Publications
| Title | Abstract | Year(sorted ascending) Filter | PMID Filter |
|---|
| gut microbiota composition and development of atopic manifestations in infancy: the koala birth cohort study. | perturbations in intestinal microbiota composition due to lifestyle changes may be involved in the development of atopic diseases. we examined gut microbiota composition in early infancy and the subsequent development of atopic manifestations and sensitisation. | 2007 | 17047098 |
| production of xylitol by metabolically engineered strains of bacillus subtilis. | xylitol-phosphate dehydrogenase (xpdh) genes from several gram-positive bacteria were isolated and expressed in bacillus subtilis. the substrate specificities of the recombinant xpdh enzymes were compared and it was found that the xpdh enzymes of lactobacillus rhamnosus and clostridium difficile had the highest selectivity towards d-xylulose 5-phosphate. expression of these two xpdh enzymes in d-ribulose and d-xylulose producing b. subtilis strain resulted in strains of b. subtilis capable of co ... | 2007 | 17079043 |
| tcdc genotypes associated with severe tcdc truncation in an epidemic clone and other strains of clostridium difficile. | severe clostridium difficile associated disease is associated with outbreaks of the recently described bi/nap1 epidemic clone. this clone is characterized by an 18-bp deletion in the tcdc gene and increased production of toxins a and b in vitro. tcdc is a putative negative regulator of toxin a&b production. we characterized tcdc genotypes from a collection of c. difficile isolates from a hospital that experienced an outbreak caused by the bi/nap1 epidemic clone. sequence analysis of tcdc was per ... | 2007 | 17035492 |
| clostridium difficile toxin b causes apoptosis in epithelial cells by thrilling mitochondria. involvement of atp-sensitive mitochondrial potassium channels. | targeting to mitochondria is emerging as a common strategy that bacteria utilize to interact with these central executioners of apoptosis. several lines of evidence have in fact indicated mitochondria as specific targets for bacterial protein toxins, regarded as the principal virulence factors of pathogenic bacteria. this work shows, for the first time, the ability of the clostridium difficile toxin b (tcdb), a glucosyltransferase that inhibits the rho gtpases, to impact mitochondria. in living ... | 2007 | 17220295 |
| glutamate 2,3-aminomutase: a new member of the radical sam superfamily of enzymes. | a gene eam in clostridium difficile encodes a protein that is homologous to lysine 2,3-aminomutase (lam) in many other species but does not have the lysyl-binding residues asp293 and asp330 in lam from clostridium subterminale sb4. the c. difficile protein has lys and asn, respectively, in the sequence positions of the essential asp residues in lam. the c. difficile gene has been cloned into an e. coli expression vector, expressed in e. coli, and the protein purified and characterized. the recom ... | 2007 | 17222594 |
| risk factors for severity and relapse of pseudomembranous colitis in an elderly population. | pseudomembranous colitis (pmc) is well recognized as an important cause of diarrhoea in patients receiving antibiotics, with significant consequences of morbidity and mortality. mortality among elderly patients is high, and even with successful treatment, a significant number of patients relapse. to evaluate the outcome of elderly patients with pmc, and to try to identify risk factors that might influence mortality or relapse. | 2007 | 17223943 |
| acute colonic pseudo-obstruction. | acute colonic pseudo-obstruction (acpo) is a syndrome of massive dilation of the colon without mechanical obstruction that develops in hospitalised patients with serious underlying medical and surgical conditions. acpo is associated with significant morbidity and mortality, and, therefore, requires urgent gastroenterologic evaluation. appropriate evaluation of the markedly distended colon involves excluding mechanical obstruction and other causes of toxic megacolon such as clostridium difficile ... | 2007 | 17643908 |
| clostridium difficile: new therapeutic options. | clostridium difficile disease is the major, known cause of nosocomial diarrhea and is an emerging cause of community-associated diarrhea. recent outbreaks due to a strain of apparent increased virulence, bi/nap1, and recognition of increasing metronidazole treatment failures as well as the morbidity associated with recurrent c. difficile disease have begun to spur studies to develop new therapies for c. difficile disease. nitazoxanide, tolevamer, ramoplanin, and rifaximin are key agents being ev ... | 2007 | 17644040 |
| clostridium difficile-associated diarrhoea rates and global antibiotic consumption in five quebec institutions from 2001 to 2004. | a massive outbreak of a new clostridium difficile clone affected the province of quebec between 2002 and 2004. there are several theories as to the exact cause of the emergence of this new clone, including the overuse of some classes of antibiotics. antibiotic prescription is associated with c. difficile-associated diarrhoea (cdad), but which class has the highest risk is still the subject of debate. we analysed the global antibiotic consumption patterns in five institutions in quebec, three in ... | 2007 | 17644347 |
