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[the new microbiological hazards in food].this paper describes the new microbiological hazards in food. for protecting human health, nowadays food safety authorities face with many challenges, that years ago were largely unheard. in 2011 verocytotoxigenic escherichia coli o104:h4 has been isolated in germany. strain came from fenugreek sprouts originated from egypt. it was characterized by unique features such as presence of enteroaggregative escherichia coli genes (aata, aggr, aap, agga, aggc) and resistance to most antibiotics. in pol ...201223631259
identification of amino acids important for binding of clostridium perfringens epsilon toxin to host cells and to havcr1.clostridium perfringens epsilon toxin belongs to the aerolysin-like family of pore-forming toxins and is one of the most potent bacterial toxins known. the epsilon toxin causes fatal enterotoxemia in sheep, goats, and possibly humans. evidence indicates that the toxin binds to protein receptors including hepatitis a virus cellular receptor 1 (havcr1), but the region of the toxin responsible for cell binding has not been identified. in the present study, we identify amino acids within the epsilon ...201222938730
the efficacy of simulated solar disinfection (sodis) against coxsackievirus, poliovirus and hepatitis a virus.the antimicrobial activity of simulated solar disinfection (sodis) against enteric waterborne viruses including coxsackievirus-b5, poliovirus-2 and hepatitis a virus was investigated in this study. assays were conducted in transparent 12-well polystyrene microtitre plates containing the appropriate viral test suspension. plates were exposed to simulated sunlight at an optical irradiance of 550 wm(-2) (watts per square metre) delivered from a suntest™ cps+ solar simulator for 6 hours. aliquots of ...201223165710
a single mutation in the glycophorin a binding site of hepatitis a virus enhances virus clearance from the blood and results in a lower fitness variant.hepatitis a virus (hav) has previously been reported to bind to human red blood cells through interaction with glycophorin a. residue k221 of vp1 and the surrounding vp3 residues are involved in such an interaction. this capsid region is specifically recognized by the monoclonal antibody h7c27. a monoclonal antibody-resistant mutant with the mutation g1217d has been isolated. in the present study, the g1217d mutant was characterized physically and biologically in comparison with the parental hm1 ...201222593170
an experimental study of the pathogenicity of a duck hepatitis a virus genotype c isolate in specific pathogen free ducklings.duck hepatitis a virus genotype c (dhav-c), recognized recently, is one of the pathogens causing fatal duck viral hepatitis in ducklings, especially in asia. to demonstrate the pathogenesis of the dhav-c isolate, 3-day-old specific pathogen free ducklings were inoculated subcutaneously with a dhav-c isolate and the clinical signs were observed. virus distribution, histological and apoptotic morphological changes of various tissues were examined at different times post inoculation. the serial, ch ...201223237375
[overview on duck virus hepatitis a].this article describes the nomenclature, history and genetic evolution of duck hepatitis a virus, and updates the epidemiology, clinical symptom and surveillances of duck virus hepatitis a. it also summarizes the present status and progress of duck virus hepatitis a and illustrated the necessity and urgency of its research, which provides rationale for the control of duck hepatitis a virus disease in china.201223167191
complete genome sequence of a duck hepatitis a virus type 3 identified in eastern china.we report here the complete genome sequence of a novel duck hepatitis a virus type 3 (dhav-3) isolated from a dead cherry valley duckling in eastern china. the whole genomic nucleotide sequence and polyprotein amino acid sequence of the virus had higher homology with those of chinese dhav-3 isolates, medium homology with those of korean dhav-3 isolates, and the lowest homology with those of vietnamese isolate dn2. the result indicated that the genetic evolution of dhav-3 isolates had obvious geo ...201223166253
complete genome sequence of a novel duck hepatitis a virus discovered in southern china.we report here the complete genomic sequence of a novel duck hepatitis a virus (dhav) isolated from mixed infections with dhav type 1 (dhav-1) and dhav-3 in ducklings in southern china. the whole nucleotide sequence had the highest homology with the sequence of dhav-3 (genbank accession number dq812093) (96.2%). to our knowledge, this is the first report of gene rearrangement between dhav-1 and dhav-3, and it will help to understand the epidemiology and molecular characteristics of duck hepatiti ...201222923805
genetic variation of the vp1 gene of the virulent duck hepatitis a virus type 1 (dhav-1) isolates in shandong province of china.to investigate the relationship of the variation of virulence and the external capsid proteins of the pandemic duck hepatitis a virus type 1 (dhav-1) isolates, the virulence, cross neutralization assays and the complete sequence of the virion protein 1 (vp1) gene of nine virulent dhav-1 strains, which were isolated from infected ducklings with clinical symptoms in shandong province of china in 2007-2008, were tested. the fifth generation duck embryo allantoic liquids of the 9 isolates were teste ...201222899433
development and application of a reverse transcription loop-mediated isothermal amplification method for rapid detection of duck hepatitis a virus type 1.we developed and evaluated a reverse transcription loop-mediated isothermal amplification (rt-lamp) assay for detecting duck hepatitis a virus type 1 (dhav-1). the amplification could be finished in 1 h under isothermal conditions at 63 °c by employing a set of four primers targeting the 2c gene of dhav-1. the rt-lamp assay showed higher sensitivity than the rt-pcr with a detection limit of 0.1 eld(50) 0.1 ml(-1) of dhav-1. the rt-lamp assay was highly specific; no cross-reactivity was observed ...201222869367
development of a real-time quantitative pcr for detecting duck hepatitis a virus genotype c.recently, duck hepatitis a virus genotype c (dhav-c), a causative agent of duck viral hepatitis, has been responsible for increasing economic losses in the duck industry in china and south korea. in this study, a real-time pcr assay targeting the 2c gene for detecting dhav-c was developed. the assay was confirmed to be specific and sensitive, and the minimum detection limit was 3.36 × 10(3) copies per reaction, making this assay suitable for rapid diagnosis of dhav-c infection from clinical samp ...201222855514
