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aware ceftaroline surveillance program (2008-2010): trends in resistance patterns among streptococcus pneumoniae, haemophilus influenzae, and moraxella catarrhalis in the united states.ceftaroline fosamil, the prodrug form of the active metabolite ceftaroline, is a new broad-spectrum parenteral cephalosporin with antibacterial activity against the prevalent respiratory pathogens streptococcus pneumoniae, haemophilus influenzae, moraxella catarrhalis, and staphylococcus aureus. bacterial resistance surveillance (5330 isolates) was conducted in the united states between 2008 and 2010 to assess the in vitro activity of ceftaroline and comparator antibacterial agents against invas ...201222903951
changes in prevalence and load of airway bacteria using quantitative pcr in stable and exacerbated copd.prevalence and load of airway bacteria in stable and exacerbated chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (copd) has been previously studied using microbiological culture. molecular techniques, such as quantitative pcr (qpcr), may be more informative.201222863758
impact of recent antibiotics on nasopharyngeal carriage and lower airway infection in indigenous australian children with non-cystic fibrosis bronchiectasis.indigenous australian children have increased rates of bronchiectasis. despite a lack of high-level evidence on effectiveness and antibiotic resistance, these children often receive long-term antibiotics. in this study, we determined the impact of recent macrolide (primarily azithromycin) and β-lactam antibiotic use on nasopharyngeal colonisation, lower airway infection (>10(4) cfu/ml of bronchoalveolar lavage fluid culture) and antibiotic resistance in non-typeable haemophilus influenzae (nthi) ...201222819151
the utility of nasopharyngeal culture in the management of chronic adenoiditis.to examine the utility of nasopharyngeal culture in the management of children with chronic adenoiditis to determine if it results in a change in antibiotic therapy.201222784508
nationwide surveillance of bacterial respiratory pathogens conducted by the surveillance committee of japanese society of chemotherapy, japanese association for infectious diseases, and japanese society for clinical microbiology in 2009: general view of the pathogens' antibacterial susceptibility.for the purpose of nationwide surveillance of antimicrobial susceptibility of bacterial respiratory pathogens from patients in japan, the japanese society of chemotherapy (jsc) started a survey in 2006. from 2009, jsc continued the survey in collaboration with the japanese association for infectious diseases and the japanese society for clinical microbiology. the fourth-year survey was conducted during the period from january and april 2009 by the three societies. a total of 684 strains were col ...201222766652
structures of staphylococcus aureus peptide deformylase in complex with two classes of new inhibitors.peptide deformylase (pdf) catalyzes the removal of the formyl group from the n-terminal methionine residue in newly synthesized polypeptides, which is an essential process in bacteria. four new inhibitors of pdf that belong to two different classes, hydroxamate/pseudopeptide compounds [pmt387 (7a) and pmt497] and reverse-hydroxamate/nonpeptide compounds [pmt1039 (15e) and pmt1067], have been developed. these compounds inhibited the growth of several pathogens involved in respiratory-tract infect ...201222751663
inflammation in the middle ear of children with recurrent or chronic otitis media is associated with bacterial load.viral upper respiratory tract infections have been described as an important factor in the development of otitis media (om), although it is unclear whether they facilitate bacterial om or can directly cause om. to clarify the role of viral infections in om, we compared the relative contribution of viruses and bacteria with the induction of inflammatory cytokine responses in the middle ear of children suffering from om.201222668804
ceftaroline fosamil for community-acquired bacterial pneumonia and acute bacterial skin and skin structure infection.bacterial resistance is increasing on a global basis, making treatment options more limited. the development of new agents to meet this threat is a matter of urgency. ceftaroline fosamil , a member of an advanced cephalosporin class of antimicrobials, is currently approved by the us food and drug administration for use in for acute bacterial skin and skin structure infection (absssi) and community-acquired bacterial pneumonia. ceftaroline displays activity against gram-positive and gram-negative ...201222594846
bacterial interactions in the nasopharynx - effects of host factors in children attending day-care centers.the nasopharynges of preschool children are often colonized by potentially pathogenic bacteria. the interactions between these common pathogens and certain host factors were investigated in healthy preschool children 1-6 years of age. nasopharynx samples were collected from all 63 children attending a day-care center that experienced an outbreak of penicillin-resistant streptococcus pneumoniae. the samples were analyzed for s. pneumoniae, haemophilus influenzae, moraxella catarrhalis, and group ...201222541259
in vitro activity of cefditoren and other comparators against streptococcus pneumoniae, haemophilus influenzae, and moraxella catarrhalis causing community-acquired respiratory tract infections in china.the aim of this study was to evaluate the in vitro activity of cefditoren and comparators against streptococcus pneumoniae, haemophilus influenzae, and moraxella catarrhalis causing community-acquired respiratory tract infections (cartis). a total of 391 streptococcus pneumoniae, 266 h. influenzae, and 76 m. catarrhalis were isolated from 10 centers located at 6 cities in china from january 2009 to may 2010. the microdilution method was used to determine minimum inhibitory concentrations (mics). ...201222521692
nutrient agar with sodium chloride supplementation for presumptive detection of moraxella catarrhalis in clinical specimens.we previously reported that nissui nutrient agar (n medium) promoted the growth of moraxella catarrhalis but not commensal neisseria spp. in the present study, we examined which constituent of n medium was responsible for the selective growth of m. catarrhalis using 209 m. catarrhalis and 100 commensal neisseria spp. clinical strains. we found that peptone, but not meat extract or agar of n medium, had growth-promoting or growth-inhibiting ability with respect to m. catarrhalis and commensal nei ...201222350402
[development and use of test-systems for molecular-genetic detection of out-of-hospital pneumonia agents].search of new targets and improvements of molecular-genetic detection methods of species specific dna fragments of out-of-hospital pneumonia (op) infection agents in sputum.201222308733