| molecular analysis of clostridium difficile at a university teaching hospital in japan: a shift in the predominant type over a five-year period. | clostridium difficile isolates recovered from patients admitted to a teaching hospital in japan over a 5-year period were analyzed. two molecular typing systems, pcr ribotyping and pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (pfge) analysis, were used. twenty-six pcr ribotypes were found among the 148 isolates. the predominant type at our hospital appeared to shift during the study period, from pcr ribotype a in 2000 (15/33, 45%) to pcr ribotype f in 2004 (18/28, 64%). by using pfge with thiourea added to ... | 2007 | 17647032 |
| detection of a genetic linkage between genes coding for resistance to tetracycline and erythromycin in clostridium difficile. | elements carrying more than one antibiotic resistance gene have never been found in clostridium difficile, one of the major causes of nosocomial diarrheic diseases. in this study, c. difficile isolates were investigated for a possible genetic linkage between tet(m) and erm(b), the most frequent genes found in strains resistant to tetracycline and erythromycin. in the majority of c. difficile strains, tet(m) is carried by tn5397. however, tet(m) genes carried by tn916-like elements have been foun ... | 2007 | 17650959 |
| probiotics and diarrhea: no high risk antibiotics? | 2007 | 17656513 | |
| fucidic acid use in metronidazole nonresponders with clostridium difficile infection. | 2007 | 17687186 | |
| cwp84, a surface-associated protein of clostridium difficile, is a cysteine protease with degrading activity on extracellular matrix proteins. | clostridium difficile pathogenicity is mediated mainly by its a and b toxins, but the colonization process is thought to be a necessary preliminary step in the course of infection. the aim of this study was to characterize the cwp84 protease of c. difficile, which is highly immunogenic in patients with c. difficile-associated disease and is potentially involved in the pathogenic process. cwp84 was purified as a recombinant his-tagged protein, and specific antibodies were generated in rabbits. tr ... | 2007 | 17693508 |
| binary toxin production in clostridium difficile is regulated by cdtr, a lyttr family response regulator. | clostridium difficile binary toxin (cdt) is an actin-specific adp-ribosyltransferase that is produced by various c. difficile isolates, including the "hypervirulent" nap1/027 epidemic strains. in contrast to the two major toxins from c. difficile, toxin a and toxin b, little is known about the role of cdt in virulence or how c. difficile regulates its production. in this study we have shown that in addition to the cdta and cdtb toxin structural genes, a functional cdt locus contains a third gene ... | 2007 | 17693517 |
| evidence for low risk of clostridium difficile infection associated with tigecycline. | broad-spectrum antibiotics are often associated with a relatively high risk of clostridium difficile infection (cdi). however, exceptions to this rule, e.g., piperacillin-tazobactam, show that marked inhibition of gut flora is not synonymous with cdi risk. tigecycline has marked broad-spectrum activity that includes gram-positive and gram-negative facultative and obligate anaerobes. antibiotic susceptibility, gut model and clinical trial data suggest that tigecycline is associated with a relativ ... | 2007 | 17697004 |
| c. difficile outbreaks in gatineau, sault ste. marie. | 2007 | 17698816 | |
| effect of lactobacillus rhamnosus gg in persistent diarrhea in indian children: a randomized controlled trial. | to evaluate the role of lactobacillus rhamnosus gg (lgg) as probiotic in persistent diarrhea (pd) in children of north bengal, india. | 2007 | 17700424 |
| role of retinol in protecting epithelial cell damage induced by clostridium difficile toxin a. | vitamin a (retinol), a fat-soluble vitamin, is an essential nutrient for the normal functioning of the visual system, epithelial cell integrity and growth, immunity, and reproduction. our group has investigated the effect of high doses of oral vitamin a on early childhood diarrhea in our prospective community-based studies from northeast brazil and found a beneficial role in reducing the mean duration but not incidence of diarrheal episodes. in this study, we explored the role of retinol supplem ... | 2007 | 17825865 |
| prokinetic therapy for feed intolerance in critical illness: one drug or two? | to compare the efficacy of combination therapy, with erythromycin and metoclopramide, to erythromycin alone in the treatment of feed intolerance in critically ill patients. | 2007 | 17828038 |
| widespread environmental contamination associated with patients with diarrhea and methicillin-resistant staphylococcus aureus colonization of the gastrointestinal tract. | patients colonized with methicillin-resistant staphylococcus aureus (mrsa) may contaminate their immediate environment with this organism. however, the extent to which gastrointestinal colonization with mrsa affects environmental contamination is not known. we investigated the frequency of environmental contamination in the rooms of patients with diarrheal stools and heavy gastrointestinal colonization with mrsa. | 2007 | 17828690 |