seroprevalence of measles, mumps, rubella, varicella-zoster and hepatitis a-c in emirati medical students.the aims of this study were to assess the seroprevalence of vaccine-preventable infections in emirati medical students, and to provide scientific evidence for implementation of a cost-effective immunization guideline and policy for medical school admission.201223217121
response to hepatitis a and b vaccination in patients with chronic hepatitis c: 8-year follow-up.in patients with chronic hepatitis c (chc), superinfection with hepatitis a (hav) or b (hab) viruses is associated with increased morbidity and mortality. the seroconversion rate of these patients following vaccination is considered to be lower than in healthy subjects.201222824660
the burden of liver disease in human immunodeficiency virus-infected patients.introduction of effective combined antiretroviral therapy has made human immunodeficiency virus (hiv) infection a chronic illness. substantial reductions in the number of acquired immunodeficiency syndrome- (aids-) related deaths have been accompanied by an increase in liver-related morbidity and mortality. liver diseases rank in the first three most-common causes of death in hiv-infected persons. mortality is mainly due to cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma induced by hepatitis c virus and ...201222760649
viral hepatitis in india.hepatitis in india is caused mainly by hepatitis a virus (hav), hepatitis b virus (hbv), hepatitis c virus (hcv), and hepatitis e virus (hev). hav infection occurs frequently in children, though in parts of india there is an evolving epidemiology. hev is the most common cause of acute sporadic hepatitis in india and has been associated with several large-scale epidemics in the past. india belongs to the intermediate endemicity zone for hbv carriers. hbv is the major cause of chronic liver diseas ...201222726997
seroprevalence of hav, hbv, hcv, and hev among acute hepatitis patients at kenyatta national hospital in nairobi, kenya.acute viral hepatitis is most frequently caused by the hepatitis a virus (hav), hepatitis b virus (hbv), hepatitis c virus (hcv), hepatitis d virus (hdv) and hepatitis e virus (hev).201226856042
[prevalence of hepatitis virus infection markers in hiv-infected patients in southern spain].to determine: (a) the prevalence of active infection by the hepatitis c virus (hcv) and hepatitis b virus (hbv) in hiv-infected patients, as well as previous exposure to hepatitis a virus (hav), hbv and hcv. (b) the proportion of patients who have been vaccinated against hav and/or hbv. (c) the hcv genotype distribution and the percentage of patients who have started treatment against hcv infection.201222541340
etiology, incidence and outcomes of acute hepatic failure in 0-18 year old filipino children.data on the epidemiology of acute hepatic failure (ahf) among pediatric filipinos is limited. this study investigated the etiology, outcomes and incidence of ahf among 0-18 year old filipino children. a hospital-based retrospective and prospective surveillance study was conducted at philippine general hospital between january 2000 and december 2006. ahf was defined as onset of coagulopathy and/or encephalopathy < or = 28 days after the onset of symptoms, a patient/ laboratory prothrombin time >2 ...201223077857
viral hepatitis: global goals for vaccination.in countries where hepatitis a is highly endemic, exposure to hepatitis a virus (hav) is almost universal before the age of 10 years, and large-scale immunization efforts are not required. in contrast, in areas of intermediate endemicity or in transition from high to intermediate endemicity, where transmission occurs primarily from person to person in the general community (often with periodic outbreaks), control of hepatitis a may be achieved through widespread vaccination programmes. hepatitis ...201222999800
knowledge, attitudes and barriers regarding vaccination against hepatitis a and b in patients with chronic hepatitis c virus infection: a survey of family medicine and internal medicine physicians in the united states.although vaccination against hepatitis a virus (hav) and hepatitis b virus (hbv) is recommended for all patients with chronic hepatitis c virus (hcv) infection, physician vaccination practices are suboptimal. since training for family medicine (fm) and internal medicine (im) physicians differ, we hypothesised that there are differences in knowledge, attitudes and barriers regarding vaccination against hav and hbv in patients with chronic hcv between these two groups.201222994334
an audit of pneumococcal and hepatitis vaccination in an outpatient hiv clinic.hiv-positive adults are at risk of vaccine preventable infections including streptococcus pneumoniae, hepatitis a virus (hav) and hepatitis b virus (hbv). uptake of immunisations in hiv patients is suboptimal despite evidence of efficacy.201222950965
seroprevalence of hepatitis virus infection in men who have sex with men aged 18-40 years in taiwan.men who have sex with men (msm) are at increased risk for hepatitis a virus (hav), hepatitis b virus (hbv), and hepatitis c virus (hcv) infections than the general population. comparisons of the seroprevalence rates of these hepatitis viruses between hiv-positive and hiv-negative msm are rarely performed in taiwan.201222939661
influenza a (h1n1) 2009 pandemic calm down the prevalence of acute hepatitis a in the latter half of 2009: korean population study.there was a spiking incidence of acute hepatitis a (aha) in 2009 summer, but it went down drastically after an outbreak of influenza a (h1n1). we assessed the relationship between 2009 h1n1 pandemic and aha prevalence from august to december 2009.201222617530
case control study to identify risk factors for acute hepatitis c virus infection in egypt.identification of risk factors of acute hepatitis c virus (hcv) infection in egypt is crucial to develop appropriate prevention strategies.201223145873
contribution of hepatitis e virus in acute sporadic hepatitis in north western india.hepatitis e virus (hev) causes acute viral hepatitis. majority of the documented studies on hepatitis e have been focused on the incidence of this disease in northern and south central india. limited data are available on hev infection among acute sporadic hepatitis cases in north western india. the present study was undertaken to investigate the contribution of hepatitis e virus infection in sporadic hepatitis cases in rajasthan and neighbouring states.201223041743
interleukin-29 suppresses hepatitis a and c viral internal ribosomal entry site-mediated translation.our aim was to investigate the effects of interferons (ifns)-λ (interleukin-29 [il-29], il-28a, and il-28b) on hepatitis c virus (hcv) and hepatitis a virus (hav) internal ribosomal entry site (ires)-mediated translation. the effects of these ifns on hcv/hav translation from hav/hcv ires were investigated using bicistronic reporter constructs. we transfected hcv/hav ires constructs into these ifn-expressing cell lines. il-29 showed stronger inhibition of their ires-mediated translation. combinin ...201223035851
