Publications
| Title | Abstract | Year(sorted ascending) Filter | PMID Filter |
|---|
| opportunistic infections mimicking gastrointestinal vasculitis in systemic lupus erythematosus. | patients with systemic lupus erythematosus who are on chronic immunosuppressive therapy are at risk for developing infectious complications. we present 2 cases of immunosuppressed patients with systemic lupus erythematosus who presented with abdominal complaints without other systemic lupus symptoms. these patients were initially thought to have gastrointestinal vasculitis based on preliminary pathologic reports; however, further workup and careful review of the pathologic specimens confirmed an ... | 2007 | 17762457 |
| review article: yeast as probiotics -- saccharomyces boulardii. | probiotics are defined as live micro-organisms which confer a health benefit on the host. although most probiotics are bacteria, one strain of yeast, saccharomyces boulardii, has been found to be an effective probiotic in double-blind clinical studies. | 2007 | 17767461 |
| [probiotics as prophylactic agents against antibiotic-associated diarrhea in hospitalized patients]. | antibiotic associated diarrhea is a major cause of morbidity in hospitalized elderly patients. probiotics may shorten the duration and reduce the recurrence incidence of this problem. the researchers assessed the protective effects of probiotics in hospitalized patients. | 2007 | 17803164 |
| yield of stool culture with isolate toxin testing versus a two-step algorithm including stool toxin testing for detection of toxigenic clostridium difficile. | we examined the incremental yield of stool culture (with toxin testing on isolates) versus our two-step algorithm for optimal detection of toxigenic clostridium difficile. per the two-step algorithm, stools were screened for c. difficile-associated glutamate dehydrogenase (gdh) antigen and, if positive, tested for toxin by a direct (stool) cell culture cytotoxicity neutralization assay (ccna). in parallel, stools were cultured for c. difficile and tested for toxin by both indirect (isolate) ccna ... | 2007 | 17804652 |
| clostridium difficile infection in an urban medical center: five-year analysis of infection rates among adult admissions and association with the use of proton pump inhibitors. | c. difficile-associated diarrhea (cdad) has become a major cause of morbidity in hospitalized patients. in this study of five-year (2001-2005, inclusive) trends of incidence of cdad among adults in an inner-city medical center, the overall annual incidence increased from 5.08 to 8.42 cases/10(3) admissions (p = 0.0005). age distribution remained fairly constant for 2001-2004 but decreased significantly in 2005 (p = 0.005); no significant change was observed for gender. during the five-year perio ... | 2007 | 17709687 |
| diagnosis and management of patients with clostridium difficile-associated diarrhoea. | this article outlines the diagnosis, treatment and nursing management of patients with clostridium difficile-associated diarrhoea. | 2007 | 17711247 |
| does emergency colectomy reduce mortality in patients with clostridium difficile-associated disease? | 2007 | 17712324 | |
| spread and epidemiology of clostridium difficile polymerase chain reaction ribotype 027/toxinotype iii in the netherlands. | after reports of emerging outbreaks in canada and the united states, clostridium difficile-associated disease (cdad) due to polymerase chain reaction ribotype 027 was detected in 2 medium-to-large hospitals in the netherlands in 2005. | 2007 | 17712752 |
| is it clostridium difficile infection or something else? a case-control study of 352 hospitalized patients with new-onset diarrhea. | clostridium difficile-associated diarrhea (cdad) is a leading cause of nosocomial diarrhea in the united states, and may be associated with significant morbidity and occasional mortality. diarrhea is also very common among hospitalized patients and is often related to a variety of factors not related to c difficile infection. | 2007 | 17713303 |
| outcomes of clostridium difficile-associated disease treated with metronidazole or vancomycin before and after the emergence of nap1/027. | to reassess the comparative efficacy of vancomycin versus metronidazole in the treatment of clostridium difficile-associated disease (cdad) after the emergence in 2003 of the hypervirulent nap1/027 strain. | 2007 | 17900327 |
| safety and cost savings of an improved three-day rule for stool culture in hospitalised children and adults. | stools sent for culture from patients after three days of hospitalisation have a low yield (<1%) for bacterial enteric pathogens (bep), excluding clostridium difficile, and are expensive to process. a 'three-day rule' for rejection of specimens has previously been validated in adults. we evaluated a three-day rule for paediatric stool samples by retrospective review of all stool culture results from 1995 to 2002. excluding c. difficile, yield for bep in samples sent within three days following a ... | 2007 | 17900758 |