activity of jnj-q2, a new fluoroquinolone, tested against contemporary pathogens isolated from patients with community-acquired bacterial pneumonia.jnj-q2 is a broad-spectrum fluoroquinolone with bactericidal activity against gram-positive and gram-negative pathogens and is currently in clinical development for the treatment of community-acquired bacterial pneumonia (cabp) and acute bacterial skin and skin-structure infections. this study determined the activity of jnj-q2 against a worldwide year 2010 collection (89 centres in 27 countries) of three common respiratory pathogens (3757 isolates) from patients with cabp. streptococcus pneumoni ...201222306239
nasal colonization by four potential respiratory bacteria in healthy children attending kindergarten or elementary school in seoul, korea.a longitudinal analysis was carried out of the colonization by four potential respiratory pathogens - streptococcus pneumoniae, haemophilus influenzae, moraxella catarrhalis and staphylococcus aureus - in 165 healthy children (aged 3-7 years) attending three kindergartens and 417 healthy children (aged 7-10 years) attending an elementary school in seoul, korea, by four consecutive examinations over 1 year. the prevalence of nasal carriers of one or more of four bacteria was found to be higher in ...201222282460
the bacteriology of lower respiratory infections in papua new guinean and australian indigenous children.indigenous children in australia and children in papua new guinea (png) share a high burden of respiratory disease. in png the focus has been on pneumonia as a major cause of mortality. while pneumonia incidence remains high in australian indigenous children, improved access to better health care has resulted in reduced mortality. however, severe and recurrent pneumonia are risk factors for chronic suppurative lung disease or bronchiectasis in australian indigenous children. bronchiectasis is as ...201223163186
antibacterial and antiinflammatory kinetics of curcumin as a potential antimucositis agent in cancer patients.the antiinflammatory agent curcumin (diferuloylmethane) has a potential to mitigate cancer therapy-induced mucositis. we assessed the in vitro extent of its bactericidal activity and determined the kinetics of its antiinflammatory effect on pharyngeal cells. bactericidal activity was assessed using the live/dead® kit after 4 h of exposure to curcumin (50-200 μm) in 18 oropharyngeal species commonly associated with bacteremia in febrile neutropenia. moraxella catarrhalis or its outer membrane ves ...201222973975
moraxella catarrhalis: from interactions with the host immune system to vaccine development.moraxella catarrhalis is a human-restricted commensal that over the last two decades has developed into an emerging respiratory tract pathogen. the bacterial species is equipped with various adhesins to facilitate its colonization. successful evasion of the human immune system is a prerequisite for moraxella infection. this strategy involves induction of an excessive proinflammatory response, intervention of granulocyte recruitment to the infection site, activation of selected pattern recognitio ...201222953708
ceftaroline potency among 9 us census regions: report from the 2010 aware program.ceftaroline is a new antibacterial agent that is active against the major bacterial pathogens found in acute bacterial skin and skin structure infections and community-acquired bacterial pneumonia. the 2010 assessing worldwide antimicrobial resistance evaluation (aware) surveillance program in the united states collected a total of 8434 bacterial isolates from 65 us medical centers across 9 us regions. the isolates were cultured and tested for susceptibility to ceftaroline and comparator agents ...201222903952
macrolide and tetracycline resistance among moraxella catarrhalis isolates from 2009 to 2011.the activity of macrolides and other antimicrobials was evaluated by clinical and laboratory standards institute reference broth microdilution methods for moraxella catarrhalis isolates collected during 2009-2011. in europe, the united states, and latin america, m. catarrhalis resistance to macrolides and tetracycline was <1%. however, in the asia-pacific region, clarithromycin and tetracycline resistance was 7.6% and 3.2%, respectively. the higher resistance rate in the asia-pacific region to c ...201222819241
natural insertion of the bro-1 β-lactamase gene into the gatcab operon affects moraxella catarrhalis aspartyl-trna(asn) amidotransferase activity.only about half of bacterial species use an asparaginyl-trna synthetase (asnrs) to attach asn to its cognate trna(asn). other bacteria, including the human pathogen moraxella catarrhalis, a causative agent of otitis media, lack a gene encoding asnrs, and form asn-trna(asn) by an indirect pathway catalysed by two enzymes: first, a non-discriminating aspartyl-trna synthetase (nd-asprs) catalyses the formation of aspartyl-trna(asn) (asp-trna(asn)); then, a trna-dependent amidotransferase (gatcab) t ...201222745266
high prevalence and molecular analysis of macrolide-nonsusceptible moraxella catarrhalis isolated from nasopharynx of healthy children in china.three hundred eighty-three isolates of moraxella catarrhalis were collected from healthy children aged less than 2 years in china and assessed for antimicrobial resistance. we found that 92.2% (n=353) produced a β-lactamase. nonsusceptibility rates to erythromycin and azithromycin, determined using clinical laboratory standards institute (clsi) breakpoints, were 40.3% and 22.5%, respectively; nonsusceptibility rates determined using pharmacokinetics/pharmacodynamics breakpoints, however, were 59 ...201222394083
moraxella catarrhalis peritonitis.peritonitis continues to be a major complication of peritonitis in peritoneal dialysis patients. recent advances in connectology and better patient training have decreased the incidence of peritonitis in the last two decades. peritonitis in pd patients is usually due to gram positive and less often due to gram negative organisms. herein we report a case of peritonitis due to moraxella catarrhalis and review the literature on the diagnosis and treatment of this rare cause of peritonitis.201223569477
[the oral microbial fingerprint on the greasy tongue coating of patients with chronic gastritis].to investigate the microbial changes on the greasy tongue coating of the patients with chronic gastritis and to explore the formation mechanism of greasy tongue coating.201223163140
molecular pathogenesis of infections caused by moraxella catarrhalis in children.moraxella catarrhalis (m. catarrhalis) is a human-restricted commensal of the normal bacterial flora in the upper respiratory tract of children, and - during the previous two decades - has been recognised as a true human pathogen. m. catarrhalis is the third most common pathogen causing acute otitis media in children, which is the most common reason to visit a paediatrician during childhood. acute otitis media thus causes a high clinical and economical burden. with the introduction of the conjug ...201223136074
