to the early, innate control of infection as well as the induction of pathogen-specific adaptive immunity. the outcome of infection with wild-type rabies virus is particularly depend ... | 2011 | 21601045 |
| role of oxidative stress in rabies virus infection. | recent studies in an experimental model of rabies indicated that there are major structural changes in the brain involving neuronal processes that are associated with severe clinical disease. cultured adult mouse dorsal root ganglion (drg) neurons are a good in vitro model for studying the mechanisms involved in rabies virus-induced degeneration of neurites (axons) because, unlike other neuronal cell types, these neurons are fairly permissive to rabies virus infection. drg neurons infected with ... | 2011 | 21601046 |
| rabies virus as a research tool and viral vaccine vector. | until recently, single-stranded negative sense rna viruses (ssnsvs) were one of only a few important human viral pathogens, which could not be created from cdna. the inability to manipulate their genomes hindered their detailed genetic analysis. a key paper from conzelmann's laboratory in 1994 changed this with the publication of a method to recover rabies virus (rabv) from cdna. this discovery not only dramatically changed the broader field of ssnsv biology but also opened a whole new avenue fo ... | 2011 | 21601047 |
| rabies virus as a transneuronal tracer of neuronal connections. | powerful transneuronal tracing technologies exploit the ability of some neurotropic viruses to travel across neuronal pathways and to function as self-amplifying markers. rabies virus is the only viral tracer that is entirely specific, as it propagates exclusively between connected neurons by strictly unidirectional (retrograde) transneuronal transfer, allowing for the stepwise identification of neuronal connections of progressively higher order. transneuronal tracing studies in primates and rod ... | 2011 | 21601048 |
| bats and lyssaviruses. | numerous bat species have been identified as important reservoirs of zoonotic viral pathogens. rabies and rabies-related viruses constitute one of the most important viral zoonoses and pose a significant threat to public health across the globe. whereas rabies virus (rabv) appears to be restricted to bats of the new world, related lyssavirus species have not been detected in the americas and have only been detected in bat populations across africa, eurasia, and australia. currently, 11 distinct ... | 2011 | 21601050 |
| neuroimaging in rabies. | rabies remains a virtually incurable disease once symptoms develop. neuroimaging studies demonstrate lesions in the different parts of the neuroaxis, even before brain symptoms are evident. these abnormalities have been detailed in both rabies virus-infected humans and dogs with magnetic resonance imaging (mri). mri disturbances were similar in both forms (furious or paralytic) in human rabies; however, they were more pronounced in paralytic than in furious rabies virus-infected dogs in which ex ... | 2011 | 21601052 |
| rabies virus infection and micrornas. | endogenous rna-silencing mechanisms have been shown to play a role in regulating viral and host processes during the course of infection. such interactive processes may involve host cellular and/or viral-encoded micrornas (mirnas). rabies is unique not only in terms of its invariably fatal course once disease signs develop, but it also has a variable incubation period (eclipse phase). it has been recently shown that cells or tissues of different origin have their own specific mirnas that, in the ... | 2011 | 21601053 |
| design of future rabies biologics and antiviral drugs. | in recent years, no major paradigm shifts have occurred in the utilization of new products for the prevention and control of rabies. development of new cost-effective rabies biologics and antiviral drugs is critical in continuing to prevent and reduce disease. current rabies vaccines are highly effective but have developed largely based on technical improvements in the vaccine industry. in the future, alternative approaches for improved vaccines, including novel avirulent rabies virus (rabv) vec ... | 2011 | 21601054 |
| mathematical models for rabies. | rabies virus and its associated host-pathogen population dynamics have proven a remarkable model system for developing mathematical models of infectious disease emergence and spread. beginning with simple susceptible-infectious-removed (sir) compartment models of fox rabies emergence and spread across western europe, mathematical models have now been developed to incorporate dynamics across heterogeneous landscapes, host demographic variation, and environmental stochasticity. model structures ra ... | 2011 | 21601056 |
| understanding effects of barriers on the spread and control of rabies. | this chapter reviews the evidence for the impact of natural and anthropogenic barriers on the spread of rabies using evidence mainly drawn from the epidemics of fox and raccoon variant rabies virus over the past 60 years in north america. those barriers have both directed and inhibited the spread of rabies and, at a regional scale, have been integrated with rabies control efforts in north america. few studies have been done, however, to examine how the texture (grain) and configuration of the ha ... | 2011 | 21601058 |
| rabies research in resource-poor countries. | many cost-benefit/effective rabies research projects need to be carried out in less-developed canine-endemic regions. among these are educational approaches directed at the public and governments. they would address effective primary wound care, availability, and proper use of vaccines and immunoglobulins, better reporting of rabies, final elimination of dangerous nerve tissue-derived vaccines, and the recognition that rabies is still expanding its geographic range. such efforts could also reduc ... | 2011 | 21601059 |