| clostridium difficile glucosyltransferase toxin b-essential amino acids for substrate binding. | recently the crystal structure of the catalytic domain of clostridium difficile toxin b was solved ( reinert, d. j., jank, t., aktories, k., and schulz, g. e. (2005) j. mol. biol. 351, 973-981 ). on the basis of this structure, we studied the functional role of several amino acids located in the catalytic center of toxin b. besides the (286)dxd(288) motif and trp(102), which were shown to be necessary for mn(2+) and udp binding, respectively, we identified by alanine scanning asp(270), arg(273), ... | 2007 | 17901056 |
| safety concerns with fluoroquinolones. | to review the chemistry, pharmacology, and safety of fluoroquinolones. | 2007 | 17911203 |
| [molecular fingerprint of bacterial communities and 16s rdna intra-species heterogeneity: a pitfall that should be considered]. | molecular fingerprinting methods are currently used to study microbial communities by culture independent approaches. they are proposed as identification tool owing to the availability of rapid automated methods. the 16s rrna gene (16s rdna) is an efficient marker for bacterial identification and microbial communities analysis. however, the 16s rdna polymorphism among strains of the same species is an underestimated pitfall of the fingerprinting approaches. | 2007 | 17913388 |
| bugs among us. | 2007 | 17914302 | |
| potential use of inhibitors of bacteria spore germination in the prophylactic treatment of anthrax and clostridium difficile-associated disease. | spore germination is the first step in establishing bacillus and clostridium infections. germination is triggered by the binding of small molecules by the resting spore. subsequently, the activated spore secretes dipicolinic acid and calcium, the spore core is rehydrated and spore structures are degraded. inhibition of any of the germination-related events will prevent development to the vegetative stage. inhibition of spore germination has been studied intensively in the prevention of food spoi ... | 2007 | 17914913 |
| nadph oxidase plays a central role in blood-brain barrier damage in experimental stroke. | cerebral ischemia/reperfusion is associated with reactive oxygen species (ros) generation, and nadph oxidases are important sources of ros. we hypothesized that nadph oxidases mediate blood-brain barrier (bbb) disruption and contribute to tissue damage in ischemia/reperfusion. | 2007 | 17916764 |
| colitis associated with clostridium difficile in specific-pathogen-free c3h-scid mice. | soft feces and a decreased delivery rate were observed in a specific-pathogen-free (spf) c3h-scid mouse breeding colony. grossly, the ceca were shrunken and edematous in the affected mice. histopathologically, severe edema in the cecal submucosa as well as infiltration of inflammatory cells in the lamina propria and submucosa of the ceca and colon were observed. no pathogenic microorganisms were detected by the routine microbiological tests. by anaerobic bacterial-examination, clostridium (c.) d ... | 2007 | 17917386 |
| fluoroquinolone use and risk factors for clostridium difficile-associated disease within a veterans administration health care system. | prompted by the changing profile of clostridium difficile infection and the impact of formulary policies in hospitals, we performed this study when an increase in the incidence of c. difficile-associated disease was noted at our health care center (veterans administration puget sound health care system, seattle, washington). | 2007 | 17918075 |
| detection of toxigenic clostridium difficile in stool samples by real-time polymerase chain reaction for the diagnosis of c. difficile-associated diarrhea. | clostridium difficile-associated diarrhea (cdad) is the major cause of health care-associated infectious diarrhea. current laboratory testing lacks a single assay that is sensitive, specific, and rapid. the purpose of this work was to design and validate a sensitive and specific real-time polymerase chain reaction (pcr) diagnostic test for cdad. | 2007 | 17918076 |
| characteristics and incidence of clostridium difficile-associated disease in the netherlands, 2005. | during a 2-month period in 2005, 13 laboratories participated in a surveillance study of clostridium difficile-associated disease (cdad) in 17 hospitals in the netherlands. the median incidence rate of cdad was 16/10 000 patient admissions (2.2/10 000 patient-days) and varied from 1 to 46/10 000 patient admissions according to hospital. in total, 81 patients with cdad were reported; 49 (61%) patients had nosocomial cdad, and 29 (36%) patients were admitted to hospital when already suffering from ... | 2007 | 17922780 |
| the aging gut: physiology. | changes in the physiology of the gastrointestinal tract with aging are less obvious than are seen in other organs, such as the brain. nevertheless, physiologic changes play a role in the anorexia of aging, postprandial hypotension, aspiration pneumonia, increased clostridium difficile infections, fecal incontinence, gallstones, and altered drug metabolism. | 2007 | 17923336 |
| the emerging infectious challenge of clostridium difficile-associated disease in massachusetts hospitals: clinical and economic consequences. | to estimate the clinical and economic burden of clostridium difficile-associated disease (cdad) in massachusetts over 2 years. | 2007 | 17926270 |