antibiotic susceptibility of moraxella catarrhalis biofilms in a continuous flow model.antibiotic susceptibility of moraxella catarrhalis biofilms was assessed using a sorbarod filter continuous flow model. ceftriaxone, erythromycin, amoxicillin, and augmentin produced significant decreases in both biofilm and planktonic viable cell populations collected from the effluent. augmentin produced the greatest reduction in biofilm (2.5 orders of magnitude) and planktonic populations (4 orders of magnitude). however, the minimum biofilm eradication concentration was not reached within th ...201223083637
usefulness of gram-stained sputum obtained just after administration of antimicrobial agents as the earliest therapeutic indicator for evaluating the effectiveness of empiric therapy in community-acquired pneumonia caused by pneumococcus or moraxella catarrhalis.we present here three cases in which morphological changes and/or a decreased number of streptococcus pneumoniae or moraxella catarrhalis could be observed in gram-stained sputum obtained just after the first administration of an antimicrobial agent. case 1 was a 53-year-old man with pneumonia caused by gram-positive diplococcus, identified as s. pneumoniae, who was administered 2 g of ampicillin over a period of 1 h. gram-stained sputum showed smaller or gram-negative pneumococci at the complet ...201323073648
outer membrane vesicles shield moraxella catarrhalis β-lactamase from neutralization by serum igg.the aim of this study was to detect the presence of igg against moraxella catarrhalis β-lactamase in healthy adults, and to determine whether outer membrane vesicles (omvs) could protect the enzyme from inhibition by anti-β-lactamase igg.201323184710
genetic requirements for moraxella catarrhalis growth under iron-limiting conditions.iron sequestration by the human host is a first line defence against respiratory pathogens like moraxella catarrhalis, which consequently experiences a period of iron starvation during colonization. we determined the genetic requirements for m. catarrhalis bbh18 growth during iron starvation using the high-throughput genome-wide screening technology genomic array footprinting (gaf). by subjecting a large random transposon mutant library to growth under iron-limiting conditions, mutants of the mc ...201323163337
prevalence and emerging resistance of moraxella catarrhalis in lower respiratory tract infections in karachi.to determine the prevalence of moraxella catarrhalis in sputum cultures from patients with lower respiratory tract infection and their antimicrobial sensitivity profiles.201324392515
inspiration from old dyes: tris(stilbene) compounds as potent gram-positive antibacterial agents.herein we describe the preparation and structure-activity relationship studies on range of stilbene based compounds and their antibacterial activity. two related compounds, each bearing carboxylic acid moieties, exhibit good activity against several bacterial strains, including methicillin-resistant staphylococcus aureus mrsa (atcc 33592 and nctc 10442). compound 10 was most active against moraxella catarrhalis with minimum inhibitory concentrations (mics) of 0.12-0.25 μg ml(-1) and against stap ...201324248959
risk of repeated moraxella catarrhalis colonization is increased in children with toll-like receptor 4 asp299gly polymorphism.moraxella catarrhalis is a common causative agent of acute otitis media and other respiratory infections in children. toll-like receptor (tlr) 4 is an important protein of human innate immunity. one polymorphic site asp299gly of tlr4 is proven to result in an impaired response to lipopolysaccharide from gram-negative bacteria. we investigated whether finnish children who carry asp299gly had increased risk of m. catarrhalis colonization during their first 2 years of life.201324141797
[analysis of bacterial culture and cytology in nasal smear of japanese ceder pollinosis in pre-season and in season].previously, we reported that nasal symptom appeared in some patients of japanese cedar pollinosis (jcp) before season. over than 50% of them had neutrophils (no eosinophil) in their nasal smear (less than 10%; eosinophils), and staphylococcus aureus or epidermis by culture were detected in more than 90% of them. we thought the attack caused from rhinitis by staphylococcus.201323969881
molecular mechanisms of moraxella catarrhalis-induced otitis media.moraxella catarrhalis is a gram-negative bacterium, exclusively present in humans and a leading causative agent of otitis media (om) in children. most children (80 %) experience at least one episode of om by their third birthday and half suffer multiple episodes of infection. over the last 10 years, increased evidence suggests that m. cat possesses multiple virulence factors which can be carried through biologically active outer membrane vesicles (omvs) that are themselves able to activate host- ...201323934577
synthesis and antibacterial activities of n-substituted-glycinyl 1h-1,2,3-triazolyl oxazolidinones.a series of 1h-1,2,3-triazolyl piperazino oxazolidinone analogs with optionally varied glycinyl substitutions were synthesized and their antibacterial activity assessed against a panel of susceptible and resistant gram-positive and selected gram-negative bacteria including clinical isolates. the n-aroyl- and n-heteroaroyl-glycinyl (mic: 0.06-4 μg/ml) derivatives were more potent than the n-acylglycinyl (2-8 μg/ml) derivatives against all gram-positive bacteria tested. nitro substitution on aryl ...201323811087
pili play an important role in enhancing the bacterial clearance from the middle ear in a mouse model of acute otitis media with moraxella catarrhalis.moraxella catarrhalis is a gram-negative aerobic diplococcus that is currently the third most frequent cause of bacterial acute otitis media (aom) in children. in this study, we developed an experimental murine aom model by inoculating m. catarrhalis in the middle ear bulla and studied the local response to this inoculation, and modulation of its course by the pili of m. catarrhalis. the pili-positive and pili-negative m. catarrhalis showed differences in bacterial clearance and infiltration of ...201323620157
penicillin failure in the treatment of streptococcal pharyngo-tonsillitis.the inadequate penetration of penicillins into the tonsillar tissues and tonsillar surface fluid and microbiologic interactions between group a beta-hemolytic streptococci (gabhs) and other pharyngo-tonsillar bacterial flora can account for their failure in eradicating gabhs pharyngo-tonsillitis (pt). these interactions include the presence of beta-lactamase producing bacteria (blpb) that "shield" gabhs from penicillins, the absence of bacteria that interfere with the growth of gabhs, and the co ...201323588893