| clostridium difficile-associated diarrhea in heart transplant recipients: is hypogammaglobulinemia the answer? | information regarding clostridium difficile-associated diarrhea (cdad) after solid-organ transplantation (sot) is scarce, particularly after heart transplantation (ht). although host immune response to c. difficile plays a substantial role in the outcome of this infection, the responsibility of hypogammaglobulinemia (hgg) as a predisposing condition for cdad has not been studied in sot. we analyzed the incidence, clinical presentation, outcome and risk factors, including hgg, of cdad after ht. | 2007 | 17845929 |
| intensive session: new approaches to medical issues in long-term care. | this article, based on a series of presentations at the american medical directors association, briefly highlights new advances in medical areas of interest to long-term care physicians. the areas discussed are heart failure, vitamin d, falls, new treatments for diabetes mellitus, blood pressure measurement, anemia, clinical nutrition, pressure ulcers, clostridium difficile, insomnia, and antipsychotic therapy. | 2007 | 17845944 |
| hse clears infection death managers. | 2007 | 17847612 | |
| prospective study of clostridium difficile infections in europe with phenotypic and genotypic characterisation of the isolates. | a 2-month prospective study of clostridium difficile infections was conducted in 38 hospitals from 14 different european countries in order to obtain an overview of the phenotypic and genotypic features of clinical isolates of c. difficile during 2005. of 411 isolates from diarrhoeagenic patients with suspected c. difficile-associated diarrhoea (cdad), 354 were toxigenic, of which 86 (24.3%) were toxin-variant strains. major toxinotypes included toxinotypes 0 (n = 268), v (n = 28), viii (n = 22) ... | 2007 | 17850341 |
| cytomegalovirus and clostridium difficile ischemic colitis in a renal transplant recipient: a lethal complication of anti-rejection therapy? | intestinal ischemia is reported to be the most common gastrointestinal complication of renal transplantation and a potential cause of morbidity and mortality. the recent use of more potent immunosuppressive drug regimens has reduced the incidence of acute rejection, increasing the incidence of potentially fatal infectious complications, such as clinically important cytomegalovirus (cmv) infection. a 42-year-old kidney transplant recipient experienced on postoperative day 10 a dehiscence of the u ... | 2007 | 17851290 |
| clostridium difficile: dealing with a silent menace. | clostridium difficile infection is a growing problem and infection is not confined to acute hospitals. people with c. difficile may be cared for in community hospitals or at home. some people with c. difficile suffer recurrent bouts of infection, others are left with ongoing bowel problems as a result of the infection. prevention, wherever possible, through prudent antibiotic prescribing and scrupulous infection control procedures can reduce infection risks. prompt diagnosis and treatment can re ... | 2007 | 17851307 |
| early and late onset clostridium difficile-associated colitis following liver transplantation. | clostridium difficile colitis (cdc) remains a serious and common complication after liver transplantation (lt). four hundred and sixty-seven consecutive lts in 402 individuals were performed between 1998 and 2001 at our center. standard immunosuppression consisted of tacrolimus, mycophenolate, and steroids. cd toxins a and b were detected by using a rapid immunoassay or enzyme immunoassay. cdc was diagnosed in 32 patients (5-1999 days post-lt), with 93.8% (30/32) of patients developing cdc durin ... | 2007 | 17854444 |
| inflammation and apoptosis in clostridium difficile enteritis is mediated by pge2 up-regulation of fas ligand. | clostridium difficile toxin a causes acute inflammation and fluid secretion in experimental animals and patients with c difficile infection. we previously reported that toxin a increased cyclooxygenase-2/prostaglandin e(2) (pge(2)) expression and apoptosis in human colonocytes. here, we assessed the role of secreted pge(2) in inflammation and enterocyte apoptosis in toxin a enteritis. | 2007 | 17854595 |
| distribution of clostridium difficile pcr ribotype 027 in british hospitals. | 2007 | 17868609 | |
| first isolation and report of clusters of clostridium difficile pcr 027 cases in ireland. | 2007 | 17868610 | |
| asymptomatic carriers are a potential source for transmission of epidemic and nonepidemic clostridium difficile strains among long-term care facility residents. | asymptomatic fecal carriage of clostridium difficile is common in patients staying in health care facilities, but the importance of asymptomatic carriers with regard to disease transmission is unclear. | 2007 | 17879913 |
| asymptomatic clostridium difficile colonization: is this the tip of another iceberg? | 2007 | 17879914 | |
| diagnosis of clostridium difficile-associated diarrhea and odor. | 2007 | 17879938 | |
| a case of norovirus and clostridium difficile infection: casual or causal relationship? | 2007 | 17884245 | |
| reported clostridium difficile rates: accurate and targeting the problem? | 2007 | 17884249 | |
| what is the true burden of clostridium difficile disease? | 2007 | 17884251 | |