| rabbit anti-rabies immunoglobulins production and evaluation. | due to the disadvantages of human and equine rabies immunoglobulin, it is necessary to develop a substitute for hrig and erig, especially for those people living in the developing countries. because of higher affinity and lower immunogenicity of rabbit's immunoglobulins, anti-rabies immunoglobulins specific to rabies virus were produced in rabbits as a bioreactor, and had been characterized by elisa, affinity assay, immunofluorescence assay (ifa), immunocytochemistry, rapid fluorescent focus inh ... | 2011 | 21602780 |
| monosynaptic inputs to erbb4 expressing inhibitory neurons in mouse primary somatosensory cortex. | 2011 | 21618237 | |
| construction and immunogenicity of a recombinant pseudotype baculovirus expressing the glycoprotein of rabies virus in mice. | a pseudotype baculovirus with the glycoprotein of vesicular stomatitis virus (vsv-g) on the envelope was used as a vector for the construction of recombinant baculovirus expressing the g protein of rabies virus (rabv) under the cytomegalovirus (cmv) promoter. the generated recombinant baculovirus (bv-g) efficiently expressed the rabv g proteins in mammalian cells. intramuscular vaccination with bv-g (10(9) pfu/mouse) induced the production of rabv g-specific neutralizing antibodies and strong t ... | 2011 | 21221673 |
| proprioceptive pathways to posterior parietal areas mip and lipv from the dorsal column nuclei and the postcentral somatosensory cortex. | the posterior parietal cortex (ppc) serves as an interface between sensory and motor cortices by integrating multisensory signals with motor-related information. sensorimotor transformation of somatosensory signals is crucial for the generation and updating of body representations and movement plans. using retrograde transneuronal transfer of rabies virus in combination with a conventional tracer, we identified direct and polysynaptic somatosensory pathways to two posterior parietal areas, the v ... | 2011 | 21226771 |
| in situ apoptosis of adaptive immune cells and the cellular escape of rabies virus in cns from patients with human rabies transmitted by desmodus rotundus. | the aim of the current study was to investigate the apoptosis of neurons, astrocytes and immune cells from human patients that were infected with rabies virus by vampire bats bite. apoptotic neurons were identified by their morphology and immune cells were identified using double immunostaining. there were very few apoptotic neurons present in infected tissue samples, but there was an increase of apoptotic infiltrating cd4+ and tcd8+ adaptive immune cells in the rabies infected tissue. no apopto ... | 2011 | 21255623 |
| intradermal rabies vaccination: the evolution and future of pre- and post-exposure prophylaxis. | inactivated rabies vaccines have been used to pioneer the immunological and economical advantages of intradermal (id) administration over 35 years. vaccine shortages or its prohibitive cost stimulated studies of various doses, frequency and sites of injection. an economical regimen for pre-exposure prophylaxis requires one-tenth of an intramuscular dose, but the early popularity of the method has been stifled by pharmaceutical regulations. there has also been reluctance to use multiple-site post ... | 2011 | 21267707 |
| immunogenicity and efficacy of two rabies vaccines in wild-caught, captive raccoons. | the immunogenicity and efficacy of two rabies vaccines in wild-caught, captive raccoons (procyon lotor) were investigated. raccoons were fed ontario slim (os) baits containing a recombinant vaccinia virus-rabies glycoprotein (vrg) oral rabies vaccine, or they were given an intramuscular (im) injection of imrab(®) 3 rabies vaccine. blood samples collected before treatment and from weeks 1 to 16 posttreatment were assessed for the presence of rabies virus antibody (rva). there were significantly m ... | 2011 | 21270007 |
| generation and characterization of the human neutralizing antibody fragment fab091 against rabies virus. | to transform the human anti-rabies virus glycoprotein (anti-rabvg) single-chain variable fragment (scfv) into a fab fragment and to analyze its immunological activity. | 2011 | 21278782 |
| a non-invasive intranasal inoculation technique using isoflurane anesthesia to infect the brain of mice with rabies virus. | methods for intranasal inoculation of viruses are often described poorly and the effects of variations in the technique on the outcome are unknown. standardization of protocols is key to compare studies and minimize animal use. the clinical and virological outcome of infection with rabies virus (genotypes 1 and 5) upon administration of different inoculum volumes (25, 50 and 100µl) and different anesthetic regimens were examined. administration of 25µl of virus as a drop on both nostrils under b ... | 2011 | 21295615 |
| whole-genome analysis of a human rabies virus from sri lanka. | the complete genome sequence of a human rabies virus, strain h-08-1320, from sri lanka was determined and compared with other rabies viruses. the size of the genome was 11,926 nt, and it was composed of a 58-nucleotide 3' leader, five protein genes--n (1353 nt), p (894 nt), m (609 nt), g (1575 nt), and l (6387 nt)--and a 70-nt 5' trailer. the intergenic region g-l contained 515 nt. the sizes of the nucleoprotein, phosphoprotein, matrix-protein, glycoprotein and large-protein was 450, 296, 202, 5 ... | 2011 | 21298456 |
| characterization of rabies virus from a human case in nepal. | rabies is endemic throughout most of asia, with the majority of human cases transmitted by domestic dogs (canis familiaris). here, we report a case of rabies in a 12-year-old girl in the lalitpur district of nepal that might have been prevented by better public awareness and timely post-exposure prophylaxis. molecular characterization of the virus showed 100% identity over a partial nucleoprotein gene sequence to previous isolates from nepal belonging to the 'arctic-like' lineage of rabies virus ... | 2011 | 21298457 |