seroprevalence of hepatitis a in patients with chronic hepatitis c in isfahan province.patients with hepatitis c virus infection are at high risk of getting hepatitis a virus. hepatitis a virus is an important widespread virus that usually causes more severe medical consequences in patients with chronic liver disease. the purpose of this study was to evaluate prevalence of hepatitis a virus antibody in patients with chronic hcv in isfahan province, iran.201222826750
animal models for the study of hepatitis c virus infection and replication.hepatitis c virus (hcv) hepatitis, initially termed non-a, non-b hepatitis, has become one of the leading causes of cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma worldwide. with the help of animal models, our understanding of the virus has grown substantially from the time of initial discovery. there is a paucity of available animal models for the study of hcv, mainly because of the selective susceptibility limited to humans and primates. recent work has focused modification of animals to permit hcv en ...201222736914
clinical and laboratory characteristics of human immunodeficiency virus-infected adolescents: experience from a single medical center.recently, the proportion of adolescents diagnosed with human immunodeficiency virus (hiv) and acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (aids) has increased. the aim of this study is to evaluate the clinical and laboratory characteristics of hiv-infected adolescents in southern taiwan.201222578644
hepatitis a, b, c and e virus markers in chinese residing in tokyo, japan.recently, the number of foreigners living in japan has been increasing, with the majority originating from china. it is important for us to know the prevalence of hepatitis virus markers among them, as proper medical practices and vaccinations should be prepared when seeing them and their offspring.201222524475
hepatitis a virus vaccination in persons with hepatitis c virus infection: consequences of quality measure implementation.hepatitis a virus (hav) superinfection in persons with hepatitis c virus (hcv) infection has been associated with a high mortality rate, and vaccination is recommended. the incidence of hav is low, and the aim of this study was to determine the mortality risk of hav superinfection and the consequences of routine vaccination in persons with hcv infection. to determine the mortality risk of hav superinfection, a meta-analysis including studies reporting mortality in hcv-infected persons was perfor ...201222371026
epidemiological and virological characteristics of symptomatic acute hepatitis e in greater cairo, egypt.the aim of the study was to describe the characteristics of acute hepatitis e in greater cairo. patients with acute hepatitis e were identified through a surveillance of acute hepatitis using the following definition: recent (<3 weeks) onset of fever or jaundice, alanine aminotransferase at least three times the upper limit of normal (uln), negative markers for other causes of viral hepatitis and detectable hepatitis e virus (hev) rna. comparison of the liver tests between acute hepatitis e and ...201222264267
seroprevalence of fecal-oral transmitted hepatitis a and e virus antibodies in burkina faso.hepatitis a virus (hav) and hepatitis e virus (hev) infections occur chiefly as a result of unhygienic conditions. the purpose of this study was to assess the seroprevalence of antibodies to both viruses in central burkina faso in the absence of a recorded hepatitis epidemic. serum samples from 178 blood donors (131 males and 47 females) and from 189 pregnant women were collected from november 2010 to march 2012, at blood banks and medical centers in burkina faso. an immunochromatography test wa ...201223110187
seroepidemiology of hepatitis a and e virus infections in tehran, iran: a population based study.hepatitis a virus (hav) and hepatitis e virus (hev) are enteric hepatotropic viruses and their prevalence is related to the sanitary conditions of the region under investigation. there are only a few studies on the seroepidemiology of these two viruses in the general iranian population. the purpose of this investigation was to measure the prevalence of hepatitis a and e infections in the general population. between 2006 and 2007, a cross sectional study was performed in tehran, iran. blood speci ...201222835757
presence of hepatitis e rna in mussels used as bio-monitors of viral marine pollution.mussels (mytilus galloprovincialis), collected from a harvesting area approved by european community regulation, were transplanted to four polluted sites located in the northwestern mediterranean area (tuscany). they were used as bio-monitors to test the quality of the marine water pollution. at different times after the transplantation, mussels were withdrawn and tested for presence of phages and enteric viruses by molecular tests. 52.4% of the transplanted mussel samples were positive for at l ...201222728271
molecular characterization of hepatitis e virus in patients with acute hepatitis in venezuela.hepatitis e virus (hev) causes a common infection in developing countries. hev infection occurs as outbreaks, as sporadic clinical cases and as large epidemics in endemic areas. the objective of this study was to determine the presence of hev infection in patients with clinical suspicion of hepatitis a virus (hav) infection, referred to the instituto nacional de higiene "rafael rangel" in venezuela. seventy-four sera were tested for anti-hav and anti-hev igm antibodies. hev-rna was amplified fro ...201222585718
[hepatitis e: an emerging disease].the hepatitis e virus is endemic in countries with poor sanitation, where it has many similarities with the hepatitis a virus. it causes a strictly human, feco-oral transmitted, acute, self-limited hepatitis in young adults. the outcome is excellent, except in pregnant women and cirrhotic patients, who experience a high mortality rate. the first cases described in industrialized countries were travellers coming from endemic areas. however, there is now growing evidence that locally-acquired hepa ...201222405325
association of bell's palsy with hepatitis e virus infection: a rare entity.hepatitis e virus (hev) infection is a common cause of acute hepatitis in india and other developing countries. the data regarding the neurologic manifestation of hev infection are limited. the neurologic disorders including guillain-barré syndrome, polyradiculopathy, neuralgic amyotrophy, encephalitis, bilateral brachial neuritis, ataxia/proximal myopathy, and acute transverse myelitis have been described. bell's palsy and other cranial nerve involvement in hepatitis a virus (hav) and hev infec ...201225755411
