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hiv-related pneumocystis carinii thyroiditis: a unique case and literature review. 19968570240
simultaneous pulmonary infection by nocardia asteroides and pneumocystis carinii in a renal transplant patient. 19968671868
predictors of resource utilization for hospitalized patients with pneumocystis carinii pneumonia (pcp): a summary of effects from the multi-city study of quality of pcp care.to determine whether patient and hospital characteristics were significantly associated with variations in pneumocystis carinii (pcp) care and outcomes, we analyzed the use of diagnostic tests, intensive care units (icus), anti-pcp medications for persons hospitalized with human immunodeficiency virus (hiv)-related pcp, and hospital discharge status. we conducted retrospective chart reviews of a cohort of 2,174 patients with pcp hospitalized in 1987-1990. outcomes included process of care for pc ...19968673547
costs of hiv+/aids at cd4+ counts disease stages based on treatment protocols.we report treatment protocols for hiv+/aids patients by cd4+ counts (t-lymphocyte cells/mm3: > or = 500, 499-200, 199-50, and < 50) as a tool to provide better definition and to project annual costs (total charges for services) and lifetimes costs for hiv+/aids. the treatment protocols, derived from the literature and an hiv+/aids physician panel, defined the resource use associated with antiretroviral therapy and opportunistic disease prophylaxis and treatment. resource use costs were derived f ...19968673552
antibody-mediated shift in the profile of glycoprotein a phenotypes observed in a mouse model of pneumocystis carinii pneumonia.it is well established that pneumocystis carinii has the molecular capability for variation of a major surface antigen, glycoprotein a (gpa). however, the extent of expression of gpa variation among p. carinii organisms infecting a single host and whether this variation has any impact on host-parasite immunological interactions is unknown. using a mouse model of p. carinii pneumonia, we were able to demonstrate the expression of more than one gpa phenotype in a closed population of infected mice ...19968675284
[a case of aids with bronchial tuberculosis].a case is 48 years-old japanese man who had a history of frequent sexual contact with prostitutes in thailand and the philippines. he presented with chief complaint of chest discomfort in april 1995. his chest x-ray film showed right mediastinal lymph node swelling in other hospital and the sputum smear was strongly positive for acid fast bacilli. in may 1995, he was admitted to our hospital and serological tests for hiv were positive both by eia and western blot methods. the cd4 lymphocyte coun ...19968676592
[pneumocystis carinii pneumonia in aids: retrospective analysis of 80 documented cases (1985-1993)].eighty initial episodes of hiv-associated pneumocystis carinii pneumonia (pcp) diagnosed at bordeaux hospital between 1985 and 1993 are reported (57 were men and 23 women). pcp revealed hiv infection in 29 patients (36%). others cases were patients with poor medical follow up (10%), with a cd4+ lymphocyte count above 200/mm3 at last follow-up (9%), non compliant with pcp prophylaxis (9%), or using aerolized pentamidine (ap+) (20%). the main clinical symptoms were fever (90%), dyspnea (68%), non ...19968677382
safety of dapsone as pneumocystis carinii pneumonia prophylaxis in human immunodeficiency virus-infected patients with allergy to trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole.to assess the safety of dapsone prophylaxis of pneumocystis carinii pneumonia (pcp) in patients with prior intolerance to trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole (tmp/smx).19968678080
pulmonary complications of hiv infection in dar es salaam, tanzania. role of bronchoscopy and bronchoalveolar lavage.to determine the pulmonary complications in hiv-1-infected patients in dar es salaam, tanzania, and to evaluate the diagnostic utility of bronchoscopy and bronchoalveolar lavage, we carried out a prospective study of 237 patients with acute respiratory disease who were hospitalized at muhimbili medical center (mmc). diagnoses were made using well-defined criteria. of the total, 127 (54%) were hiv-1-seropositive and 110 (46%) were seronegative. tuberculosis was the most common diagnosis occurring ...19968680664
long-term administration of aerosolized pentamidine as primary prophylaxis against pneumocystis carinii pneumonia in infants and children with symptomatic human immunodeficiency virus infection. the italian pediatric collaborative study group on pentamidine.summary: we assessed the long-term feasibility, safety, and tolerability of two regimens of aerosolized pentamidine (ap) as primary prophylaxis of pneumocystis carinii pneumonia (pcp) in a large sample of infants and children with symptomatic hiv infection in 21 pediatric departments. one hundred forty children were assigned to receive 60 mg every 2 weeks (n = 60) or 120 mg every 4 weeks (n = 80) of ap, delivered by the ultrasonic nebulizer fisoneb under the supervision of trained personnel. chi ...19968680887
acquired immunodeficiency syndrome, pneumocystis carinii pneumonia, and futility. 19968681586
prospective, controlled study of the outcome of human immunodeficiency virus-1 antibody-positive children admitted to an intensive care unit.intensive care resources are both scarce and costly in south africa. we set out to ascertain whether human immunodeficiency virus (hiv) status affects the spectrum of disease and the prognosis in children treated in pediatric intensive care units (icus).19968681599
the safety of i.v. pentamidine administered in an ambulatory setting.i.v. pentamidine is well known to cause severe multiorgan adverse effects and is usually given to hospitalized patients under close monitoring. the primary purpose of this retrospective quality assurance study is to assess the safety of administering i.v. pentamidine in the medical daycare unit (mdcu) for outpatients. thirty-five outpatients infected with the hiv made 306 visits to the mdcu from january 1991 to december 1993. they received i.v. pentamidine in a dosage of either 300 mg once a mon ...19968681617