| magnetic protein microbead-aided indirect fluoroimmunoassay for the determination of canine virus specific antibodies. | rabies, canine distemper, and canine parvovirus are common contagious viral diseases of dogs and many other carnivores, and pose a severe threat to the population dynamics of wild carnivores, as well as endangering carnivore conservation. however, clinical diagnosis of these diseases, especially canine distemper and canine parvovirus, is difficult because of the broad spectrum of symptoms that may be confused with other respiratory and enteric diseases of dogs. the most frequently used and prove ... | 2011 | 21300534 |
| determination and molecular analysis of the complete genome sequence of two wild-type rabies viruses isolated from a haematophagous bat and a frugivorous bat in brazil. | the complete genome sequences of two brazilian wild-type rabies viruses (rabv), a br-dr1 isolate from a haematophagous bat (desmodus rotundus) and a br-al1 isolate from a frugivorous bat (artibeus lituratus), were determined. the genomes of the br-dr1 and br-al1 had 11,923 and 11,922 nt, respectively, and both encoded the five standard genes of rhabdoviruses. the complete nucleotide sequence identity between the br-dr1 and br-al1 isolates was 97%. the br-dr1 and br-al1 isolates had some conserve ... | 2011 | 21301181 |
| phylogeography of rabies virus isolated from dogs in brazil between 1985 and 2006. | to establish the phylogeographic relationships in rabies viruses in brazil, we studied a dataset retrieved from genbank consisting of 71 genetic sequences from the coding region of the n gene of rabies viruses isolated in dogs over a period of 22 years. the bayesian markov chain monte carlo method available in the beast package was used with the gtr+g+?4 evolutionary model in conjunction with the relaxed uncorrelated lognormal molecular clock model and an exponential growth tree prior. a discret ... | 2011 | 21327782 |
| major histocompatibility complex diversity in the endangered ethiopian wolf (canis simensis). | the major histocompatibility complex (mhc) influences immune response to infection and vaccination. in most species, mhc genes are highly polymorphic, but few wild canid populations have been investigated. in ethiopian wolves, we identified four dla (dog leucocyte antigen)-drb1, two dla-dqa1 and five dqb1 alleles. ethiopian wolves, the world's rarest canids with fewer than 500 animals worldwide, are further endangered and threatened by rabies. major rabies outbreaks in the bale mountains of sout ... | 2011 | 21214524 |
| lyssaviruses: special emphasis on rabies virus and other members of the lyssavirus genus. | rabies is routinely diagnosed based on the clinical description and history of exposure in a rabies-endemic country. a negative diagnostic test for rabies virus or a related lyssavirus does not exclude the clinical diagnosis. diagnostic tests are never optimal and are entirely dependent on the nature and quality of the sample supplied. often, only a sample from a single time point is investigated reducing the overall sensitivity of any diagnosis. with the advent of molecular biology, tests have ... | 2011 | 21116807 |
| targeted brain delivery of itraconazole via rvg29 anchored nanoparticles. | the blood-brain barrier is a major barrier in the neurological diseases treatment and precludes the entry of drugs from blood to brain. here, we developed 29-amino-acid peptide derived from rabies virus glycoprotein (rvg29) peptide conjugated itraconazole-loaded albumin nanoparticles (rvg29-itz-nps). the rvg29 peptide was conjugated to the albumin nps using biotin-binding streptavidin as crosslinker. the nps were characterized in terms of particle size, zeta potential, drug loading and release b ... | 2011 | 20540685 |
| rabid epidemiologies: the emergence and resurgence of rabies in twentieth century south africa. | this article discusses the history of rabies in south africa since the early twentieth century. it argues that rabies is a zoonotic disease that traverses rural and urban spaces, that transfers itself between wild and domestic animals and remains a potential threat to human life in the region. scientists discovered an indigenous form of rabies, found primarily in the yellow mongoose, after the first biomedically confirmed human fatalities in 1928. since the 1950s canine rabies, presumed to have ... | 2011 | 20665088 |
| genetic evidence for domestic raccoon dog rabies caused by arctic-like rabies virus in inner mongolia, china. | an outbreak of rabies affected domestic raccoon dogs on an animal farm in inner mongolia, china in 2007. a study was conducted to characterize the aetiological agent and clarify the origin of the rabies virus. brain tissues were obtained from five rabid raccoon dogs. viral nucleoprotein antigen was detected in the brain tissues and five rabies viruses were isolated from these rabid animals. phylogenetic analysis of the n and g gene sequences showed that these isolates were closely related to arc ... | 2011 | 20546631 |
| analysis of an outbreak of human rabies in 2009 in hanzhong district, shaanxi province, china. | between march and august 2009, there was an outbreak of rabies in both humans and dogs in hanzhong district, shaanxi province, china. about 7300 humans were bitten by dogs and 20 died of rabies due to failure to perform postexposure prophylaxis. the local authorities therefore conducted a dog slaughter campaign. from a random selection of brains of dogs culled in the campaign, 0/27 tested positive for rabies virus by immunofluorescence. of two dogs known to have bitten humans, one was shown to c ... | 2011 | 20491584 |