| infection control policies and practices for iowa long-term care facility residents with clostridium difficile infection. | to identify infection control policies and practices used by iowa long-term care facilities (ltcfs) for residents with clostridium difficile infection or c. difficile-associated diarrhea and to assess use of antimicrobial agents. | 2007 | 17926271 |
| changing epidemiology of clostridium difficile-associated disease in children. | to determine temporal trends in the incidence rate for clostridium difficile-associated disease (cdad) in a pediatric patient population. | 2007 | 17926272 |
| clostridium difficile-associated disease in patients in a small rural hospital. | to determine the risk factors for clostridium difficile-associated disease (cdad) in a 25-bed rural hospital and to compare antimicrobial use ratios at the study hospital with those at a large academic medical center. | 2007 | 17926273 |
| risk of clostridium difficile-associated disease among patients receiving proton-pump inhibitors in a quebec medical intensive care unit. | our study was conducted to determine whether use of gastric acid-suppressive agents increased the risk of clostridium difficile-associated disease (cdad) in a medical intensive care unit of one of the first hospitals to be threatened by the current cdad epidemic in quebec, canada. our findings suggest that efforts to determine risk factors for cdad should focus on other areas, such as older age and antibiotic use. | 2007 | 17926283 |
| infections and training headaches plague uk's government health system. | 2007 | 17927038 | |
| [survey of susceptibility of clinical clostridium diffiicile strains isolated from patients hospitalised in different departments of paediatric hospital to antimicrobial agents]. | this study was performed to determine the susceptibility of 50 c. difficile strains isolated from faecal samples of children suspected to antibiotic associated diarrhea (aad) to antimicrobial agents: metronidazole, vancomycin, erythromycin, clindamycin, ciprofloxacin, moxifloksacin, gatifloksacin and imipenem. the all c. difficile strains were sensitived to metronidazole and vancomycin. twenty six per cent of strains were resistant to erythromycin and clindamycin (mls(b) type resistance). resita ... | 2007 | 17929413 |
| risks versus benefits of long-term proton pump inhibitor therapy in the elderly. | 2007 | 17936957 | |
| difficulties with clostridium difficile. | 2007 | 18171113 | |
| the burden of clostridium difficile in surgical patients in the united states. | clostridium difficile colitis is the predominant hospital-acquired gastrointestinal infection in the united states and has emerged as an important nosocomial cause of morbidity and death. although several institutional studies have examined the effects of c. difficile on hospitalized patients, its nationwide impact on surgical patients has yet to be defined. | 2007 | 18171114 |
| clostridium difficile-negative antibiotic-associated hemorrhagic colitis: the role of cytotoxin-producing klebsiella oxytoca. | 2007 | 18192958 | |
| treatment of diarrhea in patients with inflammatory bowel disease: concepts and cautions. | diarrhea continues to be a prevalent symptom in patients with inflammatory bowel disease (ibd), requiring a wide differential diagnosis to define the pathophysiologic mechanisms in individual patients. it is essential that physicians properly evaluate complaints of diarrhea by assessing both patient symptoms and potential physiologic impacts on fluid and electrolyte status. underlying mechanisms of diarrhea with ibd are the location, extent, and severity of inflammation; malabsorption; altered m ... | 2007 | 18192964 |
| strategies to prevent and control clostridium difficile: one hospital's account. | 2007 | 18286843 | |
| [clostridium difficile and cytomegalovirus involved in a case of pseudomembranous colitis]. | we report an unusual case of pseudomembranous colitis with fatal outcome where c. difficile and cytomegalovirus coexistense in a peruvian patient with aids and gastrointestinal compromise by a mycobacterium. | 2007 | 18183282 |
| scopes have limits with flexibility. | 2007 | 18186442 | |
| data briefing. the trouble with assessing risk. | 2007 | 18260602 | |
| service improvement. uprooting the causes. | root-cause analysis helps organisations to understand and address outcomes without focusing on the symptoms. a pilot led by eastern and coastal kent pct has helped the local health economy to plan to reduce infections. east kent hospitals is building a zero-tolerance culture. | 2007 | 18260604 |
| reasons to be fearful? | many trusts are failing to meet the hygiene code standards for cutting infections. while mrsa rates are falling, those for clostridium difficile are rising. the government is ramping up measures and support to help the nhs improve performance on infections. | 2007 | 18265470 |
| [severe diarrhea in antibiotic therapy. test for clostridium difficile!]. | 2007 | 18236978 | |