an effectiveness community-based clinical trial of respirgard ii and fisoneb nebulizers for pneumocystis carinii prophylaxis with aerosol pentamidine in hiv-infected individuals. toronto aerosol pentamidine study (taps) group.to compare the effectiveness of a standard jet nebulizer, respirgard ii, and a standard ultrasonic nebulizer, fisoneb, for the administration of aerosolized pentamidine (ap) as primary and secondary prophylaxis against pneumocystis carinii pneumonia (pcp) in hiv-infected individuals.19968681618
imbalance between pneumocystis carinii cysts and trophozoites in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid from patients with pneumocystosis receiving prophylaxis.detection and quantification of different pneumocystis carinii (pc) life cycle forms were performed by polymerase chain reaction (pcr) and by morphological stains on bronchoalveolar lavage fluids (balf) from hiv-infected patients with p. carinii pneumonia (pcp). the number of pc trophozoites was higher in patients with pcp who were receiving prophylaxis than in those not receiving prophylaxis. also the cyst: trophozoite ratio was lower in the first group. no difference was observed between patie ...19968683551
cytomegalovirus in bronchoalveolar lavage specimens from patients with aids: comparison with antigenaemia and viraemia.pulmonary infection with cytomegalovirus (cmv) is a well recognised complication of aids. it is often possible to detect cmv-infected cells in bronchoalveolar lavage (bal) specimens with monoclonal antibodies, but the clinical significance of their presence remains unclear. to investigate this, 24 aids patients were tested for cmv antigenaemia and viraemia, in addition to cmv detection in bal. cmv was detected in the bal of nine patients (38%), five with clinical and laboratory evidence of pulmo ...19968683552
[pulmonary toxoplasmosis in patients with human immunodeficiency virus infection. 21 cases].assess expression of pulmonary toxoplasmosis, the second most frequent localization after brain, in patients infected with the human immunodeficiency virus (hiv).19968685107
[pneumocystis carinii pneumonia: an opportunistic infectious risk associated with systemic diseases and their treatment].pneumocystis carinii, an opportunistic pathogen, often causes pneumonia in persons with human immunodeficiency virus (hiv) infection. in patients free of hiv infection, the risk is clearly associated with certain diseases and immunosuppressive therapy. pneumocystis carinii pneumonia can complicate solid or hematologic malignancies, organ transplantation and connective tissue diseases. recent therapeutic strategies based on aggressive immunosuppression have increased the risk of opportunistic inf ...19968685177
[systemic diseases and infections: current questions].infections are a major cause of morbidity and mortality in patients with connective tissue diseases. infectious consequences are caused by systemic disorders by themselves and the immunosuppressive treatments. systemic lupus erythematosus and wegener's granulomatosis are associated with the higher risk of infection. primary prophylaxis of pneumocystis carinii pneumonia has to be systematically given in patients with wegener's granulomatosis and in other patients with connective tissue diseases i ...19968685184
[prognostic factors of pneumocystis carinii pneumonia in aids].identify prognosis factors in pneumocystis carinii pneumonia at diagnosis and construct a model to predict mortality according to these prognosis factors.19968685193
opportunistic bronchopulmonary infections after lung transplantation: clinical and radiographic findings.to assess clinical and radiographic findings in opportunistic bronchopulmonary infections after lung transplantation.19968685324
adverse events from drug therapy for human immunodeficiency virus disease.drug therapies for patients with human immunodeficiency virus (hiv) infection are associated with adverse events that can potentially limit their effectiveness. we sought to quantify the incidence of these events in clinical practice and determine whether there were demographic and clinical differences in adverse event rates for these drugs.19968686712
an h(+)-atpase regulates cytoplasmic ph in pneumocystis carinii trophozoites.pneumocystis carinii is an opportunistic fungus which causes interstitial pneumonia in patients with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (aids). cytoplasmic ph (phi) regulation in short-term-cultured p. carinii trophozoites was studied using the fluorescent dye 2',7'-bis-(2-carboxyethyl)-5-(-6)-carboxyfluorescein. with an extracellular ph of 7.4, the mean baseline phi of p. carinii trophozoites was 7.40 +/- 0.10 (n = 8). this steady-state phi was not significantly affected in the absence of extra ...19968687417
enhanced efficacy of a liposomal pentamidine preparation in pneumocystis carinii in an ex vivo/in vitro culture model without feederlayer cells.the effects of pentamidine isethionate, phosphatidylcholine-liposomes (ppc-lip) and combinations of both on the survival of pneumocystis carinii trophozoites in a culture system without feederlayer cells were quantified. pentamidine or ppc-lip alone reduced significantly the number of cells, with a clear dose dependence. combinations of both drugs showed overadditive effects on cell counts reduction. additional em-investigations showed a rapid destruction of cell structures especially with the p ...19968688862
soluble versus cell-bound cd4, cd8 from bronchoalveolar lavage: correlation with pulmonary diagnoses in human immunodeficiency virus-infected individuals.identification and assessment of cell populations in bronchoalveolar lavage (bal) specimens may he used to follow the course of a disease state or response to specific therapy. beyond cellular assessment, there are indications that the presence and quantity of soluble surface antigens released from activated cells may lead to improved understanding and facilitated diagnosis of a number of disease states. this study evaluated soluble markers (scd4 and scd8) in bal and serum from hiv-infected indi ...19968691065