| a lentiviral strategy for highly efficient retrograde gene transfer by pseudotyping with fusion envelope glycoprotein. | the lentiviral vector system based on human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (hiv-1) is used extensively in gene therapy trials of neurological and neurodegenerative diseases. retrograde axonal transport of viral vectors offers a great advantage to the delivery of genes into neuronal cell bodies that are situated in regions distant from the injection site. pseudotyping of hiv-1-based vectors with selective variants of rabies virus glycoprotein (rv-g) increases gene transfer via retrograde transport ... | 2011 | 20954846 |
| survival after transplantation of corneas from a rabies-infected donor. | to examine the tissue samples of 2 corneal recipients from a rabies-infected donor for the presence of rabies to explain their survival. | 2011 | 20847660 |
| ascending multisynaptic pathways from the trigeminal ganglion to the anterior cingulate cortex. | by means of retrograde transneuronal transport of rabies virus, ascending multisynaptic pathways from the trigeminal ganglion (tg) to the anterior cingulate cortex (acc) were identified in the rat. after rabies injection into an electrophysiologically defined trigeminal projection region of the acc, transsynaptic labeling of second-order neurons via the medial thalamus (including the parafascicular nucleus) was located in the spinal trigeminal nucleus pars caudalis. third-order neuron labeling o ... | 2011 | 20854814 |
| rabies in an arctic fox on the svalbard archipelago, norway, january 2011. | we report a case of rabies in an arctic fox. in january 2011 a fox attacked dogs belonging to a meteorological station in the svalbard archipelago, norway. rabies virus was detected in the fox's brain post-mortem. the dogs had been vaccinated against rabies and their antibody levels were protective. post-exposure prophylaxis was administered to staff at the station. rabies vaccination is recommended for inhabitants and visitors to the arctic who may be in contact with wild animals. | 2011 | 21345322 |
| presence of antibodies against rabies in wild boars. | serum samples of 746 shot wild boars collected throughout slovenia during the hunting season of 2005/2006 were examined for the presence of antibodies against rabies virus: 541 samples were collected in areas subjected to yearly antirabies vaccination, and 205 samples were collected in areas where preventive antirabies vaccination was not practised. using a modified enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (elisa), in 209 out of 746 sera (28%) the levels of antibodies against rabies virus were higher t ... | 2011 | 21354950 |
| molecular characterization of korean rabies virus isolates. | the nucleoprotein (n) and glycoprotein (g) of 11 korean rabies virus (rabv) isolates collected from animals diagnosed with rabies between 2008 and 2009 were subjected to molecular and phylogenetic analyses. six isolates originated from domestic animals (cattle and dogs) and five were obtained from wild free-ranging raccoon dogs. the similarities in the nucleotide sequences of the n gene among all korean isolates ranged from 98.1 to 99.8%, while those of the g gene ranged from 97.9 to 99.3%. base ... | 2011 | 21368564 |
| [Construction and recovery of chimeric rabies virus expressing envelop proteins E1E2 of hepatitis C]. | Construction and recovery of chimeric rabies virus expressing HCV envelop proteins E1E2. | 2011 | 21977582 |
| [Generation and preliminary immunological efficacy of a recombinant human adenovirus-rabies virus glycoprotein]. | To construct a recombinant human adenovirus type 5 expressing glycoprotein (GP) of attenuated rabies virus SRV9 and testing immunological efficacy on the immunized mice. Open reading frame of rabies virus GP gene of SRV9 strain was cloned into the shuttle vector of adenovirus expression system in multiple cloning sites to construct the recombinant shuttle plasmid pacAd5 CMV-Gs9, cotransfection was performed into 293AD cells mediated by FuGENE Transfection Reagent with linearized backbone plasmid ... | 2011 | 21998956 |
| Trypsin promotes efficient influenza vaccine production in MDCK cells by interfering with the antiviral host response. | Trypsin is commonly used in Madin-Darby canine kidney (MDCK) cell culture-based influenza vaccine production to facilitate virus infection by proteolytic activation of viral haemagglutinin, which enables multi-cycle replication. In this study, we were able to demonstrate that trypsin also interferes with pathogen defence mechanisms of host cells. In particular, a trypsin concentration of 5 BAEE U/mL (4.5 µg/mL porcine trypsin) used in vaccine manufacturing strongly inhibited interferon (IFN) sig ... | 2011 | 21915610 |
| Expression of rabies virus glycoprotein gene into eukaryotic system and determination of potential T-cell epitopes. | The present study was undertaken to clone, express rabies virus glycoprotein (RVG) and to identify potential T-cell epitopes on it. RVG gene (1590 bp) was amplified using gene specific primers. The amplified product was cloned into pTZ57R/T cloning vector by TA cloning. RVG gene was subcloned into pcDNA3.1 (+) expression vector. In this study, cloning and expression of rabies virus glycoprotein gene was done under CMV promoter and an expression construct (pcDNA.RVG) was prepared and clones were ... | 2011 | 21870427 |
| Treatment of rabies in the 21st century: curing the incurable? | Despite the extreme case fatality attributable to rabies, reports of survivors provide a faint glimpse of a possibility of overcoming this deadly disease, even after clinical symptoms manifest. At present, no existing approach fulfills modern medical criteria for the optimal therapy of rabies. Until new efficacious antiviral compounds and optimized treatment protocols are developed, animal population management and vaccination of major reservoirs and vectors, minimization of the risk of viral ex ... | 2011 | 22004032 |