enteric hepatitis viruses.hepatitis viruses are infectious agents that can infect liver and cause inflammation. the infection triggers immune response against infected cells that leads to the destruction of hepatic cells. this destruction has two consequences: leaking alt and ast liver enzymes which increases during the course of disease and accumulation of bilirubin- a red pigmented compound released from dead red cells- which causes the yellow coloration of eyes and skin. these viruses transmit through diverse routes i ...201224834192
quantitative rt-pcr detection of hepatitis a virus, rotaviruses and enteroviruses in the buffalo river and source water dams in the eastern cape province of south africa.human enteric viruses (hentvs) are a major cause of water-related diseases. the prevalence of hepatitis a virus (hav), rotaviruses (rov) and enteroviruses (env) in buffalo river waters was assessed quantitatively over a period of 12 months (august 2010 to july 2011). seventy-two samples were collected from six sites, including three dams, and concentrated using the adsorption-elution method. viral rna was extracted using a commercial kit, and the viruses were quantified by real-time quantitative ...201223202829
cerebral venous thrombosis as an extrahepatic manifestation of acute anicteric hepatitis a infection.among the many infective causes of cerebral venous thrombosis (cvt), viral hepatitis has been regarded as a rare associated condition. we report the case of a 31-year-old woman presenting with cvt associated with hepatitis a virus (hav) infection, outlining probable pathogenic mechanisms. we suggest that hepatitis a serological markers should be routinely included in the investigation of cerebral venous thrombosis of unknown etiology, in nonvaccinated patients with risk factors of a recent hav e ...201222934203
determinants of hepatitis a vaccine immunity in a cohort of human immunodeficiency virus-infected children living in switzerland.vaccination in hiv-infected children is often less effective than in healthy children. the goal of this study was to assess vaccine responses to hepatitis a virus (hav) in hiv-infected children. children of the swiss mother and child hiv cohort study (mochiv) were enrolled prospectively. recommendations for initial, catch-up, and additional hav immunizations were based upon baseline antibody concentrations and vaccine history. hav igg was assessed by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (elisa) wit ...201222933400
increased circulation of hepatitis a virus genotype iiia over the last decade in st petersburg, russia.the current study, covering the period 2004-2009, is a part of long-term monitoring for hepatitis a virus (hav) strains circulating in st petersburg, russia. the hav rna was isolated directly from the sera of hepatitis a patients and rt-pcr was carried out using primer pairs for vp1/2a and vp1 genomic regions. pcr products were sequenced and 324 nucleotides from vp1/2a and 332 from the vp1 region were used for phylogenetic analysis. the results show that the ia subtype was the most common circul ...201222930498
could oral fluid be used to evaluate anti-hepatitis a virus status in individuals living in difficult-to-access areas?a strategy adopted by different countries to reduce the number of new cases of hepatitis a is the vaccination. however, the mosaic of the epidemiological profile in developing countries has hampered the establishment of a unified nationwide vaccination program. to determinate national vaccination policies, the results of epidemiological studies need to be carefully considered. for this monitoring, the use of oral fluid is very important due to the painless and non invasive collection characteris ...201222910286
unusual cause of abdominal pain in pediatric emergency medicine.atypical manifestations of acute hepatitis a virus (hav) infection include ascites, pleural effusion, acute renal failure, aplastic anemia, and neurological manifestations. although association of hav and acute cholecystitis is known, presentation of hepatitis a infection with acute cholecystitis has not been reported in pediatric emergency medicine literature. primary acute acalculous cholecystitis in children is rare and commonly attributed to systemic infections. we report a case of a child d ...201222668660
corticosteroid treatment of pure red cell aplasia in a patient with hepatitis a.secondary pure red cell aplasia (prca), as an extrahepatic manifestation of hepatitis a virus infection, has been reported on rare occasions. we report herein an unusual case of hepatitis a complicated by prca. in addition, we reviewed nine cases reported in the english literature. our case of nonfulminant hepatitis a complicated by prca and hemolytic anemia was successfully treated with initial transfusion and corticosteroid therapy for 18 weeks. the patient's hematologic abnormalities and live ...201222627171
immunogenicity and safety of two tetravalent (measles, mumps, rubella, varicella) vaccines coadministered with hepatitis a and pneumococcal conjugate vaccines to children twelve to fourteen months of age.this study compared single-dose tetravalent measles, mumps, rubella, varicella vaccine, priorix-tetra, stored refrigerated (gsk+4c) or frozen (gsk-20c), with proquad (merck-20c), when coadministered with hepatitis a vaccine (hav) and 7-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine (pcv7).201222622699
development of recombinant single-chain variable fragment against hepatitis a virus and its use in quantification of hepatitis a antigen.phage display technology has been utilized for identification of specific binding molecules to an antigenic target thereby enabling the rapid generation and selection of high affinity, fully human antibodies directed towards disease target appropriate for antibody therapy. in the present study, single chain fv antibody fragment (scfv) to hepatitis a virus (hav) was selected from phage displayed antibody library constructed from peripheral blood lymphocytes (pbls) of a vaccinated donor. the varia ...201222613789
long-term protective effects of hepatitis a vaccines. a systematic review.data on duration and long-term protective effects of hepatitis a vaccines (hepa) have not been reviewed using a systematic approach. our objective is to provide a comprehensive review of evidence on the duration of protection achieved by hepa, which is needed for revising existing vaccine policies. limitations in data availability and implications for future research in this area are discussed.201222609026