| clostridium difficile: emergence of hypervirulence and fluoroquinolone resistance. | clostridium difficile is a well-known cause of sporadic and healthcare-associated diarrhea. multihospital outbreaks due to a single strain and outbreaks associated with antibiotic selective pressure, especially clindamycin, have been well documented. severe cases and fatalities from c. difficile are uncommon. the recent global emergence of a hypervirulent strain containing binary toxin (toxinotype iii ribotype 027), with or without deletion in a regulatory gene (tcdc gene), together with high-le ... | 2007 | 17885732 |
| the potential impact of substitutive therapy with intravenous immunoglobulin on the outcome of heart transplant recipients with infections. | hypogammaglobulinemia has been proposed to be a risk factor for infection after heart transplantation (oht). infection is a leading cause of morbility and mortality among these patients. in a retrospective study we analyzed the impact of substitutive therapy with nonspecific intravenous immunoglobulin (ivig) on the outcomes of heart transplant patients with infections. we analyzed the outcome of 123 consecutive heart transplant recipients in our center from june 1996 to november 2005. their mean ... | 2007 | 17889198 |
| morphological and genetic diversity of temperate phages in clostridium difficile. | eight temperate phages were characterized after mitomycin c induction of six clostridium difficile isolates corresponding to six distinct pcr ribotypes. the hypervirulent c. difficile strain responsible for a multi-institutional outbreak (nap1/027 or qcd-32g58) was among these prophage-containing strains. observation of the crude lysates by transmission electron microscopy (tem) revealed the presence of three phages with isometric capsids and long contractile tails (myoviridae family), as well a ... | 2007 | 17890338 |
| prevalence of enterotoxin producing staphylococcus aureus in stools of patients with nosocomial diarrhea. | nosocomial diarrhea causes prolonged hospital stay leading to additional diagnostic and therapeutic procedures resulting in higher costs. a total of 20%-25% of antibiotic-associated diarrhea (aad) cases are attributed to clostridium difficile. other microorganisms like clostridium perfringens and staphylococcus aureus are discussed to be associated with aad. | 2007 | 17721737 |
| repression of clostridium difficile toxin gene expression by cody. | cody, a global regulator of gene expression in low g + c gram-positive bacteria, was found to repress toxin gene expression in clostridium difficile. inactivation of the cody gene resulted in derepression of all five genes of the c. difficile pathogenicity locus during exponential growth and stationary phase. cody was found to bind with high affinity to a dna fragment containing the promoter region of the tcdr gene, which encodes a sigma factor that permits rna polymerase to recognize promoters ... | 2007 | 17725558 |
| opportunistic infections mimicking gastrointestinal vasculitis in systemic lupus erythematosus. | patients with systemic lupus erythematosus who are on chronic immunosuppressive therapy are at risk for developing infectious complications. we present 2 cases of immunosuppressed patients with systemic lupus erythematosus who presented with abdominal complaints without other systemic lupus symptoms. these patients were initially thought to have gastrointestinal vasculitis based on preliminary pathologic reports; however, further workup and careful review of the pathologic specimens confirmed an ... | 2007 | 17762457 |
| review article: yeast as probiotics -- saccharomyces boulardii. | probiotics are defined as live micro-organisms which confer a health benefit on the host. although most probiotics are bacteria, one strain of yeast, saccharomyces boulardii, has been found to be an effective probiotic in double-blind clinical studies. | 2007 | 17767461 |
| [probiotics as prophylactic agents against antibiotic-associated diarrhea in hospitalized patients]. | antibiotic associated diarrhea is a major cause of morbidity in hospitalized elderly patients. probiotics may shorten the duration and reduce the recurrence incidence of this problem. the researchers assessed the protective effects of probiotics in hospitalized patients. | 2007 | 17803164 |
| yield of stool culture with isolate toxin testing versus a two-step algorithm including stool toxin testing for detection of toxigenic clostridium difficile. | we examined the incremental yield of stool culture (with toxin testing on isolates) versus our two-step algorithm for optimal detection of toxigenic clostridium difficile. per the two-step algorithm, stools were screened for c. difficile-associated glutamate dehydrogenase (gdh) antigen and, if positive, tested for toxin by a direct (stool) cell culture cytotoxicity neutralization assay (ccna). in parallel, stools were cultured for c. difficile and tested for toxin by both indirect (isolate) ccna ... | 2007 | 17804652 |
| clostridium difficile infection in an urban medical center: five-year analysis of infection rates among adult admissions and association with the use of proton pump inhibitors. | c. difficile-associated diarrhea (cdad) has become a major cause of morbidity in hospitalized patients. in this study of five-year (2001-2005, inclusive) trends of incidence of cdad among adults in an inner-city medical center, the overall annual incidence increased from 5.08 to 8.42 cases/10(3) admissions (p = 0.0005). age distribution remained fairly constant for 2001-2004 but decreased significantly in 2005 (p = 0.005); no significant change was observed for gender. during the five-year perio ... | 2007 | 17709687 |