topographic distribution of biofilm-producing bacteria in adenoid subsites of children with chronic or recurrent middle ear infections.bacterial biofilms have been found in the adenoids of children with recurrent acute otitis media (aom) and persistent otitis media with effusion (ome). however, the possible difference in biofilm-producing bacteria (bpbs) between the adenoid surface at the nasopharyngeal dome (nd) and near the ostium of the eustachian tube (et) has not been investigated. this study aimed to assess the difference in bpbs between adenoid biopsy specimens of the nd and those taken near the pharyngeal ostium of the ...201323534125
impact of sequence diversity in the moraxella catarrhalis uspa2/uspa2h head domain on vitronectin binding and antigenic variation.the nasopharyngeal pathogen moraxella catarrhalis recruits vitronectin to subvert complement-mediated killing. ubiquitous surface protein (uspa) 2 and its hybrid form uspa2h bind vitronectin at the highly diverse n-terminal head domain. here we characterized the sequence diversity of the head domain in multiple m. catarrhalis clinical isolates (n = 51) with focus on binding of vitronectin. the head domain of the uspa2 genes from 40 isolates were clustered according to an n-terminal sequence moti ...201323474333
role of moraxella catarrhalis outer membrane protein cd in bacterial cell morphology and autoaggregation.moraxella catarrhalis, an important pathogen in the human respiratory tract, causes otitis media and lower respiratory tract infections. m. catarrhalis outer membrane protein cd (ompcd) is a major heat-modifiable omp with demonstrable potential as a vaccine candidate. the gene encoding ompcd of m. catarrhalis strains was subjected to nucleotide sequence analysis and then inactivated by insertional mutagenesis. the ompcd mutant strains exhibited a modest growth defect in comparison with the wild- ...201323257176
[prevalence of potentially pathogenic bacteria in nasopharynx of healthy children attending a day care center in havana city].during the first six-month period of 2001, a descriptive cross-sectional study of carriage in healthy children attending a day-care center in havana city was performed. the objective was to find out the prevalence of potentially pathogenic bacteria and its association with possible risk factors. the design took into account the international and domestic regulatory bioethical requirements. swabs of posterior nasopharynx of 160 children were directly cultured in brain heart agar plus sheep blood ...201323424784
antimicrobial and antioxidant properties of betula aetnensis rafin. (betulaceae) leaves extract.this study aimed to evaluate the antimicrobial effects, the radical scavenging activity (by dpph and abts tests) and the antioxidant capacity (by β-carotene bleaching test) of betula aetnensis leaves extract. the antimicrobial activity was tested against 14 gram-positive clinical strains, 2 atcc gram-positive strains, 10 gram-negative clinical strains and 4 gram-negative atcc strains. streptococcus pyogenes ery-s and ery-r1 were the most sensitive. betula aetnensis was considerably active agains ...201322703292
[acute otitis media: prevalence of ear pathogens in patients at a public hospital].acute otitis media (aom) is one of the most common diseases in childhood and is the most common cause of antibiotic prescriptions in children. the gold standard for identifying the pathogens causing aom is tympanocentesis. this is only possible in the stage of aom when exudate is retained in the middle ear. the aim of this study was to describe the prevalence of organisms causing aom in eutrophic patients at a public paediatric hospital.201322858160
characteristics of infectious diseases in hospitalized patients during the early phase after the 2011 great east japan earthquake: pneumonia as a significant reason for hospital care.natural catastrophes increase infectious disease morbidity rates. on march 11, 2011, a 9.0-magnitude earthquake and associated pacific coast tsunami struck east japan. the aim of this study was to investigate the characteristics of patients with infectious diseases who needed hospitalization after this disaster.201322911275
massilia sp. isolated from otitis media.common bacterial pathogens of otitis media include haemophilus influenzae, moraxella catarrhalis, streptococcus pneumoniae, staphylococcus aureus, pseudomonas aeruginosa, alpha-hemolytic streptococci, and group a streptococci. we recently isolated a gram-negative, rod-shaped, non-spore-forming bacterium from a patient with otitis media following tympanocentesis. 16s rrna gene sequence similarity studies of effusion identified this strain (ccug 43427at) as massilia sp. (99.7%). massilia spp. have ...201323211666
spectrum and potency of ceftaroline tested against leading pathogens causing community-acquired respiratory tract infections in europe (2010).ceftaroline, the active metabolite of the prodrug ceftaroline fosamil, is a novel cephalosporin exhibiting in vitro bactericidal activity against gram-positive organisms, including streptococcus pneumoniae and methicillin-susceptible and -resistant staphylococcus aureus, as well as common gram-negative organisms. the objective of this study was to determine the spectrum and potency of ceftaroline against recent leading pathogens causing community-acquired respiratory tract infections (carti) iso ...201323146404
novel dna gyrase inhibitors: microbiological characterisation of pyrrolamides.pyrrolamides are a novel class of antibacterial agents that target dna gyrase, resulting in inhibition of dna synthesis and bacterial cell death. in these studies, advanced compounds were shown to have potent in vitro activity against selected gram-positive and gram-negative pathogens, including meticillin-resistant staphylococcus aureus, meticillin- and quinolone-resistant s. aureus, vancomycin-resistant enterococci, penicillin-resistant streptococcus pneumoniae and β-lactamase-producing haemop ...201323142086
low rate of pneumococci non-susceptible to penicillin in healthy swedish toddlers.infection caused by streptococcus pneumoniae is the leading cause of mortality in children worldwide. the aim of this study was to determine if a noted increase in non-susceptibility to penicillin among pneumococcal clinical isolates from young children reflected a similar increase in healthy children.201323113751
use of nasopharyngeal culture to determine appropriateness of antibiotic therapy in acute bacterial rhinosinusitis.rhinosinusitis is one of the top 5 diagnoses for which an antibiotic is prescribed, often without a clear bacterial etiology. this study evaluated whether nasopharyngeal culture and gram stain could serve as a surrogate for endoscopically obtained middle meatal cultures in directing appropriate therapy for acute bacterial rhinosinusitis (abrs). this study also investigated the utility of a rapid sinus test screen in differentiating bacterial from nonbacterial rhinosinusitis.201323109504