comparison of two extraction methods for the detection of hepatitis a virus in semi-dried tomatoes and murine norovirus as a process control by duplex rt-qpcr.enteric viruses are important agents of foodborne diseases. due to their low infectious doses and low concentrations in food samples, an efficient and rapid virus concentration method is required for routine control. because of the absence of a reliable cell culture method for most of the enteric viruses involved in outbreaks, reverse transcription quantitative real-time pcr (rt-qpcr) is now widely used for the detection of rna viruses in food samples. one of the general requirements for viral d ...201222608230
temperature and density dependent induction of a cytopathic effect following infection with non-cytopathic hav strains.hepatitis a virus infection and growth in cultured cells is protracted, cell-type restricted, and generally not accompanied by the appearance of a cytopathic effect, with the exception of some culture-adapted strains. we demonstrate that the non-cytopathic hav strain hm175/clone 1 can be induced to exhibit a cytopathic phenotype in both persistently or acutely infected cells under co-dependent conditions of lower incubation temperature (<34°c) and reduced cell density in both monkey (frhk-4) and ...201222608060
multicenter evaluation of a commercial multiplex polymerase chain reaction test for screening plasma donations for parvovirus b19 dna and hepatitis a virus rna.three european laboratories evaluated the taqscreen dpx test (dpx test), a multiplex nucleic acid test assay for the simultaneous detection and quantitation of parvovirus b19 (b19v) dna and the detection of hepatitis a virus (hav) rna.201222587637
virus safety of plasma products using 20 nm instead of 15 nm filtration as virus removing step.during the manufacture of human plasma derivatives, a series of complementary measures are undertaken to prevent transmission of blood-borne viruses. virus filtration using 15 nm (planova15n) filters has successfully been implemented in manufacturing processes for various plasma derivatives primarily because virus filtration is a technique, mild for proteins, that can effectively remove even small non-lipid-enveloped viruses, such as hav and parvovirus b19. however, the use of 15 nm filters has ...201222901944
inactivation effect of standard and fractionated electron beam irradiation on enveloped and non-enveloped viruses in a tendon transplant model.background: for increasing allograft tendon safety in reconstructive surgery, an effective sterilization method achieving sterility assurance including viruses without impairing the grafts properties is needed. fractionated electron beam (ebeam) has shown promising in vitro results. the proof of sufficient virus inactivation is a central part of the process validation. methods: the ebeam irradiation of the investigated viruses was performed in an optimized manner (oxygen content < 0.1%, -78 °c). ...201222896764
changing pattern of hepatitis a virus epidemiology in an area of high endemicity.continuous assessment of hepatitis a virus (hav) seroepidemiology is a useful tool to control the risk of infection.201222879827
clinical factors associated with hepatitis a virus seropositivity in hiv-infected adults living in a country with an epidemiologic shift for hepatitis a virus infection.the number of hiv-infected individuals susceptible to hepatitis a virus (hav) infection is increasing in korea; however, it has proven difficult to devise a vaccination policy therefore because limited seroepidemiologic data exists for them. accordingly, anti-hav igg was measured in 188 hiv-infected adults between july 2008 and july 2010. the nadir cd4+ t lymphocyte counts were not different between the hav-positive and -negative groups (197 ± 138 vs 202 ± 129, p = 0.821). the only factor indepe ...201222876069
changes in seroprevalence to hepatitis a in victoria, australia: a comparison of three time points.serological data provide an important measure of past exposure and immunity to hepatitis a virus (hav) infection in a population. national serosurveys from developed countries have typically indicated a decline in hav seroprevalence over time as sanitation levels improve. we examined trends in the seroepidemiology of hav antibodies in victoria, australia, drawing on cross-sectional samples taken at three time points over a 20-year period. stored sera from 1988 (n=753), 1998 (n=1091), and 2008 (n ...201222867722
association of hepatitis a exposure and tim-1 with childhood allergic asthma.hepatitis a virus (hav) receptor (tim-1) polymorphism plays an important role in asthma and autoimmune diseases. objective. to analyze the association of tim-1 polymorphism and hav infection with childhood allergic asthma in southwest china.201222857392
hepatitis a vaccine should receive priority in national immunization schedule in india.hepatitis a is an acute, usually self-limiting infection of the liver caused by a virus known as hepatitis a virus (hav). humans are the only reservoir of the virus; transmission occurs primarily through the fecal-oral route and is closely associated with poor sanitary conditions. the virus has a worldwide distribution and causes about 1.5 million cases of clinical hepatitis each year. the risk of developing symptomatic illness following hav infection is directly correlated with age. as many 85% ...201222854671
declining prevalence of hepatitis a virus antibodies among children from low socioeconomic groups reinforces the need for the implementation of hepatitis a vaccination in brazil.age-related seroprevalence studies that have been conducted in brazil have indicated a transition from a high to a medium endemicity of hepatitis a virus (hav) infection in the population. however, most of these studies have focused on urban populations that experience lower incidence rates of hav infection. in the current study, the prevalence of anti-hav antibodies was investigated in children with a low socioeconomic status (ses) that live on the periphery of three capital cities in brazil. a ...201222850956
a case of hepatitis a vaccination failure in an hiv-positive man who had sex with men in israel.hepatitis a virus (hav) vaccination is recommended for men who have sex with men (msm) and other susceptible populations, who are at increased risk for hav infection, such as hiv-positive persons. vaccines failures are uncommon, and in hiv-positive individuals whose cd4 count is ≥ 500 cells/mm(2), seroconversion is achieved in 73-94% of vaccinees following the second dose. data were retrieved from the patient's file at the sexually transmitted disease clinic and the aids clinic describing this r ...201222844014