| diagnosis and management of patients with clostridium difficile-associated diarrhoea. | this article outlines the diagnosis, treatment and nursing management of patients with clostridium difficile-associated diarrhoea. | 2007 | 17711247 |
| does emergency colectomy reduce mortality in patients with clostridium difficile-associated disease? | 2007 | 17712324 | |
| spread and epidemiology of clostridium difficile polymerase chain reaction ribotype 027/toxinotype iii in the netherlands. | after reports of emerging outbreaks in canada and the united states, clostridium difficile-associated disease (cdad) due to polymerase chain reaction ribotype 027 was detected in 2 medium-to-large hospitals in the netherlands in 2005. | 2007 | 17712752 |
| is it clostridium difficile infection or something else? a case-control study of 352 hospitalized patients with new-onset diarrhea. | clostridium difficile-associated diarrhea (cdad) is a leading cause of nosocomial diarrhea in the united states, and may be associated with significant morbidity and occasional mortality. diarrhea is also very common among hospitalized patients and is often related to a variety of factors not related to c difficile infection. | 2007 | 17713303 |
| outcomes of clostridium difficile-associated disease treated with metronidazole or vancomycin before and after the emergence of nap1/027. | to reassess the comparative efficacy of vancomycin versus metronidazole in the treatment of clostridium difficile-associated disease (cdad) after the emergence in 2003 of the hypervirulent nap1/027 strain. | 2007 | 17900327 |
| safety and cost savings of an improved three-day rule for stool culture in hospitalised children and adults. | stools sent for culture from patients after three days of hospitalisation have a low yield (<1%) for bacterial enteric pathogens (bep), excluding clostridium difficile, and are expensive to process. a 'three-day rule' for rejection of specimens has previously been validated in adults. we evaluated a three-day rule for paediatric stool samples by retrospective review of all stool culture results from 1995 to 2002. excluding c. difficile, yield for bep in samples sent within three days following a ... | 2007 | 17900758 |
| clostridium difficile glucosyltransferase toxin b-essential amino acids for substrate binding. | recently the crystal structure of the catalytic domain of clostridium difficile toxin b was solved ( reinert, d. j., jank, t., aktories, k., and schulz, g. e. (2005) j. mol. biol. 351, 973-981 ). on the basis of this structure, we studied the functional role of several amino acids located in the catalytic center of toxin b. besides the (286)dxd(288) motif and trp(102), which were shown to be necessary for mn(2+) and udp binding, respectively, we identified by alanine scanning asp(270), arg(273), ... | 2007 | 17901056 |
| safety concerns with fluoroquinolones. | to review the chemistry, pharmacology, and safety of fluoroquinolones. | 2007 | 17911203 |
| [molecular fingerprint of bacterial communities and 16s rdna intra-species heterogeneity: a pitfall that should be considered]. | molecular fingerprinting methods are currently used to study microbial communities by culture independent approaches. they are proposed as identification tool owing to the availability of rapid automated methods. the 16s rrna gene (16s rdna) is an efficient marker for bacterial identification and microbial communities analysis. however, the 16s rdna polymorphism among strains of the same species is an underestimated pitfall of the fingerprinting approaches. | 2007 | 17913388 |
| bugs among us. | 2007 | 17914302 | |
| potential use of inhibitors of bacteria spore germination in the prophylactic treatment of anthrax and clostridium difficile-associated disease. | spore germination is the first step in establishing bacillus and clostridium infections. germination is triggered by the binding of small molecules by the resting spore. subsequently, the activated spore secretes dipicolinic acid and calcium, the spore core is rehydrated and spore structures are degraded. inhibition of any of the germination-related events will prevent development to the vegetative stage. inhibition of spore germination has been studied intensively in the prevention of food spoi ... | 2007 | 17914913 |
| nadph oxidase plays a central role in blood-brain barrier damage in experimental stroke. | cerebral ischemia/reperfusion is associated with reactive oxygen species (ros) generation, and nadph oxidases are important sources of ros. we hypothesized that nadph oxidases mediate blood-brain barrier (bbb) disruption and contribute to tissue damage in ischemia/reperfusion. | 2007 | 17916764 |
| colitis associated with clostridium difficile in specific-pathogen-free c3h-scid mice. | soft feces and a decreased delivery rate were observed in a specific-pathogen-free (spf) c3h-scid mouse breeding colony. grossly, the ceca were shrunken and edematous in the affected mice. histopathologically, severe edema in the cecal submucosa as well as infiltration of inflammatory cells in the lamina propria and submucosa of the ceca and colon were observed. no pathogenic microorganisms were detected by the routine microbiological tests. by anaerobic bacterial-examination, clostridium (c.) d ... | 2007 | 17917386 |