a single-blinded randomized clinical trial comparing polymyxin b-trimethoprim and moxifloxacin for treatment of acute conjunctivitis in children.to perform a randomized controlled trial comparing moxifloxacin hydrochloride with polymyxin b-trimethoprim for the treatment of acute conjunctivitis.201323092529
pathogenic bacteria colonizing the airways in asymptomatic neonates stimulates topical inflammatory mediator release.bacterial colonization of neonatal airways with the pathogenic bacterial species, moraxella catarrhalis, streptococcus pneumoniae, and haemophilus influenzae, is associated with later development of childhood asthma.201323370914
microbial profiling does not differentiate between childhood recurrent acute otitis media and chronic otitis media with effusion.otitis media (om) is one of the most frequent diseases of childhood, with a minority of children suffering from recurrent acute otitis media (raom) or chronic otitis media with effusion (come), both of which are associated with significant morbidity. we investigated whether the microbiological profiling could be used to differentiate between these two conditions.201323369612
dynamics of nasopharyngeal bacterial colonisation in hiv-exposed young infants in tanzania.to estimate the prevalence of nasopharyngeal bacterial colonisation (npbc) patterns in young tanzanian hiv-exposed infants and to analyse the influence of maternal npbc and of the infant's hiv status on the npbc pattern.201323320622
novel topoisomerase inhibitors: microbiological characterisation and in vivo efficacy of pyrimidines.pyrimidine compounds were identified as inhibitors of dna topoisomerase iv through high-throughput screening. this study was designed to exemplify the in vitro activity of the pyrimidines against gram-positive and gram-negative microorganisms, to reveal the mode of action of these compounds and to demonstrate their in vivo efficacy. frequencies of resistance to pyrimidines among staphylococcus aureus and streptococcus pneumoniae were <10(-10) at four times their minimum inhibitory concentrations ...201323305654
respiratory viral infections among children with community-acquired pneumonia and pleural effusion.pleural effusion (pe), a complication of community-acquired pneumonia (cap), is usually attributed to a bacterial infection. nonetheless, viral infections have not been investigated routinely. we searched for bacterial and viral infections among 277 children hospitalized with cap. among these children 206 (74%) had radiographic confirmation, of whom 25 (12%) had pe. the aetiology was established in 18 (72%) pe cases: bacterial (n = 5; 28%), viral (n = 9; 50%), and viral-bacterial (n = 4; 22%) in ...201323286738
a single-step polymerase chain reaction for simultaneous detection and differentiation of nontypeable and serotypeable haemophilus influenzae, moraxella catarrhalis and streptococcus pneumoniae.the critically high prevalence of bacterial otitis media worldwide has prompted a proper disease management. while vaccine development for otitis media is promising, the reliable and effective methods for diagnosis of such etiologic agents are of importance.201323245490
nasopharyngeal bacterial colonisation in hiv-positive children in cambodia.to determine patterns of nasopharyngeal colonisation in hiv-positive children.201324016033
[susceptibilities of bacteria isolated from patients with lower respiratory infectious diseases to antibiotics (2006)].from october 2006 to september 2007, we collected the specimen from 356 patients with lower respiratory tract infections in 14 institutions in japan, and investigated the susceptibilities of isolated bacteria to various antibacterial agents and patients' characteristics. of 414 strains that were isolated from specimen (mainly from sputum) and assumed to be bacteria causing in infection, 407 strains were examined. the isolated bacteria were: staphylococcus aureus 64, streptococcus pneumoniae 96, ...201324649798
otitis media: diagnosis and treatment.acute otitis media is diagnosed in patients with acute onset, presence of middle ear effusion, physical evidence of middle ear inflammation, and symptoms such as pain, irritability, or fever. acute otitis media is usually a complication of eustachian tube dysfunction that occurs during a viral upper respiratory tract infection. streptococcus pneumoniae, haemophilus influenzae, and moraxella catarrhalis are the most common organisms isolated from middle ear fluid. management of acute otitis media ...201324134083
fragment-to-hit-to-lead discovery of a novel pyridylurea scaffold of atp competitive dual targeting type ii topoisomerase inhibiting antibacterial agents.the discovery and optimization of a new class of bacterial topoisomerase (dna gyrase and topoisomerase iv) inhibitors binding in the atp domain are described. a fragment molecule, 1-ethyl-3-(2-pyridyl)urea, provided sufficiently potent enzyme inhibition (32 μm) to prompt further analogue work. acids and acid isosteres were incorporated at the 5-pyridyl position of this fragment, bridging to a key asparagine residue, improving enzyme inhibition, and leading to measurable antibacterial activity. a ...201324098982
increased risk of pneumonia and bronchiolitis after bacterial colonization of the airways as neonates.the frequency of pneumonia and bronchiolitis exhibits considerable variation in otherwise healthy children, and suspected risk factors explain only a minor proportion of the variation. we hypothesized that alterations in the airway microbiome in early life may be associated with susceptibility to pneumonia and bronchiolitis in young children.201324090102
genetic similarity between adenoid tissue and middle ear fluid isolates of streptococcus pneumoniae, haemophilus influenzae and moraxella catarrhalis from iranian children with otitis media with effusion.otitis media with effusion (ome) is a common disease among children, in the pathogenesis of which bacterial infections play a critical role. it was suggested that adenoid tissue could serve as a reservoir for bacterial infection, the eustachian tubes being the migration routes of bacteria into the middle ear cavity. the aim of this study was to investigate the genetic similarity between isolates of streptococcus pneumoniae, haemophilus influenzae and moraxella catarrhalis, obtained from adenoid ...201324080321
infectious etiology of acute exacerbations in severe copd patients.since the new gold guidelines were implemented no data have been published about the etiology of acute exacerbations (aecopd) in severe copd patients with a different frequency of annual episodes.201324055804
inhibition of otopathogenic biofilms by organoselenium-coated tympanostomy tubes.tube occlusion and post-tympanostomy tube otorrhea (ptto) are 2 major sequelae of tympanostomy tube placement. plugging negates the function of the tympanostomy tubes and, along with chronic ptto, can be financially burdensome owing to repeated surgical procedures and additional treatments.201324030785