2,4-diamino-5-deaza-6-substituted pyrido[2,3-d]pyrimidine antifolates as potent and selective nonclassical inhibitors of dihydrofolate reductases.fifteen novel nonclassical and two classical 2,4-diamino-6-(benzylamino)pyrido[2,3-d]pyrimidine antifolates were synthesized as potential inhibitors of pneumocystis carinii, (pc) toxoplasma gondii, (tg) rat liver (rl), and human (h) recombinant dihydrofolate reductases (dhfr). these analogues lack a 5-methyl substitution which has been shown to be important for increased hdhfr inhibitory activity. in addition, they contain a reversal of the c9-n10 bridge present in folates and most antifolates. ...19968691474
[paraproteins and lymphoma in hiv positive patients].compared to healthy subjects there is a higher incidence of monoclonal immunoglobulins (= paraproteins = pp) in patients infected with the human immunodeficiency virus (hiv). high-grade b-cell non-hodgkin's lymphomas (nhl) are the second most common neoplasms in these patients. our aim was to determine whether paraproteins would be of diagnostic significance regarding an underlying or developing nhl.19968692105
t- and b-lymphocyte-independent formation of alveolar macrophage-derived multinucleated giant cells in murine pneumocystis carinii pneumonia.multinucleated giant cells developed in pneumocystis carinii-diseased gene disruption mutant mice deficient in major histocompatibility complex class ii molecules, t-cell receptor alpha beta cells, or all mature t and b lymphocytes. these findings demonstrate lymphocyte-independent fusion of alveolar macrophages under morbid conditions. pulmonary parasite burden seems to be a decisive factor in multinucleation.19968698516
assessment of in vivo attachment/phagocytosis by alveolar macrophages.alveolar macrophages (ams) are recognized as an important first line of cellular host defense within the lung. although mechanisms underlying am response to microorganisms or particulates are well characterized in vitro, experimental approaches to the study of ams in vivo are limited. to circumvent these limitations, a new assay was developed using fluorescently labelled liposomes or pneumocystis carinii (pc) organisms which were administered intratracheally into mechanically ventilated rats. af ...19968699028
effect of sex and dexamethasone dose on the experimental host for pneumocystis carinii. 19968699805
preventing opportunistic infections in human immunodeficiency virus-infected persons: implications for the developing world.more than 18 million persons in the world are estimated to have been infected with human immunodeficiency virus (hiv), the cause of the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (aids). as immunodeficiency progresses, these persons become susceptible to a wide variety of opportunistic infections (ois) the spectrum of ois varies among regions of the world. tuberculosis is the most common serious oi in sub-saharan africa and is also more common in latin america and in asia than in the united states. bact ...19968702012
trends in age at the first medical evaluation of human immunodeficiency virus infection among infants born to infected mothers. new york city pediatric spectrum of hiv disease clinical consortium.to evaluate the trends in age at the first medical evaluation of human immunodeficiency virus (hiv) infection among infants enrolled in the pediatric spectrum of disease study born to mothers infected with hiv.19968704882
case report: pneumocystis carinii pneumonia presenting as a solitary cavitating lung lesion in non-hiv immunosuppressed patients.pneumocystis carinii is one of the most common pulmonary opportunistic infections in immunodeficient patients. it has a classical chest radiographic appearance of bilateral interstitial infiltrates. recently, cystic or cavitating lesions have been reported in hiv patients with pneumocystis carinii pneumonia. we report two cases of non-aids immunosuppressed patients with the unusual presentation of a solitary cavity in the lung.19968705187
perforation of the small intestine in a patient with disseminated pneumocystis carinii infection in aids.perforation of the small intestine due to a segmental transmural pneumocystis carinii infiltrate of the whole circumference was found in a surgical resection specimen as the cause of an acute abdomen in a 48-year-old heterosexual male patient suffering from acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. on autopsy, a disseminated pneumocystis carinii infection was found involving spleen, thyroid gland and lymph nodes. the origin of this disseminated infection was a recurrent and severe pneumocystis carinii ...19968705791
risks and benefits of aerosolized pentamidine and cotrimoxazole in primary prophylaxis of pneumocystis carinii pneumonia in hiv-1-infected patients: a two-year italian multicentric randomized controlled trial. the italian pcp study group.we randomized 220 hiv-1-infected subjects to receive aerosolized pentamidine (300 mg/4 weeks) or orally trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole (320-1600 mg/day) for primary prophylaxis of pneumocystis carinii pneumonia (pcp), and evaluated pcp and toxoplasmic encephalitis (te) occurrence and survival. patients developing toxicity switched to the other regimen. analysis was on intention-to-treat. at 1 year of study, we observed in the pentamidine group a non-significant excess of pcp (4 vs. 1) and te (7 v ...19968708369
detecting infection and inflammation with technetium-99m-labeled stealth liposomes.the performance of 99mtc stealth liposomes was investigated in various rat models.19968708782