immune response to hepatitis a vaccination in hiv-infected men in greece.hiv-infected patients are at increased risk for acquiring hepatitis a virus (hav) infection. we evaluated the seroconversion rate (anti-hav antibodies ≥ 20 miu/ml) and the geometric mean antibody titres (gmts) in a group of 351 hiv infected men, who had received two doses of a hepatitis a vaccine. we analysed blood samples collected at one, six, 12 and 18 months following the administration of the second dose of the vaccine. the seroconversion rate one month after the second dose of the vaccine ...201222843998
en bloc and dual kidney transplantation: two initial cases from a new kidney transplantation center.the aim of this study was to share our initial successful experiences with en bloc dual kidney transplantation.201222841247
evolutionary pattern of 5'-utr of enteroviruses and primer update for the detection of enteroviral rna in environmental samples.to study the recombination events among enterovirus strains and the development of specific primers for the detection of enteroviruses in environmental samples.201222805721
hepatitis a immunisation in persons not previously exposed to hepatitis a.in many parts of the world, hepatitis a infection represents a significant cause of morbidity and socio-economic loss. whilst hepatitis a vaccines have the potential to prevent disease, the degree of protection afforded against clinical outcomes and within different populations remains uncertain. there are two types of hepatitis a virus (hav) vaccine, inactivated and live attenuated. it is important to determine the efficacy and safety for both vaccine types.201222786522
[personal hygiene is important in prevention of hepatitis a virus infection]. 201222783564
age-specific seroprevalence of anti-hepatitis a antibody among 1-30 years old population of savadkuh, mazandaran, iran with literature review.to determine age-specific seroprevalence rates of hepatitis a virus (hav) immunoglobulin g (igg) antibody in savadkuh district, mazandaran province, north of iran, as well as to compare the collected data with earlier seroprevalence studies in the region and iran in order to draw a proper epidemiological pattern for hav infection in the country.201222783344
hepatitis a outbreak associated with a revolving sushi bar in chiba, japan: application of molecular epidemiology.the number of hepatitis a cases in japan as well as in other developed countries has been progressively decreasing during the last several years. there is no universal hepatitis a vaccination program in japan, and a hepatitis a virus (hav) epidemic in japan is not unlikely. in 2011, a hepatitis a outbreak associated with a revolving sushi bar occurred in chiba, japan. we aimed to analyze this outbreak.201222776552
dominance of the cd4(+) t helper cell response during acute resolving hepatitis a virus infection.hepatitis a virus (hav) infection typically resolves within 4-7 wk but symptomatic relapse occurs in up to 20% of cases. immune mechanisms that terminate acute hav infection, and prevent a relapse of virus replication and liver disease, are unknown. here, patterns of t cell immunity, virus replication, and hepatocellular injury were studied in two hav-infected chimpanzees. hav-specific cd8(+) t cells were either not detected in the blood or failed to display effector function until after viremia ...201222753925
withdrawn: improved taqman real-time assays for detecting hepatitis a virus.this article has been withdrawn at the request of the author(s) and/or editor. the publisher apologizes for any inconvenience this may cause. the full elsevier policy on article withdrawal can be found at http://www.elsevier.com/locate/withdrawalpolicy.201222728275
lineage-specific evolution of t-cell immunoglobulin and mucin domain 1 gene in the primates.t-cell immunoglobulin domain and mucin domain containing protein 1 (tim1), also known as a cellular receptor for hepatitis a virus (havcr1) or a molecule induced by ischemic injury in the kidney (kim1), is involved in the regulation of immune responses. we investigated a natural selection history of tim1 by comparative sequencing analysis in 24 different primates. it was found that tim1 had become a pseudogene in multiple lineages of the new world monkey. we also investigated t cell lines origin ...201222710823
stability of orally administered immunoglobulin in the gastrointestinal tract.oral administration of immunoglobulin in the colostrum or egg yolk has been considered an effective tool for preventing enterobacterial infection via passive immunization. during this process, the transmission and residence of the active immunoglobulin are the most important conditions for successful protection. we investigated the stability of encapsulated colostrum and egg yolk immunoglobulin for the effective transmission of immunoglobulin in the gastrointestinal (gi) tract. first, we measure ...201222691618
temperature-dependent survival of hepatitis a virus during storage of contaminated onions.pre- or postharvest contamination of green onions by hepatitis a virus (hav) has been linked to large numbers of food-borne illnesses. understanding hav survival in onions would assist in projecting the risk of the disease associated with their consumption. this study defined hav inactivation rates in contaminated green onions contained in air-permeable, moisture-retaining high-density polyethylene packages that were stored at 3, 10, 14, 20, 21, 22, and 23°c. a protocol was established to recove ...201222544253
expression of recombinant rotavirus proteins harboring antigenic epitopes of the hepatitis a virus polyprotein in insect cells.rotavirus and hepatitis a virus (hav) spread by the fecal-oral route and infections are important in public health, especially in developing countries. here, two antigenic epitopes of the hav polyprotein, domain 2 (d2) and domain 3 (d3), were recombined with rotavirus vp7, generating d2/vp7 and d3/vp7, cloned in a baculovirus expression system, and expressed in spodoptera frugiperda 9 (sf9) insect cells. all were highly expressed, with peak expression 2 days post-infection. western blotting and ...201224130930
hesperidin induces apoptosis by inhibiting sp1 and its regulatory protein in msto-211h cells.hesperidin, a flavanone present in citrus fruits, has been studied as potential therapeutic agents that have anti-tumor activity and apoptotic effects in several cancers, but there is no report about the apoptotic effect of hesperidin in human malignant pleural mesothelioma through the specificity protein 1 (sp1) protein. we investigated whether hesperidin inhibited cell growth and regulated sp1 target proteins by suppressing the levels of sp1 protein in msto-211h cells. the ic50 value of hesper ...201224130923
interchangeability and tolerability of two inactivated hepatitis a vaccines in chinese children.in china, no data are available to evaluate the interchangeability between chinese domestic inactivated hepatitis a vaccines (healive) and imported inactivated hepatitis a vaccines (havrix). a double-blind, randomized controlled study was to compare interchangeability and safety of healive and havrix among chinese children. vaccine was administered to 303 healthy children at 0 and 6 months in one of four vaccine regimens: healive-healive; healive-havrix; havrix-healive or havrix-havrix. we colle ...201222537990