| Nanobodies®: new ammunition to battle viruses. | In 1989, a new type of antibody was identified, first in the sera of dromedaries and later also in all other species of the Camelidae family. These antibodies do not contain a light chain and also lack the first constant heavy domain. Today it is still unclear what the evolutionary advantage of such heavy chain-only antibodies could be. In sharp contrast, the broad applicability of the isolated variable antigen-binding domains (VHH) was rapidly recognized, especially for the development of thera ... | 2011 | 21939690 |
| [Risk model to assess livestock rabies exposure in the state of São Paulo, Brazil]. | To propose a qualitative risk assessment model for the study of livestock exposure to rabies virus from the vampire bat Desmodus rotundus (antigenic variant 3) in the Paraíba do Sul river valley, state of São Paulo, Brazil. | 2011 | 22124696 |
| Erratum to: Molecular characterization of Indian rabies virus isolates by partial sequencing of nucleoprotein (N) and phosphoprotein (P) genes. | 2011 | 21922292 | |
| rabies surveillance in the united states during 2010. | during 2010, 48 states and puerto rico reported 6,154 rabid animals and 2 human rabies cases to the cdc, representing an 8% decrease from the 6,690 rabid animals and 4 human cases reported in 2009. hawaii and mississippi did not report any laboratory-confirmed rabid animals during 2010. approximately 92% of reported rabid animals were wildlife. relative contributions by the major animal groups were as follows: 2,246 raccoons (36.5%), 1,448 skunks (23.5%), 1,430 bats (23.2%), 429 foxes (6.9%), 30 ... | 2011 | 21916759 |
| Rabies in the critical care unit: diagnostic and therapeutic approaches. | Worldwide, human rabies is prevalent where there is endemic dog rabies, but the disease may present unexpectedly in critical care units when suggestive clinical features have passed. In North America transmission from bats is most common and there is often no history of a bat bite or even contact with bats. Laboratory diagnostic evaluation for rabies includes serology plus skin biopsy, cerebrospinal fluid, and saliva specimens for rabies virus antigen and/or RNA detection. Rare patients have sur ... | 2011 | 21856570 |
| immunogenicity studies in carnivores using a rabies virus construct with a site-directed deletion in the phosphoprotein. | different approaches have been applied to develop highly attenuated rabies virus vaccines for oral vaccination of mesocarnivores. one prototype vaccine construct is sad dind1, which contains a deletion in the p-gene severely limiting the inhibition of type-1 interferon induction. immunogenicity studies in foxes and skunks were undertaken to investigate whether this highly attenuated vaccine would be more immunogenic than the parental sad b19 vaccine strain. in foxes, it was demonstrated that sad ... | 2011 | 21991446 |
| pathology associated with a human case of rabies in the united kingdom caused by european bat lyssavirus type-2. | human infection with the rabies-related virus european bat lyssavirus type-2 (eblv-2) has only been reported on two occasions. here we report the pathology observed within spinal cord and visceral tissues associated with eblv-2 infection for the first time. neuronal labelling with an anti-rabies nucleocapsid monoclonal antibody was observed and appeared indistinguishable from the labelling reported from human infection with rabies virus. © 2011 crown copyright. published by s. karger ag, basel. | 2011 | 22142887 |
| Oral immunisation of mice with a recombinant rabies virus vaccine incorporating the heat-labile enterotoxin B subunit of Escherichia coli in an attenuated Salmonella strain. | To investigate effective new rabies vaccines, a fusion protein consisting of the rabies virus (RV) glycoprotein and the heat-labile enterotoxin B subunit of Escherichia coli (LTB) was successfully constructed and delivered in a live attenuated Salmonella strain LH430. Mice were immunised with LH430 carrying pVAX1-G, pVAX1-G-LTB or pVAX1-ori-G-LTB. The antibody titres of mice immunised with oral LH430 carrying pVAX1-G-LTB or pVAX1-ori-G-LTB were significantly higher than those of pVAX1-G-immunise ... | 2011 | 22019192 |
| Naturally Acquired Rabies Virus Infections in Wild-Caught Bats. | Abstract The study of a zoonotic disease requires an understanding of the disease incidence in animal reservoirs. Rabies incidence in bats submitted to diagnostic laboratories does not accurately reflect the true incidence in wild bat populations as a bias exists for testing bats that have been in contact with humans or pets. This article details the rabies incidence in two species of bats collected from natural settings without such bias. In this study, brain smears from 0.6% and 2.5% of wild-c ... | 2011 | 21923271 |
| Rabid dog illegally imported to France from Morocco, August 2011. | In August 2011, a case of canine rabies was notified to the French veterinary services. The dog was a three-month-old puppy illegally imported from Morocco that presented behavioural changes on 1 August and was admitted to a veterinary clinic on 6 August. It died the following day and the body was shortly sent to the national reference centre where rabies was laboratory-confirmed on 11 August. Contact tracing and post-exposure treatment were initiated immediately. | 2011 | 21871230 |
| Molecular epidemiology and a loop-mediated isothermal amplification method for diagnosis of infection with rabies virus in Zambia. | The National Livestock Epidemiology and Information Center (NALEIC) in Zambia reported over 132 cases of canine rabies diagnosed by the direct fluorescent antibody test (DFAT) from 2004 to 2009. In this study, the lineage of rabies virus (RABV) in Zambia was determined by phylogenetic analysis of the nucleoprotein (N) and glycoprotein (G) gene sequences. Total RNA was extracted from 87-DFAT brain specimens out of which only 35 (40%) were positive on nested reverse transcription polymerase chain ... | 2011 | 21930165 |