| infection of hamsters with historical and epidemic bi types of clostridium difficile. | north american and european hospitals have reported outbreaks of clostridium difficile-associated disease with unexpectedly high mortality caused by a newly recognized group of c. difficile strains, group bi. our objective was to compare, in hamsters, the virulence of a historical nonepidemic bi type, bi1, with that of 2 recent epidemic bi types, bi6 and bi17, and with that of 2 standard toxigenic strains, k14 and 630. | 2007 | 18190262 |
| clostridium difficile--associated disease in a setting of endemicity: identification of novel risk factors. | previous studies of risk factors for clostridium difficile-associated disease (cdad) have been limited by small sample sizes and case-control study designs. many of these studies were performed during outbreaks of cdad. colonization pressure and use of fluoroquinolones, vancomycin, and gastric acid suppressors have not been fully evaluated as risk factors for cdad. the purpose of this study was to determine risk factors for endemic cdad, including cdad pressure, a modified version of colonizatio ... | 2007 | 18190314 |
| vancomycin and metronidazole for the treatment of clostridium difficile-associated diarrhea. | 2007 | 18190329 | |
| vancomycin therapy for severe clostridium difficile-associated diarrhea. | 2007 | 18190330 | |
| clostridium difficile-associated disease treatment response depends on definition of cure. | 2007 | 18190331 | |
| increase in clostridium difficile-related mortality rates, united states, 1999-2004. | reported mortality rates from clostridium difficile disease in the united states increased from 5.7 per million population in 1999 to 23.7 per million in 2004. increased rates may be due to emergence of a highly virulent strain of c. difficile. rates were higher for whites than for other racial/ethnic groups. | 2007 | 18252127 |
| clostridium difficile colitis. | clostridium difficile enterocolitis is endemic in most modern hospitals. the spectrum of clinical presentation varies from the asymptomatic carrier state to fulminant colitis with toxic megacolon and perforation. highly toxigenic and lethal strains of c. difficile have emerged worldwide. medical treatment consists of discontinuing the precipitating antibiotic, supportive measures and bowel rest, and antibiotic treatment with metronidazole or vancomycin. surgical treatment may be necessary in cas ... | 2007 | 20011356 |
| treatment strategies for recurrent and refractory clostridium difficile-associated diarrhea. | clostridium difficile, the most common nosocomial infection of the gi tract, has become a bigger threat with the emergence of a hypervirulent strain. c. difficile-associated diarrhea (cdad) is usually a consequence of antibiotic therapy or chemotherapy, but sporadic cases occur, and an increase in severe sporadic cases is of great concern. epidemics of cdad with high morbidity and mortality have been documented in the usa, canada and europe, making accurate diagnosis, effective therapy and strat ... | 2007 | 19072422 |
| clostridium difficile: the evolving story. | 2007 | 18978983 | |
| clostridium difficile outbreaks. | 2007 | 18978989 | |
| [re-emergent etiologies: clostridium difficile]. | clostridium difficile-associated disease (cdad) can range from uncomplicated diarrhea to sepsis and even death. cdad rates and severity are increasing, possibly due to a new strain. transmission of c. difficile occurs primarily in health care facilities via the fecal-oral route following transient contamination of the hands of health care workers and patients; contamination of the patient care environment also plays an important role. education of hospital staff appropriate diagnostic testing, e ... | 2007 | 19326731 |
| signaling pathways involved in oxpapc-induced pulmonary endothelial barrier protection. | increased tissue or serum levels of oxidized phospholipids have been detected in a variety of chronic and acute pathological conditions such as hyperlipidemia, atherosclerosis, heart attack, cell apoptosis, acute inflammation and injury. we have recently described signaling cascades activated by oxidized 1-palmitoyl-2-arachidonoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine (oxpapc)in the human pulmonary artery endothelial cells (ec) and reported potent barrier-protective effects of oxpapc, which were mediated ... | 2007 | 17292425 |
| the safety of whey protein concentrate derived from the milk of cows immunized against clostridium difficile. | a whey protein concentrate prepared from the milk of cows that have been immunized against clostridium difficile (c. difficile) and its toxins, toxin a and toxin b, is produced for use as a medical food for the dietary management of patients with c. difficile-associated diarrhea (cdad) to prevent a relapse of the infection. the safety of anti-c. difficile whey protein concentrate (anti-cd wpc) is supported by analytical data comparing the composition of raw milk from immunized cows versus that f ... | 2007 | 17293018 |