effects of rhinovirus infection on nasopharyngeal bacterial colonization in infants with wild or variant types of mannose-binding lectin and toll-like receptors 3 and 4.development of respiratory tract infections is determined by interactions between viruses, bacteria, and the host innate immune response. we investigated the impact of natural rhinovirus infection on nasopharyngeal bacterial colonization in infants with or without gene polymorphisms of mannose-binding lectin (mbl) and toll-like receptors (tlrs) 3 and 4.201326619478
clinical manifestations and microbiology of acute otitis media with spontaneous otorrhea in children.in taiwan, clinical and microbiological data on acute otitis media (aom) with spontaneous otorrhea in children are limited.201323757372
microbiology of bacteria causing recurrent acute otitis media (aom) and aom treatment failure in young children in spain: shifting pathogens in the post-pneumococcal conjugate vaccination era.to prospectively identify the bacterial aetiology and antimicrobial susceptibility of problematic (recurrent and treatment failure) acute otitis media in spanish children several years after the introduction of 7-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine.201323746414
[microbial structure of acute bacterial conjunctivitis].microbiological investigation of 124 patients with acute conjunctivitis which were treated in one of tbilisi policlinics in 2010-12 years, was performed; microbial structure containing 124 microbial strains of different species was detected. namely, following species of microorganisms were isolated: s. aureus - 35 strains (28,2%), str. pneumoniae - 10 strains (8,1%), s. epidermidis - 6 strains (4,8%), ps. aeruginosa - 24 strains (19,4%), moraxella catarrhalis - 21 strains (16,9%), haemophilus in ...201323567301
genetic and functional evidence for a role for slc11a1 in susceptibility to otitis media in early childhood in a western australian population.otitis media (om) is a common disease in early childhood characterised by inflammation of the middle ear. susceptibility to recurrent acute om (raom; ≥3 episodes aom in 6 months) and chronic om with effusion (come; middle ear effusion ≥3 months) is 40-70% heritable. three bacterial pathogens commonly associated with om, streptococcus pneumoniae (sp), non-typeable haemophilus influenzae (nthi) and moraxella catarrhalis (mc), have been observed within adenoids and as facultative intracellular path ...201323538334
pneumococcal acute otitis media in infants and children in central romania, 2009-2011: microbiological characteristics and potential coverage by pneumococcal conjugate vaccines.to assess the epidemiological and microbiological characteristics of pneumococcal acute otitis media (aom) in children in brasov, central romania, before the introduction of pneumococcal conjugate vaccine (pcv) into the routine national immunization program.201323522635
detection of multiple viral and bacterial infections in acute exacerbation of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: a pilot prospective study.few studies have evaluated the contribution of multiple virus and bacterial infections in acute exacerbation of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. this study estimated the burden of multiple viral and bacterial respiratory infections in moderate to very severe chronic obstructive pulmonary disease patients that were prospectively followed-up during a 12-month pilot study. clinical data were collected monthly and sputum was collected at the time of each acute exacerbation event. classical cul ...201323447038
dissecting the machinery that introduces disulfide bonds in pseudomonas aeruginosa.disulfide bond formation is required for the folding of many bacterial virulence factors. however, whereas the escherichia coli disulfide bond-forming system is well characterized, not much is known on the pathways that oxidatively fold proteins in pathogenic bacteria. here, we report the detailed unraveling of the pathway that introduces disulfide bonds in the periplasm of the human pathogen pseudomonas aeruginosa. the genome of p. aeruginosa uniquely encodes two dsba proteins (p. aeruginosa ds ...201324327342
biological evaluation of benzothiazole ethyl urea inhibitors of bacterial type ii topoisomerases.the type ii topoisomerases dna gyrase (gyra/gyrb) and topoisomerase iv (parc/pare) are well-validated targets for antibacterial drug discovery. because of their structural and functional homology, these enzymes are amenable to dual targeting by a single ligand. in this study, two novel benzothiazole ethyl urea-based small molecules, designated compound a and compound b, were evaluated for their biochemical, antibacterial, and pharmacokinetic properties. the two compounds inhibited the atpase act ...201324041906
viral-bacterial interactions-therapeutic implications.viral and bacterial respiratory tract infections are a leading cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide, despite the development of vaccines and potent antibiotics. frequently, viruses and bacteria can co-infect the same host, resulting in heightened pathology and severity of illness compared to single infections. bacterial superinfections have been a significant cause of death during every influenza pandemic, including the 2009 h1n1 pandemic. this review will analyze the epidemiology and glob ...201324215379
antibacterial activity of eravacycline (tp-434), a novel fluorocycline, against hospital and community pathogens.eravacycline (tp-434 or 7-fluoro-9-pyrrolidinoacetamido-6-demethyl-6-deoxytetracycline) is a novel fluorocycline that was evaluated for antimicrobial activity against panels of recently isolated aerobic and anaerobic gram-negative and gram-positive bacteria. eravacycline showed potent broad-spectrum activity against 90% of the isolates (mic90) in each panel at concentrations ranging from ≤0.008 to 2 μg/ml for all species panels except those of pseudomonas aeruginosa and burkholderia cenocepacia ...201323979750
possible involvement of human bocavirus 1 in the death of a middle-aged immunosuppressed patient.an immunosuppressed 61-year-old man went to the hospital with fever, nonproductive cough, and increasing shortness of breath. the subject died 8 days later of respiratory complications. pcr of respiratory samples as well as a blood sample revealed exceptionally high dna levels of the emerging pathogen, human bocavirus 1 (hbov1), a recently found pathogen associated with respiratory symptoms in young children. we describe the clinical progression of the case and discuss the potential role of hbov ...201323903541
investigational antimicrobial agents of 2013.new antimicrobial agents are always needed to counteract the resistant pathogens that continue to be selected by current therapeutic regimens. this review provides a survey of known antimicrobial agents that were currently in clinical development in the fall of 2012 and spring of 2013. data were collected from published literature primarily from 2010 to 2012, meeting abstracts (2011 to 2012), government websites, and company websites when appropriate. compared to what was reported in previous su ...201324092856