hiv-associated respiratory diseases.the lungs of individuals infected with hiv are often affected by opportunistic infections and tumours; over two-thirds of patients have at least one respiratory episode during the course of their disease. despite the availability of effective prophylaxis, infection with the fungus pneumocystis carinii remains a common cause of respiratory disease. bacterial infections, which occur more frequently in hiv-infected persons than in the general population, and tuberculosis are increasing causes of mo ...19968709692
pulmonary complications of hiv infection.pulmonary disease is a major source of morbidity and mortality in hiv-infected persons. pneumocystis carinii pneumonia has decreased substantially during the last eight years, but in the united states it remains the most common disorder that announces the onset of aids. in contrast, tuberculosis is by far the most important aids-associated indicator disease in developing countries. community-acquired acute bacterial pneumonia is a common hiv-linked complication throughout the world; pneumonia oc ...19968712766
[pneumocystis carinii pneumonia. diagnosis using immunofluorescence with monoclonal antibodies]. 19968714195
validating literature-based models with direct clinical trial results: the cost-effectiveness of secondary prophylaxis for pcp in aids patients.to compare literature-based estimates of the cost-effectiveness ratios of strategies for secondary prophylaxis of pneumocystis carinii pneumonia (pcp) in aids patients with estimates obtained using data from a recent comparative clinical trial.19968717596
recent advances in the prevention of pneumocystis carinii pneumonia. 19968718463
serum igg antibody response to pneumocystis carinii among immunosuppressed, malnourished and healthy rats.pneumocystis carinii is an important opportunistic pulmonary pathogen that causing pneumonia in premature infants, children with immunodeficiency diseases and patients of all ages receiving immunosuppressive agents. in this work, humoral immune responses to this organism were studied, using ifat during the period of infection and recovery of immunosuppressed and malnourished rats compared to healthy group. where sever pneumonitis similar to that seen in humans can be induced in this experimental ...19968721229
zidovudine, trimethoprim, and dapsone pharmacokinetic interactions in patients with human immunodeficiency virus infection.zidovudine is widely prescribed for the treatment of human immunodeficiency virus (hiv) infection. trimethoprim and dapsone are commonly used in the management of pneumocystis carinii pneumonia in hiv-infected patients. to examine the pharmacokinetic interactions among these drugs, eight hiv-infected patients (26 to 43 years old) with a mean cd4 count of 524.4 +/- 405.7 cells per mm3 received zidovudine (200 mg), trimethoprim (200 mg), and dapsone (100 mg) as single agents and in two- and three- ...19968723472
in vitro and in vivo immunomodulatory effects of anti-pneumocystis carinii drugs.the anti-pneumocystis carinii drug effects on mitogen-, antigen-, and interleukin-2-induced proliferative responses and on natural killer (nk) cell-mediated activity were analyzed in vivo (rats) and in vitro (normal human peripheral blood mononuclear cells). splenocytes derived from in vivo piritrexim- and clindamycin-treated rats showed a significant inhibition of mitogen-induced proliferative responses. in vitro exposure to clindamycin, piritrexim, and pyrimethamine caused an inhibition of hum ...19968723488
trophozoite elimination in a rat model of pneumocystis carinii pneumonia by clinically achievable plasma deferoxamine concentrations.in a rat model of pneumocystis carinii pneumonia, a 3-week infusion of deferoxamine producing concentrations in plasma of > or = 1.5 micrograms m-1 eliminated the trophozoite life cycle stage. since this concentration is well below that routinely achieved in patients treated for iron overload, deferoxamine has promise as a therapy for aids-associated p.carinii pneumonia.19968723489
rapid oral desensitization to trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole in infants and children.although trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole is the preferred chemoprophylaxis against pneumocystis carinii pneumonia, there are frequent ige-mediated reactions among children infected with the human immunodeficiency virus (hiv). oral desensitization allows more patients to receive chemoprophylaxis, but it has been studied in only a limited number of children.19968724071
6,7-disubstituted 2,4-diaminopteridines: novel inhibitors of pneumocystis carinii and toxoplasma gondii dihydrofolate reductase.four novel, disubstituted diaminopteridines have been identified which antagonize the uptake of a folate precursor (para-aminobenzoic acid) by rat-derived pneumocystis carinii maintained in short-term axenic culture at concentrations ranging from 4.5 to 26 microm. the compounds were at least 10 to 100 times more active than trimethoprim in this assay. none of these entities exhibited toxicity to mammalian cell lines at < 100 microm. the same structures also caused significant inhibition of toxop ...19968726003
antibacterial activities of epiroprim, a new dihydrofolate reductase inhibitor, alone and in combination with dapsone.epiroprim (epm; ro 11-8958) is a new selective inhibitor of microbial dihydrofolate reductase. epm displayed excellent activity against staphylococci, enterococci, pneumococci, and streptococci which was considerably better than that of trimethoprim (tmp). epm was also active against tmp-resistant strains, although the mics were still relatively high. its combination with dapsone (dds) was synergistic and showed as in vitro activity superior to that of the tmp combination with sulfamethoxazole ( ...19968726004