relationship between h. pylori and hepatitis a virus infection. 201222537375
breastmilk hepatitis a virus rna in nursing mothers with acute hepatitis a virus infection.breastmilk specimens from three women with acute hepatitis a virus (hav) infection were studied. anti-hav immunoglobulin m and immunoglobulin g antibodies were detected in serum and breastmilk specimens of the three women. the three women also had serum hav rna. however, hav rna was detected only in two of the three breastmilk specimens. it is interesting that none of the three infants contracted clinical hav infection. furthermore, mothers with hav infection should not be encouraged to disconti ...201222537111
cytokine expression profiles associated with distinct clinical courses in hepatitis a virus-infected children.we determined the serum cytokine profiles during distinct hepatitis a virus-induced clinical courses in children. a significant overexpression of interleukin-1, interleukin-6, tumor necrosis factor-alpha and monocyte chemotactic protein-2 was found in children with intermediate liver injury, whereas the patients with minor liver injury had a significant increase of interleukin-8 and transforming growth factor-beta values.201222531242
responses to hepatitis a virus vaccine in hiv-infected women: effect of hormonal contraceptives and hiv disease characteristics. 201222517417
drug rash with eosinophilia and systemic symptoms syndrome following cholestatic hepatitis a: a case report.hepatitis a virus (hav) infections occur predominantly in children, and are usually self-limiting. however, 75-95% of the infections in adults are symptomatic (mostly with jaundice), with the illness symptoms usually persisting for a few weeks. atypical manifestations include relapsing hepatitis, prolonged cholestasis, and complications involving renal injury. drug rash with eosinophilia and systemic symptoms (dress) syndrome is a severe, drug-induced hypersensitivity reaction characterized by s ...201222511907
optimal time for repeating the igm anti-hepatitis a virus antibody test in acute hepatitis a patients with a negative initial test.the nonspecific clinical presentation of acute hepatitis a (aha) mandates the detection of anti-hepatitis a virus igm antibodies (igm anti-hav) in the serum for obtaining a definitive diagnosis. however, igm anti-hav might not be present during the early phase of the disease. the aim of this study was to determine the optimal time for repeating the igm anti-hav test (hav test) in aha patients with a negative initial test.201222511904
occurrence of vaccine and non-vaccine human papillomavirus types in adolescent finnish females 4 years post-vaccination.control of human papillomavirus (hpv)-related cancers by inclusion of hpv vaccination into national vaccination programmes is likely. one open question is replacement of the vaccine types with other high-risk (hr) hpv types in the vaccination era. we studied occurrence of hpv types in adolescent females participating in a population-based vaccination trial. a total of 4,808 16- to 17-year-old females from finland were enrolled in the 1:1 randomized phase iii (patricia) trial of the efficacy of v ...201222492244
hepatitis a: epidemiology and prevention in developing countries.hepatitis a is the most common form of acute viral hepatitis in the world. major geographical differences in endemicity of hepatitis a are closely related to hygienic and sanitary conditions and other indicators of the level of socioeconomic development. the anti-hepatitis a virus (hav) seroprevalence rate is presently decreasing in many parts of the world, but in less developed regions and in several developing countries, hav infection is still very common in the first years of life and seropre ...201222489258
hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis in 2 pediatric patients secondary to hepatitis a virus infection.hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis (hlh) is a rare clinical syndrome characterized by uncontrolled activation of cytotoxic t cells and antigen-presenting cells. common clinical manifestations include high fever, maculopapular rash, neurological symptoms, coagulopathy, and abnormal liver function tests [1]. hlh can be either primary, that is, due to an underlying genetic defect, or secondary, associated with malignancies, autoimmune diseases, or infections. the true incidence of secondary hlh is ...201222475296
genetic analysis of hepatitis a virus variants circulating among children presenting with acute diarrhea in cameroon.molecular investigation was undertaken of circulating hepatitis a virus (hav) associated with cases of acute diarrhea among children under 5 years of age in kumba-cameroon. reverse transcription pcr, sequencing, and phylogenetic analysis of a 371 bp segment of the vp1/p2a junction of six isolates obtained from stool samples showed the exclusive emergence of genetically related hav subgenotype ia. all the isolates clustered within a unique lineage exhibiting a 99.5% nucleotide identity suggesting ...201222431020
binding of hepatitis a virus to its cellular receptor 1 inhibits t-regulatory cell functions in humans.cd4+ t-regulatory (treg) cells suppress immune responses and control self-tolerance and immunity to pathogens, cancer, and alloantigens. most pathogens activate treg cells to minimize immune-mediated tissue damage and prevent clearance, which promotes chronic infections. however, hepatitis a virus (hav) temporarily inhibits treg-cell functions. we investigated whether the interaction of hav with its cellular receptor 1 (havcr1), a t-cell co-stimulatory molecule, inhibits the function of treg cel ...201222430395
use of urinary biomarkers of renal ischemia in a lamb preclinical left ventricular assist device model.evaluation of thrombogenicity is a critical component in the preclinical testing and development of blood pumps. left ventricular assist devices (lvads), because of their device routing, can produce thromboembolic showers to the kidney resulting in renal cortical ischemia or infarctions. although postmortem evaluation of renal pathology can confirm ischemic events and infarctions, there are no validated and highly sensitive real-time measures of renal ischemia in the preclinical models. in this ...201222428807