| laboratory diagnosis of antibiotic-associated diarrhea: a polish pilot study into the clinical relevance of clostridium difficile and clostridium perfringens toxins. | in the present study, we investigated the prevalence of the clostridium perfringens enterotoxin (cpent) in stool samples originally submitted for detection of clostridium difficile toxins. fifty-two fecal samples from inpatients were screened simultaneously for c. difficile and c. perfringens toxins: 75% of the specimens were positive for tcda/tcdb toxins, 40% were positive for cpent, and 31% gave positive test results for both. it is interesting to note that only a relatively small number of c. ... | 2007 | 17300901 |
| interruption of recurrent clostridium difficile-associated diarrhea episodes by serial therapy with vancomycin and rifaximin. | eight women who each experienced 4-8 episodes of clostridium difficile-associated diarrhea were given a 2-week course of rifaximin therapy when they were asymptomatic, immediately after completing their last course of vancomycin therapy. seven of the 8 patients experienced no further diarrhea recurrence. the patient who had a recurrence responded to a second course of rifaximin therapy, but rifaximin-resistant c. difficile was recovered after treatment. a controlled trial for treating recurrent ... | 2007 | 17304459 |
| mutations in fusa associated with posttherapy fusidic acid resistance in clostridium difficile. | in silico, we identified fusa (2,067 bp) in clostridium difficile 630. sequencing of fusa in posttherapy fusidic acid-resistant c. difficile isolates from 12 patients with c. difficile-associated diarrhea (cdad) identified fusa mutations, one or two nonsynonymous substitutions, or in one case a deletion of one codon associated with resistance. five of these mutations have previously been described in fusa of fusidic acid-resistant staphylococcus aureus, but seven were novel fusa mutations. fusid ... | 2007 | 17307985 |
| volatile organic compounds from feces and their potential for diagnosis of gastrointestinal disease. | little is known about the volatile organic compounds (vocs) in feces and their potential health consequences. patients and healthcare professionals have observed that feces often smell abnormal during gastrointestinal disease. the aim of this work was to define the volatiles emitted from the feces of healthy donors and patients with gastrointestinal disease. our hypotheses were that i) vocs would be shared in health; ii) vocs would be constant in individuals; and iii) specific changes in vocs wo ... | 2007 | 17314143 |
| toxin profiles and resistances to macrolides and newer fluoroquinolones as epidemicity determinants of clinical isolates of clostridium difficile from warsaw, poland. | amplified fragment length polymorphism genotypes, antibiotic resistance profiles, and toxin profiles of clostridium difficile strains from warsaw were determined. the isolates segregate in six major genotypes, coinciding with toxin profiles. most of the toxin a-negative toxin b-positive toxin cdt-negative strains possess ermb, and several strains were resistant to fluoroquinolones. resistograms and toxin types of c. difficile strains are epidemicity determinants. | 2007 | 17314219 |
| variant forms of the binary toxin cdt locus and tcdc gene in clostridium difficile strains. | variability in the genes for toxin a, toxin b and other pathogenicity locus regions is well known and is the basis for the distribution of clostridium difficile strains into variant toxinotypes. previous data have indicated that some c. difficile strains have a non-functional truncated form of the binary toxin (cdt) locus. this study analysed variability in the cdt locus and the presence of deleted tcdc genes in c. difficile strains. a total of 146 strains were screened, including known variant ... | 2007 | 17314362 |
| saccharomyces cerevisiae strain 905 reduces the translocation of salmonella enterica serotype typhimurium and stimulates the immune system in gnotobiotic and conventional mice. | previous results in the laboratory of the authors showed that saccharomyces cerevisiae strain 905, isolated during 'cachaça' production, was able to colonize and survive in the gastrointestinal tract of germ-free and conventional mice, and to protect these animals against oral challenge with salmonella enterica serotype typhimurium or clostridium difficile. in the present work, the effects of s. cerevisiae 905 on the translocation of salm. typhimurium (mesenteric lymph nodes, peyer's patches, sp ... | 2007 | 17314366 |
| molecular characterization of clostridium difficile clinical isolates in a geriatric hospital. | the discriminatory potential of a combination of various typing methods was evaluated on a set of 21 clostridium difficile isolates obtained from symptomatic patients hospitalized in a geriatric unit and 7 non-toxigenic isolates from the same hospital. isolates were firstly serotyped and toxinotyped. of the 28 isolates, 19 belonged to serogroup a. pcr-ribotyping and pcr-rflp on the flic and slpa genes were then applied to these 19 isolates. the results suggest that the combination of pcr-ribotyp ... | 2007 | 17314371 |
| conflicting targets. | 2007 | 17317599 | |
| c. difficile 'endemic in health service'. | 2007 | 17319518 | |