| fluoroquinolone use and risk factors for clostridium difficile-associated disease within a veterans administration health care system. | prompted by the changing profile of clostridium difficile infection and the impact of formulary policies in hospitals, we performed this study when an increase in the incidence of c. difficile-associated disease was noted at our health care center (veterans administration puget sound health care system, seattle, washington). | 2007 | 17918075 |
| detection of toxigenic clostridium difficile in stool samples by real-time polymerase chain reaction for the diagnosis of c. difficile-associated diarrhea. | clostridium difficile-associated diarrhea (cdad) is the major cause of health care-associated infectious diarrhea. current laboratory testing lacks a single assay that is sensitive, specific, and rapid. the purpose of this work was to design and validate a sensitive and specific real-time polymerase chain reaction (pcr) diagnostic test for cdad. | 2007 | 17918076 |
| characteristics and incidence of clostridium difficile-associated disease in the netherlands, 2005. | during a 2-month period in 2005, 13 laboratories participated in a surveillance study of clostridium difficile-associated disease (cdad) in 17 hospitals in the netherlands. the median incidence rate of cdad was 16/10 000 patient admissions (2.2/10 000 patient-days) and varied from 1 to 46/10 000 patient admissions according to hospital. in total, 81 patients with cdad were reported; 49 (61%) patients had nosocomial cdad, and 29 (36%) patients were admitted to hospital when already suffering from ... | 2007 | 17922780 |
| the aging gut: physiology. | changes in the physiology of the gastrointestinal tract with aging are less obvious than are seen in other organs, such as the brain. nevertheless, physiologic changes play a role in the anorexia of aging, postprandial hypotension, aspiration pneumonia, increased clostridium difficile infections, fecal incontinence, gallstones, and altered drug metabolism. | 2007 | 17923336 |
| the emerging infectious challenge of clostridium difficile-associated disease in massachusetts hospitals: clinical and economic consequences. | to estimate the clinical and economic burden of clostridium difficile-associated disease (cdad) in massachusetts over 2 years. | 2007 | 17926270 |
| infection control policies and practices for iowa long-term care facility residents with clostridium difficile infection. | to identify infection control policies and practices used by iowa long-term care facilities (ltcfs) for residents with clostridium difficile infection or c. difficile-associated diarrhea and to assess use of antimicrobial agents. | 2007 | 17926271 |
| changing epidemiology of clostridium difficile-associated disease in children. | to determine temporal trends in the incidence rate for clostridium difficile-associated disease (cdad) in a pediatric patient population. | 2007 | 17926272 |
| clostridium difficile-associated disease in patients in a small rural hospital. | to determine the risk factors for clostridium difficile-associated disease (cdad) in a 25-bed rural hospital and to compare antimicrobial use ratios at the study hospital with those at a large academic medical center. | 2007 | 17926273 |
| risk of clostridium difficile-associated disease among patients receiving proton-pump inhibitors in a quebec medical intensive care unit. | our study was conducted to determine whether use of gastric acid-suppressive agents increased the risk of clostridium difficile-associated disease (cdad) in a medical intensive care unit of one of the first hospitals to be threatened by the current cdad epidemic in quebec, canada. our findings suggest that efforts to determine risk factors for cdad should focus on other areas, such as older age and antibiotic use. | 2007 | 17926283 |
| infections and training headaches plague uk's government health system. | 2007 | 17927038 | |
| [survey of susceptibility of clinical clostridium diffiicile strains isolated from patients hospitalised in different departments of paediatric hospital to antimicrobial agents]. | this study was performed to determine the susceptibility of 50 c. difficile strains isolated from faecal samples of children suspected to antibiotic associated diarrhea (aad) to antimicrobial agents: metronidazole, vancomycin, erythromycin, clindamycin, ciprofloxacin, moxifloksacin, gatifloksacin and imipenem. the all c. difficile strains were sensitived to metronidazole and vancomycin. twenty six per cent of strains were resistant to erythromycin and clindamycin (mls(b) type resistance). resita ... | 2007 | 17929413 |
| risks versus benefits of long-term proton pump inhibitor therapy in the elderly. | 2007 | 17936957 | |
| infection likely cause of 90 deaths. | 2007 | 18161446 | |
| progress at outbreak trust but doctor hygiene rapped. | 2007 | 18161470 | |