living on three time scales: the dynamics of plasma cell and antibody populations illustrated for hepatitis a virus.understanding the mechanisms involved in long-term persistence of humoral immunity after natural infection or vaccination is challenging and crucial for further research in immunology, vaccine development as well as health policy. long-lived plasma cells, which have recently been shown to reside in survival niches in the bone marrow, are instrumental in the process of immunity induction and persistence. we developed a mathematical model, assuming two antibody-secreting cell subpopulations (short ...201222396639
hepatitis a virus evolution and the potential emergence of new variants escaping the presently available vaccines.hepatitis a is the most common infection of the liver worldwide and is fecal-orally transmitted. its incidence tends to decrease with improvements in hygiene conditions but at the same time its severity increases. hepatitis a virus is the causative agent of acute hepatitis in humans and belongs to the hepatovirus genus in the picornaviridae family, and it has very unique characteristics. this article reviews some molecular and biological properties that allow the virus to live in a very quiescen ...201222393888
persistence of hepatitis a vaccine induced seropositivity in infants and young children by maternal antibody status: 10-year follow-up.persistence of seropositivity conferred by hepatitis a vaccine administered to children <2 years of age is unknown and passively transferred maternal antibodies to hepatitis a virus (maternal anti-hav) may lower the infant's immune response to the vaccine. one hundred ninety-seven infants and young children were randomized into three groups to receive a two-dose hepatitis a vaccine: group 1 at 6 and 12 months, group 2 at 12 and 18 months, and group 3 at 15 and 21 months of age. within each group ...201222371069
seroepidemiology of hepatitis a infection in northeastern china, korea, and japan.the epidemiological patterns of endemic hepatitis a virus (hav) are unclear in northeastern asia depending on the ethnicity of the country in question. the purpose of this study was to investigate the seroprevalence of hav in northeastern china, south korea, and japan.201224159484
monophyletic outbreak of hepatitis a involving hiv-infected men who have sex with men, rome, italy 2008-2009.outbreaks of acute hepatitis a virus (hav) among men who have sex with men (msm) have been reported in europe and, recently, in italy. from july 2008 through january 2010, 162 hav infections were diagnosed at national institute for infectious diseases, rome, italy, with high male-to-female ratio (m:f=7.5).201222341552
a possible outbreak of hepatitis a associated with semi-dried tomatoes, england, july-november 2011.in october 2011, two primary cases of hepatitis a virus (hav) infection with identical hav genotype ib strains to those seen in other outbreaks associated with semi-dried tomatoes were reported in england. both cases had consumed semi-dried tomatoes. epidemiological investigations revealed two additional cases of genotype ib strains with different sequences who also reported having consumed semi-dried tomatoes. in november, five cases of hav infection with closely related strains were identified ...201222340975
molecular epidemiology of hepatitis a virus in patients in the ahwaz region of iran.hepatitis a virus (hav) is one of the etiologic agents of acute viral hepatitis, an important public health problem worldwide. the aim of this study was to investigate the genetic diversity of hav in southwest iran (ahwaz). a total of 59 sera were collected from acutely ill patients with anti-hav igm antibodies during 2009 and 2010 were tested also by rt-pcr targeting the 5' ncr for molecular diagnosis and examined in the vp1-2a and vp3-vp1 regions for genotyping. twelve (20%) patients were dete ...201222337296
improvement of the papmv nanoparticle adjuvant property through an increased of its avidity for the antigen [influenza np].the principal caveat of existing influenza vaccine is their failure to provide long-term protection. this lack of efficiency is caused by persistent (drift) and dramatic (shift) antigenic changes on the major surface proteins, the main target of protective immunity generated by traditional vaccines. alternatively, vaccination with most conserved protein, like the nucleoprotein (np) can stimulate immunity against multiple serotypes and could potentially provides an extended protection. the np ant ...201222326774
the depuration dynamics of oysters (crassostrea gigas) artificially contaminated with hepatitis a virus and human adenovirus.within the country of brazil, santa catarina is a major shellfish producer. detection of viral contamination is an important step to ensure production quality and consumer safety during this process. in this study, we used a depuration system and ultraviolet (uv) disinfection to eliminate viral pathogens from artificially infected oysters and analysed the results. specifically, the oysters were contaminated with hepatitis a virus (hav) or human adenovirus type 5 (hadv5). after viral infection, t ...201222310530
comparative hepatitis a seroepidemiology in 10 european countries.the who recommends hepatitis a virus (hav) immunization according to level of transmission and disease burden. we aimed to identify susceptible age groups by standardized serosurveys to inform hav vaccination policy in participating countries: belgium, czech republic, england, finland, germany, italy, lithuania, malta, romania, and slovakia. each country tested national serum banks (n = 1854-6748), collected during 1996-2004, for anti-hav antibodies. local laboratory results were standardized to ...201222273572
hepatitis a seroprevalence in children and adolescents aged 1-18 years among a low socioeconomic population in izmir, turkey.the age-specific prevalence of hepatitis a virus (hav) infection and risk factors were evaluated in a low socioeconomic population in izmir. children and adolescents 1-18 years of age admitted to the outpatient clinics for follow-up visits, or healthy children between april-december 2009 were investigated for anti-hav antibodies by a cross-sectional study. a questionnaire on sociodemographic and hygiene information was obtained from the parents. all unvaccinated children against hav were grouped ...201222264583
genetic analysis of hepatitis a virus strains that induced epidemics in korea during 2007-2009.hepatitis a virus is one of the most prominent causes of fecally transmitted acute hepatitis worldwide. in order to characterize the viral agents causing an outbreak in korea (comprising north and south korea) from june 2007 to may 2009, we collected specimens and performed genotyping of the vp1/p2a and vp3/vp1 regions of hepatitis a virus. we then used a multiple-alignment algorithm to compare the nucleotide sequences of the 2 regions with those of reference strains. hepatitis a virus antibodie ...201222238447
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