| the complete genome sequence of clostridium difficile phage phic2 and comparisons to phicd119 and inducible prophages of cd630. | the complete genomic sequence of a previously characterized temperate phage of clostridium difficile, c2, is reported. the genome is 56 538 bp and organized into 84 putative orfs in six functional modules. the head and tail structural proteins showed similarities to that of c. difficile phage cd119 and streptococcus pneumoniae phage ej-1, respectively. homologues of structural and replication proteins were found in prophages 1 and 2 of the sequenced c. difficile cd630 genome. a putative holin ap ... | 2007 | 17322187 |
| jun n-terminal protein kinase enhances middle ear mucosal proliferation during bacterial otitis media. | mucosal hyperplasia is a characteristic component of otitis media. the present study investigated the participation of signaling via the jun n-terminal protein kinase (jnk) mitogen-activated protein kinase in middle ear mucosal hyperplasia in animal models of bacterial otitis media. otitis media was induced by the inoculation of nontypeable haemophilus influenzae into the middle ear cavity. western blotting revealed that phosphorylation of jnk isoforms in the middle ear mucosa preceded but paral ... | 2007 | 17325051 |
| methicillin-resistant staphylococcus aureus, clostridium difficile, and extended-spectrum beta-lactamase-producing escherichia coli in the community: assessing the problem and controlling the spread. | although health care-associated methicillin resistant staphylococcus aureus and clostridium difficile strains are primarily a risk to hospital patients, people are increasingly concerned about their potential to circulate in the community and the home. they are thus looking for support in order to understand the extent of the risk, and guidance on how to deal with situations where preventing infection from these species becomes their responsibility. a further concern are the community-acquired m ... | 2007 | 17327186 |
| clinical outcomes of intravenous immune globulin in severe clostridium difficile-associated diarrhea. | our objective was to determine if use of intravenous immune globulin (ivig) decreases the incidence of mortality, colectomies, and length of stay in the hospital in patients presenting with severe clostridium difficile-associated diarrhea (cdad). | 2007 | 17327194 |
| drug evaluation: opt-80, a narrow-spectrum macrocyclic antibiotic. | optimer pharmaceuticals inc, in collaboration with par pharmaceutical companies inc, is developing opt-80, a narrow-spectrum macrocyclic antibiotic secreted by the actinomycete dactylosporangium aurantiacum, for the potential treatment of clostridium difficile-associated diarrhea (cdad) and vancomycin-resistant enterococcus infection. a phase iib/iii clinical trial of opt-80 in patients with cdad is underway. | 2007 | 17328233 |
| clostridium difficile: association with thrombocytosis and leukocytosis. | apart from leukocytosis, few laboratory markers suggestive of clostridium difficile infections have been described. | 2007 | 17330684 |
| is clostridium difficile-associated infection a potentially zoonotic and foodborne disease? | clostridium difficile has received much attention in recent years because of the increased incidence and severity of nosocomial disease caused by this organism, but c. difficile-associated disease has also been reported in the community, and c. difficile is an emerging pathogen in animals. early typing comparisons did not identify animals as an important source for human infection, but recent reports have shown a marked overlap between isolates from calves and humans, including two of the predom ... | 2007 | 17331126 |
| autocatalytic cleavage of clostridium difficile toxin b. | clostridium difficile, the causative agent of nosocomial antibiotic-associated diarrhoea and pseudomembranous colitis, possesses two main virulence factors: the large clostridial cytotoxins a and b. it has been proposed that toxin b is cleaved by a cytosolic factor of the eukaryotic target cell during its cellular uptake. here we report that cleavage of not only toxin b, but also all other large clostridial cytotoxins, is an autocatalytic process dependent on host cytosolic inositolphosphate cof ... | 2007 | 17334356 |
| prevalence of toxin a-nonproducing/toxin-b-producing clostridium difficile in the tsukuba-tsuchiura district, japan. | in japan, many clinical laboratories may not have recognized toxin a-nonproducing/toxin b-producing (a-/b+) clostridium difficile, because rapid diagnostic kits detecting toxin b of c. difficile have not been available in the laboratories. therefore, we examined the prevalence of a-/b+ strains in the tsukuba-tsuchiura district, japan. fecal specimens submitted for c. difficile toxin tests in four tertiary hospitals in the district were collected for 6 months. several c. difficile a-/b+ strains, ... | 2007 | 17334727 |
| association between gastric acid suppressants and clostridium difficile colitis and community-acquired pneumonia: analysis using pharmacovigilance tools. | recent epidemiological studies identifying an association between some classes of gastric acid suppressants and clostridium difficile colitis and community-acquired pneumonia prompted our analysis. our objective was to retrospectively apply data mining algorithms (dmas) to the food and drug administration (fda) drug safety database to see if they might have directed/redirected attention to the reported association of gastric acid suppressive drugs with c. difficile colitis and community-acquired ... | 2007 | 17336566 |