| preliminary evaluation of raboral v-rg® oral rabies vaccine in arctic foxes (vulpes lagopus). | we tested the raboral v-rg® recombinant oral rabies vaccine for its response in arctic foxes (vulpes lagopus), the reservoir of rabies virus in the circumpolar north. the vaccine, which is currently the only licensed oral rabies vaccine in the united states, induced a strong antibody response and protected foxes against a challenge of 500,000 mouse intracerebral lethal dose 50% of an arctic rabies virus variant. however, one unvaccinated control fox survived challenge with rabies virus, either i ... | 2011 | 22102679 |
| a novel neuroprotective therapy for parkinson's disease using a viral noncoding rna that protects mitochondrial complex i activity. | parkinson's disease (pd) is a neurodegenerative disorder that results in the loss of nigrostriatal dopamine neurons. the etiology of this cell loss is unknown, but it involves abnormalities in mitochondrial function. in this study, we have demonstrated that the administration of a novel noncoding p137 rna, derived from the human cytomegaloviral β2.7 transcript, can prevent and rescue dopaminergic cell death in vitro and in animal models of pd by protecting mitochondrial complex i activity. furth ... | 2011 | 22184634 |
| Enhanced pseudotyping efficiency of HIV-1 lentiviral vectors by a rabies/vesicular stomatitis virus chimeric envelope glycoprotein. | Rabies virus glycoprotein (RVG) can pseudotype lentiviral vectors, although at a lower efficiency to that of vesicular stomatitis virus glycoprotein (VSVG). Transduction with VSVG-pseudotyped vectors of rodent central nervous system (CNS) leads to local neurotropic gene transfer, whereas with RVG-pseudotyped vectors additional disperse transduction of neurons located at distal efferent sites occurs via axonal retrograde transport. Attempts to produce high-titre RVG-pseudotyped lentiviral vectors ... | 2011 | 21900965 |
| Intracerebral administration of recombinant rabies virus expressing GM-CSF prevents the development of rabies after infection with street virus. | Recently it was found that prior immunization with recombinant rabies virus (RABV) expressing granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF) (LBNSE-GM-CSF) resulted in high innate/adaptive immune responses and protection against challenge with virulent RABV (Wen et al., JVI, 2011). In this study, the ability of LBNSE-GM-CSF to prevent animals from developing rabies was investigated in mice after infection with lethal doses of street RABV. It was found that intracerebral administration ... | 2011 | 21980450 |
| subcellular trafficking in rhabdovirus infection and immune evasion: a novel target for therapeutics. | vesicular stomatitis virus (vsv) and rabies virus (rabv) are the prototypic members of the rhabdovirus family. these viruses have a particularly broad host range, and despite the availability of vaccines, rabv still causes more than 50,000 human deaths a year. trafficking of the virion or viral particles is important at several stages of the replicative life cycle, including cellular entry, localization into the cytoplasmic inclusion bodies which primarily house the transcription and replication ... | 2011 | 22034934 |
| Evidence for inter- and intra-clade recombinations in rabies virus. | Homologous recombination is considered rare in negative-strand RNA viruses and has not been reported for rabies virus. In this study, full-length genomes of 44 rabies virus strains were analyzed for potential homologous recombination events. Phylogenetic analysis classified these strains into three clades. By applying six different recombination detection methods, one inter-clade and one intra-clade potential recombination events were identified with high confidence values. Software-predicted re ... | 2011 | 22041506 |
| A Spatial Model to Forecast Raccoon Rabies Emergence. | Abstract Although raccoons are widely distributed throughout North America, the raccoon rabies virus variant is enzootic only in the eastern United States, based on current surveillance data. This variant of rabies virus is now responsible for >60% of all cases of animal rabies reported in the United States each year. Ongoing national efforts via an oral rabies vaccination (ORV) program are aimed at preventing the spread of raccoon rabies. However, from an epidemiologic perspective, the relati ... | 2011 | 21995266 |
| molecular characteristics and phylogenetic analysis of n gene of human derived rabies virus. | to investigate the relationship between the molecular characteristics and phylogenetic evolution of rabies n gene. | 2011 | 22108333 |
| laboratory surveillance of rabies in humans, domestic animals, and bats in madagascar from 2005 to 2010. | background. rabies virus (rabv) has circulated in madagascar at least since the 19th century. objectives. to assess the circulation of lyssavirus in the island from 2005 to 2010. materials and methods. animal (including bats) and human samples were tested for rabv and other lyssavirus using antigen, ribonucleic acid (rna), and antibodies detection and virus isolation. results. half of the 437 domestic or tame wild terrestrial mammal brains tested were found rabv antigen positive, including 54% o ... | 2011 | 21991442 |
| Public health implications of an outbreak of rabies in arctic foxes and reindeer in the Svalbard archipelago, Norway, September 2011. | 2011 | 21996377 | |
| Peptides targeting the PDZ domain of PTPN4 are efficient inducers of glioblastoma cell death. | PTPN4, a human tyrosine phosphatase, protects cells against apoptosis. This protection could be abrogated by targeting the PDZ domain of this phosphatase with a peptide mimicking the C-terminal sequence of the G protein of an attenuated rabies virus strain. Here, we demonstrate that glioblastoma death is triggered upon intracellular delivery of peptides, either from viral origin or from known endogenous ligands of PTPN4-PDZ, such as the C terminus sequence of the glutamate receptor subunit GluN2 ... | 2011 | 22000519 |