nosocomial colonization and infection in persons infected with human immunodeficiency virus.nosocomial infections appear to be increased in patients with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (aids), compared to individuals with asymptomatic infection due to human immunodeficiency virus (hiv). risk factors for bacterial colonization and infection include immunosuppression, prior treatment with some antibiotics, increased hospitalizations with longer lengths of stay, greater exposure to invasive devices such as indwelling intravenous or urinary catheters, and the degree of immunosuppressio ...19968727620
cavitary pulmonary lesions in patients infected with human immunodeficiency virus.the differential diagnosis of cavitary pulmonary lesions in individuals infected with human immunodeficiency virus (hiv) is broad, especially in patients with advanced disease. in patients with pneumocystis carinii pneumonia, cavitation is an uncommon manifestation of a common disease. it is unusual in patients with pulmonary cryptococcosis, coccidioidomycosis, and histoplasmosis but occurs frequently in patients with invasive pulmonary aspergillosis. in patients with pulmonary tuberculosis, cav ...19968729207
factors associated with the development of pneumocystis carinii pneumonia. 19968729234
surfactant protein-a levels increase during pneumocystis carinii pneumonia in the rat.in bronchoalveolar lavage (bal) of human immunodeficiency virus (hiv)-infected patients with pneumocystis carinii pneumonia and in lungs of glucocorticoid-immunosuppressed rats infected with p. carinii, surfactant phospholipid levels are reduced. however, levels of the surfactant-associated protein-a (sp-a) in bal are 4-5 times higher than normal in patients with p. carinii pneumonia. in this study, we examined the effects of glucocorticoid immunosuppression and p. carinii infection on sp-a mess ...19968730021
pneumocystis carinii pneumonia in childhood systemic lupus erythematosus.although pneumocystis carinii pneumonia (pcp) is known to occur in adults with systemic lupus erythematosus (sle), this infection has rarely been described in childhood sle. we describe 3 children with sle who developed pcp and describe risk factors for this complication.19968730139
pleural leak localization with tc-99m pentetate aerosol in an aids patient with pneumocystis carinii pneumonia. 19968732844
pneumocystis carinii in a patient with pulmonary sarcoidosis and idiopathic cd4+ t lymphocytopenia.a case of pulmonary sarcoidosis and idiopathic cd4+ t lymphocytopenia is reported. pneumocystis carinii was detected in the bronchoalveolar lavage fluid of a young homosexual man who was asymptomatic without any evidence of congenital or acquired immunodeficiency but with a low cd4+ cell count. a clinical and histological diagnosis of pulmonary sarcoidosis was made. during follow up the patient had oral candidiasis and a cd4+ cell count persistently below 300/microliters. this case is highly sug ...19968733504
[fungal infections in 100 patients subjected to heart transplantation].to evaluate prevalence, causes, clinical aspects, topography and deaths due to fungal infections diagnosed in a series of patients submitted to heart transplantation.19968734861
detection of pneumocystis carinii dna in blood by pcr is not of value for diagnosis of p. carinii pneumonia.a nested pcr which amplified a portion of the mitochondrial large-subunit rrna gene of pneumocystis carinii was used to detect p. carinii dna in blood from patients with p. carinii pneumonia. p. carinii dna was not detected in serum and was detected at low levels of blood cells.19968735128
detection of pneumocystis carinii sequences in serum by polymerase chain reaction.the clinical significance of the detection of pneumocystis carinii dna was evaluated, as well as the detection of circulating p. carinii antigen from serum using previously collected samples. fourteen serum samples from 13 patients were diagnosed positively for p. carinii dna by polymerase chain reaction (pcr). ten of 14 episodes (71.4%) of pulmonary complications were compatible with p. carinii pneumonia. two patients were definitely diagnosed as having had p. carinii pneumonia at autopsy. all ...19968736207
hydrolytic enzyme of the alveolar macrophage in diffuse pulmonary interstitial disease.hydrolytic enzymes [acid phosphatase, beta-glucuronidase, beta-d-n-acetyl glucosaminidase (beta-d-naga), lysozyme and angiotensin-converting enzyme (ace)] are the major constituents of alveolar macrophages (am). these enzymes play a crucial role in the pathogenesis of interstitial lung diseases. cell-associated activity of several enzymes in alveolar macrophages obtained from control subjects (n = 5) and patients suffering five representative types of interstitial pulmonary diseases [sarcoidosis ...19968736208
enteric pathogens associated with gastrointestinal dysfunction in children with hiv infection.infants and young children with hiv infection commonly suffer from gastrointestinal manifestations of their disease. many hiv infected children have evidence of persistent diarrhoea, malabsorption, malnutrition or growth failure. the aetiology and pathogenesis of gastrointestinal dysfunction in hiv infected children have not been well defined. we performed immunocytochemical analyses on intestinal tissue from 19 hiv-infected children with gastrointestinal dysfunction or growth failure. none of t ...19968737389
prevention of infection in children with acute leukaemia. no major difference between total and selective bowel decontamination.to evaluate the effect of total bowel decontamination (td) and selective bowel decontamination (sd) in a non-protective environment clinical and laboratory data of children treated for acute leukaemia between 1983 and 1991 were analysed retrospectively. from 1983 until 1989 34 patients [18 acute non-lymphoblastic leukaemia (anll) patients, 16 acute lymphoblastic leukaemia (all) patients] received td and 31 patients (8 anll patients, 23 all patients) received sd from 1987 until 1991. td consisted ...19968739653