| effect of product temperature during primary drying on the long-term stability of lyophilized proteins. | our objective was to investigate the effect of performing primary drying at product temperatures below and above tg' (glass transition temperature of the freeze-concentrated phase) on the long-term stability of lyophilized proteins. two protective media differing in the nature of the bulking agent used (amorphous or crystalline) were selected. several lyophilization cycles were performed by using various combinations of shelf temperature and chamber pressure to obtain different values of product ... | 2007 | 18161627 |
| clostridium difficile. | 2007 | 18087880 | |
| the addition of fiber and the use of continuous infusion decrease the incidence of diarrhea in elderly tube-fed patients in medical wards of a general regional hospital: a controlled clinical trial. | to determine if feeds high in fiber continuously administered might minimize diarrhea. | 2007 | 18090158 |
| efficacy of rifaximin and vancomycin combination therapy in a patient with refractory clostridium difficile-associated diarrhea. | 2007 | 18090164 | |
| effects of a human milk-derived human milk fortifier on the antibacterial actions of human milk. | to compare the effects of a human breastmilk-derived fortifier on the antibacterial activity of milk obtained from lactating mothers delivering prematurely with the effects of a powdered fortifier on the same milk. | 2007 | 18081457 |
| comparative role of antibiotic and proton pump inhibitor in experimental clostridium difficile infection in mice. | clostridium difficile inoculated balb/c mice were investigated to assess the comparative role of antibiotic and proton pump inhibitor. they were examined for colonization and toxin production by c. difficile as well as myeloperoxidase activity and histopathological changes in the intestinal tract. the c. difficile count, toxin a and b titres and myeloperoxidase activity were significantly higher (p>0.05) in ampicillin and lansoprazole receiving groups as compared to the control and the c. diffic ... | 2007 | 18094539 |
| [laboratory-based evaluation of tox a/b quik chek "nissui" to detect toxins a and b of clostridium difficile]. | the tox a/b quik chek "nissui" which detects both toxin a (tcda) and toxin b (tcdb) of clostridium difficile in stool specimens through immunochromatography was first approved to be released in japan, and we evaluated its accuracy. in the evaluation, the tox a/b quik chek "nissui" could correctly detect tcda and tcdb in solution and in stool specimens spiked with culture broth of tcda and/or tcdb-producing isolates of c. difficile. the minimum detectable concentrations for tcda and tcdb were det ... | 2007 | 18154439 |
| war on white coats. | 2007 | 18156024 | |
| low risk of irritable bowel syndrome after clostridium difficile infection. | the incidence of postinfectious irritable bowel syndrome (ibs) ranges between 4% and 32% of individuals after bacterial or parasitic infection. this study analyzed ibs symptoms in hospitalized patients three months after a symptomatic clostridium difficile infection. | 2007 | 18026576 |
| the distribution and density of clostridium difficile toxin receptors on the intestinal mucosa of neonatal pigs. | clostridium difficile is an enteric pathogen affecting a variety of mammals, but it has only recently been diagnosed as a cause of neonatal typhlocolitis in pigs. the most important virulence factors of c. difficile are 2 large exotoxins, toxin a (tcda) and toxin b (tcdb). tcda is a potent enterotoxin with effects on host tissues that are dependent upon receptor-mediated endocytosis of the intact toxin. tcdb is an effective cytotoxin, but it apparently does not bind receptors on intact mucosal e ... | 2007 | 18039894 |
| the changing face of clostridium difficile: what treatment options remain? | in this issue of the journal, an article by pepin et al. documents the shifting sands of the modern-day clostridium difficile epidemic as seen in quebec. pepin and coauthors' observation that the superior activity of vancomycin over metronidazole has been lost since the emergence there of the hypervirulent strain nap1/027 in 2003 has implications for the future treatment of c. difficile-associated diarrhea (cdad). this editorial explores these, particularly in complicated cases and high-risk pop ... | 2007 | 18042108 |
| clostridium difficile-associated disease with lethal outcome in a 77-year-old woman. a case report. | clostridium difficile-associated disease (cdad) ranges in severity from mild diarrhoea to fulminant colitis and death. antimicrobial use is the primary risk factor for development of cdad. c. difficile typically affects older or severely ill patients, hospitalized or residents in long-term-care facilities. we report a case of cdad in a 77-year-old woman operated on for cholecystitis calculosa and treated with cephalosporins and aminoglycosides. symptoms and signs of cdad were watery diarrhoea, m ... | 2007 | 18043555 |
| [acute and prolonged infectious diarrheas, of microbial and viral etiology: methods of clinical and microbiological diagnosis]. | the authors relate clinical-microbiological criteria for a rational diagnosis of acute and prolonged enteritis, distinguishing between home and imported diarrheas. during 2005, 381 subjects (192 children and 189 adults) with acute diarrhea and 110 subjects (16 children and 94 adults) with prolonged diarrhea were examined. in the first group salmonella prevailed in 11.1% of cases (10.9% among children and 11.1% among adults); campylobacter in 9.2% (respectively 8.9% and 9.5%); other bacteria were ... | 2007 | 18044404 |