| [Preparation and application of a colloidal gold strip to detect the rabies antibody]. | To develop a specific, rapid, and convenient immunochromatography assay (ICA) to detect the rabies antibody in clinical sample from immuned dogs by rabies vaccine. Colloidal gold particles labeled with purified rabies virus (CVS11) were used as the detector reagent. The staphylococcal protein A (SPA) and pured rabbit anti-rabies virus IgG were blotted on the test and control regions of nitrocellulose membrane. Then the strip was assembled with sample pad, absorbing pad, and dorsal shield. The as ... | 2011 | 21845847 |
| [Development of SPA-ELISA for detection of antibodies against rabies virus based on expression of main antigenic determinant of nucleoprotein]. | To evaluate the effectiveness of rabies vaccination, we developed the SPA-ELISA method to detect the antibodies against rabies virus (RV) using the main antigenic determinant of nucleoprotein (RV N1) as antigen. The complete Nucleoprotein (N) gene and the partial N1 gene (1 000-1 353 bp) of RV Flury LEP strain were amplified using RT-PCR and PCR approaches. The two fragments were inserted into pGEX-6P-1 respectively. Then we transformed the recombinant plasmids into Escherichia coli BL21(DE3) st ... | 2011 | 22097803 |
| exosome nanotechnology: an emerging paradigm shift in drug delivery: exploitation of exosome nanovesicles for systemic in vivo delivery of rnai heralds new horizons for drug delivery across biological barriers. | the demonstration that dendritic cell (dc)-derived exosomes can be exploited for targeted rnai delivery to the brain after systemic injection provides the first proof-of-concept for the potential of these naturally occurring vesicles as vehicles of drug delivery. as well as being amenable to existing in vivo targeting strategies already in use for viruses and liposomes, this novel approach offers the added advantages of in vivo safety and low immunogenicity. fulfilment of the potential of exosom ... | 2011 | 21932222 |
| immune response after rabies vaccine in a kidney transplant recipient. | a 48-year-old male kidney-transplant recipient was bitten by a rabid dog. his immunosuppressive treatment consisted of cyclosporine 60 mg b.i.d., mycophenolate mofetil (mmf) 250 mg t.i.d., and prednisone 5 mg. after wound care, he received 5 doses of purified vero cell rabies vaccine on days 0, 3, 7, 14, and 28, and human rabies immunoglobulin, according to international guidelines. adequate levels of rabies virus neutralizing antibodies were observed after the administration of the third vaccin ... | 2011 | 21883758 |
| drosophila melanogaster s2 cells for expression of heterologous genes: from gene cloning to bioprocess development. | in the present review we discuss strategies that have been used for heterologous gene expression in drosophila melanogaster schneider 2 (s2) cells using plasmid vectors. since the growth of s2 cells is not dependent on anchorage to solid substrates, these cells can be easily cultured in suspension in large volumes. the factors that most affect the growth and gene expression of s2 cells, namely cell line, cell passage, inoculum concentration, culture medium, temperature, dissolved oxygen concentr ... | 2011 | 22079894 |
| rabies in the arctic fox population, svalbard, norway. | arctic foxes, 620 that were trapped and 22 found dead on svalbard, norway (1996-2004), as well as 10 foxes trapped in nenets, north-west russia (1999), were tested for rabies virus antigen in brain tissue by standard direct fluorescent antibody test. rabies antigen was found in two foxes from svalbard and in three from russia. blood samples from 515 of the fox carcasses were screened for rabies antibodies with negative result. our results, together with a previous screening (1980-1989, n=817) in ... | 2011 | 22102665 |
| High vero cell density and rabies virus proliferation on fibracel disks versus cytodex-1 in spinner flask. | To achieve higher titer of rabies virus higher density of host cells will need. In this study, capability of FibraCel disks packed in 500 mL spinner basket versus Cytodex-1 in 500 mL spinner flask was investigated for propagation of Vero cells and PV rabies virus proliferation. Minimal Essential Medium (MEM) + 10% Foetal Calf Serum (FCS) and Virus Production- Serum Free Medium (VP-SFM) +4 mM L-glutamine were used in growth phase and MEM+ 0.2% Bovine Serum Albumin (BSA) and VP-SFM were used in vi ... | 2011 | 21902056 |
| molecular characterization of rabies virus isolated from non-haematophagous bats in brazil. | rabies is an important zoonosis that causes thousands of deaths worldwide each year. although the terrestrial cycle, mainly transmitted by dogs, is controlled in brazil, the aerial cycle remains a serious public health issue, besides the economic problem. in the aerial cycle, the haematophagous bat desmodus rotundus is the main source of infection, where several different species of non-haematophagous bats can be infected and can transmit the virus. | 2011 | 22231241 |
| [analysis on nucleoprotein gene sequence of 25 rabies virus isolates in guizhou province, china]. | to analyze 25 nucleoprotein gene (n gene) sequences of rabies viruses circulating in guizhou province during 2005-2010, china, and to explore the epidemic characteristics and the probable mutant of rabies in guizhou province. rabies virus rna in human brain tissues, human saliva, and domestic dog brain tissues derived from different prefectures of guizhou province were detected with rt-nested pcr, and the amplified products were then sequenced. bioinformatics software was used to determine the g ... | 2011 | 22263267 |
| a case study of rabies diagnosis from formalin-fixed brain material. | rabies is caused by several lyssavirus species, a group of negative sense rna viruses. although rabies is preventable, it is often neglected particularly in developing countries in the face of many competing public and veterinary health priorities. epidemiological information based on laboratory-based surveillance data is critical to adequately strategise control and prevention plans. in this regard the fluorescent antibody test for rabies virus antigen in brain tissues is still considered the b ... | 2011 | 22616442 |