[efficiency of combination chemotherapy and interferon-alpha therapy in a patient with aids-related cutaneous and gastrointestinal kaposi's sarcoma].a 40-year-old male was admitted to the hospital with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (aids) and pneumocystis carinii pneumonia (pcp). two months before admission the patient had a high fever, general fatigue and mild epigastic tenderness. on admission, physical examination revealed numerous small tumors on the head, gingiva, neck, nasal ala, anterior forehead, anterior thoracic, bilateral sole and bilateral lower limbs. at that time, the cd4 cell count was 130/microliters. upper gi endoscopy ...19968741713
[analysis of 1,187 consecutive cases of aids: variations and trends in time].the characteristics of aids patients in spain have already been described, as have the factors which may or may not be present at the time of aids diagnosis influence in the prognosis. the introduction of zidovudine and later other antiretroviral drugs have improved the prognosis versus historical controls. nonetheless, advances in prevention, control and the treatment of opportunistic infections have provided the greatest influence in the development of clinical manifestations of aids: the aim ...19968744367
[pneumocystis carinii pneumonia in the transplant recipient].the aim of the present was to study the clinical characteristics and prognostic factors of 20 cases of pneumonia by pneumocystis carinii (npc) diagnosed over the last 10 years in renal, renopancreatic, liver and bone marrow transplant recipients.19968744368
[pneumonia diagnosed with bronchoscopy in hiv-positive patients].the object of our research is to analyse the microbiological results of the samples which have been obtained by means of fibronchoscopy (fb) from hiv positive patients from 1991 until 1993.19968744373
cutaneous pneumocystis carinii and cryptococcus neoformans in aids.a patient with aids was found to have skin lesions which contained the organisms pneumocystis carinii and cryptococcus neoformans. both organisms were identified using haematoxylin and eosin, gomori methenamine silver, giemsa and mucicarmine stains. electron microscopy was performed and confirmed their presence. the clinical presentation, histopathology, differential diagnosis and treatment of cutaneous p. carinii and c. neoformans in aids is presented.19968745906
the laboratory evaluation of opportunistic pulmonary infections.the patient population at risk for opportunistic pulmonary infections has increased during the last decade. the spectrum of organisms causing opportunistic infections has also grown. with an ever broader list of potential diagnosis, a specific diagnosis of the cause of pulmonary disease becomes more important. recent microbiologic advances have helped to facilitate the laboratory diagnosis of some of these agents. immunoassays are available for the detection of antigen in nasopharyngeal secretio ...19968597323
pentamidine is an uncoupler of oxidative phosphorylation in rat liver mitochondria.pentamidine is a cationic drug that is used for the treatment of african trypanosomiasis, leishmaniasis, and pneumocystis carinii pneumonia. when incubated with pharmacological concentrations of pentamidine, some of the etiologic agents of those diseases reach internal concentrations close to 1.0 mm. in this work pentamidine is shown to exhibit characteristics of a cationic uncoupler of oxidative phosphorylation in isolated rat liver mitochondria: it released respiratory control, enhanced the la ...19968579363
nitric oxide and host defense against pneumocystis carinii infection in a mouse model.to investigate whether successful host defense against pneumocystis carinii is dependent on induction of inducible nitric oxide synthase (inos) in alveolar macrophages, immunocompetent mice, mice depleted of cd4 lymphocytes with anti-cd4 antibody, and mice with severe combined immunodeficiency (scid) were inoculated intratracheally with p. carinii. three weeks later, immunocompetent mice had cleared the organisms completely, while cd4 cell-depleted and scid mice were severely infected (scores, 3 ...19968568306
a meta-analysis of the relative efficacy and toxicity of pneumocystis carinii prophylactic regimens.finding the optimal strategy for pneumocystis carinii prophylaxis in patients with human immunodeficiency virus infection can be problematic. several prophylactic regimens are available, but their relative efficacy and tolerance are not well understood.19968546551
a rapid and inexpensive method for processing induced sputum for detection of pneumocystis carinii.the authors describe a method to process induced sputum specimens for detection of pneumocystis carinii which is simple, rapid and inexpensive. induced sputum and bronchoalveolar lavage (bal) were obtained within a 24-hour period from 41 patients who were hiv-positive and had pulmonary symptoms suspicious for p carinii pneumonia. induced sputum or bal fluid was placed into saccomanno's fixative, blended, and centrifuged. the sediment was stained for p carinii cysts by a modified method with fung ...19968561088
antigenic differences associated with genetically distinct pneumocystis carinii from rats.pneumocystis carinii is a family of organisms found in a wide variety of mammalian lungs. in immunocompromised hosts, the organisms are able to produce an oftentimes fatal pneumonia. the existence of distinct types of pneumocystis populations is strongly supported by antigenic and genetic evidence. in the present study, we assessed the antigenic profiles of two genetically distinct pneumocystis carinii populations, p. carinii f. sp. carinii and p. carinii f. sp. ratti, as well as two types of p. ...19968557354
benefit of primary prophylaxis before 18 months of age in reducing the incidence of pneumocystis carinii pneumonia and early death in a cohort of 112 human immunodeficiency virus-infected infants. new york city perinatal hiv transmission collaborative study group.to determine the effectiveness of primary prophylaxis in preventing pneumocystis carinii pneumonia (pcp) in children with perinatally acquired human immunodeficiency virus 1 (hiv-1) infection.19968545225