| clostridium difficile. | case study: george, a 55-year-old retired businessman with a diagnosis of myelofibrosis, underwent an allogeneic stem cell transplantation from his human leukocyte antigen-matched brother in june 2006. he was admitted to the hospital for a possible flare of graft-versus-host disease (gvhd) of the gut. his medications included tacrolimus, budesonide, and bechlamethasone for immunosuppression and pantoprazole. a stool sample was positive for clostridium difficile toxin a on october 31, 2006, and h ... | 2007 | 18063537 |
| screening for vancomycin-resistant enterococci using stools sent for clostridium difficile cytotoxin assay is effective: results of a survey of 300 patients in a large singapore teaching hospital. | to assess the efficacy of screening stools sent for clostridium difficile cytotoxin assay (cdta) for surveillance of vancomycin-resistant enterococci (vre). | 2007 | 18071603 |
| [pseudomembranous colitis]. | for some thirty years it has been known that pathologic proliferation oftoxigenic clostridium difficile may lead to inflammation of colonic mucosa which, in its fully developed form, manifests as pseudomembranous colitis. cdad (clostridium difficile - associated disease or diarrhoea) is the term which is generally and quite aptly used for the disease in literature on the subject. in most cases, the disease develops after the administration of broad-spectrum antibiotics, yet there are also other ... | 2007 | 18072436 |
| lessons from the maidstone and tunbridge tragedy. | 2007 | 18073641 | |
| [drug-induced pseudomembranous colitis]. | 2007 | 18074594 | |
| the clostron: a universal gene knock-out system for the genus clostridium. | progress in exploiting clostridial genome information has been severely impeded by a general lack of effective methods for the directed inactivation of specific genes. those few mutants that have been generated have been almost exclusively derived by single crossover integration of a replication-deficient or defective plasmid by homologous recombination. the mutants created are therefore unstable. here we have adapted a mutagenesis system based on the mobile group ii intron from the ltrb gene of ... | 2007 | 17658189 |
| a case of recurrent clostridium difficile diarrhea. | clostridium difficile is an important and increasingly common cause of nosocomial diarrhea. recent epidemics of c. difficile-associated disease (cdad) reveal a pathogen that is becoming more virulent, leading to an increase in disease severity, treatment failures, and relapses. those of advanced age are at a particular risk of acquiring this debilitating and costly disease. this case describes cdad recurring in an 87-year-old resident of a long-term care facility, which caused hospitalization. a ... | 2007 | 17658971 |
| [interest of the disk diffusion method for screening clostridium difficile isolates with decreased susceptibility to antibiotics]. | in vitro determination of clostridium difficile susceptibility to antibiotics is not routinely performed. the aim of this study was to evaluate the performance of antibiotic susceptibility determination with the disk diffusion method for screening c. difficile isolates with decreased susceptibility to antibiotics. | 2007 | 17905536 |
| doctors need a "sea change" in their attitude to c difficile. | 2007 | 17947757 | |
| refractory clostridium difficile-associated diarrhea. | 2007 | 17955101 | |
| treatment strategies for c. difficile associated diarrhea. | clostridium difficile-associated diarrhea usually occurs as a complication of antibiotic treatment. recent data shows an increase in incidence rate of cdad and higher rates of morbidity, colectomy and death. the management of cdad involves discontinuing the inciting antibiotic agent and treatment with metronidazole or vancomycin. the reduced response rates and higher recurrence rates with metronidazole treatment reported in recent studies raise the question of the effectiveness of metronidazole ... | 2007 | 17955730 |
| amoxicillin-associated hemorrhagic colitis in the presence of klebsiella oxytoca. | antibiotic-induced diarrhea can be a significant source of morbidity. pseudomembranous colitis, or clostridium difficile-associated diarrhea (cdad), is an increasingly reported adverse effect of therapy with broad-spectrum antibiotics and can prolong the hospital stay of affected patients. although sharing some of the same clinical symptoms as cdad, antibiotic-associated hemorrhagic colitis is a distinctly separate form of colitis that is characterized by the absence of toxin-producing c. diffic ... | 2007 | 17963468 |
| [infectious aetiologies of travelers' diarrhoea]. | traveler's diarrhoea (td) occurs in 20 to 60% of european or north-american travelers in intertropical areas. following return from endemic zone, malaria must always be evocated in front of febrile diarrhoea. many causative infectious agents are involved in td and their frequency may vary according to destination and seasons. the main agents involved in td are escherichia coli pathovars (especially enterotoxigenic and enteroaggregative e. coli) followed by enteroinvasive bacteria (campylobacter ... | 2007 | 17942257 |