| stability of vaccinia-vectored recombinant oral rabies vaccine under field conditions: a 3-year study. | rabies is an incurable zoonotic disease caused by rabies virus, a member of the rhabdovirus family. it is transmitted through the bite of an infected animal. control methods, including oral rabies vaccination (orv) programs, have led to a reduction in the spread and prevalence of the disease in wildlife. this study evaluated the stability of raboral, a recombinant vaccinia virus vaccine that is used in oral rabies vaccination programs. the vaccine was studied in various field microenvironments i ... | 2011 | 22468025 |
| pathological, immunological and molecular diagnosis of rabies in clinically suspected animals of different species using four detection techniques in jordan. | a total of 29 brain tissue samples (bts) were examined for rabies infection by different diagnostic techniques. none of the examined brain tissues were presented as a whole intact brain. twenty-seven brain tissue samples from various animal species - dog (13 cases), cat (one case), fox (one case), pig (one case), cow (three cases), sheep (two cases), goat (one case), camel (one case), horse (one case) and donkey (three cases) - were provided by the vaccine and sera department/al-bashir central h ... | 2011 | 22390575 |
| evaluation of a rapid immunochromatographic test strip for detection of rabies virus in dog saliva samples. | an immunochromatographic test strip for rabies virus was evaluated with dog saliva samples. the test was initially validated against 237 dogs of known infection status, and then evaluated in the field with 1,290 live dogs. by validation of paired saliva-brain specimens obtained from dogs at necropsy, the saliva strip test was 94.4% specific and 93.0% sensitive when compared to the gold standard fluorescent antibody test (fat) on brain smears. the sensitivity and specificity of a nested polymeras ... | 2011 | 22362801 |
| [surveillance on the etiology and genetic characteristics of rabies in hunan province, from 2008 to 2009]. | to analyze the etiology of rabies in hunan province and the genetic characteristics of rabies n gene isolated from 2008 to 2009. | 2011 | 22333083 |
| comparative analysis of routine laboratory diagnostic tests for rabies. | present study was undertaken to compare various routine laboratory diagnostic tests for rabies detection. seller's staining, mouse inoculation test (mit), dot-elisa, agar gel precipitation test (agpt) and counter immunoelectrophoresis test (ciet) were the main basic tests performed in the laboratory for the rabies diagnosis. out of 200 brain specimens, negri bodies were observed in 52 brain samples by seller's staining. rabies virus was isolated in 56 samples by intra-cerebral inoculation in new ... | 2011 | 23637517 |
| rabies in south indian cows: an evidence of sri lankan rabies virus variant infection based on the analysis of partial nucleoprotein gene. | rabies is a highly fatal non-suppurative encephalomyelitis, caused by the rabies virus. dogs are the major reservoir of rabies in india and are the source of infection to other domestic animals. in this report, laboratory investigation and molecular characterization of isolates from two cows with paralytic rabies is described. necropsy brain samples from the two cows were tested for the presence of rabies antigen using a fluorescent antibody test and the results were confirmed using rt-pcr. rabi ... | 2011 | 23637516 |
| [insertion of glycoprotein gene between p and m gene influences the pathogenicity of the rabies virus flury lep]. | to study the biological characteristics and pathogenicity of a recombinant rabies virus flury lep (low egg passage) that has two glycoprotein genes (g gene). | 2011 | 22097775 |
| intracerebral delivery of small interfering rnas (sirnas) using adenoviral vector protects mice against lethal peripheral rabies challenge. | to investigate the potential of rna interference (rnai) as antiviral agent against rabies, two small interfering rnas (sirnas) targeting rabies virus (rabv) nucleoprotein (n) and polymerase (l) genes were designed and evaluated. both sirnas knockdown or silenced the target rabv genes as evaluated in a plasmid based transient expression model. for efficient delivery, adenoviruses expressing the sirnas were constructed and antiviral potential of the delivered sirnas was investigated in bhk-21 cell ... | 2011 | 21864591 |
| highly efficient method of preparing human catalytic antibody light chains and their biological characteristics. | the ultimate goal of catalytic antibody research is to develop new patient therapies that use the advantages offered by human catalytic antibodies. the establishment of a high-throughput method for obtaining valuable candidate catalytic antibodies must be accelerated to achieve this objective. in this study, based on our concept that we can find antibody light chains with a high probability of success if they include a serine protease-like catalytic triad composed of ser, his, and asp on a varia ... | 2011 | 22205784 |
| rabies in southeast brazil: a change in the epidemiological pattern. | this epidemiological study was conducted using antigenic and genetic characterisation of rabies virus isolates obtained from different animal species in the southeast of brazil from 1993 to 2007. an alteration in the epidemiological profile was observed. one hundred two samples were tested using a panel of eight monoclonal antibodies, and 94 were genetically characterised by sequencing the nucleoprotein gene. from 1993 to 1997, antigenic variant 2 (agv-2), related to a rabies virus maintained in ... | 2011 | 22033596 |