pneumocystis carinii pneumonia without acquired immunodeficiency syndrome: who should receive prophylaxis? 19968538221
pneumocystis carinii pneumonia in patients without acquired immunodeficiency syndrome: associated illness and prior corticosteroid therapy.to determine the clinical spectrum of immunosuppressive conditions and systemic corticosteroid therapy associated with the development of pneumocystis carinii pneumonia in a consecutive series of patients without acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (aids).19968538233
pneumocystis carinii pneumonia in africa. 19968538328
pneumocystis carinii pneumonia in africa. 19968538329
ophthalmic lesions in dexamethasone-treated rats naturally infected with sialodacryoadenitis virus while concurrently used for pneumocystis carinii propagation. 199616457526
in vitro systems in pneumocystis research.most groups involved in pneumocystis research need large quantities of well preserved, viable pneumocystis organisms free of host cell contamination. biological, biochemical, immunological, genetic or other studies on pneumocystis usually involve the separation of pneumocystis from lung tissue as well as elimination of host cell debris from parasite extracts. in other investigations, such as transmission, infectivity, life cycle, biochemical, in vitro culture or drug-screening studies, viable an ...199615275206
plasma donor's hiv went undetected in repeated tests.the centers for disease control and prevention (cdc) conducted a test to detect the p24 antigen in the blood of a frequent plasma donor. this test, now considered more reliable than the standard hiv-antibody test, showed traces of the virus in the blood of a utah man who had tested negative following his wife's diagnosis of aids. the man continued to donate plasma from 1994 through august 1995, when he developed pneumocystis carinii pneumonia (pcp), an aids-defining illness. the man's plasma was ...199611363265
supreme court says suit against insurer can continue.the oregon supreme court is allowing the estate of ronald shaw, a restaurant worker, to seek damages against an insurance company that refused to cover his employer when it was determined that shaw had pneumocystis carinii pneumonia, an aids-defining condition. shaw's lawsuit charges that the paac health plan inc. denied the application for insurance filed by employer holly hart of the old wives' tales restaurant. shaw sued paac, hart, and the insurance broker. before shaw's death in august 1993 ...199611363278
report from the 3rd conference on retroviruses and opportunistic infections.the third conference on retroviruses and opportunistic infections offered hope for new treatments for aids-related illnesses. news about antiretroviral therapies, especially protease inhibitors, was enthusiastically received. anthony fauci, md, of the national institutes of health (nih), proposed an expanded model of hiv progression. carl grunfeld, md, discussed the issue of wasting and emphasized that secondary infections are the primary precipitants of wasting. the human growth hormone's role ...199611363313
pediatric treatment update.the actg 152 study compared azt monotherapy with ddi monotherapy in hiv-positive children, ranging in age from 3 months to 18 years. the data safety and monitoring board (dsmb) recommended that azt monotherapy be discontinued based on survival and hiv disease progression. actg 152 opened in august 1991 and included 839 children. the trial assessed the efficacy of three antiretroviral drugs as first-line treatment. only asymptomatic children with relatively normal laboratory values were excluded, ...199611363392
palliative care and hiv, part i: ois and cancers.a two-part report discusses palliative care for opportunistic infections and cancers of hiv-infected people, and addresses systemic manifestations. guidelines are provided for determining when palliation with traditional methods is best achieved, and when continuation of restorative treatments is an appropriate palliative measure. pneumocystis carinii pneumonia, cryptococcal meningitis, cytomegalovirus retinitis, and mycobacterium avium complex palliative care are examined. the hiv-related cance ...199611363409
clarithromycin for mac prevention offers additional benefits.the use of clarithromycin in preventing mycobacterium avium complex (mac) may also prevent a number of other opportunistic infections in aids patients. a large multinational study showed a reduction in pneumocystis carinii pneumonia (pcp), community-acquired pneumonia (cap), and giardiasis, an intestinal disorder. the study involved participants with cd4 counts below 100.199611363431
living with therapy.michael helquist, an aids writer since 1980, communicates his feelings about being diagnosed with aids. helquist describes how he has dealt with his own therapy for pneumocystis carinii pneumonia (pcp) for 2 1/2 years. helquist recognized the need to be heard and understood by a therapist and specified that a therapist should have knowledge, empathy, and flexibility. a therapist should know about the primary treatments for aids, including the prophylactic drugs used to treat infections and their ...199611363481
health care quality versus economics in hiv.aids treatment costs are astronomical, and insurance considerations have forced many hiv-positive persons into managed care programs. in many cases of treating opportunistic infections, the most effective treatment is also the least costly. prophylaxis with bactrim dramatically reduces the incidence of pneumocystis carinii pneumonia (pcp), and is significantly less expensive than the care of acute pcp. a study by the community medical alliance (cma) in boston evaluated treatment options provided ...199611363637
pneumonia.pneumocystis carinii pneumonia (pcp) is a leading cause of illness and death in aids patients, accounting for about one-third of aids deaths. it was rare until the 1980s, when only 50 percent of patients with pcp survived an episode of the disease. increasingly, prophylactic treatment is being used to prevent the onset of the disease. the use of oral antibiotics is discussed, and guidelines for early diagnosis and effective treatment are included.199611363644