| colonic delivery of compression coated nisin tablets using pectin/hpmc polymer mixture. | nisin containing pectin/hpmc compression coated tablets were prepared and their in vitro behavior tested for colonic delivery. nisin is a 34-amino-acid residue long, heat stable peptide belonging to the group a lantibiotics with wide antimicrobial activity against gram-positive bacteria. the invention can be useful for treating colonic infectious diseases such as by clostridium difficile, and also by colonization of vancomycin-resistant enterococci. in this study, each 100mg core tablet of nisin ... | 2007 | 17337171 |
| clostridium difficile colitis that fails conventional metronidazole therapy: response to nitazoxanide. | clostridium difficile-associated disease has increased in incidence and severity. recommended treatments include metronidazole and vancomycin. recent investigations, however, document the failure of metronidazole to cure a substantial proportion of patients with clostridium difficile colitis, but oral administration of vancomycin raises concerns over selection of antibiotic-resistant organisms in the hospital environment. we have recently shown that nitazoxanide is as effective as metronidazole ... | 2007 | 17337513 |
| [usefulness of immunological detection of both toxin a and toxin b in stool samples for rapid diagnosis of clostridium difficile-associated diarrhea]. | toxin detection from stool specimens is critical for the diagnosis of clostridium difficile-associated diarrhea (cdad). in japan, only two toxin detection kits targeting toxin a alone are commercially available. we evaluated immunocard toxin a & b (immunocard), based on enzyme immunoassay for the rapid detection of both c. difficile toxins a and b in stool specimens, compared to a toxin a detection kit (uniquick) and cytotoxin assay. c. difficile was also cultured from stool specimens and the to ... | 2007 | 17338314 |
| mapk interacts with xgef and is required for cpeb activation during meiosis in xenopus oocytes. | meiotic progression in xenopus oocytes, and all other oocytes investigated, is dependent on polyadenylation-induced translation of stockpiled maternal mrnas. early during meiotic resumption, phosphorylation of cpe-binding protein (cpeb) is required for polyadenylation-induced translation of mrnas encoding cell cycle regulators. xenopus gef (xgef), a rho-family guanine-exchange factor, influences the activating phosphorylation of cpeb. an exchange-deficient version of xgef does not, therefore imp ... | 2007 | 17344432 |
| clostridium difficile-associated disease: changing epidemiology and implications for management. | clostridium difficile-associated disease (cdad) is increasingly being reported in many regions throughout the world. the reasons for this are unknown, are likely to be multifactorial, and are the subject of several current investigations. in addition to the upsurge in frequency of cdad, an increased rate of relapse/recurrence, disease severity and refractoriness to traditional treatment have also been noted. moreover, severe disease has been reported in non-traditional hosts (e.g. younger age, s ... | 2007 | 17352510 |
| possible patient overlap in studies. | 2007 | 17353538 | |
| [infectious diseases (beside aids)]. | important epidemiological developments include the continuing dissemination of influenza a h5n1. it is not adapted to human beings, but its potential to cause a pandemic is confirmed. chikungunya has spread around the indian ocean. a new resistant staphylococcus aureus in increasingly prevalent in the community. finally, a virulent strain of clostridium difficile is emerging in north america and europe. new therapeutic developments are scarce. several studies promote a rational use of available ... | 2007 | 17354657 |
| crystal structures reveal a thiol protease-like catalytic triad in the c-terminal region of pasteurella multocida toxin. | pasteurella multocida toxin (pmt), one of the virulence factors produced by the bacteria, exerts its toxicity by up-regulating various signaling cascades downstream of the heterotrimeric gtpases gq and g12/13 in an unknown fashion. here, we present the crystal structure of the c-terminal region (residues 575-1,285) of pmt, which carries an intracellularly active moiety. the overall structure of c-terminal region of pmt displays a trojan horse-like shape, composed of three domains with a "feet"-, ... | 2007 | 17360394 |
| does the nose know? the odiferous diagnosis of clostridium difficile-associated diarrhea. | 2007 | 17366472 | |
| diagnosis of colitis: making the initial diagnosis. | the evaluation of patients with colitis of recent onset is a relatively common clinical challenge. the main considerations are infectious colitides, idiopathic ibd, ie, ulcerative and crohn's colitis, and colonic ischemia. an initial risk assessment on the basis of such factors as concurrent symptoms in contacts, travel history, medications, and human immunodeficiency virus risk factors should be followed by a thorough clinical history, physical examination, stool studies, blood tests, and, in s ... | 2007 | 17368227 |