time to intubation is associated with outcome in patients with community-acquired pneumonia.it has been suggested that delayed intensive care unit (icu) transfer is associated with increased mortality for patients with community-acquired pneumonia (cap). however, icu admission policies and patient epidemiology vary widely across the world depending on local hospital practices and organizational constraints. we hypothesized that the time from the onset of cap symptoms to invasive mechanical ventilation could be a relevant prognostic factor.201324069367
bacterial profile, antibiotic sensitivity and resistance of lower respiratory tract infections in upper egypt.lower respiratory tract infections (lrti) account for a considerable proportion of morbidity and antibiotic use. we aimed to identify the causative bacteria, antibiotic sensitivity and resistance of hospitalized adult patients due to lrti in upper egypt.201324106606
antimicrobial activity of the pleuromutilin antibiotic bc-3781 against bacterial pathogens isolated in the sentry antimicrobial surveillance program in 2010.bc-3781 is a novel semisynthetic pleuromutilin antibiotic inhibiting bacterial protein synthesis. bc-3781 has completed a phase 2 clinical trial in acute bacterial skin and skin structure infections (absssi). its antibacterial spectrum additionally covers the predominant pathogens causing community-acquired bacterial pneumonia (cabp). in this study, the antibacterial activity of bc-3781 was evaluated against a contemporary collection of 10,035 bacterial isolates predominately causing absssi and ...201323836172
evaluation of yield of currently available diagnostics by sample type to optimize detection of respiratory pathogens in patients with a community-acquired pneumonia.for the detection of respiratory pathogens, the sampling strategy may influence the diagnostic yield. ideally, samples from the lower respiratory tract are collected, but they are difficult to obtain.201323957707
evaluation of yield of currently available diagnostics by sample type to optimize detection of respiratory pathogens in patients with a community-acquired pneumonia.for the detection of respiratory pathogens, the sampling strategy may influence the diagnostic yield. ideally, samples from the lower respiratory tract are collected, but they are difficult to obtain.201323957707
the biology of neisseria adhesins.members of the genus neisseria include pathogens causing important human diseases such as meningitis, septicaemia, gonorrhoea and pelvic inflammatory disease syndrome. neisseriae are found on the exposed epithelia of the upper respiratory tract and the urogenital tract. colonisation of these exposed epithelia is dependent on a repertoire of diverse bacterial molecules, extending not only from the surface of the bacteria but also found within the outer membrane. during invasive disease, pathogeni ...201324833056
a cost effective real-time pcr for the detection of adenovirus from viral swabs.compared to traditional testing strategies, nucleic acid amplification tests such as real-time pcr offer many advantages for the detection of human adenoviruses. however, commercial assays are expensive and cost prohibitive for many clinical laboratories. to overcome fiscal challenges, a cost effective strategy was developed using a combination of homogenization and heat treatment with an "in-house" real-time pcr. in 196 swabs submitted for adenovirus detection, this crude extraction method show ...201323758993
randomized, double-blind, multicenter phase 2 study comparing the efficacy and safety of oral solithromycin (cem-101) to those of oral levofloxacin in the treatment of patients with community-acquired bacterial pneumonia.solithromycin, a new macrolide, and the first fluoroketolide in clinical development, with activity against macrolide-resistant bacteria, was tested in 132 patients with moderate to moderately severe community-acquired bacterial pneumonia (cabp) in a multicenter, double-blind, randomized phase 2 study. patients were enrolled and randomized (1:1) to either 800 mg solithromycin orally (po) on day 1, followed by 400 mg po daily on days 2 to 5, or 750 mg levofloxacin po daily on days 1 to 5. efficac ...201323507282
prevention of respiratory tract infections with bacterial lysate om-85 bronchomunal in children and adults: a state of the art.respiratory tract infections (rtis) are a leading cause of morbidity and also represent a cause of death in some parts of the world. the treatment of rtis implies a continuous search for stronger therapies and represents an economical burden for health services and society. in this context the prevention of infections is absolutely required. the use of bacterial lysates as immuno-modulators to boost immunological response is widely debated. aim of this review is to summarize the main clinical st ...201323692890
phase ii clinical study of bc-3781, a pleuromutilin antibiotic, in treatment of patients with acute bacterial skin and skin structure infections.this study investigated the potential of the novel systemic pleuromutilin antibiotic bc-3781 to treat patients with an acute bacterial skin and skin structure infection (absssi) caused by a gram-positive pathogen. patients were randomized to intravenous bc-3781 100 mg, bc-3781 150 mg, or vancomycin 1 g every 12 h. response to treatment was assessed daily and at test of cure (toc). the primary endpoint was the clinical success rate at toc in the modified intent-to-treat (mitt) and clinically eval ...201323422913
dynamics of peripheral blood lymphocyte subpopulations in the acute and subacute phase of legionnaires' disease.absolute lymphocytopenia is recognised as an important hallmark of the immune response to severe infection and observed in patients with legionnaires' disease. to explore the immune response, we studied the dynamics of peripheral blood lymphocyte subpopulations in the acute and subacute phase of ld.201323646123
aetiology of paediatric pneumonia after the introduction of pneumococcal conjugate vaccine.we describe the aetiology of community-acquired pneumonia in children before and after the introduction of the pneumococcal conjugate vaccination (pcv) programme in 2006. prospective studies were conducted in 2001-2002 (pre-vaccine) and 2009-2011 (post-vaccine) of children aged 0-16 years with radiologically confirmed pneumonia seen in hospital. investigations included culture, serology, immunofluorescence antibody and urine antigen testing, with an increased use of pcr assays and expanded panel ...201323598951