opportunistic infections in vancouver.participants at the xi international conference on aids in vancouver appeared impressed by the improvements being made in the diagnosis, treatment, and prophylaxis of aids-related opportunistic infections. improvements in the following areas are discussed: cytomegalovirus infection prophylaxis and maintenance with oral ganciclovir, prophylactic effects of azithromycin against mycobacterium avium complex infection and its potential for preventing pneumocystis carinii pneumonia, and the use of dox ...199611363841
opportunistic infections: the growing challenge.a great deal of attention at the xi international conference on aids was focused on new approaches to managing and preventing aids-related opportunistic infections (ois). aside from a similar prevalence of pneumocystis carinii pneumonia (pcp) in developed countries, a different spectrum of ois is seen in less developed areas, such as latin america, where many endemic diseases are included among ois. candidiasis has been the most common fungal pathogen, but a broader spectrum of mycoses is being ...199611363908
europeans eye new drug cocktails.controversies on the use of new anti-hiv combination therapies from the european point of view were presented at the third international conference on drug therapy in hiv infection. treatment strategies varied between countries, with dutch health authorities agreeing to fund treatment with protease inhibitors for early hiv infection. conversely, the british treatment patterns are the most conservative, providing pneumocystis carinii pneumonia prophylaxis when a patient presented with a cd4 count ...199611364015
early intervention and prevention options.in july 1993, the united states public health service and the infectious disease society of america gave a set of recommendations for early intervention and prevention of opportunistic infections in hiv-positive people. these guidelines follow cd4 counts. according to the guidelines, cd4 counts above 500 should be monitored every 4 to 6 months and screenings for tuberculosis, sexually transmitted diseases, and other diseases should also be done. at a cd4 count of 75, a prophylaxis of rifabutin a ...199611363117
dapsone not affected by chewable ddi.dapsone, a treatment used for pneumocystis carinii pneumonia (pcp), is ineffective when taken in conjunction with ddi. a study of the chewable form of ddi showed no significant decrease in the blood level of dapsone taken together with ddi. researchers are searching for another reason why dapsone fails to prevent pcp when taken with ddi.199611363130
trimetrexate glucuronate associated with anti-kaposi sarcoma effect.trimetrexate glucuronate, a dihydrofolate reductase inhibitor related to methotrexate, was developed by parke-davis as an alternative antineoplastic agent for tumors, especially sarcomas, that had developed resistance to methotrexate. this is a report on a patient with aids who developed pneumocystis carinii pneumonia, which was treated with trimethoprim sulfamethoxazole (bactrim) with poor response, then with pentamidine with poor response, and finally with trimetrexate glucuronate (neutrexin) ...199611361514
outcome and survival in hiv-infected infants with pneumocystis carinii pneumonia and respiratory failure.a retrospective chart review (january 1987-december 1994) of cases of histologically proven pneumocystis carinii pneumonia (pcp) in 9 infants (ages 1.1-7 months) who had perinatally acquired human immunodeficiency-1 virus (hiv) infection was performed. none of the children was suspected of having hiv or had received pcp prophylaxis. respiratory failure requiring mechanical ventilation developed in all 9 children. comparison of survivors (5) with nonsurvivors (4) showed no significant differences ...199611361582
attitudes and practices of physicians caring for hiv-infected children.the objective of our study was to describe the practices and attitudes of physicians who manage children with hiv infection.199611361585
small airways dysfunction in patients with aids and pneumocystis carinii pneumonia.abnormalities of small airways function may have clinical relevance in aids patients with pneumocystis carinii pneumonia (pcp) since obstructive dysfunction at alveolar levels may impede delivery of aerosolized medication. this study was designed to determine if small airways dysfunction is present in aids patients with pcp despite normal standard spirometric results.199611361652
current management practices in the treatment of pneumocystis carinii pneumonia (pcp). 199611361688
low-dose methotrexate as a risk factor for pneumocystis carinii pneumonia.low-dose methotrexate is a commonly prescribed medication for the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis and other rheumatic diseases. its effectiveness in ameliorating the clinical symptoms and findings has been well established, and adverse effects have been relatively infrequent, particularly compared to other immunosuppressive agents. pneumocystis carinii pneumonia is most often seen in severely immunosuppressed patients related to the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome or treatment of malignanci ...199611082754
[the new age of hiv/aids. a special report on the xi international conference on aids].new treatments that are available promoted optimism at the xi international conference on aids, held in vancouver in july 1996. topics that were presented at the conference are highlighted, including a global analysis of the epidemic, possible eradication of the virus, pathogenesis of the hiv virus, detection of the viral load change in the blood, and the status of protease inhibitors. a brief report on the combination and activity of crixivan, azt and 3tc is presented. the dangers of opportunis ...199611364380
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