| inflammatory bowel disease and clostridium difficile-associated diarrhea: a growing problem. | 2007 | 17368229 | |
| incidence of clostridium difficile infection in inflammatory bowel disease. | clostridium difficile-associated disease (cdad) rates have been increasing. we sought to determine whether cdad incidence has increased specifically in hospitalized patients with ibd. we also explored possible differences in the risk for and time to presentation of cdad between ibd and non-ibd patients. | 2007 | 17368233 |
| impact of clostridium difficile on inflammatory bowel disease. | clostridium difficile-associated disease has increased significantly in north american medical centers. the impact of c difficile on patients with ibd (crohn's disease, ulcerative colitis) at the present time is unknown. | 2007 | 17368234 |
| clostridium difficile in discharged inpatients, germany. | 2007 | 17370545 | |
| first isolation of clostridium difficile 027 in japan. | 2007 | 17370932 | |
| transcutaneous immunization with clostridium difficile toxoid a induces systemic and mucosal immune responses and toxin a-neutralizing antibodies in mice. | clostridium difficile is the leading cause of nosocomial infectious diarrhea. c. difficile produces two toxins (a and b), and systemic and mucosal anti-toxin a antibodies prevent or limit c. difficile-associated diarrhea. to evaluate whether transcutaneous immunization with formalin-treated c. difficile toxin a (cda) induces systemic and mucosal anti-cda immune responses, we transcutaneously immunized three cohorts of mice with cda with or without immunoadjuvantative cholera toxin (ct) on days 0 ... | 2007 | 17371854 |
| a comparison of available and investigational antibiotics for complicated skin infections and treatment-resistant staphylococcus aureus and enterococcus. | this article compares vancomycin, teicoplanin, quinupristin-dalfopristin, linezolid, daptomycin, tigecyline, dalbavancin, telavancin, ceftobiprole, oritavancin, and ramoplanin for the treatment of complicated skin and skin structure infections (csssi), methicillin-resistant staphylococcus aureus (mrsa), enterococcus, and vancomycin-resistant enterococcus. vancomycin, a glycopeptide antibiotic, is administered intravenously, and is the mainstay of treatment for mrsa and csssi. while not available ... | 2007 | 17373167 |
| deaths involving clostridium difficile: england and wales, 2001-2005. | 2007 | 17373384 | |
| a novel toxin homologous to large clostridial cytotoxins found in culture supernatant of clostridium perfringens type c. | an unknown cytotoxin was identified in the culture supernatant of clostridium perfringens type c. the cytotoxin, named tpel, which was purified using mab-based affinity chromatography, had a lethal activity of 62 minimum lethal dose (mld) mg(-1) in mice and a cytotoxic activity of 6.2x10(5) cytotoxic units (cu) mg(-1) in vero cells. the nucleotide sequence of tpel was determined. the entire orf had a length of 4953 bases, and the same nucleotide sequence was not recorded in the genbank/embl/ddbj ... | 2007 | 17379729 |
| review: clostridium difficile-associated disorders/diarrhea and clostridium difficile colitis: the emergence of a more virulent era. | 2007 | 17380404 | |
| infection control. an outbreak of innovation. | 2007 | 17380937 | |
| infection control. the big c. | c difficile is endemic in some hospitals and is difficult to eradicate as its spores can survive indefinitely. there is a compelling incentive for trusts to reduce cases as each one extends length of stay and costs pound 4,000. isolating infected patients has been shown to be effective but can be tricky to achieve. | 2007 | 17380967 |
| clostridium difficile in cardiac surgery: risk factors and impact on postoperative outcome. | clostridium difficile-associated diarrhea (cdad) is a potentially preventable and often troublesome gastrointestinal complication after cardiac surgery. | 2007 | 17383346 |
| predicting clostridium difficile toxin in hospitalized patients with antibiotic-associated diarrhea. | clostridium difficile infection is implicated in 20%-30% of cases of antibiotic-associated diarrhea. studying hospitalized patients who received antibiotic therapy and developed diarrhea, our objective was to compare the clinical characteristics of patients who developed c. difficile-associated diarrhea (cdad) with those of patients with a negative result of a stool assay for c. difficile toxin. | 2007 | 17385141 |
| successful use of feedback to improve antibiotic prescribing and reduce clostridium difficile infection: a controlled interrupted time series. | to investigate the effect of reinforcing a narrow-spectrum antibiotic policy on antibiotic prescription and clostridium difficile infection (cdi) rates by feedback of antibiotic use to doctors, as part of a departmental audit and feedback programme. | 2007 | 17387117 |
| how knowledgeable are nurses about c. difficile? | jacqueline randle and colleagues report the results of their small-scale study of infection control link professionals' knowledge about clostridium difficile and how they use this knowledge in practice. | 2007 | 17388150 |