secondary electrospray ionization-mass spectrometry (sesi-ms) breathprinting of multiple bacterial lung pathogens, a mouse model study.bacterial pneumonia is one of the leading causes of disease-related morbidity and mortality in the world, in part because the diagnostic tools for pneumonia are slow and ineffective. to improve the diagnosis success rates and treatment outcomes for bacterial lung infections, we are exploring the use of secondary electrospray ionization-mass spectrometry (sesi-ms) breath analysis as a rapid, noninvasive method for determining the etiology of lung infections in situ. using a murine lung infection ...201323519230
etiology and outcome of severe community acquired pneumonia in immunocompetent adults.community acquired pneumonia (cap) is a commonly encountered disease, one third of which is severe community acquired pneumonia (scap) that can be potentially fatal. there is a paucity of data on etiology and outcome of patients with scap in south asian population.201323425298
the btaf trimeric autotransporter of brucella suis is involved in attachment to various surfaces, resistance to serum and virulence.the adhesion of bacterial pathogens to host cells is an event that determines infection, and ultimately invasion and intracellular multiplication. several evidences have recently shown that this rule is also truth for the intracellular pathogen brucella. brucella suis displays the unipolar bmac and btae adhesins, which belong to the monomeric and trimeric autotransporter (ta) families, respectively. it was previously shown that these adhesins are involved in bacterial adhesion to host cells and ...201324236157
bacterial interference with canonical nfκb signalling.the human body is constantly challenged by a variety of commensal and pathogenic micro-organisms that trigger the immune system. central in the first line of defence is the pattern-recognition receptor (prr)-induced stimulation of the nfκb pathway, leading to nfκb activation. the subsequent production of pro-inflammatory cytokines and/or antimicrobial peptides results in recruitment of professional phagocytes and bacterial clearance. to overcome this, bacteria have developed mechanisms for targe ...201323873783
the rna chaperone hfq promotes fitness of actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae during porcine pleuropneumonia.actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae is the etiological agent of porcine pleuropneumonia, an economically important disease of pigs. the hfq gene in a. pleuropneumoniae, encoding the rna chaperone and posttranscriptional regulator hfq, is upregulated during infection of porcine lungs. to investigate the role of this in vivo-induced gene in a. pleuropneumoniae, an hfq mutant strain was constructed. the hfq mutant was defective in biofilm formation on abiotic surfaces. the level of pgac transcript, enc ...201323732171
matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization-time of flight mass spectrometry: a fundamental shift in the routine practice of clinical microbiology.within the past decade, clinical microbiology laboratories experienced revolutionary changes in the way in which microorganisms are identified, moving away from slow, traditional microbial identification algorithms toward rapid molecular methods and mass spectrometry (ms). historically, ms was clinically utilized as a high-complexity method adapted for protein-centered analysis of samples in chemistry and hematology laboratories. today, matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization-time of flight ...201323824373
global small rna chaperone hfq and regulatory small rnas are important virulence regulators in erwinia amylovora.hfq is a global small rna (srna) chaperone that interacts with hfq-regulated srnas and functions in the posttranscriptional regulation of gene expression. in this work, we identified hfq to be a virulence regulator in the gram-negative fire blight pathogen erwinia amylovora. deletion of hfq in e. amylovora ea1189 significantly reduced bacterial virulence in both immature pear fruits and apple shoots. analysis of virulence determinants in strain ea1189δhfq showed that hfq exerts pleiotropic regul ...201323378513
btae, an adhesin that belongs to the trimeric autotransporter family, is required for full virulence and defines a specific adhesive pole of brucella suis.brucella is responsible for brucellosis, one of the most common zoonoses worldwide that causes important economic losses in several countries. increasing evidence indicates that adhesion of brucella spp. to host cells is an important step to establish infection. we have previously shown that the bmac unipolar monomeric autotransporter mediates the binding of brucella suis to host cells through cell-associated fibronectin. our genome analysis shows that the b. suis genome encodes several addition ...201323319562
tricyclic gyrb/pare (tribe) inhibitors: a new class of broad-spectrum dual-targeting antibacterial agents.increasing resistance to every major class of antibiotics and a dearth of novel classes of antibacterial agents in development pipelines has created a dwindling reservoir of treatment options for serious bacterial infections. the bacterial type iia topoisomerases, dna gyrase and topoisomerase iv, are validated antibacterial drug targets with multiple prospective drug binding sites, including the catalytic site targeted by the fluoroquinolone antibiotics. however, growing resistance to fluoroquin ...201324386374
phenotypic, immunologic, and clinical characteristics of patients with nontuberculous mycobacterial lung disease in korea.this study aimed to elucidate the phenotypic, immunologic, and clinical characteristics of korean patients with nontuberculous mycobacterial (ntm) lung disease and compare them with non-ntm bronchiectasis (be) patients.201324274658
characterization of the molecular interplay between moraxella catarrhalis and human respiratory tract epithelial cells.moraxella catarrhalis is a mucosal pathogen that causes childhood otitis media and exacerbations of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease in adults. during the course of infection, m. catarrhalis needs to adhere to epithelial cells of different host niches such as the nasopharynx and lungs, and consequently, efficient adhesion to epithelial cells is considered an important virulence trait of m. catarrhalis. by using tn-seq, a genome-wide negative selection screenings technology, we identified 15 ...201323936538
inhaled, dual release liposomal ciprofloxacin in non-cystic fibrosis bronchiectasis (orbit-2): a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial.the delivery of antipseudomonal antibiotics by inhalation to pseudomonas aeruginosa-infected subjects with non-cystic fibrosis (cf) bronchiectasis is a logical extension of treatment strategies successfully developed in cf bronchiectasis. dual release ciprofloxacin for inhalation (drcfi) contains liposomal ciprofloxacin, formulated to optimise airway antibiotic delivery.201323681906
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